Example of psychological pricing at a gas station

Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as "odd prices": a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or £2.98. The theory is this drives demand greater than would be expected if consumers were perfectly rational. Psychological pricing is one cause of price points.

Overview[link]

According to a 1997 study published in the Marketing Bulletin, approximately 60% of prices in advertising material ended in the digit 9, 30% ended in the digit 5, 7% ended in the digit 0 and the remaining seven digits combined accounted for only slightly over 3% of prices evaluated.^[1] In the UK, before the withdrawal of the halfpenny coin in 1969, prices often ended in 99¹⁄₂. This is still seen today in gasoline (petrol) pricing ending in ⁹⁄₁₀ of the local currency's smallest denomination; for example in the US the price of a gallon of gasoline almost always ends in US$0.009 (e.g. US$3.289).

In a traditional cash transaction, fractional pricing imposes tangible costs on the vendor (printing fractional prices), the cashier (producing awkward change) and the customer (stowing the change). These factors have become less relevant with the increased use of checks, credit and debit cards and other forms of currency-free exchange; also, the addition of sales tax makes the pre-tax price less relevant to the amount of change (although in Europe the sales tax is generally included in the shelf price).

The psychological pricing theory is based on one or more of the following hypotheses:

• Consumers ignore the least significant digits rather than do the proper rounding. Even though the cents are seen and not totally ignored, they may subconsciously be partially ignored. Some^[who?] suggest that this effect may be enhanced when the cents are printed smaller (for example, $19⁹⁹).
• Fractional prices suggest to consumers that goods are marked at the lowest possible price.
• When items are listed in a way that is segregated into price bands (such as an online real estate search), price ending is used to keep an item in a lower band, to be seen by more potential purchasers.
• Judgments of numerical differences are anchored on left-most digits, a behavioral phenomenon referred to as the left-digit anchoring effect (see Thomas and Morwitz 2005). This hypothesis suggests that people perceive the difference between 1.99 and 3.00 to be closer to 2.01 than to 1.01 because their judgments are anchored on the left-most digit.

The theory of psychological pricing is controversial. Some studies show that buyers, even young children, have a very sophisticated understanding of true cost and relative value and that, to the limits of the accuracy of the test, they behave rationally. Other researchers claim that this ignores the non-rational nature of the phenomenon and that acceptance of the theory requires belief in a subconscious level of thought processes, a belief that economic models tend to deny or ignore. Research using results from modern scanner data is mixed.

Now that many customers are used to odd pricing, some restaurants and high-end retailers such as Nordstrom psychologically-price in even numbers in an attempt to reinforce their brand image of quality and sophistication.

Research[link]

Kaushik Basu used game theory in 1997 to argue that rational consumers value their own time and effort at calculation. Such consumers process the price from left to right and tend to mentally replace the last two digits of the price with an estimate of the mean "cent component" of all goods in the marketplace. In a sufficiently large marketplace, this implies that any individual seller can charge the largest possible "cent component" (99¢) without significantly affecting the average of cent components and without changing customer behavior.^[2]

The euro introduction in 2002, with its various exchange rates, distorted existing nominal price patterns while at the same time retaining real prices. A European wide study (el Sehity, Hoelzl and Kirchler, 2005) investigated consumer price digits before and after the euro introduction for price adjustments. The research showed a clear trend towards psychological pricing after the transition. Further, Benford's Law as a benchmark for the investigation of price digits was successfully introduced into the context of pricing. The importance of this benchmark for detecting irregularities in prices was demonstrated and with it a clear trend towards psychological pricing after the nominal shock of the euro introduction.^[3]

Another phenomenon noted by economists is that a price point for a product (such as $4.99) remains stable for a long period of time, with companies slowly reducing the quantity of product in the package until consumers begin to notice. At this time the price will increase marginally (to $5.05) and then within an exceptionally short time will increase to the next price point ($5.99, for example).^[4]

Research has also found psychological pricing relevant for the study of politics and public policy.^[5] For instance, a study of Danish municipal income taxes found evidence of "odd taxation" as tax rates with a nine-ending were found to be over-represented compared to other end-decimals.^[6]

Historical comments[link]

Exactly how psychological pricing came into common use is not clear, though it is known the practice arose during the late 19th century. One source speculates it originated in a newspaper pricing competition. Melville E. Stone founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, intending to price it at one cent to compete with the nickel papers of the day. The story claims that pennies were not common currency at the time, and so Stone colluded with advertisers to set whole dollar prices a cent lower—thus guaranteeing that customers would receive ample pennies in change.^[7]

Others have suggested that fractional pricing was first adopted as a control on employee theft. For cash transactions with a round price, there is a chance that a dishonest cashier will pocket the bill rather than record the sale. For cash transactions with an odd price, the cashier must make change for the customer. This generally means opening the cash register which creates a record of the sale in the register and reduces the risk of the cashier stealing from the store owner.^{[citation needed]}

In the former Czechoslovakia, people called this pricing "baťovská cena" ("Baťa's price"), referring to Tomáš Baťa, a Czech manufacturer of footwear. He began to widely use this practice in 1920.^[8]

Price ending has also been used by retailers to highlight sale or clearance items for administrative purposes. A retailer might end all regular prices in 95 and all sale price in 50. This makes it easy for a buyer to identify which items are discounted when looking at a report.^{[citation needed]}

In its 2005 United Kingdom general election manifesto, the Official Monster Raving Loony Party proposed the introduction of a 99-pence coin to "save on change".^[9]

Wal-Mart, a major retailer, makes use of .98 price endings as opposed to .99 endings.

A recent trend in some monetary systems is to eliminate the smallest denomination coin (typically 0.01 of the local currency). The total cost of purchased items is then rounded up/down to, for example, the nearest 0.05. This may have an effect on future "odd-number" pricing to maximize the rounding advantage for vendors by favoring 98 and 99 endings (rounded up) over 96 and 97 ending (rounded down) especially at small retail outlets where single item purchases are more common. Australia is a good example of this practice where 5 cents has been the smallest denomination coin since 1992, but pricing at .98/.99 on items under several hundred dollars is still almost universally applied (e.g.: $1.99 – $299.99) while goods on sale often price at .94 and its variations. It is also the case in Finland, the only country using the euro currency which does not use the 1 and 2 cent coins.

See also[link]

• Pricing
• Price point
• Marketing mix
• Mental accounting
• Microeconomics
• Take a penny, leave a penny
• Numerical cognition

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Left-Digit Effect in Price Cognition
• Heuristics in Numerical Cognition
• 99-cent pricing hooks shoppers
• Nine-ending Price and Consumer Behavior: An Evaluation in a New Context (PDF)
• Image communicated by the use of 99 endings in advertised prices
• The Effect of $9 Price Endings (PDF)
• Get smart for just $9.99
• The Psychology of Online Pricing'

This biography needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010)

Philip Johnson
Philip Johnson at age 95 in his office, Seagram Building, Manhattan with his model of a 30' by 60' sculpture created for a Qatari collector. (2002)
Born	(1906-07-08)July 8, 1906 Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Died	January 25, 2005(2005-01-25) (aged 98) New Canaan, Connecticut, United States
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Harvard Graduate School of Design
Awards	Pritzker Prize (1979)
Work
Buildings	IDS Tower, PPG Place, Crystal Cathedral
Design	Buildings clad entirely in glass

Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an influential^[1] American architect.

In 1930, he founded the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and later (1978), as a trustee, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and the first Pritzker Architecture Prize,^[2] in 1979. He was a student at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Johnson died in his sleep while at the Glass House retreat. He was survived by his life partner of 45 years, David Whitney,^[3][4][5][6] who died later that year at age 66.^[7]

Early life[link]

Chapel of St. Basil on the Academic Mall at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas.

Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was descended from the Jansen (a.k.a. Johnson) family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. He attended the Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York, and then studied at Harvard University as an undergraduate, where he focused on history and philosophy, particularly the work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. Johnson interrupted his education with several extended trips to Europe.^[8] These trips became the pivotal moment of his education; he visited Chartres, the Parthenon, and many other ancient monuments, becoming increasingly fascinated with architecture.

In 1928 Johnson met with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. The meeting was a revelation for Johnson and formed the basis for a lifelong relationship of both collaboration and competition.

Johnson returned from Germany as a proselytizer for the new architecture. Touring Europe more comprehensively with his friends Alfred H. Barr, Jr. and Henry-Russell Hitchcock to examine firsthand recent trends in architecture, the three assembled their discoveries as the landmark show "The International Style: Architecture Since 1922" at the Museum of Modern Art, in 1932. The show was profoundly influential and is seen as the introduction of modern architecture to the American public. It introduced such pivotal architects as Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe. The exhibition was also notable for a controversy: architect Frank Lloyd Wright withdrew his entries in pique that he was not more prominently featured.

As critic Peter Blake has stated, the importance of this show in shaping American architecture in the century "cannot be overstated."^{[citation needed]} In the book accompanying the show, coauthored with Hitchcock, Johnson argued that the new modern style maintained three formal principles: 1. an emphasis on architectural volume over mass (planes rather than solidity) 2. a rejection of symmetry and 3. rejection of applied decoration.^{[citation needed]} The definition of the movement as a "style" with distinct formal characteristics has been seen by some critics as downplaying the social and political bent that many of the European practitioners shared.

Puerta de Europa in Madrid

Johnson continued to work as a proponent of modern architecture, using the Museum of Modern Art as a bully pulpit. He arranged for Le Corbusier's first visit to the United States in 1935, then worked to bring Mies and Marcel Breuer to the US as emigres.

In the 1930s Johnson sympathized with Nazism, and expressed antisemitic ideas.^[9] Regarding this period in his life, he later said, "I have no excuse (for) such unbelievable stupidity... I don't know how you expiate guilt."^[10]

During the Great Depression, Johnson resigned his post at MoMA to try his hand at journalism and agrarian populist politics. His enthusiasm centered on the critique of the liberal welfare state, whose "failure" seemed to be much in evidence during the 1930s. As a correspondent, Johnson observed the Nuremberg Rallies in Germany and covered the invasion of Poland in 1939. The invasion proved the breaking point in Johnson's interest in journalism or politics – he returned to enlist in the US Army. After a couple of self-admittedly undistinguished years in uniform, Johnson returned to the Harvard Graduate School of Design to finally pursue his ultimate career of architect.

The Glass House[link]

A model of the Glass House on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City

Johnson's early influence as a practicing architect was his use of glass; his masterpiece was the Glass House (1949) he designed as his own residence in New Canaan, Connecticut, a profoundly influential work. The concept of a Glass House set in a landscape with views as its real “walls” had been developed by many authors in the German Glasarchitektur drawings of the 1920s, and already sketched in initial form by Johnson's mentor Mies. The building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection.

The house sits at the edge of a crest on Johnson’s estate overlooking a pond. The building's sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel; the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground but sits 10 inches above. The interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling.

Johnson continued to build structures on his estate as architectural essays. Offset obliquely fifty feet from the Glass House is a guest house, echoing the proportions of the Glass House and completely enclosed in brick (except for three large circular windows at the rear, set in wooden frames, 5 feet in diameter, which reveal the interior of the building that was originally designed with a window in each of three rooms, two guest bedrooms at each end and a study in the middle). It now contains a bathroom, library, and single bedroom with a vaulted ceiling and shag carpet. It was built at the same time as the Glass House and can be seen as its formal counterpart. Johnson stated that he deliberately designed it to be less than perfectly comfortable, as "guests are like fish, they should only last three days at most".

Later, Johnson added a painting gallery with an innovative viewing mechanism of rotating walls to hold paintings (influenced by the Hogarth displays at Sir John Soane's house), followed by a sky-lit sculpture gallery. The last structures Johnson built on the estate were a library and a reception building, the latter, red and black in color and of curving walls. Johnson viewed the ensemble of one-room buildings as a total work of art, claiming that it was his best and only "landscape project."

The Philip Johnson Glass House is a site of the National Trust for Historic Preservation and now open to the public for tours.

The Seagram Building[link]

After completing several houses in the idiom of Mies and Breuer, Johnson joined Mies van der Rohe as the New York associate architect for the 39-story Seagram Building (1956). Johnson was pivotal in steering the commission towards Mies, working with Phyllis Lambert, the daughter of the CEO of Seagram. This collaboration of architects and client resulted in the bronze-and-glass tower on Park Avenue.

Completing the Seagram Building with Mies also decisively marked a shift in Johnson's career. After this accomplishment, Johnson's practice grew as projects came in from the public realm, including coordinating the master plan of Lincoln Center and designing that complex's New York State Theater. Meanwhile, Johnson began to grow bored with the orthodoxies of the International Style he had championed.

Later buildings[link]

The postmodern AT&T Building, now the Sony Building

Although startling when constructed, the glass and steel tower (indeed many idioms of the modern movement) had by the 1960s become commonplace the world over. He eventually rejected much of the metallic appearance of earlier International Style buildings, and began designing spectacular, crystalline structures uniformly sheathed in glass. Many of these became instant icons, such as PPG Place in Pittsburgh and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California.

The Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, California in 2007.

Johnson's architectural work is a balancing act between two dominant trends in post-war American art: the more "serious" movement of Minimalism, and the more populist movement of Pop Art. His best work has aspects of both movements. Johnson's personal art collection reflected this dichotomy, as he introduced artists such as Mark Rothko to the Museum of Modern Art as well as Andy Warhol. Straddling between these two camps, his work was seen by purists of either side as always too contaminated or influenced by the other. With his thick, round-framed glasses, Johnson was the most recognizable figure in American architecture for decades. As an art collector Johnson's eclectic eye supported avant-garde movements and young artists often before they became widely known. His collection of American art was strong in Abstract expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Neo-Dada, Color Field, Lyrical Abstraction, and Neo-Expressionism and he often donated important works from his collection to institutions like MoMA, and other important private museums and University collections like the Norton Simon Museum, the Sheldon Museum of Art and the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University among many others.

From 1967 to 1991 Johnson collaborated with John Burgee. This was by far Johnson's most productive period — certainly by the measure of scale — he became known at this time as builder of iconic office towers, including Minneapolis's IDS Tower. That building's distinctive stepbacks (called "zogs" by the architect) created an appearance that has since become one of Minneapolis's trademarks and the crown jewel of its skyline. In 1980, the Crystal Cathedral was completed for Rev. Robert H. Schuller's famed megachurch, which became a Southern California landmark.

Atrium of the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center.

The AT&T Building in Manhattan, now the Sony Building, was completed in 1984^[11] and was immediately controversial for its neo-Georgian pediment (Chippendale top). At the time, it was seen as provocation on a grand scale: crowning a Manhattan skyscraper with a shape echoing a historical wardrobe top defied every precept of the modernist aesthetic: historical pattern had been effectively outlawed among architects for years. In retrospect other critics have seen the AT&T Building as the first Postmodernist statement, necessary in the context of modernism's aesthetic cul-de-sac. In 1987, Johnson was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston. The institution's Hines College of Architecture is also housed in one of Johnson's buildings.

Johnson's publicly held archive, including architectural drawings, project records, and other papers up until 1964 are held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, the Getty, and the Museum of Modern Art.

Notable works[link]

PPG Place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2007.

Hines College of Architecture at the University of Houston, Houston, Texas, in 2007.

The Johnson Building at Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, in 2008.

1943–1980[link]

• Johnson House at Cambridge, "The Ash Street House", Cambridge, Massachusetts (1942–1943)
• Booth (Damora) House, Bedford Village, New York (1946)
• Johnson House, "The Glass House", New Canaan, Connecticut (1949)
• John de Menil House, Houston, Texas (1950)
• Rockefeller Guest House for Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, New York City, New York (1950)
• Seagram Building, New York City, New York (in collaboration with Mies van der Rohe; 1956)
• Reactor Building, Soreq, Israel (1956-1959) [2]</ref>
• The Four Seasons Restaurant, New York City, New York (1959)
• Expansion of St. Anselm's Abbey, Washington, D.C. (1960)
• Museum of Art at Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Utica, New York (1960); it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.^[12]
• Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden at The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York
• Sheldon Museum of Art, Lincoln, Nebraska (1963)
• New York State Theater (renamed David H. Koch Theater) at Lincoln Center, New York City, New York (with Richard Foster; 1964)
• Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas (1961; also expansion in 2001)
• New York State Pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair, New York City, New York (1964)
• Kreeger Museum, Washington, D.C. (with Richard Foster; 1967)
• Main campus mall at the University of Saint Thomas, Houston, Texas
• Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
• Albert and Vera List Art Building, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (1971)
• Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University, New York City, New York (1967–1973)
• John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial, Dallas, Texas (1970)^[13]
• IDS Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota (1972)
• Art Museum of South Texas, Corpus Christi, Texas (1972)
• Johnson Building at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts (1973)
• Fort Worth Water Gardens, Fort Worth, Texas (1974)
• Pennzoil Place, Houston, Texas (1975)
• Dorothy and Dexter Baker Center for the Arts at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania (1976)
• Thanks-Giving Square, Dallas, Texas (1976)
• 101 California Street, San Francisco, California (Johnson/Burgee Architects; 1979–1982)
• Neuberger Museum of Art at the State University of New York at Purchase, Purchase, New York
• Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, California (1980)
• Tata Theatre, National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai, India (1980)

One Detroit Center from Jefferson Avenue in Detroit.

Kunsthalle Bielefeld

1981–2010[link]

• Metro-Dade Cultural Center, Miami, Florida (1982)
• Chapel of St. Basil and the Academic Mall at the University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas
• Republic Bank Center (renamed Bank of America Center), Houston, Texas (1983)
• Transco Tower (renamed Williams Tower), Houston, Texas (1983)
• Cleveland Play House, Cleveland, Ohio (extension; 1983)
• Wells Fargo Center, Denver, Colorado (1983)
• PPG Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1984)
• The Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (1985)
• Lipstick Building, New York City, New York (1986)
• Tycon Center, Fairfax County, Virginia (1986)
• Comerica Bank Tower, Dallas, Texas (1987)
• 190 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois (John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant; 1987)
• Gate of Europe, Madrid, Spain (John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant; 1989–1996)
• 191 Peachtree Tower, Atlanta, Georgia (John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant; 1990)
• The Museum of Television & Radio (renamed Paley Center for Media), New York City, New York (1991)
• Chapel of St. Basil at the University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas (with John Manley, Architect; 1992)
• The Department of Mathematics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (1992)
• Science and Engineering Library at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (1992)
• Canadian Broadcasting Centre, Toronto, Canada (1992)^[14]
• AEGON Center, Louisville, Kentucky (John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant; 1993)
• One Detroit Center, Detroit, Michigan (John Burgee Architects, Philip Johnson Consultant; 1993)
• Visitor's Pavilion, New Canaan, Connecticut (1994)
• Turning Point at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1996)
• Philip-Johnson-Haus, Berlin, Germany (1997)
• First Union Plaza, Boca Raton, Florida (2000)
• Interfaith Peace Chapel on the Cathedral of Hope campus, Dallas, Texas (2010)

Johnson in popular culture[link]

He is mentioned in the song "Thru These Architect's Eyes" on the album Outside (1995) by David Bowie.

Philip Johnson's Glass House, along with Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House, was the subject of Sarah Morris's film 'Points on a Line' (2010). Morris filmed at both sites over the course of several months, among other locations including The Four Seasons Restaurant, the Seagrams Building, Mies van der Roheʼs infamous Lake Shore Drive, and Chicagoʼs Newberry Library. Morris utilized The Four Seasons, a place that Philip Johnson practically used as his personal office, as the meeting point between the two architects. The restaurant remains a site of projection and desire – active as a site of negotiation and display. Morrisʼs film is both a record of preservation of two structures and a document of power plays that left a mark in the pragmatic idealism of the late modern period.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Schulze, Franz. Philip Johnson: Life and Work, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
• Lacayo, Richard (June 28, 2007). "Splendor in the Glass". Time. Accessed August 12, 2010.
• Philip Johnson: Diary of an Eccentric Architect, 1997 documentary.
• "Extending the Legacy" Alexandra Lange article on the preservation of the Glass House, from the November 2006 issue of Metropolis magazine.
• Philip Johnson article at Great Buildings Online. Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Philip Johnson bio on the Pritzker Architecture Prize website. Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Philip Johnson on NewsHour (1996). Retrieved Sep. 27, 2003.
• Heyer, Paul, ed. (1966). Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America, p. 279. New York: Walker and Company.
• One hour interview with Charlie Rose at Google Video (July 8, 1996)
• Other interviews with or about Phillip Johnson on Charlie Rose at Google Video
• Tompkins, Calvin (May 23, 1977). "Profile of Philip Johnson".^{[clarification needed]} The New Yorker.
• Jenkins, Stover, et al. The Houses of Philip Johnson, New York: Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.), 2001.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philip Johnson

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Philip Johnson

• Obituary
• Philip Johnson at Find a Grave
• Philip Johnson speaks at the University of Houston
• The Architecture of Philip Johnson
• (Subscription required) Pogrebin, Robin (August 8, 2010). "The Hand of a Master Architect". The New York Times.
• Phillip Johnson architectural projects, 1984-1995 The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California. Architectural drawings, study models, photographs, brochures, and miscellaneous papers, the bulk of which relate to the Franklin Square building, Washington, D.C., a project by John Burgee Associates with Philip Johnson.
• Phillip Johnson papers, 1908-2002 The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California. Documentation of the early and later career of architect Philip Johnson, especially representative of his early work, particularly his Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, and a number of little known, never constructed projects.

David Haye
Statistics
Real name	David Haye
Nickname(s)	The Hayemaker
Rated at	Heavyweight Cruiserweight
Height	6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Reach	198 cm (78 in)
Nationality	British
Born	(1980-10-13) 13 October 1980 (age 31) Bermondsey, London, England
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	27
Wins	25
Wins by KO	23
Losses	2

Medal record
Competitor for  England
Men's boxing
World Amateur Championships
Silver	Belfast 2001	Heavyweight

David Deron Haye (born 13 October 1980) is a British professional boxer from England.^[1]

Haye is the former WBA heavyweight champion. He is also the former unified world cruiserweight champion, holding the WBA, WBC, WBO, and The Ring cruiserweight titles, and the former European cruiserweight champion.

Amateur[link]

Haye started his ambition and passion for boxing at old-school boxing gym Fitzroy Lodge Boxing Club in Lambeth, South London, where he quickly impressed and confidently won his first amateur bouts.

In 1999, 18-year-old Haye participated at the world amateur championships in Houston, Texas, USA at light-heavyweight but was eliminated by experienced American Michael Simms early in the contest.

At the 2001 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Belfast, Northern Ireland he fought in the heavyweight 201 lb division where he beat world class Sebastian Köber to reach the final where he gave Odlanier Solís a standing eight count before being stopped by the Cuban in round three, and taking the silver medal.

Professional career[link]

Cruiserweight[link]

Based in Bermondsey, London, England, Haye turned professional in December 2002, aged 22, knocking out Tony Booth in two rounds.^[2]

In 2003 he won seven fights, two of which were the only fights Haye has fought in the United States. He won all by knockouts, the most notable being a fourth round KO of Denmark's Lolenga Mock, in which Haye had to come off the floor to win.

Haye's fights were regularly seen on the BBC and his popularity began to grow in 2004, when he dispatched the 39-year-old ex-world champion "King" Arthur Williams in three rounds.

Later that year, in his eleventh pro fight, he fought 40-year-old former WBO champion Carl Thompson in a 'youth vs experience' matchup. Haye started fast and alarmingly caught Thompson with constant barrages of power punches, coming close to forcing a stoppage at numerous points over the first few rounds.

Gradually, despite the early punishment he received, Thompson warmed up and worked his way into the fight whilst Haye seemed to tire and slow down. Thompson began to pressure Haye and knocked Haye down with a chopping right hand in round 5. With seven seconds left in the round, Thompson landed two jabs followed by a flush right hand which cleanly caught a fatigued Haye, and compelled Haye's corner to throw in the towel.

Haye returned against Estonian Valery Semishkur, winning by TKO in round 1, then defeated Garry Delaney by a third round TKO. Following two more fights against Glen Kelly and Vincenzo Rossitto, Haye faced Alexander Gurov for the EBU cruiserweight championship. Haye easily knocked out Gurov with a single right hand in just 45 seconds.

In January 2006, Haye signed a three-year contract with former Lennox Lewis promoter Frank Maloney to further his world title ambitions. He successfully defended his EBU title against Ismail Abdoul and future world champion Giacobbe Fragomeni, with the latter fight being a WBC eliminator.

Haye's cameo at heavyweight in April 2007 resulted in an impressive first-round KO win over Polish fighter Tomasz Bonin,^[3] who at the time was ranked No. 11 by the WBC and had only one loss, against Audley Harrison.

World cruiserweight champion[link]

Haye challenged Jean-Marc Mormeck on 10 November 2007 for the WBA, WBC, & The Ring cruiserweight titles. Haye defeated Mormeck by knockout in the seventh round, despite Haye needing to rally after being knocked down by Mormeck in the fourth. The victory confirmed Haye's arrival as a genuine world class fighter.

The Mormeck fight was expected to be Haye's last fight in the cruiserweight division. Haye himself admitted that he struggles to make weight and feels that he can only box at "70 or 80 per cent" of his potential as a cruiserweight. However Haye would be tempted into a unification cruiserweight bout for the most lucrative fight of Haye's career.

Haye and Enzo Maccarinelli met in an all-British world cruiserweight title fight in the early hours of 9 March 2008. Haye's WBA, WBC, & The Ring titles were at stake, while Maccarinelli's WBO title was on the line. British trade paper Boxing News produced a pullout special on the match. Widely billed as the biggest all-British bout since Chris Eubank met Nigel Benn. As both fighters are hard punchers with excellent KO records, a short fight was predicted.^[5] These predictions proved to be correct, as Haye knocked out Maccarinelli in the second round of the contest. Commenting on the fight and of the prospect of working again with Frank Warren, Maccarinelli's promoter, Haye said, "We thank Frank for sacrificing Maccarinelli, but we'd feel immense guilt if we took any more free money from Sports Network. I have a hard enough time sleeping at night as it is."^[4]

Heavyweight[link]

Haye described the victory over Maccarinelli as "the final piece" in his cruiserweight jigsaw. Haye then defeated heavyweight Monte Barrett at The O2 Arena in London on 15 November 2008, winning via TKO in the fifth round.^[6]

WBC Heavyweight Champion Vitali Klitschko confirmed he would defend his title in a fight with Haye to take place on 20 June 2009, at Stamford Bridge in London. Instead, his younger brother, WBO, IBO & IBF heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko agreed to fight Haye the same date in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. Haye pulled out of the fight claiming a back injury.^[7]

WBA heavyweight champion[link]

Haye then confirmed that he would meet the WBA champion Nikolay Valuev on 7 November 2009 in the Nuremberg Arena, Nuremberg, Germany. Haye's trainer Adam Booth claimed it was a fight that Valuev wanted; it was billed as David and Goliath.^[8] Haye weighed in at 217 pounds, almost 100 lbs less than his opponent. Haye said about Valuev: "He is the ugliest thing I have ever seen. I have watched Lord of the Rings and films with strange looking people, but for a human being to look like he does is pretty shocking."^[9]

Haye beat Valuev in a reserved display of accuracy and efficiency, countering Valuev's misses, jabbing and circling his much larger opponent.^[10] Haye came close to knocking down Valuev in the final round with a hard left hand, which made Valuev stumble. Haye won with scores of 114–114 (ITA), 116–112 (USA) and 116–112 (ESP).^[11] Haye is the first and currently only boxer in the history of the sport to be seven stone or more lighter than an opponent in a World title fight and still come out victorious.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 April 2010 Haye defeated John Ruiz in his first WBA title defence at the Manchester Arena by TKO in the ninth round after knocking him down four times during the fight excluding a point deduction for hitting Ruiz on the back of his head in round one. This was only the second time Ruiz has been stopped, after being knocked out in round one by David Tua fourteen years prior to facing David Haye. After the fight, Haye immediately called on both Klitschko brothers, after claiming their recent challengers Eddie Chambers and Chris Arreola were "a disgrace to boxing."

It was confirmed on 7 September 2010 that Haye would fight Audley Harrison on 13 November 2010 at the Manchester Arena. The press conference for the bout became heated, leading to the two fighters swearing at each other on live television.^[12] On 13 November 2010, Haye defeated Harrison with one minute, seven seconds remaining of the third round by TKO. Southpaw Harrison landed one jab during the entire fight. He staggered to his feet after being knocked down, only for Haye to immediately pounce right back on him, hitting him with another flurry of punches. The referee intervened and ended the bout.^[13]

Haye's plans to unify the heavyweight division took a major setback in January 2011 when it was revealed that Tomas Adamek would fight one of the Klitschko brothers in September 2011,^[14] before his planned retirement in October of that year. However, in April 2011, it was announced that Haye and Wladimir Klitschko had agreed to meet at the Imtech Arena in Hamburg on 2 July 2011.^[15]

Wladimir Klitschko vs David Haye[link]

Wladimir Klitschko versus David Haye was a heavyweight unification fight for the WBA, IBF, WBO and The Ring heavyweight titles, the fight taking place at the Imtech Arena, Hamburg, Germany on 2 July 2011^[16][17][18] This was the only heavyweight unification fight since Wladimir Klitschko and Sultan Ibragimov fought back in 2008. It was then when Wladimir Klitschko beat Ibragimov and added his WBO title to his IBF title. Klitschko defeated Haye by a unanimous decision to become the unified WBA Super, IBF, WBO, and The Ring heavyweight champion.^[19][20] The official scores were: 118–108, 117–109 and 116–110, which were all in favour of Klitschko.^[21]

Retirement[link]

BBC chief Charlie Smith told The Sun on 11 October 2011 that David Haye had informed him that he would not be not renewing his boxing licence, thus retiring from the sport.^[22] Haye has had a long-standing plan to retire early. After the Harrison fight Haye said his plans to retire before he is 31 had not altered: "I will have achieved what I wanted to achieve – undisputed cruiserweight champion, unify the heavyweight division and then call it a day." In December 2010, during the negotiations to fight Wladimir Klitschko, Haye said if the fight did not happen, "I'll just have to accept that becoming the WBA champion was enough and move on with my life. That'll be 20 years of getting punched in the face, which is a long enough time. I set my goals and achieved them so unifying the titles is the cherry on the cake but if it doesn't happen it wasn't meant to be and I've just got to get on with my life".^[23]

Vitali Klitschko vs David Haye negotiations[link]

Haye put retirement on hold and was in negotiations for a possible bout with WBC heavyweight title holder Vitali Klitschko on 3 March 2012.^[24][25] However, Klitschko went on to schedule a fight with Dereck Chisora on 18 February 2012, which he won by decision. Following the fight there was a fracas between Chisora and Haye, who had attended as a spectator, leading to speculation that Haye might come out of retirement to fight Chisora. However, on 21 February, Haye confirmed that he would only come out of retirement to fight Klitschko.^[26] On 8 May, Haye signed on to face Dereck Chisora on 14 July.

Haye Vs Dereck Chisora[link]

Press Conference Brawl[link]

After his loss to WBC heavyweight champion Vitali Klitschko, Dereck Chisora got into a brawl with compatriot David Haye at the post-fight press conference. Klitschko’s manager Bernd Boente said "with the bad experience we've had with British fighters we will now look for other countries". He then told Haye from the dais "You had an offer, you didn't accept it, now you are out. You are out. You cannot talk yourself back into the fight, you have no belts." Chisora then called out Haye, but Haye dismissed Chisora as "a loser". Chisora challenged Haye to tell him that to his face and approached Haye sparking a melee with Haye throwing the first punch with what appeared to be a glass bottle in his hand, as the brawl progressed Haye was seen swinging a camera tripod. After order was restored, a furious Chisora stated multiple times that he would "shoot" David Haye and claimed Haye "glassed" him. Haye's manager Adam Booth emerged from the fracas with a facial wound and Chisora suggested to Booth that Haye hit him with a bottle by mistake while Booth insisted it was one of Chisora's entourage that had hit him with a bottle . During a interview at the Chisora Vs Haye press confrence Booth was asked "how did you end up with a cut on your head?" to which he replied "David hit me with a tripod" but also added "he bought me a new S-class Mercedes as an apology".^[27][28]

Fight Negotiations[link]

On 8 May 2012, Haye and his promotion team announced that he would fight against Dereck Chisora at West Ham United FC, Upton Park, London on Saturday 14 July 2012. The announcement caused controversy as neither held a British Boxing Licence, and so had agreed a licence deal with the Luxembourg Boxing Association. Seen as a direct attempt to undermine the British Boxing Board of Control, it meant that fights could take place in Britain even if a boxer was facing disciplinary action.

Personal information[link]

David was born to a white English mother and black Jamaican father and grew up in Bermondey, London for most of his childhood. He has an older sister Louisa and a younger brother James. Haye attended Bacon's College in Rotherhithe, South East London. His training camp is based in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus and he has worn the Northern Cyprus flag on his shorts alongside the Flag of St. George and the Union Flag in the past. David Haye was awarded with the citizenship of North Cyprus due to his contributions to the North Cyprus.^[29] Haye lives in Bexleyheath;^[30] he is married and has a son called Cassius, named after Cassius Clay. He supports London football team Millwall.^[31] On 20 October 2010, he was awarded an honourary doctorate from Anglia Ruskin University, at the graduation ceremony in the Cambridge Corn Exchange. Haye's successful defences of his title against Ruiz and Harrison saw Haye be selected for the final 10 shortlist for the 2010 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.^[32]

Professional boxing record[link]

25 Wins (23 knockouts, 2 decisions), 2 Losses, 0 Draws[33]
Res.	Record	Opponent	Type	Rd., Time	Date	Location	Notes
N/A	N/A	Dereck Chisora	N/A	N/A	2012-07-14	Boleyn Ground, West Ham, London	For WBO&WBA International & Intercontinental titles, licensed by Luxembourg BBoC.
Loss	25–2	Wladimir Klitschko	UD	12	2011-07-02	Imtech Arena, Altona, Hamburg	Lost WBA, for IBF, WBO, IBO & The Ring Heavyweight titles.
Win	25–1	Audley Harrison	TKO	3 (12), 1:53	2010-11-13	Manchester Arena, Manchester, North West England	Retained WBA Heavyweight title.
Win	24–1	John Ruiz	TKO	9 (12), 2:01	2010-04-03	Manchester Arena, Manchester, North West England	Retained WBA Heavyweight title.
Win	23–1	Nikolai Valuev	MD	12	2009-11-07	Nuremberg Arena, Nuremberg, Bavaria	Won WBA Heavyweight title.
Win	22–1	Monte Barrett	TKO	5 (10), 1:28	2008-11-15	O2 Arena, Greenwich, London
Win	21–1	Enzo Maccarinelli	TKO	2 (12), 2:04	2008-03-08	O2 Arena, Greenwich, London	Retained WBA, WBC & The Ring, Won WBO Cruiserweight titles.
Win	20–1	Jean-Marc Mormeck	TKO	7 (12), ?	2007-11-10	Stade Marcel Cerdan, Paris, Île-de-France	Won WBA, WBC & The Ring Cruiserweight titles.
Win	19–1	Tomasz Bonin	TKO	1 (12), 1:45	2007-04-27	Wembley Arena, Wembley, London
Win	18–1	Giacobbe Fragomeni	TKO	9 (12), 1:29	2006-11-17	York Hall, Bethnal Green, London	Retained EBU Cruiserweight title, WBC Cruiserweight Title Eliminator.
Win	17–1	Ismail Abdoul	UD	12	2006-07-21	Leisure Centre, Altrincham, Greater Manchester	Retained EBU Cruiserweight title.
Win	16–1	Lasse Johansen	TKO	8 (12), 2:08	2006-03-24	York Hall, Bethnal Green, London	Retained EBU Cruiserweight title.
Win	15–1	Alexander Gurov	KO	1 (12), 0:45	2005-12-16	Leisure Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire	Won EBU Cruiserweight title.
Win	14–1	Vincenzo Rossitto	TKO	2 (10), 2:55	2005-10-14	Leisure Centre, Huddersfield, Yorkshire
Win	13–1	Glen Kelly	TKO	2 (10), 1:09	2005-03-04	Magna Centre, Rotherham, Yorkshire
Win	12–1	Garry Delaney	RTD	3 (6), 3:00	2005-01-21	Fountain Leisure Centre, Brentford, London
Win	11–1	Valeri Semiskur	KO	1 (6), 1:36	2004-12-10	Hillsborough Leisure Centre, Sheffield, Yorkshire
Loss	10–1	Carl Thompson	TKO	5 (12), 2:53	2004-09-10	Wembley Arena, Wembley, London
Win	10–0	Arthur Williams	TKO	3 (8), 2:46	2004-05-12	Rivermead Leisure Centre, Reading, Berkshire
Win	9–0	Hastings Rasani	TKO	1 (6)	2004-03-20	Wembley Arena, Wembley, London
Win	8–0	Tony Dowling	TKO	1 (10)	2003-11-14	York Hall, Bethnal Green, London
Win	7–0	Lolenga Mock	TKO	4 (6)	2003-09-26	Rivermead Leisure Centre, Reading, Berkshire
Win	6–0	Greg Scott-Briggs	KO	1 (6)	2003-08-01	York Hall, Bethnal Green, London
Win	5–0	Vance Winn	TKO	1 (6), 0:54	2003-07-15	The Playboy Mansion, Beverly Hills, California
Win	4–0	Phil Day	TKO	2 (4), 2:09	2003-03-18	Rivermead Leisure Centre, Reading, Berkshire
Win	3–0	Roger Bowden	TKO	1 (6), 2:42	2003-03-04	Seville Hotel, Miami, Florida
Win	2–0	Saber Zairi	TKO	4 (4), 0:54	2003-01-24	Ponds Forge Arena, Sheffield, Yorkshire
Win	1–0	Tony Booth	RTD	2 (4), 3:00	2002-12-08	York Hall, Bethnal Green, London	Professional debut.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Professional boxing record for David Haye from BoxRec

Big Sean
Background information
Birth name	Sean Michael Anderson
Born	(1988-03-25) March 25, 1988 (age 24) Santa Monica, California
Origin	Detroit, Michigan, United States
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, Singer, Songwriter
Years active	2005 – present
Labels	GOOD, Def Jam
Associated acts	Kanye West, Mike Posner, Wiz Khalifa, Currensy, Meek Mill, SayItAintTone uknowbigsean.com

Sean Michael Anderson (born March 25, 1988),^[1] better known by his stage name Big Sean, is an American rapper. Big Sean signed with Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music in 2007, and then in 2008 signed with Def Jam Recordings.

Biography[link]

1988-2006: Early life and career beginnings[link]

Sean Michael Anderson was born in Santa Monica, California, and he moved at two months old to west Detroit (6 Mile and Wyoming) where he was raised by his mother and grandmother.^[2][3] He attended Detroit Waldorf School and graduated from Cass Technical High School with a 3.7 GPA.^[4] Big Sean is often heard saying " west side " in his songs; he is referring to the west side of his hometown Detroit, Michigan. In his later years in high school, Sean gained a valuable relationship with Detroit hip hop station WHTD; he would show his rhyming skills on a weekly basis as part of a rap battle contest held by the station.^[5]

In 2005, Kanye West was doing a radio interview at 102.7 FM. Hearing about this, Sean headed over to the station to meet West and perform some free-style. Initially Kanye was reluctant to hear the emcee, however he gave Sean 16 bars to rap for him, eventually according to Big Sean "As we get to the entrance of the radio station ... we stopped in the middle of the doorway. He starts looking at me and bobbing his head,".^[6] He left a demo-tape as well. Two years later, West finally signed Big Sean to GOOD Music.

2007–2010: Mixtapes and internet following[link]

On September 30, 2007, Big Sean released his first official mixtape Finally Famous: The Mixtape. His hit single, "Get'cha Some", produced by WrighTrax, attained media attention and led to articles in The Source and the Detroit Metro Times. He also recorded a music video for "Get'cha Some", which was directed by Hype Williams. Sean released a second mixtape hosted by Mick Boogie on April 16, 2009, called UKNOWBIGSEAN. It featured the songs "Million Dollars", "Get'cha Some" and "Supa Dupa". This mixtape includes 30 tracks.^[7] Sean released a third mixtape hosted by Don Cannon on August 31, 2010 called Finally Famous Vol. 3: BIG. Features include Bun B, Chip tha Ripper, Curren$y, SAYITAINTTONE, Tyga, Drake, Mike Posner, Suai, Chuck Inglish, Asher Roth, Dom Kennedy, Boldy James, and Chiddy Bang. The mixtape includes 20 tracks.^[8]

An unauthorized leak of his collaboration with Drake, called "Made" made its way onto the internet on April 30, 2010. In an interview with TheHipHopUpdate.com on May 1, Big Sean expressed his disappointment over the leak, calling it an unfinished version both musically and verse wise. Big Sean's official Facebook page confirmed that his debut album Finally Famous & Consequence's Cons TV would be released on September 14, 2010. On August 31, Big Sean tweeted that the album was not coming out on that day, but it would be coming out sometime in 2011.^[9]

[edit] 2011–present: Finally Famous and mainstream success

In a recent interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio, he discussed the role Kanye West and No I.D. have had in the development of the album's sonic direction as well as the challenges of being inside the studio with West. The album's lead single, My Last, features vocals from Chris Brown and was produced by No I.D.^[10] According to Amazon.com, Big Sean's Finally Famous was delayed by a week, with a tentative release date set for June 28. Additionally, the GOOD Music rapper revealed that the album touts a song featuring Wiz Khalifa and Chiddy Bang, as well as guest appearances from Kanye West, Lupe Fiasco, Pharrell Williams and possibly Nas as well. Big Sean has revealed the cover art for his G.O.O.D. Music debut and explains that the one-week pushback can be blamed on sample and feature clearance issues.^[11] The official tracklist was revealed on June 7.^[12]

Finally Famous, Sean's debut studio album, was released June 28, 2011, and spawned three hit singles; "My Last", "Marvin & Chardonnay" and "Dance (A$$)". The album features guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco, John Legend, , Pharrell, Kanye West, Roscoe Dash, Wiz Khalifa, Chiddy Bang, Rick Ross, Pusha T and includes production from No I.D., The Legendary Traxster, Andrew "Pop" Wansel, Xaphoon Jones and The Neptunes.^{[13][14][15][16]}

When the songs, "O.T.T.R." and "Flowers" were leaked in July 2011, speculation began of a new mixtape. Sean confirmed in an interview June 28, 2011 that a collaborative mixtape between him and "two other guys in hip-hop that are just killing it right now" will be released "in a couple of weeks". Wiz Khalifa and Curren$y, are the supposed featured rappers on the mixtape.^[17] According to, Wiz Khalifa, there will be no mixtape. The rapper explains that the songs they created were, "just for fun". Big Sean was arrested on August 4, 2011 for sexual assault at a concert in Lewiston, New York.^[18] On October 26, 2011, Big Sean plead guilty to second degree unlawful imprisonment, and was fined $750.00. The charges of third-degree sexual abuse were dropped. Big Sean's attorney, Scott Leemon, stated that Big Sean "...did not engage in any type of sexual misconduct.” ^[19]

In September 2011, Big Sean confirmed in an interview with the Daily Tribune that he'll be working on his sophomore album during the I Am Finally Famous Tour and plans to release the album by Summer 2012.^[20] On October 19, 2011, Kanye West announced on his Twitter plans for a Spring 2012 GOOD Music album release.^[21] On April 6, 2012, "Mercy", the lead single from the GOOD Music compilation album, Cruel Summer, was released.^[22] The song, produced by newly-signed in-house producer Lifted, features Big Sean along with Kanye West, Pusha T and southern rapper 2 Chainz.^[23]

Style and clothing[link]

In late October 2008, Big Sean was featured in The Source and headlined the "Style" section of the magazine.^[24] In the article Sean talks about his own personal style and states that his favorite clothing brands are 10 Deep, Billionaire Boys Club, and Bape. Big Sean also posed in the Winter 2008 Billionaire Boys Club lookbook.^[25] Big Sean is also a consistent representative of Ti$A^[26] clothing and hats, along with Chris Brown and Tyga. Ti$A is a vintage company run by fellow G.O.O.D Music recording artist Taz Arnold. Big Sean is also a follower of the Rosewood clothing style.^[27]

Discography[link]