Phaedra can refer to:

• Phaedra (mythology)
• Various artistic works based on the legend:
  • Hippolytus by Euripides
  • Phaedra (Seneca) by Seneca the Younger
  • Phèdre by Jean Racine
    • Phaedra, 1962 English translation of Racine's work by Robert Lowell
    • Phaedra Britannica, 1975 Tony Harrison's version set in the British Raj
  • Phaedra's Love by Sarah Kane
  • Phaedra (film), a 1962 film by Jules Dassin
  • Phaedra (cantata), a cantata by Benjamin Britten
  • Phaedra (opera), an opera by Hans Werner Henze
  • Phaedra, a ballet by Robert Starer and Martha Graham.
• The genus Phaedra, synonym of Bernardia
• 174 Phaedra, an asteroid
• Phaedra (album), by the electronic music group Tangerine Dream
• A mysterious woman referred to in the song "Some Velvet Morning" sung by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood

Plays[link]

• Phaedra (Euripides), by Euripides
• Phaedra (Seneca), by Seneca the Younger
• Phèdre, by Jean Racine

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Melina Mercouri Μελίνα Μερκούρη
Melina Mercouri (in Stockholm, 1982)
Born	Maria Amalia Mercouri (1920-10-18)18 October 1920 Athens, Greece
Died	6 March 1994(1994-03-06) (aged 73) New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, Member of the Hellenic Parliament, Minister for Culture of Greece
Spouse	Panos Harokopos (1941–62; divorced) Jules Dassin (1966–94; her death)
Parents	Stamatis Mercouris (father) Eirini Lappa (mother)

Melina Mercouri (Greek: Μελίνα Μερκούρη), born as Maria Amalia Mercouri (18 October 1920 – 6 March 1994) was a Greek actress, singer and politician.

As an actress she made her film debut in Stella (1955) and met international success with her performances in Never on Sunday, Phaedra, Topkapi and Promise at Dawn. She won the award for Best Actress at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival, and she was also nominated for an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and two BAFTA Awards.

A political activist during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, she became a member of the Hellenic Parliament in 1977 and the first female Minister for Culture of Greece in 1981. Mercouri was the person who, in 1983, conceived and proposed the programme of the European Capital of Culture, which has been established by the European Union since 1985.

She was a strong advocate for the return to Athens of the Parthenon Marbles, which were removed from the Parthenon, and are now displayed in the British Museum.^[1]

Early life[link]

Maria Amalia Mercouri was born in Athens, Greece in 1920, the daughter of Stamatis Mercouris, a former cavalry officer, member of Parliament for the Democratic Socialist Party of Greece and former Minister for Public Order of Greece, and Eirini Lappa, originated from a prominent family of Athens. Spyridon Merkouris, her paternal grandfather, was one of the most successful Mayors of Athens and played a major role in her early life.

When she completed her secondary education, she was admitted to the National Theatre's Drama School after reciting a poem by Kostas Karyotakis. Dimitris Rontiris was her teacher and she graduated in 1944.

Aged 21, she married her first husband, Panos Harokopos, a wealthy landowner; they divorced in 1962.

Acting career[link]

Early years on stage[link]

After her graduation, Mercouri joined the National Theatre of Greece and played the role of Electra in Eugene O'Neill's play Mourning Becomes Electra in 1945. In 1949 she had her first major success in the theatre playing Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams and staged by Karolos Koun's Art Theatre. Until 1950, she also worked in the same theatre in other plays by Aldous Huxley, Arthur Miller, Philip Jordan and André Roussin. She then moved to Paris, where she appeared in boulevard plays by Jacques Deval and Marcel Achard, and met famous French playwrights and novelists such as Jean Cocteau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Colette and Françoise Sagan. In 1953, she received the Marika Kotopouli Prize and returned to Greece two years later. At the Kotopouli-Rex Theatre, Mercouri starred in plays like Macbeth by William Shakespeare and L'Alouette by Jean Anouilh.^{[citation needed]}

International success[link]

Her first movie was the Greek language film Stella (1955), directed by Michael Cacoyannis (also the director of Zorba the Greek). The film received special praise at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival, where she met for first time the American film director Jules Dassin, with whom she would share her life, as they got married in 1966, and career. As a start, the next year she starred in the latter's He Who Must Die and other films by Dassin followed featuring Mercouri, such as The Law (1959).^{[citation needed]}

She became well-known to international audiences when she starred in Never on Sunday (1960), in which Dassin was the director and co-star. For this film, Mercouri received the Best Actress Award at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.^[2]

After her first major international success, she went on to star in Phaedra (1962), for which she was nominated again for the BAFTA Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Drama. The recognition of her acting talent did not stop though, as her role in Topkapi (1964) granted her one more nomination, this time for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Mercouri worked with other famous directors as well, such as Joseph Losey, Vittorio De Sica, Ronald Neame, Carl Foreman, Norman Jewison, and starred in films like Spanish language The Uninhibited by Juan Antonio Bardem. She continued her stage career in the Greek production of Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth (1960), under the direction of Karolos Koun. In 1967, she played the leading role in Illya Darling (from 11 April 1967 to 13 January 1968) at Broadway, for which she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, while her performance in Promise at Dawn (1970) gave her another Golden Globe Award nomination.

On 11 June 1967, Mercouri appeared on one of the final episodes of "What's My Line" (the venerable panel show would leave the air that fall, after seventeen years). After the panel were blindfolded, a strange man appeared on-stage and proclaimed himself "the second mystery guest". Host John Charles Daly quickly called for "the relieving crew" and said "schedule two" (a code word used on live broadcasts in case of an emergency: the cameras are turned to a neutral position and the sound is cut off). The man talked a bit about a dating service he apparently owned before being hustled off the stage by announcer Johnny Olsen and executive producer Gil Fates. Daly merely apologized to the panel, and the program continued.^[3]

Melina Mercouri concentrated on her stage career for the following years, playing in the Greek productions of The Threepenny Opera and, for a second time, Sweet Bird of Youth, in addition to the ancient Greek tragedies Medea and Oresteia.

She retired from film acting in 1978, when she played in her last film, A Dream of Passion, directed by her husband Jules Dassin. Her last performance on stage was in the opera Pylades at the Athens Concert Hall in 1992, portraying Clytemnestra.

Filmography[link]

As singer[link]

One of her first songs was by Manos Hadjidakis and Nikos Gatsos. It was titled Hartino to Fengaraki ("Papermoon") and was a part of the Greek production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1949, in which she starred as Blanche DuBois. The first official recording of this, now-legendary song was made by Nana Mouskouri in 1960, although the company Sirius, created by Manos Hadjidakis, issued in 2004 a recording that Melina made for French TV during the 1960s. Her recordings 'Athenes, ma Ville', a collaboration with Vangelis, and 'Melinaki' were popular in France. Her recording of 'Feggari mou, Agapi mou' (Phaedra) was quite popular and was later covered by Marinella in 1965.

Political career[link]

Activism against the Greek Junta[link]

At the time of the coup d'état in Greece by a group of colonels of the Greek military on 21 April 1967, she was in the United States, playing in Illya Darling. She immediately joined the struggle against the Greek Military Junta and started an international campaign, travelling all over the world to inform the public and contribute to the isolation and fall of the colonels. As a result, the dictatorial regime revoked her Greek citizenship and confiscated her property. When her citizenship was taken away, she said: "I was born a Greek and I will die a Greek. Mr. Pattakos (one of the colonels) was born a fascist and he will die a fascist", a phrase which represented her love of Greece and democracy.^{[citation needed]}

There were terrorist attempts against her, including an assassination attempt in Genoa, Italy. However, she did not stop her fight against the dictatorship with interviews, concerts marches and speeches given all around the world. During those years she recorded four records in France, one with Greek lyrics and the other three with French lyrics, all created by Greek musicians. They were highly popular, and since being remastered and reissued, are still critically acclaimed.^{[citation needed]}

Involvement in politics[link]

After the fall of the Junta and during the metapolitefsi in 1974, Mercouri settled in Greece and was one of the founding members of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), a centre-left political party. She was a member of the party's Central Committee and a rapporteur for the Culture Section, while being involved in the women's movement as well. In the Greek legislative elections of 1974, she was a PASOK candidate in the Piraeus B constituency, but the 7,500 votes were not enough to secure a seat for her in the Hellenic Parliament (she needed 33 more votes), something that came true in the elections of 1977, when she obtained the highest number of votes in the whole of Greece.^{[citation needed]}

Minister for Culture: 1981–1989[link]

When PASOK won the elections of 1981, Melina Mercouri was appointed Minister for Culture of Greece, being the first female in that post. She would serve in that position for two terms until 1989, when PASOK lost the elections and New Democracy formed a cabinet. As Minister for Culture, Mercouri took advantage of her fame abroad and got in contact with great European leaders in order to promote Greece. She strongly advocated the return to Athens of the Parthenon Marbles, that were removed from Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, and are now part of the British Museum collection in London. In anticipation of the return of the marbles, she held an international competition for the construction of the New Acropolis Museum, designated to display them and finally established in 2008.

One of her greatest achievements was the establishment of the institution of the European Capital of Culture within the framework of cultural policy of the European Union, that she had conceived and proposed in 1983, with Athens inaugurating this institution being the first title-holder in 1985, while she was a devoted supporter of the Athens bid to host the Centennial Olympic Games. In 1983, during the first Greek presidency of the Council of the European Union, Mercouri invited the Ministers for Culture of the other nine member states of the European Union at Zappeion, in order to increase the people's cultural awareness, since there was not any reference to cultural questions in the Treaty of Rome, which led to the establishment of formal sessions between the Ministers of Culture of the European Union. During the second presidency of Greece in 1988, she supported the cooperation between Eastern Europe and the European Union, which was finally implemented one year later with the celebration of the Month of Culture in Eastern countries.^{[citation needed]}

Mercouri also commissioned a study for the integration of all the archaeological sites of Athens so as to create an archaeological park free from traffic, where residents and visitors could enjoy the history of the city. In order to promote the Greek culture, she introduced free access to museums and archaeological sites for Greek citizens, organized a series of exhibitions of Greek cultural heritage and modern Greek art worldwide, supported the restoration of buildings of special architectural interest and the completion of the Athens Concert Hall, backed the project of the Museum of Byzantine culture in Thessaloniki, established annual literary pizes, promoted Greek cinema and finally established the municipal theatres and conservatories.^{[citation needed]}

Minister for Culture: 1993–1994[link]

In the legislative elections of November 1989, PASOK lost and Mercouri was elected a member of the Hellenic Parliament and remained a member of the party's Executive Bureau. In 1990, she was a candidate for Mayor of Athens but despite her popularity, she was defeated by Antonis Tritsis in a municipality which traditionally provided New Democracy with strong support. After PASOK's win in the election of 1993, she was back at the Ministry for Culture. Her major goals in this second term in office were: to create a cultural park in the Aegean Sea in order to protect and enhance the environment and civilization of the Aegean Islands, and to link culture with education at all education levels, introducing a system of post-training of teachers.^{[citation needed]}

Death[link]

The grave of Melina Mercouri (next to J. Dassin's) in the First Cemetery of Athens.

Melina Mercouri died on 6 March 1994 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, from lung cancer, aged 73. She was survived by her husband, Jules Dassin. She received a state funeral with Prime Minister's honors at the First Cemetery of Athens four days later. Thousands attended her funeral.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Foundation Melina Mercouri (Greek) (English)
• Melina Mercouri at the Internet Movie Database
• Melina Mercouri at the Internet Broadway Database
• Melina Mercouri (Hellenic Ministry of Culture)
• Melina Mercouri at The New York Times Movies
• Works by or about Melina Mercouri in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Nate Berkus
Berkus in 2010
Born	Nathan Jay Berkus (1971-09-17) September 17, 1971 (age 40) Orange County, California, United States
Residence	New York, New York
Occupation	Interior decorator, television host
Years active	2004–present
Website
NateBerkus.com

Nathan Jay "Nate" Berkus (born September 17, 1971) is an American interior designer and daytime television host. He runs the Chicago interior design firm Nate Berkus Associates and has been a regular guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show, offering design advice to viewers. May 25, 2010, was his last day on The Oprah Winfrey Show. His own show, The Nate Berkus Show, debuted in broadcast syndication September 13, 2010. It is co-produced by Harpo Productions and Sony Pictures Television^[1] and is scheduled to be canceled after its second season ends on May 24, 2012.^[2]

Personal life[link]

Berkus was born in Orange County, California, and grew up mainly in suburban Minneapolis. He is Jewish and openly gay.^[3][4] He attended Cushing Academy, a boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. He started working in design immediately after leaving high school and interned at Dominique Aurientis in Paris and Sotheby's in Chicago. Berkus graduated from Lake Forest College near Chicago in 1994 with degrees in French and Sociology. Berkus founded the company, Nate Berkus Associates, in Chicago in 1995.^{[citation needed]}

Berkus is related to the venture capitalist David Berkus, architect Barry Berkus, musician/artist Gunther Berkus, Josh Berkus of Software in the Public Interest, casino manager /author Eric David Berkus, and western states lawyer Matt Berkus. Designer Nancy Golden from HGTV and DIY networks is his mother.^{[citation needed]}

In December 2004 Berkus and his partner, photographer Fernando Bengoechea, were vacationing at a beach resort in Sri Lanka when the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hit. While Berkus survived, Bengoechea is missing and presumed dead.^[5] Berkus appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on January 17, 2005, to talk about his ordeal and the loss of his love.

Career[link]

In November 2005 Hyperion Books published Berkus's book Home Rules: Transform the Place You Live into a Place You'll Love (ISBN 1-4013-0137-1), a step-by-step guide to home design and decoration.

In 2005 Berkus began selling his merchandise at Linens 'n Things stores throughout North America.

Berkus was the host of the short-lived reality show Oprah's Big Give, which premiered March 2, 2008, but the series ended on April 20 that same year. On May 13, 2008, it was announced by ABC that it would not be renewed for a second season.^[6]

On September 13, 2010, he debuted as the host of his own syndicated daily show, The Nate Berkus Show, which is co-produced by Harpo Productions and Sony Pictures Television. It is recorded at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York, but airs in the nation's largest markets on the ten NBC Owned and Operated stations.^[1] In December 2011, Sony Pictures decided not to renew The Nate Berkus Show for a third season.

Nate Berkus is also an executive producer of the 2011 film "The Help."

He appeared as himself on the October 12, 2011 and October 13, 2011 episodes of Days of Our Lives, a United States daytime television soap opera, designing the offices of MadWorld Cosmetics for Madison James.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Nate Berkus Show
• Nate Berkus at the Internet Movie Database
• Nate Berkus on Myspace
• Who is Nate Berkus? Your Life, The Boston Globe March 23, 2006
• "Gay designer returns home from tsunami-ravaged region" - article from Advocate.com

John Sebastian
John Sebastian performing in 1974
Background information
Birth name	John Benson Sebastian
Born	(1944-03-17) March 17, 1944 (age 68) Greenwich Village, New York City, New York USA
Genres	Rock, pop, folk
Occupations	musician, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, autoharp
Years active	1965–present
Labels	Kama Sutra, Reprise
Associated acts	The Lovin' Spoonful, Even Dozen Jug Band, The Mugwumps
Website	www.johnbsebastian.com

John Benson Sebastian (born March 17, 1944, in Greenwich Village, New York City) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and autoharpist. He is best known as a founder of The Lovin' Spoonful, a band inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.^[1] His tie-dyed denim jacket is prominently displayed there.

Life and early career[link]

Sebastian's father, John Sebastian , was a noted classical harmonica player and his mother was a radio script writer. He is the godson of Vivian Vance (Ethel Mertz of I Love Lucy). He grew up surrounded by music and musicians, including Burl Ives and Woody Guthrie and hearing such players as Leadbelly and Mississippi John Hurt in his own neighborhood.^[2][3]

One of his first recording gigs was playing guitar and harmonica for Billy Faier's 1964 album The Beast of Billy Faier.^[4] He also recorded with Fred Neil on the Bleecker & MacDougal album and Tom Rush's self-titled album in 1965. He came up through the Even Dozen Jug Band and The Mugwumps, which split to form the Lovin' Spoonful and The Mamas & the Papas. Sebastian was joined by Zal Yanovsky, Steve Boone and Joe Butler in the Spoonful, which was named after "The Coffee Blues," a Mississippi John Hurt song. Sebastian also played autoharp on occasion.

The Lovin' Spoonful became part of the American response to the British Invasion and was noted for such folk-flavored hits as "Jug Band Music," "Do You Believe in Magic," "Summer in the City," "Daydream," "Nashville Cats," "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind," "Six O'Clock," "You Didn't Have to Be So Nice," and "Younger Girl."^[1] The band, however, began to implode after a 1967 marijuana bust in San Francisco involving Yanovsky, a Canadian citizen. Facing deportation, he gave up the name of his dealer, which caused a fan backlash and internal strife. Neither John Sebastian nor Joe Butler was involved in the matter; neither was even in San Francisco at the time. Yanovsky subsequently left the band and was replaced by Jerry Yester.^[5]

Solo career[link]

Performing at the Woodstock Reunion 1979 at Parr Meadows in Ridge, NY.

Sebastian left the Lovin' Spoonful in 1968 although he and the original band reunited briefly to appear in the film One Trick Pony starring Paul Simon and Blair Brown.^[1] In December 1968, a musical he composed the music and lyrics for, Jimmy Shine, opened on Broadway with Dustin Hoffman in the title role.^[6]

He embarked on a moderately successful solo career after leaving the Lovin' Spoonful in 1968. Sebastian was popular among the rock festival circuits. He had a memorable, albeit unscheduled appearance at Woodstock, appearing after Country Joe McDonald's set, playing songs such as "I Had A Dream," "Rainbows All Over Your Blues," "Darling Be Home Soon" and "Younger Generation," which he dedicated to a newborn baby at the festival. Documentary remarks by festival organizers revealed that Sebastian was under the influence of marijuana^[7] at the time, hence his spontaneity and casual, unplanned set. "By the time I got to Woodstock I remained a pot smoker, but there was a natural high there," says Sebastian.^[7] "In an interview it is the easy thing to say 'yeah, I was really high,' but it was actually a very small part of the event. In fact, I had a small part of some pill that someone gave me before I went onstage, but it wasn't a real acid feeling."^[7] Sebastian also returned for Woodstock '94, playing harmonica for Crosby, Stills and Nash. Sebastian released his eponymous LP John B. Sebastian in 1970, which featured him accompanied by various L.A. musicians.

Sebastian played harmonica with The Doors on the song Roadhouse Blues under the pseudonym G. Pugliese to avoid problems with his contract, which was featured on Morrison Hotel album.^[8] He also played on "Little Red Rooster" on the live album Alive, She Cried and on seven songs on Live In Detroit.^[9][10] He is also credited with playing harmonica on Crosby Stills Nash & Young's "Déjà Vu" from the album of the same name.

In 1976, Sebastian had a number one single with "Welcome Back," the theme song to the Welcome Back, Kotter television show.^[2] His only top 40 solo hit, it found new life decades later when a sample from it became the hook for rapper Mase's 2004 hit "Welcome Back." More recently, he played with John Sebastian and the J-Band, a jug band including Fritz Richmond from the Jim Kweskin Jug Band, Yank Rachell, an original jug-band leader, and Geoff Muldaur.

Several modern musicians cite him as a large influence, including renowned blues harmonica player, Mike Tetrault. As a songwriter, Sebastian's songs have been covered by Elvis Costello ("The Room Nobody Lives In"), Dolly Parton, Del McCoury, Helen Reddy, Brenda Lee, Johnny Cash, Bobby Darin, Slade and Joe Cocker; The Everly Brothers, Tom Petty and Jimmy Buffett have all covered "Stories We Could Tell".

Later career[link]

With David Grisman on the left, 2009

Starting in 1978, John wrote the music for the animated special The Devil and Daniel Mouse, and even provided the singing voice for the character of Daniel Mouse. In the 1980s, Sebastian continued to write and perform music for several productions from Nelvana Limited Productions, a reputable Canada-based animation studio whose more recent output included the TV series Braceface, which starred—and was jointly produced by--Alicia Silverstone, and the same studio which produced The Devil and Daniel Mouse. John wrote and sang the theme song/narration for Nelvana's TV pilot The Get Along Gang. (None of it was kept, however, when DIC Entertainment took over the project thereafter.) Sebastian also composed and performed "Care Bear Countdown," the theme song for Nelvana's Care Bears TV series, along with numerous tunes for the The Care Bears Movie trilogy which preceded it; this consisted of Care Bears Movie 2: A New Generation and The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland.

In later years, Sebastian hosted several television programs regarding '60s' music, including paid programs for compilations sets and a half-hour program called The Golden Age of Rock and Roll, which was usually composed of video footage of 1960s bands performing on variety shows. He also hosted a Spoonful retrospective broadcast over PBS in March 2007, talking about various Spoonful numbers in between vintage video clips of the band up to the time he left.

Sebastian performing at the Katharine Hepburn Theater in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, November 27, 2011.

In 1992 Sebastian made a cameo appearance on the sitcom Married...with Children, together with other famous rockstars. In 2005, he appeared on Eels' Blinking Lights and Other Revelations.^[11]

In 2007, Sebastian released a guitar instructional DVD for Homespun Video teaching solo guitar adaptations of eight of his Spoonful hits including "Daydream," "Nashville Cats," and his solo hit "Welcome Back." He has also released an instructional DVD teaching beginning level autoharp. (Sebastian played both harmonica and autoharp on Shanachie's 2002 compilation CD "Man of Constant Sorrow.")

Sebastian and the J Band appear in Chasin' Gus' Ghost, a documentary about the roots and influence of jug band music,^[12][13] which screened in August 2007 at the San Francisco Jug Band Festival and made its film festival debut in October 2007 at the Woodstock Film Festival. In the film, Sebastian humorously explains, with musical accompaniment, how his hit song "Younger Girl" was inspired by Gus Cannon's "Prison Wall Blues." He also performed at the festival with other musicians featured in the film, including Geoff Muldaur, Maria Muldaur, Jim Kweskin and David Grisman.

He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008.^[2]

Stories We Could Tell, the title of a novel by British writer Tony Parsons, comes from the Sebastian song.^{[citation needed]}

Solo discography[link]

Original U.S. singles[link]

Original U.S. vinyl albums[link]

Miscellaneous albums[link]

• 1978 The Devil and Daniel Mouse: A Nelvana Story Album
• 1982 John Sebastian Teaches Blues Harmonica Homespun Tapes
• 1993 Tar Beach Shanachie
• 1995 John Sebastian Line
• 1996 I Want My Roots John Sebastian and the J-Band; Music Masters
• 1996 King Biscuit Flower Hour [live] King Biscuit Flower
• 1996 John Sebastian Teaches Beginning Blues Harmonica Homespun Tapes
• 1997 Do What Know? With Jimmy Vivino & The Rekooperators Music Masters
• 1999 Chasin' Gus' Ghost Hollywood
• 2001 One Guy, One Guitar [live] Hux; concert performances from 1981 and 1984, originally broadcast on the BBC
• 2001 Faithful Virtue: The Reprise Recordings Rhino Handmade
• 2002 Man of Constant Sorrow: Instrumental Impressions of the American Heartland Shanachie, as licensed to the St. Clair Entertainment Group.^[15]
• 2007 Satisfied John Sebastian And David Grisman Acoustic Disc

Samples[link]

	"Welcome Back" noicon by John Sebastian, Welcome Back, Reprise Records 1976. Sample from The Best of John Sebastian, Rhino Entertainment/WEA Corp., 1989, 1990 format=Ogg
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Illustrated Even Dozen Jug Band discography
• Peter Reilly's review of The Four of Us^{[dead link]}
• Chasin' Gus' Chost jug band documentary
• John Sebastian interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

Mikis Theodorakis (Μίκης Θεοδωράκης)
Mikis Theodorakis in 2004
Background information
Born	(1925-07-29) July 29, 1925 (age 86) Chios, Greece
Genres	20th century classical Greek music
Years active	1943-present
Labels	Paredon Records Folkways Records
Website	http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net

Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μίκης Θεοδωράκης, pronounced [ˈmicis θeoðoˈracis]) (born July 29, 1925) is a Greek songwriter and famous composer^[1]. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.^[2]

Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou^[3] and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq.^[4][5] He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.^[6]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Mikis Theodorakis was born on the Greek island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos and Tripoli. His father, a lawyer and a civil servant was from Galata (Crete) and his mother from Cesme (Asia Minor).

Theodorakis's fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to write his first songs without access to musical instruments. In Patras^[7] and Pyrgos^[8] he took his first music lessons, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese,^[9] he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.

He went to Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS.^[10] During the Greek Civil War, he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of Icaria^[11] and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.^[12]

During the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis,.^[13] In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams "with flying colours".^[14] He went to Crete, where he became the "head of the Chania Music School" and founded his first orchestra.^[15] At this time he ended what he has called the first period of his musical writing.

Studies in Paris[link]

In 1954 he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier Messiaen^[16] and conducting under Eugene Bigot.^[17] His time in Paris, 1954–1959, was his second period of musical writing and a time of intense artistic creation.

His symphonic works: a Piano concerto, his first suite, his first symphony, and his scores for the ballet: Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants de Teruel, received international acclaim. In 1957, he won the Gold Medal in the Moscow Music Festival; President of the Jury was Dmitri Shostakovitch. In 1959, after the successful performances of Theodorakis's ballet Antigone at Covent Garden in London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for the American Copley Music Prize - an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation",^[18] which later changed its name to "Cassandra Foundation" - as the "Best European Composer of the Year". His first international scores for the film Ill Met by Moonlight and Luna de Miel, directors: Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, were also very successful: The Honeymoon title song became part of the repertoire of The Beatles.

Notable works up to 1960[link]

1. Chamber Music: Four String Quartets; Trio four piano, violin, cello; Little Suite for piano; Sonatina for piano; Sonatinas No.1 and No.2 for violin and piano;
2. Symphonic music: Assi-Gonia (symphonic movement; Piano Concerto "Helicon"; Symphony No.1 (Proti Simfonia); Suites n° 1, 2 et 3 for orchestre; La Vie et la Mort / Live and Death (for voice and strings); Œdipus Tyrannos (for strings; later for quartet and symphony orchestra); Piano Concerto;
3. Ballets: Greek Carnival; Le Feu aux Poudres; Les Amants de Teruel; Antigone;
4. Filmscores: The Barefoot Battalion (Greg Tallas); Ill Met by Moonlight and Honeymoon (Powell and Pressburger); Faces in the Dark (David Eady).

Back to Greek roots[link]

Mikis Theodorakis shortly after his return to Greece, 1961.

In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle Epitaphios he started the third period of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country.^[19] His most significant and influential works are based Greek and world poetry – Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Axion Esti (Odysseas Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), and Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to give back to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. He developed his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go beyond the "classical" status and mix symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and Greek popular instruments).

He founded the Little Orchestra of Athens and the Musical Society of Piraeus, gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the Lambrakis Democratic Youth ("Lambrakidès") and was elected its president.^[20] Under Theodorakis's impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000 members.^[21] Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA. Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.^[22]

During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film Zorba the Greek, whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as 'Syrtaki dance'; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.

Main works of this period[link]

1. Song cycles: Epitaphios (Yannis Ritsos); Archipelagos (Songs of the Islands), Politia A & B (Songs of the City), Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Mikres Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Chrysoprasino Fyllo (Golden-green leaf), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), Thalassina Feggaria (Moons of the Sea)
2. Oratorio: To Axion Esti^[23] (Odysseas Elytis, Nobel Prize 1979), cf. Theodorakis on Axion Esti^[24]
3. Music for the Stage: The Hostage (Brendan Behan); Ballad of the Dead Brother (Theodorakis); Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City); Maghiki Poli (Magical City); I Gitonia ton Angelon(The Angels' Quarter, Iakovos Kambanellis)
4. Film scores: Phaedra (Jules Dassin), The Lovers of Teruel (Raymond Rouleau), Five Miles to Midnight (Anatole Litvak), Electra and Zorba the Greek (Michalis Cacoyannis), To Nisi tis Afroditis (Harilaos Papadopoulos)

During the dictatorship[link]

M. Theodorakis (1971)

On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta (the Regime of the Colonels) took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the "Patriotic Front" (PAM). On 1 June, the Colonels published "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even listening to his music. Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August,^[25] and jailed for five months. Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and Yorgos.^[26] Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos.^[27] An international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis.^[28] Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.^[29]

Main works under the dictatorship[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Laïka (The Popular Songs, Manos Elefteriou);^[30] O Ilios ke o Chronos (Sun and Time, Theodorakis); Songs for Andreas (Theodorakis); Arcadies I-X; Nichta Thanatou (Nights of Death, Manos Elefteriou);
2. Oratorios: Ephiphania Averoff Giorgos Seferis, State of Siege (Marina = Rena Hadjidakis), March of the Spirit (Angelos Sikelianos), Raven (Giorgos Seferis, after Edgar Allan Poe);
3. Film score: Z (Costa-Gavras).

Resistance in exile[link]

While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrow of the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.

Mikis Theodorakis at a concert in Caesarea, Israel, in the 1970s.

He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General. He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser Arafat, while François Mitterrand,^[31] Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.^[32]

Main works written in exile[link]

1. Song cycles: 18 lianotragouda tis pikris patridas (18 Short Songs of the Bitter Land, Yiannis Ritsos), Ballades (Manolis Anagnostakis), Tis exorias (Songs of the Exile)
2. Oratorio: Canto General (Pablo Neruda)
3. Film scores: The Trojan Women (M. Cacoyannis); State of Siege (Costa-Gavras); Serpico (Sydney Lumet)

Return to Greece[link]

Theodorakis on a visit in East Germany, May 1989.

After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad.^[33] At the same time he participated in public affairs. In 1978, through his article For a United Left Wing, he had "stirred up the Greek political life. His proposal for the unification of the three parties of the former United Left – which had grown out of the National Liberation Front (N.L.F.) – had been accepted by the Greek Communist Party which later proposed him as the candidate for mayor of Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes)^[34] He was later elected several times to the Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, from 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the government of Constantine Mitsotakis. After his resignation as a member of Greek parliament, he was appointed General Musical Director of the Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Radio (ERT),^{[disambiguation needed ]} which he reorganised and with which he undertook successful concert tours abroad.^[35]

He is committed to heightening international awareness of human rights, of environmental issues, and of the need for peace and for this reason he initiated, together with the Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli,^[36] the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.^[37]

From 1981, Theodorakis had started the fourth period of his musical writing, during which he returned to the symphonic music, while still going on to compose song-cycles. His most significant works written in these years are his Second, Third, Fourth and Seventh Symphony, most of them being first performed in the former German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was during this period that he received the Lenin Peace Prize. He composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba the Greek, premièred in the Arena of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: The Ways of the Archangel (Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου).

In 1989, he started the fifth period, the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) Medea, first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1991), Elektra,^{[disambiguation needed ]} first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and Antigone, first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera Lysistrata, first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the period of his Lyrical Life.

Theodorakis is Doctor honoris causa of several universities, including Montreal, Thessaloniki, and Crete, and was nominated by the Greek people for the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000.

Theodorakis holding hands with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou

Now he lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his scores, texts about culture and politics. On important occasions he still takes position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the Iraq War. In 2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship and Peace Award, the Russian International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of Luxembourg, and the IMC UNESCO International Music Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music at the International Film Music Biennial in Bonn^[38] (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Exhibition Hall Bonn).^[39] In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of the World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.^[40]

A final set of songs entitled: Odysseia was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics. Created in 2007, Theodorakis achieved the distinction of producing one of the largest works by any composer of any time.^[41]

Main works after 1974[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Lyrika; Dionysos; Phaedra; Beatrice in Zero Street; Radar; Chairetismoi (Greetings); Mia Thalassa (A Sea Full of Music); Os archaios Anemos (Like an Ancient Wind); Lyrikotera (The More-Than-Lyric Songs); Lyrikotata (The Most Lyric Songs); Erimia (Solitude); Odysseia;
2. Music for the Stage: Orestia (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos); Antigone (dir.: Minos Volanakis); Medea (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos)
3. Film scores: Iphigenia (M. Cacoyannis), The Man with the Carnation (Nikos Tzimas)
4. Oratorios: Liturgia 2; Missa Greca (Thia Liturgia); Requiem;
5. Symphonic music and cantatas: Symphonies no 2, 3, 4, 7; According to the Sadducees; Canto Olympico; Guitar Rhapsody; Cello Rhapsody; Trumpet Rhapsody;
6. Operas: "The Metamorphosis of the Dionysus" (Kostas Karyotakis); Medea; Elektra; Antigone; Lysistrata.

Political views[link]

Theodorakis has spoken out against the Iraq and Israel's occupation of Gaza and the West Bank has blasted Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou for establishing closer relations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was guilty, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza."^[42]

2010-2011: Calling for revolution[link]

In December 1, 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political movement which calls people to gather and express their political ideas. The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece stay clear off its economic crisis.^[43] On May 31, Mikis Theodorakis gave a speech among 10.000 Greeks in the centre of Athens, criticising the Greek government for the loan debt it has taken from the International Monetary Fund.^[44] It was also the first time he called everyone to revolutionize.

Work[link]

Songs and song cycles[link]

Theodorakis has written more than 1,000 songs and song-cycles, whose melodies have become part of the heritage of Greek music: Sto Perigiali, Kaimos, Aprilis, Doxa to Theo, Sotiris Petroulas, Lipotaktes, Stis Nichtas to Balkoni, Agapi mou, Pou petaxe t'agori mou, Anixe ligo to parathiro, O Ipnos se tilixe, To gelasto pedi, Dendro to dendro, Asma Asmaton, O Andonis...

His song cycles are based on poems by Greek authors, as well as by Lorca and Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Time, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Night of Death, Ta Lyrika, The Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia. Theodorakis released two albums of his songs and song cycles on Paredon Records and Folkways Records in the early seventies, including his Peoples' Music: The Struggles of the Greek People (1974).^[45]

Symphonic works[link]

• 1952: Piano Concerto "Helikon"
• 1953: First Symphony ("Proti Simfonia")
• 1954–1959: 3 Orchestral Suites
• 1958: Piano Concerto
• 1981: Symphony No 2 ("The Song of the Earth"; text: Mikis Theodorakis) for children's choir, piano, and orchestra
• 1981: Symphony No 3 (texts: Dionysios Solomos; Constantine P. Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra
• 1983: Symphony No 7 ("Spring-Symphony"; texts: Yannis Ritsos; Yorgos Kulukis) for four soloists, choir, and orchestra
• 1986–1987: Symphony No 4 ("Of Choirs") for soprano, mezzo, narrator, choir, and symphonic orchestra without strings
• 1995: Rhapsody for Guitar and Orchestra
• 1996: Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
• 2008: Rhapsody for Trumpet and Orchestra (orchestrated by Robert Gulya)
• 2010: "Andalusia" for Mezzo and Orchestra

Chamber music[link]

• 1942: Sonatina for piano
• 1945: Elegy No 1, for cello and piano
• 1945: Elegy No 2, for violin and piano
• 1946: To Kimitirio (The Cemetery), for string quartet
• 1946: String Quartet No 1
• 1946: Duetto, for two violins
• 1947: Trio, for violin, cello and piano
• 1947: 11 Preludes, for piano
• 1947: Sexteto, for piano, flute and string quartet
• 1949: Study for two violins and cello
• 1952: Syrtos Chaniotikos, for piano and percussion
• 1952: Sonatina No 1, for violin and piano
• 1955: Little Suite, for piano
• 1955: Passacaglia, for two pianos
• 1959: Sonatina No 2, for violin and piano
• 1989: Choros Assikikos, for violoncello solo
• 1996: Melos, for piano
• 2007: East of the Aegean, for cello and piano

Cantatas and oratorios[link]

• 1960: Axion Esti (text: Odysseas Elytis)
• 1969: The March of the Spirit (text: Angelos Sikelianos)
• 1971–82: Canto General (text: Pablo Neruda)
• 1981–82: Kata Saddukaion Pathi (Sadducean-Passion; text: Michalis Katsaros) for tenor, baritone, bass, choir and orchestra
• 1982: Liturgy No 2 ("To children, killed in War"); texts: Tassos Livaditis, Mikis Theodorakis) for choir
• 1982–83: Lorca, for voice, solo guitar, choir, and orchestra (based on Romancero Gitano, text: Federico Garcia Lorca, translated by Odysseas Elytis)
• 1992: Canto Olympico, for voice, solo piano, choir, and orchestra (texts: Dimitra Manda, Mikis Theodorakis)

Hymns[link]

• 1970: Hymn for Nasser
• 1973: Hymn for the Socialist Movement in Venezuela
• 1973: Hymn for the Students. dedicated to the victims of Polytechnical School in Athens (18.11.)
• 1977: Hymn of the French Socialist Party
• 1978: Hymn for Malta
• 1982: Hymn of P.L.O.
• 1991: Hymn of the Mediterranean Games
• 1992: "Hellenism" (Greek Hymn for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games of Barcelona)

Ballets[link]

• 1953: Greek Carnival (choreography: Rallou Manou)
• 1958: Le Feu aux Poudres (choreography: Paul Goubé)
• 1958: Les Amants de Teruel (choreography: Milko Sparembleck)
• 1959: Antigone (choreography: John Cranko)
• 1972: Antigone in Jail (choreography: Micha van Hoecke)
• 1979: Elektra (choreography: Serge Kenten)
• 1983: Sept Danses Grecques (choreography: Maurice Béjart)
• 1987–88: Zorba il Greco (choreography: Lorca Massine)

Operas[link]

• 1984–85: Kostas Karyotakis (The Metamorphosis of Dionysos)
• 1988–90: Medea
• 1992–93: Elektra
• 1995–96: Antigone
• 1999–01: Lysistrata

Music for the stage[link]

Classical tragedies[link]

• 1959–60: Phoenician Women (Euripides)
• 1960–61: Ajax (Sophocles)
• 1965: Trojan Women (Euripides)
• 1966–67: Lysistrata (Aristophanes)
• 1977: The Suppliants (Aeschylus)
• 1979: The Knights (Aristophanes)
• 1986–88: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Choephorae, Eumenides (Aeschylus)
• 1987: Hecuba (Euripides)
• 1990: Antigone (Sophocles)
• 1992: Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus)
• 1996: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)
• 2001: Medea (Euripides)

Modern plays[link]

• 1960–61: To Tragoudi tou Nekrou Adelfou (Ballad of the Dead Brother), Musical Tragedy (text: Mikis Theodorakis)
• 1961–62: Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City), revue (Bost, Dimitris Christodoulou, Christofelis, et al.)
• 1963: I Gitonia ton Angelon (The Quarter of Angels), Music-drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1963: Magiki Poli (Enchanted City), revue (Mikis Theodorakis, Notis Pergialis, Michalis Katsaros)
• 1971: Antigoni stin Filaki (Antigone in Jail), drama
• 1974: Prodomenos Laos (Betrayed People), music for the theatre (Vangelis Goufas)
• 1975: Echtros Laos (Enemy People), drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1975: Christophorus Kolumbus, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1976: Kapodistrias, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1977: O Allos Alexandros ("The Other Alexander"), drama (Margarita Limberaki)
• 1979: Papflessas, play (Spiros Melas)

International theatre[link]

• 1961: Enas Omiros (The Hostage), drama (Brendan Behan)
• 1963: The Chinese Wall, drama (Max Frisch)
• 1975: Das Sauspiel, tragicomedy (Martin Walser)
• 1979: Caligula, drama (Albert Camus)
• 1978: Polites B' Katigorias (Second-Class Citizens), drama (Brian Friel)
• 1980: Perikles, tragedy, (William Shakespeare)
• 1994: Macbeth, tragedy (William Shakespeare)

Principal film scores[link]

• 1960: Ill Met by Moonlight (Director: Michael Powell)
• 1960: Honeymoon (Luna de miel) (Director: Michael Powell, Choreography: Leonide Massine)
• 1960: Faces in the Dark (Director: David Eady)
• 1961: Shadow of the Cat (Director: John Gilling)
• 1961: Phaedra (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1961–62: Les Amants de Teruel (Director: Raymond Rouleau)
• 1961–62: Five Miles to Midnight (Director: Anatole Litvak)
• 1961–62: Electra (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1964: Zorba the Greek (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1967: The Day the Fish Came Out (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1969: Z (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1971: Biribi (Director: Daniel Moosman)
• 1972: State of Siege (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1973: Serpico (Director: Sidney Lumet)
• 1974: The Rehearsal (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1976: Actas de Marousia (Director: Miguel Littin)
• 1977–78 Iphigenia (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1980: The Man with the Carnation (Director: Nikos Tzimas)