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Brú na Bóinne
Brú na Bóinne (Irish: [ˈbˠɾˠuː n̪ˠə ˈbˠoːn̪ʲə], Palace of the Boyne) is a World Heritage Site in County Meath, Ireland and is the largest and one of the most important prehistoric megalithic sites in Europe.
The site is a complex of Neolithic chamber tombs, standing stones, henges and other prehistoric enclosures, some dating from as early as 35th century BC - 32nd century BC. The site predates the Egyptian pyramids and was built with sophistication and a knowledge of science and astronomy, which is most evident in the passage grave of Newgrange. The site is often referred to as the "Bend of the Boyne" and this is often (incorrectly) taken to be a translation of Brú na Bóinne (Palace of the Boyne).
The site covers 780 ha and contains around 40 passage graves, as well as other prehistoric sites and later features. The majority of the monuments are concentrated on the north side of the river. The most well-known sites within Brú na Bóinne are the impressive passage graves of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, all famous for their significant collections of megalithic art. Each stands on a ridge within the river bend and two of the tombs, Knowth and Newgrange, appear to contain stones re-used from an earlier monument at the site. There is no in situ evidence for earlier activity at the site, save for the spotfinds of flint tools left by Mesolithic hunters.

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Iceland
Iceland ⁱ/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]) is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km² (40,000 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.

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Japan
Japan ⁱ/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.

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Lorelei
The Lorelei (also spelled Loreley) (German pronunciation: [loːʁəˈlaɪ]) is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine near St. Goarshausen, Germany, which soars some 120 metres above the waterline. It marks the narrowest part of the river between Switzerland and the North Sea. A very strong current and rocks below the waterline have caused many boat accidents there.
Lorelei is also the name of a feminine water spirit, similar to mermaids or Rhine maidens, associated with this rock in popular folklore and in works of music, art and literature.
The name comes from the old German words "lureln" (Rhine dialect for "murmuring") and the Celtic term "ley" (rock). The translation of the name would therefore be: "murmur rock" or "murmuring rock". The heavy currents, and a small waterfall in the area (still visible in the early 19th century) created a murmuring sound, and this combined with the special echo the rock produces which acted as a sort of amplifier, giving the rock its name. The murmuring is hard to hear today owing to the urbanization of the area. Other theories attribute the name to the many accidents, by combining the German verb "lauern" (to lurk, lie in wait) with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".

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Nikkō Tōshō-gū
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮^?) is a Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the "Shrines and Temples of Nikkō", a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. Initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shogun, it was enlarged during the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined here, and his remains are entombed here.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors."
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and numerous other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon, a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon." The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Nearby, a carving of the sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", is attributed to Hidari Jingorō.

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Opera
Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence around 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. Today the most renowned figure of late 18th century opera is Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.

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Rathcroghan
Rathcroghan (Irish: Ráth Cruachan, meaning "ringfort of Cruachan") is a complex of archaeological sites near Tulsk in County Roscommon, Ireland. It is identified as the site of Cruachan, the traditional capital of the Connachta. While it is debatable whether this was a place of residence, it had huge importance as a cemetery and also hosted some of the main ritual gatherings in ancient times. It is an important site in Irish mythology, in particular as the seat of Ailill and Medb, king and queen of the Connachta in the Ulster Cycle. It is the setting for the opening section of the Táin Bó Cúailnge and the Táin Bó Flidhais.
According to a Dindshenchas poem, Cruachan was named after Crochen, the handmaid of Étaín, a sídhe maiden re-born as a mortal. When Étaín is brought back to the Otherworld by her original sídhe lover Midir, Crochen accompanies them and on their way to Midir's underground palace they spend some time in a mound known as Síd Sinche. Crochen is so impressed by this síd that she asks Midir if this is his palace. Because of her loyalty to Étaín and her respect to this dwelling, Midir gives it to her and names it in her honour before bringing Étaín to his palace at Bri Leith. At the end of the poem Crochen is mentioned as the mother of Medb. The same poem mentions Cruachan as a royal cemetery: "Listen, ye warriors about Cruachu! With its barrow for every noble couple".

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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km² (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.

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Tory Island
Toraigh (anglicised as Tory and Tory Island) is an inhabited island 14.5 km (9 mi) off the northwest coast of County Donegal, Ireland. It is also known in Irish as Oileán Thoraigh, Oileán Thoraí or (historically) Oileán Thúr Rí.
The main spoken language on the island is Irish, but English is also understood. Tory is part of the Donegal Gaeltacht and Ulster Irish is the main Irish dialect in use.
The island is approximately 5 km (3 mi) long and 1 km (0.6 mi) wide. The 2002 census recorded a population of 133. The population is divided among four towns — An Baile Thoir (East Town), An Baile Thiar (West Town), An Lár (Middletown) and Úrbaile (Newtown). In August 2010, the King of Tory confirmed that there were 96 people living on the island.^{[citation needed]}
Petrol and diesel are available from Tory Oil at prices significantly higher than on the mainland.^{[not in citation given]}
Tory has no airport, but has regular ferry connections from mainland County Donegal. The ferry travels daily from April to October and five times a week for the rest of the year. The ferry does not take cars, but holds up to 70 passengers. During the winter months sea crossings may not be possible due to rough seas - but from November to March a small 4-seater helicopter runs from Falcarragh to Tory every other Thursday.

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Wales
Wales ⁱ/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km² (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.

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Adrienne Mayor
Adrienne Mayor is a historian of ancient science and a classical folklorist.
Mayor specializes in ancient history and the study of "folk science": how pre-scientific cultures interpreted data about the natural world, and how these interpretations form the basis of many ancient myths, folklore and popular beliefs. Her work in pre-scientific fossil discoveries and traditional interpretations of paleontological remains has opened up a new field within the emerging discipline of Geomythology and classical folklore. Mayor's book on the origins of biological and chemical warfare revealed the ancient roots of poison weaponry and tactics. Since 2006, Mayor has been a research scholar in the Classics Department and the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Program at Stanford University.
Mayor has published articles on Amazons, unconventional warfare, toxic honey, tattoos in antiquity, smallpox blankets in history and legend, assassination by poisoned garments in Mughal India, fossil-related placenames, and other topics in scholarly journals and popular magazines, including the Journal of American Folklore, Archaeology, "Natural History," and MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History." Her books have been translated into 8 languages and have been featured in documentaries on the History and Discovery TV Channels. She has lectured at the American Museum of Natural History, Boston Museum of Fine Art, Smithsonian, Chicago Institute of Art, Getty Museum, among other venues, and has been interviewed on NPR, BBC, and Coast to Coast AM. Her biography of Mithradates VI Eupator, The Poison King, was a nonfiction finalist for the National Book Award 2009.

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Arthur Rackham
Arthur Rackham (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was an English book illustrator.
Rackham was born in London as one of 12 children. At the age of 18, he worked as a clerk at the Westminster Fire Office and began studying part-time at the Lambeth School of Art.
In 1892 he left his job and started working for The Westminster Budget as a reporter and illustrator. His first book illustrations were published in 1893 in To the Other Side by Thomas Rhodes, but his first serious commission was in 1894 for The Dolly Dialogues, the collected sketches of Anthony Hope, who later went on to write The Prisoner of Zenda. Book illustrating then became Rackham's career for the rest of his life.
In 1903 he married Edyth Starkie, with whom he had one daughter, Barbara, in 1908. Rackham won a gold medal at the Milan International Exhibition in 1906 and another one at the Barcelona International Exposition in 1912. His works were included in numerous exhibitions, including one at the Louvre in Paris in 1914. Arthur Rackham died in 1939 of cancer in his home in Limpsfield, Surrey.

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Bill Monroe
William Smith Monroe (September 13, 1911 – September 9, 1996) was an American musician who created the style of music known as bluegrass, which takes its name from his band, the "Blue Grass Boys," named for Monroe's home state of Kentucky. Monroe's performing career spanned 60 years as a singer, instrumentalist, composer and bandleader. He is often referred to as The Father of Bluegrass.
Monroe was born on his family's farm near Rosine, Kentucky, the youngest of eight children of James Buchanan "Buck" and Malissa (Vandiver) Monroe. His mother and her brother, Pendleton "Pen" Vandiver, were both musically talented, and Monroe and his family grew up playing and singing at home. Bill was of Scottish heritage. Because his older brothers Birch and Charlie already played the fiddle and guitar, Bill Monroe was resigned to playing the less desirable mandolin. He recalled that his brothers insisted he remove four of the mandolin's eight strings so he would not play too loudly.
Monroe's mother died when he was ten, followed by his father six years later. As his brothers and sisters had moved away, after bouncing among uncles and aunts, Monroe settled in with his disabled uncle Pendleton Vandiver, often accompanying him when Vandiver played the fiddle at dances. This experience inspired one of Monroe's most famous compositions, "Uncle Pen," recorded in 1950, and the 1972 album, "Bill Monroe's Uncle Pen." On that album, Monroe recorded a number of traditional fiddle tunes he had often heard performed by Vandiver. Uncle Pen has been credited with giving Monroe "a repertoire of tunes that sank into Bill's aurally trained memory and a sense of rhythm that seeped into his bones." Also significant in Monroe's musical life was Arnold Shultz, an influential fiddler and guitarist who introduced Monroe to the blues.

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Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm (German: Brüder Grimm or Die Gebrüder Grimm), Jakob Grimm (January 4, 1785 – September 20, 1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (February 24, 1786 – December 16, 1859), were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who together collected folklore. They are among the most well-known storytellers of European folk tales, and their work popularized such stories as "Cinderella", "The Frog Prince" (Der Froschkönig), "Hansel and Gretel" (Hänsel und Gretel), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" (Rumpelstilzchen), and "Snow White" (Schneewittchen). Their first collection of folk tales, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in 1812.
The brothers spent their formative years first in the German town of Hanau and then in Steinau. Their father's death in 1796, about a decade into their lives, caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years. They attended the University of Marburg where historian and jurist Friedrich von Savigny spurred their interest in philology and Germanic studies—a field in which they are now considered pioneers—and at the same time developed a curiosity for folklore, which grew into a life-long dedication to collecting German folk tales.

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Elegast
Elegast (elf spirit) is the hero and noble robber in the poem Karel ende Elegast, a Medieval Dutch epic poem that has been translated into English as Charlemagne and Elbegast. In the poem, he possibly represents the King of the Elves. He appears as a knight on a black horse, an outcast vassal of Charlemagne living in the forest. The original Dutch poem uses the name Elegast, while translated versions of the poem commonly use the name Elbegast in German and English, or Alegast in the Skandavian ballad.
Karel ende Elegast was an original poem in Dutch that scholars think was probably written at the end of the 12th century, otherwise in the 13th century and set in the region of Charlemagne's castle in Ingelheim. It is a Frankish romance of Charlemagne ("Karel") as an exemplary Christian king who was led on a strange quest to be a robber.
Although the poem does not describe Elegast's background, he was an old friend of Charlemagne that had fallen into disgrace, and his banishment to the forest and his name connotes he was elven. Elegast could put people to sleep magically, could open locks without keys, and has a magic herb that when he puts in his mouth allows him to talk to animals. He lived in the forest, thief to the rich people and kind to poor people.

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Elijah
Elijah ( /ɨˈlaɪdʒə/; also Elias /ɨˈlaɪ.əs/; Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ, Eliyahu, meaning "Yahweh is my God";Arabic:إلياس, Ilyās), was a prophet in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings.
According to the Books of Kings, Elijah defended the worship of Yahweh over that of the Phoenician god Baal; he raised the dead, brought fire down from the sky, and was taken up in a whirlwind (either accompanied by a chariot and horses of flame or riding in it). In the Book of Malachi, Elijah's return is prophesied "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord," making him a harbinger of the Messiah and the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. Derivative references to Elijah appear in the Talmud, Mishnah, the New Testament, and the Qur'an.
In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah ritual that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover seder and the Brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud.

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Flatt and Scruggs
The Foggy Mountain Boys were an influential bluegrass band founded by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs in 1948, shortly after leaving Bill Monroe’s band. They recorded and performed together up until 1969.
Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs met as members of Bill Monroe's band, the Blue Grass Boys, in 1946. The two left that band early in 1948, and within a few months had formed their own group, the Foggy Mountain Boys. Scruggs' banjo style and Flatt's rhythm guitar style as well as his vocals, gave them a distinctive sound that won them many fans. In 1955, they became members of the Grand Ole Opry. Many of the songs on their albums are credited to "Certain and Stacey". These songs were in fact written by Flatt, Scruggs, and various other members of the Foggy Mountain Boys. Certain and Stacey are the maiden names of the wives of Flatt and Scruggs (Louise Certain, wife of Earl Scruggs, and Gladys Stacey, wife of Lester Flatt).
Scruggs, who had always shown progressive tendencies, experimented on duets with saxophonist King Curtis and added songs by the likes of Bob Dylan to the group's repertoire. Flatt, a traditionalist, did not like these changes, and the group broke up in 1969. Following the breakup, Lester Flatt founded the Nashville Grass and Scruggs led the Earl Scruggs Revue. Flatt died in 1979, at the age of 64. Flatt and Scruggs were elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1985.

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Hansel and Gretel
"Hansel and Gretel" ( /ˈhænsəl/ or /ˈhɑːnsəl/, and /ˈɡrɛtəl/; German: Hänsel und Gretel, diminutives of Johannes and Margaret) is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic hag living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne–Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327.
The following summary is based on an 1853 anonymous translation by Iona and Peter Opie in 1972.
Hansel and Gretel are the young children of a poor woodcutter. When a great famine settles over the land, the woodcutter's second, abusive wife decides to take the children into the woods and leave them there to fend for themselves, so that she and her husband do not starve to death. The woodcutter opposes the plan but finally, and reluctantly, submits to his wife's scheme. They are unaware that in the children's bedroom, Hansel and Gretel have overheard them. After the parents have gone to bed, Hansel sneaks out of the house and gathers as many white pebbles as he can, then returns to his room, reassuring Gretel that God will not forsake them.

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Ishigaq
In Inuit mythology, the Ishigaq are little people, similar to fairies. They were about 30 cm (1 ft) tall and left no footprints in the snow because they were either too light or floated above the ground.

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Jacobus de Voragine
Blessed Jacobus de Varagine or Voragine (Italian: Giacomo da Varazze, Jacopo da Varazze (c. 1230 – July 13 or July 16, 1298) was an Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa. He was the author, or more accurately the compiler, of Legenda Aurea, the Golden Legend, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church that was one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages.
Jacobus was born in Varagine (Varazze), on the Ligurian coast between Savona and Genoa. He entered the Dominican order in 1244, and became the prior at Como, Bologna and Asti in succession. Besides preaching with success in many parts of Italy, taught in the schools of his own fraternity. He was provincial of Lombardy from 1267 till 1286, when he was removed at the meeting of the order in Paris. He also represented his own province at the councils of Lucca (1288) and Ferrara (1290). On the last occasion he was one of the four delegates charged with signifying Nicholas IV's desire for the deposition of Munio de Zamora, who had been master of the order from 1285, and was deprived of his office by a papal bull dated April 12, 1291.

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Nimerigar
The Nimerigar are legendary race of little people found in the folklore of the Shoshone people of North America's Rocky Mountains.
According to Shoshone tales, the Nimerigar were an aggressive people who would shoot poisoned arrows from tiny bows. Nimerigar were said to have lived in the Wind River and Pedro ranges of Wyoming. Although thought to be mythical, the reality of Nimerigar tales was called into question in 1932 with the discovery of the San Pedro Mountains Mummy, a 14-inch-tall mummy found in a cave 60 miles south of Casper, Wyoming, which was thought by some researchers to be that of an adult male. However, a more recent interpretation is that the mummy is an anencephalic infant. Uncertain whereabouts of the anomaly leave the verdict open.
Nearly every Native American culture tells of a race of little people. Comanche referred to Nunnupis, Cherokee to the Yumwi, and Hawaii have the Menehune.

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Pukwudgie
A Pukwudgie is a 2-or-3-foot-tall (0.61 or 0.91 m) being from the Wampanoag folklore. Pukwudgies' features resemble those of a human, but with enlarged noses, fingers and ears. Their skin is described as being a smooth grey, and at times has been known to glow.
In Native American lore, Pukwudgies have the following traits and abilities;
Native Americans believed that Puckwudgies were best left alone. When you see a Puckwudgie you are not supposed to mess with them, or they will repay you by playing nasty tricks on you, or by following you and causing trouble. They were once friendly to humans, but then turned against them. They are known to kidnap people, push them off cliffs, attack their victims with short knives and spears, and to use sand to blind their victims.
"Legends of the Pukwudgie began in connection to 'Maushop', a creation giant believed by the Wampanoag to have created most of Cape Cod. He was beloved by the people, and the Pukwudgies were jealous of the affection the Natives had for him. They tried to help the Wampanoag, but their efforts always backfired, until they eventually decided to torment them instead. They became mischievous and aggravated the Natives until they asked 'Granny Squanit', Maushop’s wife, for help. Maushop collected as many as he could. He shook them until they were confused and tossed them around New England. Some died, but others landed, regained their minds and made their way back to Massachusetts.

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Saint Christopher
Saint Christopher (Greek: Άγιος Χριστόφορος) is venerated by Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians as a martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd century Roman Emperor Decius (reigned 249–251) or alternatively under the Roman Emperor Maximinus II Dacian (reigned 308–313). There appears to be confusion due to the similarity in names "Decius" and "Dacian".
The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Saint Christopher on May 9. The Tridentine Calendar allowed a commemoration of Saint Christopher on 25 July only in private Masses. This restriction was lifted later (see General Roman Calendar as in 1954). Although the Roman Catholic Church still approves devotion to him, listing him in the Roman Martyrology among the saints venerated on 25 July,Pope Paul VI removed his feast day from the Roman Catholic calendar of saints in his 1969 motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis. At that time the church declared that this commemoration was not of Roman tradition, in view of the relatively late date (about 1550) and limited manner in which it was accepted into the Roman calendar, but his feast is still observed locally.

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Saint George
Saint George (c. 275/281 – 23 April 303) was, according to tradition, a Roman soldier from Syria Palaestina and a soldier in the Guard of Diocletian, who is venerated as a Christian martyr. In hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Catholic (Western and Eastern Rites), Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and the Oriental Orthodox churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. His memorial is celebrated on 23 April, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints.
Many Patronages of Saint George exist around the world, including: Georgia, England, Egypt, Bulgaria, Aragon, Catalonia, Romania, Ethiopia, Greece, India, Iraq, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia, as well as the cities of Genoa, Amersfoort, Beirut, Botoşani, Drobeta Turnu-Severin, Timişoara, Fakiha, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Kragujevac, Kumanovo, Ljubljana, Pérouges, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Rio de Janeiro, Lod, Lviv, Barcelona, Moscow, Tamworth and the Maltese island of Gozo, as well as of the Scout Movement and a wide range of professions, organizations and disease sufferers.

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Tall tale
A tall tale is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some such stories are exaggerations of actual events, for example fish stories ('the fish that got away') such as, "that fish was so big, why I tell ya', it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it in!" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar setting, such as the European countryside, the American Old West, the Canadian Northwest, or the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Tall tales are often told so as to make the narrator seem to have been a part of the story. They are usually humorous or good-natured. The line between myth and tall tale is distinguished primarily by age; many myths exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the exaggeration looms large, to the extent of becoming the whole of the story.
The tall tale is a fundamental element of American folk literature. The tall tale's origins are seen in the bragging contests that often occurred when the rough men of the American frontier gathered. The tales of legendary figures of the Old West, some listed below, owe much to the style of tall tales.

wn.com/Tall_tale
Tall tales
A tall tale is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some such stories are exaggerations of actual events, for example fish stories ('the fish that got away') such as, "that fish was so big, why I tell ya', it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it in!" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar setting, such as the European countryside, the American Old West, the Canadian Northwest, or the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Tall tales are often told so as to make the narrator seem to have been a part of the story. They are usually humorous or good-natured. The line between myth and tall tale is distinguished primarily by age; many myths exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the exaggeration looms large, to the extent of becoming the whole of the story.
The tall tale is a fundamental element of American folk literature. The tall tale's origins are seen in the bragging contests that often occurred when the rough men of the American frontier gathered. The tales of legendary figures of the Old West, some listed below, owe much to the style of tall tales.

wn.com/Tall_tales
Tuatha Dé Danann
The Tuatha Dé Danann ("peoples of the goddess Danu", Modern Irish pronunciation: [t̪ˠuːəhə dʲeː d̪ˠan̪ˠən̪ˠ], Old Irish: [t̪uːaθa d̪ʲeː d̪an̪an̪]) are a race of people in Irish mythology. In the invasions tradition which begins with the Lebor Gabála Érenn, they are the fifth group to settle Ireland, conquering the island from the Fir Bolg.
The Tuatha Dé Danann are thought to derive from the pre-Christian deities of Ireland. When the surviving stories were written, Ireland had been Christian for centuries, and the Tuatha Dé were represented as mortal kings, queens and heroes of the distant past; however there are many clues to their former divine status. A poem in the Book of Leinster lists many of them, but ends "Although [the author] enumerates them, he does not worship them." Goibniu, Creidhne and Luchta are referred to as Trí Dé Dána ("three gods of craftsmanship"), and the Dagda's name is interpreted in medieval texts as "the good god." Even after they are displaced as the rulers of Ireland, characters such as Lugh, the Morrígan, Aengus and Manannán mac Lir appear in stories set centuries later, showing all the signs of immortality. They also have many parallels across the Celtic world: Nuada is cognate with the British god Nodens; Lugh is a reflex of the pan-Celtic deity Lugus; Tuireann is related to the Gaulish Taranis; Ogma to Ogmios; the Badb to Catubodua.

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Vladimir Propp
Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Russian: Владимир Яковлевич Пропп; 29 April [O.S. 17 April] 1895 — 22 August 1970) was a Soviet formalist scholar who analyzed the basic plot components of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irreducible narrative elements.
Vladimir Propp was born on April 17, 1895 in St. Petersburg to a German family. He attended St. Petersburg University (1913–1918) majoring in Russian and German philology. Upon graduation he taught Russian and German at a secondary school and then became a college teacher of German.
His Morphology of the Folktale was published in Russian in 1928. Although it represented a breakthrough in both folkloristics and morphology and influenced Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes, it was generally unnoticed in the West until it was translated in 1958. His character types are used in media education and can be applied to almost any story, be it in literature, theatre, film, television series, games, etc.
In 1932, Propp became a member of Leningrad University (formerly St. Petersburg University) faculty. After 1938, he shifted the focus of his research from linguistics to folklore. He chaired the Department of Folklore until it became part of the Department of Russian Literature. Propp remained a faculty member until his death in 1970.

wn.com/Vladimir_Propp
William Bascom
William R. Bascom (born Princeton, Illinois, 1912 - died September 11, 1981) was an American folklorist, anthropologist, and museum director.

Bascom completed his B.A. at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and earned his Ph.D. in anthropology at Northwestern University under Melville J. Herskovits in 1939. He taught at Northwestern, Cambridge University, and the University of California at Berkeley, where he was also Director of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology. During World War II, he joined the O.S.S. and together with Ralph Bunche co-authored an unsigned volume, A Pocket Guide to West Africa in 1943.
Bascom was a specialist in the art and culture of West Africa and the African Diaspora, especially the Yoruba of Nigeria. Several of his articles on folkloristics serve as texts in graduate courses in folklore.
In a major article published in 1954, Bascom argued that folklore can serve four primary functions in a culture:

wn.com/William_Bascom

Opeth - Folklore

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The difference between fictional vampire "histroy" vs. real folklore and history. Supporti...

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Folklore PlayStation 3 Trailer - Japanese Trailer

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From Macedonia with Love Folklore Dance Ensemble Tanec - Vodarki

Dance Ensemble Tanec - ТАНЕЦ www.tanec.com.mk www.tanecnorthamericantour.com Tanec (Macedo...

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What is folklore?

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Nujabes - Imaginary Folklore

Featuring Clammbon Hydeout Productions 2nd Collection...

published: 10 Jan 2008

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Clammbon - Re-Folklore

...

published: 26 Sep 2009

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Clammbon - Re-Re-シカゴ(Chicago), Re-Folklore [Re-clammbon2]

Re-clammbon 2 [Limited Edition CD+DVD] www.amazon.co.jp...

published: 07 Jun 2009

author: u1notea

Garuda

An animated short film about a young boy in India chasing after his dream. Animated at Les...

published: 24 Jan 2010

author: Andres Salaff

Mumford & Sons - The Banjolin Song / Awake my soul - A Take Away Show #105

Mumford & Sons - 'The Banjolin Song' and 'Awake my Soul' Paris, April 2010 Images and Edit...

published: 20 Jun 2010

author: La Blogotheque

Blood On My Name

Whitestone Motion Pictures presents Blood On My Name, a short film musical narrative in th...

published: 22 Apr 2011

author: Whitestone Motion Pictures

Town of Ghosts

Direction and Cinematography by Colin Rich: (https://www.facebook.com/colinrich1) Assistan...

published: 29 Oct 2012

author: Colin Rich

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photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais

U.S. President Barack Obama, right, waves as he embraces Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, left, after addressing members of the media at Suu Kyi's residence in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Nov. 19, 2012.

Burma's and America's Ongoing Storms

WorldNews.com

20 Nov 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse military juntas or truly being committed to ongoing pro-democracy movements. Specifically at issue is Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi, a democratic advocate...(size: 5.0Kb)

photo: AP / Melanie Gouby

People walk past as M23 rebel soldier's take positions near the Heal Africa hospital in the center of Goma, Congo, Tuesday, Nov. 20, 2012.

DR Congo soldiers surrender to M23

Al Jazeera

21 Nov 2012

Hundreds of government soldiers and police in the Democratic Republic of Congo have surrendered to rebels at a stadium in Goma, Al Jazeera's Nazanine Moshiri has reported from the scene. The M23 rebel group, believed to be backed by Rwanda seized the strategic, provincial capital of Goma in eastern Congo on Tuesday, home to more than 1 million...(size: 18.7Kb)

photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza

FILE - In this Nov. 26, 2008 file photo, Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, the accused gunman walks at the Chatrapathi Sivaji Terminal railway station in Mumbai, India.

India hangs gunman from 2008 Mumbai attack

Herald Tribune

21 Nov 2012

MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who rampaged through the streets of India's financial capital in November 2008, killing 166 people. Kasab was hung at 7:30 a.m. Wednesday at a jail in...(size: 4.5Kb)

photo: AP / Hatem Moussa

Smoke and fire are seen from an explosion by a high rise housing media organizations in Gaza City, Monday, Nov. 19, 2012. It

Israel ‘prepared to invade Gaza’

Independent online (SA)

19 Nov 2012

Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that would end Palestinian rocket fire. Mediator Egypt said a deal for a truce to end the fighting could be close. The leader of Hamas said it was up to...(size: 4.1Kb)

photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti

Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry arrives at the Supreme Court compound in Islamabad, Pakistan, on Tuesday, March 24, 2009.

Pakistan's powerful military under scrutiny

Al Jazeera

22 Nov 2012

A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)

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Create awareness on RTI Act through folklore: CIC

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

November 22: Chief Information Commissioner Jannath Hussain on Thursday appealed to the Song and Drama Division artists to create awareness on Right to Information (RTI) Act in the rural areas through folklore. Addressing a two day workshop for the Song and Drama artists on “Right to Information Act” here, Jannath Hussain said that every citizen...(size: 2.7Kb)

Bill Cochran's Outdoors: National forest deer camp more folklore than reality

The Roanoke Times

22 Nov 2012

Gary Van Buskirk A fine 13-point national forest buck taken by Gary Van Buskirk Gary Van Buskirk The Van Buskirks spent the first week of muzzleloading season in this remote tent camp in thye national forest You might call Gary Van Buskirk an old-school deer hunter. He likes to pursue his sport in the national forest, where he sets up a tent camp...(size: 5.0Kb)

India a hot spot for pink travellers

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

Kolkatta, November 22: Thanks to Indian gay-tour operators, the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community across the world is vying for India as the ultimate 'pink' tourist destination. "LGBT tourists want the same things as any traveller: to feel safe and welcome. India is becoming more popular with gay travellers since the high...(size: 5.7Kb)

âLife of Pi,â âRise of the Guardians,â âRed Dawnâ: Review Revue

IMDb

22 Nov 2012

This week at the multiplex, weâve got a furry castaway (Ang Leeâs...(size: 0.5Kb)

School Principal held for caning LKG students

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

November 22: The principal of Orbit Grammar School at Fatehnagar near Sanath Nagar was arrested on Thursday for allegedly thrashing a five year old student indiscriminately. According to the information, the victim Mohd Ghouse is an LKG student in the school. The principal Mumtaz Ahmed allegedly caned the kid indiscriminately...(size: 2.2Kb)

CM calls for better pollution control measures

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

November 22: Chief Minister N Kiran Kumar Reddy on Thursday gave specific directions to the officials for better management of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage, Plastic Wastes, Bio-medical Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, e-waste etc., He said that adequate staff would be recruited in the Pollution Control Board. The Chief Minister reviewed the...(size: 2.6Kb)

ACT II: A closer look at area stages — The Trey McIntyre Project

Chicago Sun-Times

22 Nov 2012

Boise, Idaho, might not be the first place you’d expect to find a top-notch contemporary dance company whose artistic director has earned high marks as a choreographer of 90 works for both his own widely traveled troupe, Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and the New York City Ballet. But in 2008, after three years as a summer touring company that...(size: 2.5Kb)

Estimate Committee seeks report on sanitation in star hotels, hospitals

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

November 22: The State Legislative Assembly's Committee on Estimates on Thursday asked the State Government to review and prepare a report on the status of sanitation being maintained by the star hotels and corporate hospitals. According to sources, the issue was discussed during the Committee's meeting held under the chairmanship of Ch Muthyam...(size: 2.9Kb)

Small retailers will benefit from FDI: Anand Sharma

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

New Delhi, November 22: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail will benefit small retailers, Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma said Thursday rubbishing the opposition parties' claims that the overseas investments would leave millions of small traders jobless. "It will benefit the small traders... we have protected their...(size: 3.0Kb)

Olé mole

The Gleaner

22 Nov 2012

Garfene Grandison, Gleaner Writer Mexican cuisine is quite elaborate but is based mainly on the processes involving corn, varieties of chilli, beans, avocados, chocolates, seeds and a complexity of other ingredients that increase flavour and nutritional value. Mexico's world-renowned traditional cuisine, famous for its distinctive ingredients and...(size: 3.0Kb)

Danam meets CM; predicts YSRCP's merger with Congress

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

November 22: Labour Minister Danam Nagender on Thursday claimed that the YSR Congress would merge with the Congress party, sooner or later. Talking to reporters after taking the GHMC's Congress corporators to Chief Minister N Kiran Kumar at latter's camp office, Danam Nagender denied reports that many GHMC corporators were preparing to join the YSR...(size: 3.0Kb)

Cabinet okays disinvestment in NTPC

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

New Delhi, November 22: In a move aimed to cut fiscal deficit, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) Thursday approved the proposal to disinvest 9.50 percent stake in state-run power major NTPC. The scale of stake sale is about 783.3 million shares, equivalent to 9.5 percent dilution in the government stake in the power company....(size: 3.0Kb)

BJP leaders to meet PM over dinner

The Siasat Daily

22 Nov 2012

New Delhi, November 22: BJP leaders are expected to press their demand for discussion on FDI in multi-brand retail under rules that entail voting during their dinner meeting with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Thursday, party sources said. The Prime Minister has invited senior party leader L.K. Advani, leader of opposition in the Lok Sabha Sushma...(size: 3.2Kb)

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For other uses, see Folklore (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

A Magic carpet, was legendary carpet that can be used to transport persons who are on it instantaneously or quickly to their destination.

Folklore (or lore) consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. The word "folklore" was first used by the English antiquarian William Thoms in a letter published in the London journal The Athenaeum in 1846.^[1] In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new motifs can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.

Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.^[2]

1 Artifacts
2 Oral tradition
3 Cultural
4 Rituals
5 Categories of folklore
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Artifacts [link]

The three wise monkeys over the Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan

Objects such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals, hand-built houses and barns,^[3] and handmade clothing and other crafts are considered^{[by whom?]} to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as "material culture". Additionally, figures that depict characters from folklore, such as statues of the three wise monkeys may be considered to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a culture.^[4] The operative definition would depend on whether the artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which they are made, and whether they follow a community aesthetic.

Oral tradition [link]

Folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with mythology, and vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the same status as those dominant beliefs.^{[citation needed]} Thus, Roman religion is called "myth" by today's dominant religions. In that way, both "myth" and "folklore" have become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not correspond with the dominant belief structure.

Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody folklore elements in a Christian context, as well as the tales of Old Mr. Brennan. Examples of such Christian mythology are the themes woven round Saint George or Saint Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense.

"Folktales" is a general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody.^{[clarification needed]}

Hansel and Gretel is a fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm in 1812. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film based on the opera. Artwork by Arthur Rackham, 1909

On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the Jungian view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or archetypes of the mind. This may or may not have components of the fantastic (such as magic, ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, "Hansel and Gretel", is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a cautionary tale about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood themes and motifs such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and “Atonement with the Father.”

There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the performance. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible, analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or editor.

Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the urban legend. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as riddles, children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors (including conspiracy theories), gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-cycle rituals. UFO abduction narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian Europe, or even the Ascent of Elijah to heaven. Adrienne Mayor, in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation Aesopica: "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Such as Mayor, 2000).

Vladimir Propp's classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics. Though his work was based on syntagmatic structure, it gave the scope to understand the structure of folktales, of which he discovered thirty one functions.^[5]

Cultural [link]

Folklorist William Bascom states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music. Country, blues, and bluegrass all originate from American folklore. Examples of artists which have used folkloric themes in their music would be: Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine Show, Jim Croce, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relieve them, for example in the case of humor and carnival.

In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture.

Rituals [link]

Many rituals can sometimes be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g. weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally, children's counting-out games can be defined as behavioral folklore.^[6]

Categories of folklore [link]

This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2010)

Genres [link]

Folk narrative
Folk play
Folk poetry and rhyme
Folk song
Games
Holiday lore and customs
Idiom

Folk narratives [link]

National or ethnic [link]

Further information: List of mythologies

Americas
- Folklore of the United States
- Latin American folklore
Australian folklore
East Asian

European folklore

European folklore

References [link]

^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.
^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.
^ Kniffen, Fred, and Henry Glassie. "Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective." In Thomas J. Schlereth, ed., Material Culture Studies in America. Nashville, Tenn.: AASLH Press, 1982
^ Wolfgang Mieder, "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys" Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38.
^ L. V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press, 1968.
^ Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.

External links [link]

Meeting-place and knowledge bank for everyone whose ancestry hails from Sweden
CIOFF®: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts
American Folklore
Folktales from around the world
Folklore Society
"Folklore". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Folklore". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Slovak Folklore — folklore groups, videos, songs, history, news, events, festivals

v t e Fairies

Related articles	Changeling Classifications of fairies Fairy fort Fairy path Fairy riding Fairy ring Fairy tale

Royalty in folklore	Áine Alberich Arawn Beira Bodb Derg Brigid Clíodhna The Dagda Donn Fairy Queen Finvarra Freyr & Yngvi Freyja Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr ap Greidawl Gyre-Carling/Nicnevin Manannán mac Lir Queen of Elphame Raja Jinn Peri

Royalty in literature	Belphoebe Caelia Elegast Erlking Gloriana Lurline Mab Oberon/Auberon Titania

Fairylands in folklore	Alfheim/Elphame Annwn Avalon & Afallach & Emain Ablach Brú na Bóinne Cnoc Meadha Cnoc na Teamhrach Fortunate Isles Hy Brasil Inis Vitrin Mag Mell Niðavellir Otherworld Rathcroghan Seelie Court Svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr Tír na nÓg Unseelie Court

Fairies in culture	Cottingley Fairies Faerieworlds Faery Wicca Fairy painting The Faerie Queene Tinker Bell

Fairies in folklore

Celtic folklore	Alp Luachra Aos Sidhe Arkan Sonney Asrai Banshee Bean nighe Biróg Boggart Bogle Brownie Bugul Noz Caoineag Cat Sìth & Cù Sìth Clurichaun Coblynau Cyhyraeth Drow Duergar Dullahan Each uisge Fear dearg Fear gorta Fenodyree Gancanagh Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Glashtyn Gwyllion Iannic-ann-ôd Joan the Wad Joint-eater Kelpie Korrigan Leanan sídhe Leprechaun Merrow Mooinjer veggey Morgen Nain Rouge Nicnevin Nix Ogre Pixie Púca/Pwca & Bucca & Puck Redcap Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Sluagh Spriggan Troll Tuatha Dé Danann Tylwyth Teg Will-o'-the-wisp & Jack-o'-lantern Yan-gant-y-tan

European folklore	Anjana Dwarf Elf Gnome Goblin Gremlin Hobgoblin Imp Mermaid Sprite/Water sprite Sylph Tooth fairy Wight Xana

Fairy-like beings in folklore

African folklore	Abatwa Asanbosam Aziza Bultungin Jengu Kishi Mami Wata Obayifo Rompo Tikoloshe Yumboes

Australasian folklore	Bunyip Manaia Muldjewangk Patupaiarehe Taniwha Tipua Wondjina Yara-ma-yha-who Yowie

American folklore	Alux Curupira Encantado Ishigaq Jogah Menehune Nawao Nimerigar Pukwudgie Saci Squonk

Asian folklore	Apsara Diwata Kappa Kijimuna Kitsune Kodama Orang Bunian Puteri Peri Bake-danuki Tengu Tennin Yaksha Yakshini Yōkai Yōsei

Romantic folklore	Căpcăun Faun Iele Lares Penates Sânziană Spiriduş Squasc Vâlvă Vântoase Zână Zmeu

Germanic folklore	Haltija Heinzelmännchen Hödekin Huldra Klabautermann Kobold Lorelei Radande Tomte/Jultomten Undine

Slavic folklore	Bagiennik & Bannik Berehynia Domovoi Karzełek Kikimora Likho Polevik Psotnik Rusalka Vila Vodyanoy

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Robert Carlyle
Robert Carlyle in 2011
Born	(1961-04-14) 14 April 1961 (age 51) Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1990–present
Spouse	Anastasia Shirley (1997–present)^{[citation needed]}

Robert Carlyle, OBE (born 14 April 1961) is a Scottish actor. He is known for a variety of roles in films such as Trainspotting, The Full Monty, The World Is Not Enough, Angela's Ashes, The 51st State, and 28 Weeks Later. In addition to his film work, he is also known for his roles in the television shows Hamish Macbeth and Once Upon A Time.

1 Early life
2 Career
- 2.1 Acting style
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links

Early life [link]

Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the son of Elizabeth, a bus company employee, and Joseph Carlyle, a painter and decorator.^[1]^[2] He was brought up by his father after his mother left when Carlyle was four years old.^[3]^[4] He left school at the age of 16 without any qualifications and worked for his father as a painter and decorator; however, he continued his education by attending night classes at Cardonald College in Glasgow.^[5]

Career [link]

Carlyle became involved in drama at the Glasgow Arts Centre at the age of 21 (having been inspired by reading Arthur Miller's The Crucible), and subsequently graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. In 1991, he and four friends founded a theatre company, Raindog (which is now primarily involved in television and film work), and guest starred in The Bill. The same year he starred in his first movie, Riff-Raff, directed by Ken Loach.

In 1994, he played the gay lover of Father Greg in the film Priest. Carlyle's first high-profile role came as murderer Albert "Albie" Kinsella in an October 1994 episode of Cracker opposite Robbie Coltrane (in which Kinsella killed five people, including Christopher Eccleston's DCI David Bilborough). This highly acclaimed role showcased Carlyle's "pure intensity".^[6] Shortly after his appearance in Cracker, he landed the role of Highland policeman Hamish Macbeth in the BBC comedy-drama Hamish Macbeth. The series ran for three seasons from 1995 to 1997.

In 1996 and 1997, he appeared in the two most high-profile roles of his career to date: that of the psychopathic Francis Begbie in Trainspotting and Gaz, the leader of a group of amateur male strippers, in The Full Monty, the latter earning Carlyle a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He also starred with Ray Winstone in the 1997 film Face. Carlyle played the senior Malachy McCourt (father of author Frank McCourt) in the 1999 film adaptation of McCourt's first memoir, Angela's Ashes, the arch villain Renard in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, and a cannibalistic soldier in the 1999 Ravenous.

Carlyle appeared in the 2002 Oasis music video for "Little By Little". He played Adolf Hitler in the 2003 miniseries Hitler: The Rise of Evil. In 2006 he played the villain Durza in Eragon. In 2007 Carlyle played one of the main characters in the film 28 Weeks Later. He also played the lead role as a marine engineer, attempting to save London from total devastation in the disaster film Flood. That year he also portrayed Father Joseph Macavoy in the film The Tournament.

In 2008 Carlyle narrated a BBC audiobook version of The Cutting Room. In 2008, Carlyle was cast as Dr. Nicholas Rush in the television series Stargate Universe.^[7]^[8] His involvement has been described thus, "As [the team fights] to survive, Dr. Rush (Carlyle) works to unlock the mysteries of the ship and return the group home, but evidence of his ulterior motives soon arises." Carlyle was touted by the studio as the "leading role" in Universe.^[9] In December 2008, Carlyle appeared in 24: Redemption, a television movie of the popular series 24, starring alongside Kiefer Sutherland.

In 2009, Carlyle appeared in a long-form commercial for Johnnie Walker whisky, titled "The Man Who Walked Around The World", that showed Carlyle walking down a path and talking for six minutes in a single long take. The ad took two days to film. The director, Jamie Rafn, afterwards referred to Carlyle as an "utter genius".^[10] He voices the character of Gabriel Belmont, and his counterpart, the immortal Count Dracula in the video game Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, released in 2010.

Beginning in October 2011 Carlyle portrayed Rumpelstiltskin in the fantasy-drama series Once Upon A Time. His recurring role is symbolized not only in the story of Rumpelstiltskin, but also in the classic fairy tale Beauty and the Beast (within the show) as the Beast. He plays a deal maker; an arm and a leg for a little bit of magic from him.

Acting style [link]

Known for his commitment to authenticity in roles, Carlyle has often altered his lifestyle and physical appearance to better understand a character; before playing a homeless character in Antonia Bird's Safe, he went to live in the Waterloo area of London where the film was set. For his role as a bus driver in Ken Loach's Carla's Song, he passed the test for a PSV licence (a licence to drive a bus with passengers) in a Glasgow Leyland Atlantean bus.^[11]

Personal life [link]

Carlyle is married to make-up artist Anastasia Shirley, with whom he has three children: Ava (born 2002), Harvey (born 2004), and Pearce Joseph (born 2006). The family lives in Glasgow. Carlyle is a supporter of Rangers,^[12] and is the patron of School For Life in Romania.^[13]

Filmography [link]

Film [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1990	Silent Scream	Big Woodsy
1990	Riff-Raff	Steve
1993	Tender Blue Eyes	Richard Fascetti
1993	Being Human	Prehistoric Shamen
1994	Priest	Graham
1994	Marooned	Peter
1995	Go Now	Nick Cameron	Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor
1996	Trainspotting	Francis "Franco" Begbie	Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama
1996	Carla's Song	George Lennox	Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor London Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the Year
1997	The Full Monty	Gary "Gaz" Schofield	BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor London Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the Year Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1997	Face	Ray	Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor London Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the Year
1999	Plunkett & Macleane	Will Plunkett
	Ravenous	Col. Ives / F.W. Colqhoun
	The World Is Not Enough	Renard
	Angela's Ashes	Malachy McCourt	Nominated – Empire Award for Best British Actor Nominated – IFTA Award for Best Actor
2000	The Beach	Daffy
2000	There's Only One Jimmy Grimble	Eric Wirral
2001	To End All Wars	Major Ian Campbell
2001	The 51st State Or Formula 51	Felix DeSouza
2002	Once Upon a Time in the Midlands	Jimmy
2002	Black and White	David O'Sullivan
2004	Dead Fish	Danny Devine
2005	The Mighty Celt	O
	Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School	Frank Keane
	Human Trafficking	Sergei Karpovich
2006	Eragon	Durza
2007	28 Weeks Later	Don Harris
2007	Flood	Robert Morrison
2008	Stone of Destiny	John MacCormick
	Summer	Shaun	Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor
	I Know You Know	Charlie
2009	The Tournament	Joseph Macavoy
2012	Dogs of Law
2012	California Solo	Lachlan MacAldonich

Television [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1990	Taggart	Gordon Inglis	1 episode
1991	The Bill	Tom Ward
1994	99-1	Detective Constable Trevor Prescott
1994	Cracker	Albie Kinsella	3 episodes BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor – TV
1995–1998	Hamish Macbeth	Hamish Macbeth	20 episodes RTS Television Award for Best Actor – Male Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor – TV Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor
1998	Looking After Jo Jo	John Joe "Jo Jo" McCann	Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor
2003	Hitler: The Rise of Evil	Adolf Hitler	Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
2004	Gunpowder, Treason & Plot	King James I
2005	Human Trafficking	Sergei Karpovich	Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor – Miniseries or a Movie
2005	Class of '76	DI Tom Monroe
2006	Born Equal	Robert
2008	The Last Enemy	David Russell	5 episodes
2008	24: Redemption	Carl Benton
2009	The Unloved	Father	Scottish BAFTA for Best TV Actor
2009	The Man Who Walked Around the World	Himself	Advert for Johnnie Walker^[14]
2009–2011	Stargate Universe	Dr. Nicholas Rush	40 episodes Gemini Award Winner for Continuing Leading Dramatic Role 2010
2011	Once Upon a Time	Rumpelstiltskin / Mr. Gold	22 episodes

Video games [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
2006	Eragon	Shade Durza	Voice only
2010	Castlevania: Lords of Shadow	Gabriel Belmont	Voice only

Music videos [link]

Year	Artist	Song
2002	Oasis	"Little By Little"

Audio books [link]

Year	Title	Role
2008	The Cutting Room	Narrator

References [link]

^ "Robert Carlyle Biography". FilmReference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/21/Robert-Carlyle.html. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ "Born Equal: Robert Carlyle". BBC Press Office. BBC. 2006-11-15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/15/equal_carlyle.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Pendreigh, Brian (2006-01-29). "Father's death causes Carlyle to quit movie". Scotsman.com News. http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=888&id=144962006. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Smith, Andrew (1999-03-28). "Method man". The Guardian. http://film.guardian.co.uk/Feature_Story/Observer/0,,38015,00.html. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Armstrong, Stephen (2007-05-20). "On the Move: Robert Carlyle". Timesonline. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article1808448.ece. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^ [1]
^ Sumner, Darren (2008-12-15). "Robert Carlyle cast in Stargate Universe". GateWorld. p. 1. http://gateworld.net/news/2008/12/robert_carlyle_cast_in_istargate.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Sumner, Darren (2009-01-15). "Brian J. Smith cast in Stargate Universe". GateWorld. p. 1. http://www.gateworld.net/news/2009/01/brian-j-smith-cast-in-stargate-universe/. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
^ Sumner, Darren (2008-12-15). "Robert Carlyle cast in Stargate Universe". GateWorld. p. 2. http://gateworld.net/news/2008/12/robert_carlyle_cast_in_istargate2.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ HLA AND BBH GO WALKING WITH ROBERT CARLYLE, Shots, 6 August 2009
^ Armstrong, Stephen (20 May 2007). "On the Move: Robert Carlyle". Times Online. http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/article1808448.ece. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ "Things You Never Knew About Robert Carlyle". http://channelhopping.onthebox.com/2009/10/07/things-you-never-knew-about-robert-carlyle/.
^ "School For Life Romania". http://schoolforliferomania.org/. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ "The Man Who Walked Around the World". http://www.johnniewalker.com/global/themanwhowalkedaroundtheworld/. Retrieved 2009-10-11.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Carlyle

Awards for Robert Carlyle

v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (1980–1999)

John Hurt (1980) Burt Lancaster (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Michael Caine / Dustin Hoffman (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) William Hurt (1985) Bob Hoskins (1986) Sean Connery (1987) John Cleese (1988) Daniel Day-Lewis (1989) Philippe Noiret (1990) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Robert Downey, Jr. (1992) Anthony Hopkins (1993) Hugh Grant (1994) Nigel Hawthorne (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Robert Carlyle (1997) Roberto Benigni (1998) Kevin Spacey (1999)

Complete list (1952–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture (1995–2000)

Apollo 13 (1995) : Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, Gary Sinise The Birdcage (1996) : Hank Azaria, Christine Baranski, Dan Futterman, Gene Hackman, Nathan Lane, Dianne Wiest, Robin Williams The Full Monty (1997) : Mark Addy, Paul Barber, Robert Carlyle, Deirdre Costello, Steve Huison, Bruce Jones, Lesley Sharp, William Snape, Hugo Speer, Tom Wilkinson, Emily Woof Shakespeare in Love (1998) : Ben Affleck, Simon Callow, Jim Carter, Martin Clunes, Judi Dench, Joseph Fiennes, Colin Firth, Gwyneth Paltrow, Geoffrey Rush, Antony Sher, Imelda Staunton American Beauty (1999) : Annette Bening, Wes Bentley, Thora Birch, Chris Cooper, Peter Gallagher, Allison Janney, Kevin Spacey, Mena Suvari Traffic (2000) : Steven Bauer, Benjamin Bratt, James Brolin, Don Cheadle, Erika Christensen, Clifton Collins, Jr., Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Miguel Ferrer, Albert Finney, Topher Grace, Luis Guzmán, Amy Irving, Tomás Milián, D. W. Moffett, Dennis Quaid, Peter Riegert, Jacob Vargas, Catherine Zeta-Jones

Complete list (1995–2000) (2001–2010) (2011–2020)

Persondata
Name	Carlyle, Robert
Alternative names
Short description	Scottish actor
Date of birth	1961-04-14
Place of birth	Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carlyle

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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