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- published: 02 Nov 2011
- views: 4524513
- author: gioemini
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![A Football Life - Barry Sanders [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121214124913im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/lGQp90Rzj9M/default.jpg "Football Life of Barry Sanders Credit Goes To The NFL Network www.nfl.com Disclaimer: All Rights Belong to the National Football League I do not own the music and the footage used in this video. No copyright infringement intended. I do not gain any profit from my videos. (For entertainment purposes only)")
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Aberdeen
Coordinates: 57°09′09″N 2°06′36″W / 57.1526°N 2.1100°W / 57.1526; -2.1100
Aberdeen
i/æbərˈdiːn/ (Scots: Aiberdeen 
listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [ˈopər ˈʝɛhɪn]) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city, with an official population estimate of 220,420.
Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, whose mica deposits sparkle like silver. The city has a long, sandy coastline. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of Europe or the Energy Capital of Europe. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.
Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from King David I (1124–53), transforming the city economically. The city's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and The Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, make Aberdeen the educational centre of the north-east. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.
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Aldenham
Coordinates: 51°40′20″N 0°21′17″W / 51.6723°N 0.3546°W / 51.6723; -0.3546
This article is about the village in Hertfordshire. For the London Transport Bus Overhaul Works, see Aldenham Works.
Aldenham is a village and civil parish in Hertfordshire, approx. three miles north-east of Watford and two miles from Radlett. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book and is one of Hertsmere's 14 conservation areas. This secluded little village remains unspoilt and the parish itself is largely unchanged since Saxon times when the majority of the land was owned by the Abbots of Westminster Abbey.
In the Index of Multiple Deprivation, the ward of Aldenham East was ranked the least deprived ward out of 8414 in England, while Aldenham West also featured among the least deprived three per cent in the country.
The Church of St John the Baptist in Aldenham is seven hundred years old and there is good reason to believe that an earlier Saxon church stood on the site. After the Reformation the lands were sold off to the highest bidders and Aldenham is probably smaller today than it was 500 years ago.
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Alnwick
Coordinates: 55°24′48″N 1°42′25″W / 55.4134°N 1.7069°W / 55.4134; -1.7069
Alnwick (i/ˈænɨk/ AN-ik) is a small market town in north Northumberland, England. The town's population was just over 8,000 at the time of the 2001 census and Alnwick's district population was 31,029.
According to Country Life, October 2002, "Alnwick is the most picturesque market town in Northumberland, and the best place to live in Britain". The town is situated 32 miles (51 km) south of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Scottish border, and 5 miles (8 km) inland from the North Sea at Alnmouth.
The town dates back to approximately AD 600, and over the centuries has thrived as an agricultural centre; as the location of Alnwick Castle and home of what were in mediaeval times the most powerful northern barons, the Earls of Northumberland; as a staging post on the Great North Road between Edinburgh and London, and latterly as a modern rural centre cum dormitory town. The fabric of the town centre has changed relatively little and still retains much of its original character; however there has been appreciable growth in size over the last ten years, with a number of housing estates covering what had been pasture, and new factory and trading estate developments along the roads to the south of the town.
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Atherstone
Coordinates: 52°34′43″N 1°32′46″W / 52.5787°N 1.5462°W / 52.5787; -1.5462
Atherstone is a town in Warwickshire, England. The town is located near the northernmost tip of Warwickshire, close to the border with Staffordshire and Leicestershire and is the administrative headquarters of the borough of North Warwickshire.
Atherstone has a long history dating back to Roman times. An important defended Roman settlement named Manduessedum existed at Mancetter near the site of modern day Atherstone, and the Roman road, the Watling Street (now known as the A5) ran through the town. It is believed by some historians that the rebel Queen of the Britons, Boudica was defeated at the Battle of Watling Street by the Romans in her final battle near Manduessedum.
The Domesday Book of 1086, records that Atherstone was held by Countess Godiva.
The ancient St. Mary’s Chapel in Atherstone dates from the early 12th century when the monks of Bec made a donation of 12 acres (4.9 ha) to a house of friars and hermits, later referred to as “Austin friars”. According to Nichols the chapel was granted to Henry Cartwright in 1542, then left abandoned and neglected until 1692 when Samuel Bracebridge settled a yearly sum for the parson of Mancetter to preach there every other Sunday in the winter season
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Barnes R.F.C.
Barnes Rugby Football Club, formerly known simply as the Barnes Club, is a rugby union club which is claimed by some sources to be the world's first and oldest club in any code of football. The club, from Barnes in London, also played a major role in the early years of association football, and was one of the teams in the first ever game of football.
Accounts of the date that the club was formed are contradictory: club records give 1839, while other accounts give credit to eminent club member Ebenezer Cobb Morley, in 1858 or 1862. Its earliest recorded result was in November 1862 versus Richmond, played at Barn Elms. The club won that match and the replay that followed later in the year.
The Barnes Club was a founder member of the Football Association and Morley is often said to be the "father of The Football Association". On December 19, 1863, Barnes participated in the first ever match under FA rules, again against Richmond. It also competed in the first ever FA Cup and continued to do so through to the 1885–86 competition. The first three secretaries of the FA were members of Barnes.
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Berwickshire
Berwickshire or the County of Berwick is a registration county, a committee area of the Scottish Borders Council, and a lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. The town after which it is named—Berwick-upon-Tweed—was lost by Scotland to England in 1482. The county was on occasion referred to as Duns-shire or Dunsshire during the Victorian period and after, reflecting the fact that Duns had become the county town.
Berwickshire is one of the ancient counties of Scotland and between 1890 and 1975 had a county council for local government purposes. Its county town, after which it is named, had been Berwick-upon-Tweed, but the royal burgh changed hands in 1482, subsequently becoming part of the county of Northumberland, in England. Thereafter the county's administration was conducted at Duns or Lauder until Greenlaw became the county town in 1596. When a county council was established in 1890 the county town once more became Duns, where the former county's Sheriff Court still sits, and where the Scottish Borders Council still maintains a principal set of offices.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Calcio Fiorentino
Calcio Fiorentino was an early form of football that originated in 16th century Italy. The Piazza Santa Croce of Florence is the cradle of this sport, that became known as giuoco del calcio fiorentino ("Florentine kick game") or simply calcio ("kick").
The official rules of calcio were published for the first time in 1580 by Giovanni de' Bardi, a Florentine count. Just like Roman harpastum, it was played in teams of 27, using both feet and hands. Goals could be scored by throwing the ball over a designated spot on the perimeter of the field. The playing field is a giant sand pit with a goal running the width of each end. There is a main referee, six linesmen and a field master. Each game is played out for 50 minutes with the winner being the team with the most points or 'cacce'.
Originally, calcio was reserved for rich aristocrats, who played every night between Epiphany and Lent. In the Vatican, even Popes, such as Clement VII, Leo XI and Urban VIII were known to play.
The sport was not played for around two hundred years but then revived in the twentieth century when organized games began again in 1930. Today, three matches are played each year in Piazza Santa Croce, in the 3rd week of June. The modern version allows tactics such as head-butting, punching, elbowing, and choking, but forbids sucker punching and kicks to the head.
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Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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County Kerry
County Kerry (Irish: Contae Chiarraí) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the pre-Gaelic tribe who lived in part of the present county. Kerry County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 145,048 according to the 2011 census.
Kerry is the 5th largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the 13th largest by population. Uniquely, it is bordered by only two other counties: County Limerick to the east and County Cork to the south-east. The county town is Tralee. The diocesan see is Killarney, which is one of Ireland's most famous tourist destinations. The Lakes of Killarney, an area of outstanding natural beauty, are located in Killarney National Park. The tip of the Dingle Peninsula is the most westerly point of Ireland.
There are nine historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".
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Duns
Coordinates: 55°46′42″N 2°20′33″W / 55.77838°N 2.3426°W / 55.77838; -2.3426
Duns ( historically Scots: Dunse, Scottish Gaelic: An Dùn) is the county town of the historic county of Berwickshire, within the Scottish Borders.
Duns law, the original site of the town of Duns, has the remains of an Iron Age hillfort at its summit. Similar structures nearby, such as the structure at Edin's Hall Broch, suggest the area's domestic and defensive use at a very early stage.
The first written mention of Duns is when a 'Hugo de Duns' signed as a witness to a charter before 1214. The town is further mentioned when a 'Robert of Douns' signed the Ragman Roll in 1296. The early settlement was sited on the slopes of Duns Law, close to the original Duns Castle built in 1320 by the Earl of Moray, nephew of Robert the Bruce. The town was frequently attacked by the English in border raids and as they headed north to the Lothians. In 1333 the Guardian of Scotland, Sir Archibald Douglas, mustered an army in Duns to march on Berwick, which at that time was under siege by the English. The Scots troops were heavily defeated at the Battle of Halidon Hill.
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East Anglia
East Anglia is a traditional name for a region of eastern England, named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, the Kingdom of the East Angles. The Angles took their name from their homeland Angeln, in northern Germany. East Anglia initially consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, but upon the marriage of the East Anglian princess Etheldreda, the Isle of Ely also became part of the kingdom. Formerly a standard statistical region, for administrative purposes East Anglia now forms part of the East of England government office region and is defined as a Level 2 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, comprising the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire including the city of Peterborough unitary authority area.
The Kingdom of the East Angles, formed about the year 520 by the merging of the North and the South Folk (Angles who had settled in the former lands of the Iceni during the previous century) was one of the seven Anglo-Saxon heptarchy kingdoms (as defined in the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon). For a brief period following a victory over the rival kingdom of Northumbria around the year 616, East Anglia was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, and its king Raedwald was Bretwalda (overlord of the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms). But this did not last: over the next forty years, East Anglia was defeated by the Mercians twice, and it continued to weaken relative to the other kingdoms until in 794, Offa of Mercia had its king Æthelberht killed and took control of the kingdom himself.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Flanders
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen (help·info)) is the (political) community of the Flemings, one of the communities of Belgium, and also a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
"Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp. Over the course of history, the geographical territory that was called "Flanders" has varied. In the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power from French-speaking Wallonia (which was industrialized earlier) to the Flemish.
To the English-speaking peoples, Flanders meant historically (from circa 1000 AD) the land situated along the North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. The southern borders were generally ill-defined. Over the last millennium, it was mostly the southern and western borders that receded to give the present day borders within northern Belgium.
Flanders has figured prominently in European history. Between the early 17th century and 1945, the political outcomes of modern Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria were often decided by battles on the plains of Flanders. Even earlier in British and Irish history, the Flemings (or Flemish) were important allies of the Normans in their conquest of England (1066) and invasion of Ireland (1169–71).
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Florence
Florence (Italian: Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] (
listen), alternate obsolete form: Fiorenza; Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area.
Florence is famous for its history. A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.
The historic centre of Florence attracts millions of tourists each year, and Euromonitor International ranked the city as the world's 72nd most visited in 2009, with 1,685,000 visitors. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and the city is noted for its history, culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Pitti Palace, amongst others, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat, "Land of the Kalaallit";Danish: Grønland) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and later Denmark) for more than a millennium. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island. With a population of 56,615 (January 2011 estimate) it is the least densely populated dependency or country in the world.
Greenland has been inhabited, though not continuously, by Arctic peoples via Canada for 4500–5000 years. In the 10th century, Norsemen settled on the uninhabited southern part of Greenland. In the 13th century, the Inuit arrived, and in the late 15th century the Norse colonies were abandoned. In the early 18th century, contact between Scandinavia and Greenland was re-established and Denmark established rule over Greenland.
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Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton ( /ˈhæməltən/; 2011 population 519,949; UA population 670,580; CMA population 721,053) is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Conceived by George Hamilton when he purchased the Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812, Hamilton has become the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of Lake Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe. On January 1, 2001, the new City of Hamilton was formed through the amalgamation of the former city and the other constituent lower-tier municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth with the upper-tier regional government. Residents of the old city are known as Hamiltonians. Since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario.
Hamilton is home to the shared Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the Bruce Trail, McMaster University and Mohawk College. The Canadian Football Hall of Fame can be found downtown right beside Hamilton City Hall and across town to the east, the Canadian Football League's Hamilton Tiger-Cats play at Ivor Wynne Stadium.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Haxey
Coordinates: 53°29′13″N 0°50′46″W / 53.486838°N 0.846189°W / 53.486838; -0.846189
Haxey is a village and civil parish within North Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 21.7 miles (34.9 km) to the northwest of the city of Lincoln and in 2001 had a total resident population of 4,359.
The village of Haxey lies between the villages of Westwoodside and Owston Ferry, forms part of the Isle of Axholme, and is perhaps most notable for Haxey Hood; a local event with over 700 years of history, reputedly making it the United Kingdom's oldest "traditional tussle".
Haxey is situated on one of a series of low-lying hills which reach a maximum height of 200 feet (61 m) out of the surrounding marshland. The River Trent lies to the east, beyond Owston Ferry.
The civil parish of Haxey includes the villages of Haxey and Westwoodside, and the hamlets of High Burnham, Low Burnham, East Lound and Graizelound.
Haxey, previously the capital of the Isle of Axholme, was considerably destroyed by fire in 1741.
The village Grade I listed Anglican parish church, dedicated to St Nicholas, originates from the 12th and 13th century. It is of mainly Perpendicular Gothic style. The tower is of three stages, with an embattled parapet. Piers of the north arcade are Norman, and those of the south, with the chancel arch and chantry chapel, mainly Early English.
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Huddersfield
Coordinates: 53°38′42″N 1°46′47″W / 53.6450°N 1.7798°W / 53.6450; -1.7798
Huddersfield (i/ˈhʌdərzˌfiːld/) is a large market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, situated halfway between Leeds and Manchester. It lies 190 miles (310 km) north of London, and 10.3 miles (16.6 km) south of Bradford, the nearest city.
Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme. Located within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire, according to the 2001 Census it was the 10th largest town in the UK and with a total resident population of 146,234. It is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough. The town is well known for its important role in the Industrial Revolution, for being the birthplace of rugby league and for being the birthplace of the late British Prime Minister Harold Wilson.
Huddersfield today is a town of higher education, the media and sports, being home to the rugby league team, Huddersfield Giants, founded in 1895, who currently play in the European Super League and Football League One football team Huddersfield Town F.C., founded in 1908. The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College, Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College
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Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown was a settlement in the Colony of Virginia. Established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 14, 1607 (O.S., May 24, 1607 N.S.), it was the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. It would serve as capital of the colony for 83 years (from 1616 until 1699).
The settlement was located within the territory of a political entity known as Tsenacommacah, the state of the Powhatan Confederacy, with around 14,000 native inhabitants, and specifically was in part of the subdivision known as the Paspahegh tribe. The natives initially gave the English a lavish welcome, and provided crucial provisions and support for the survival of the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined, although relations with the newcomers also soured fairly early on, leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within 3 years.
Within a year of Jamestown's founding, the Virginia Company brought Polish and Dutch colonists to help improve the settlement. In 1619, the first documented Africans were brought to Jamestown, though the modern conception of slavery in the future United States did not begin in Virginia until 1660. When the colony was subdivided into the original eight shires of Virginia in 1634, the town became located in the eponymous James City Shire.
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Kirkwall
Coordinates: 58°58′52″N 2°57′36″W / 58.981°N 2.960°W / 58.981; -2.960
Kirkwall is the biggest town and capital of Orkney, off the coast of northern mainland Scotland. The town is first mentioned in Orkneyinga saga in the year 1046 when it is recorded as the residence of Rögnvald Brusason the Earl of Orkney, who was killed by his uncle Thorfinn the Mighty. In 1486, King James III of Scotland elevated Kirkwall to the status of a royal burgh; modern roadsigns still indicate "The City and Royal Burgh of Kirkwall".
The name Kirkwall comes from the Norse name Kirkjuvagr (Church Bay), which was later corrupted to Kirkvoe, Kirkwaa and Kirkwall.
Situated on the northern coast of Mainland Orkney and with a population of about 8,500, Kirkwall is a port with ferry services to Aberdeen and Lerwick, as well as the principal north islands in the group. At the heart of the town stands St. Magnus Cathedral, which was founded in memory of Saint Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney 1108-1117 by Earl (later Saint) Rögnvald Kali. Next to the Cathedral are the ruins of the former Bishop's Palace and Earl's Palace. The town has two museums: Tankerness House Museum, which is contained within one of Scotland's best-preserved sixteenth century town-houses, contains items of local historical interest. The prehistoric, Pictish and Viking collections are of international importance. The other museum is the Orkney Wireless Museum, dealing with the history of radio and recorded sound.
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Korea
Korea (/kəˈriːə/ kə-REE-ə; Korean: 한국 Hanguk [hanɡuːk] or 조선 Joseon [tɕosʌn] – (see etymology) is an East Asian region that is divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea), and separated from Taiwan to the south by the East China Sea.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the origins of the Korean people might have been Altaic language-speaking people from south-central Siberia,[dubious – discuss] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age. The adoption of the Chinese writing system ("Hanja" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC, and Buddhism in the 4th century AD, had profound effects on the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea was first united during the Silla dynasty under the king Munmu of Silla. The united Silla dynasty fell to Goryeo Dynasty in 935 at the end of Later Three Kingdoms of Korea era. Goryeo was a highly cultural state and created the Jikji in the 14th century, using the world's first movable metal type printing press. The Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, greatly weakened the nation which was forced to become a tributary state. After the Mongol Empire's collapse, severe political strife followed and Goryeo was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1388.
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Kyoto
Kyoto (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, "Capital City") (Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoːto] ( listen)) is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Although archaeological evidence places the first human settlement on the islands of Japan to approximately 10,000 BC, relatively little is known about human activity in the area before the 6th century AD, around which time the Shimogamo Shrine is believed to have been established. During the 8th century, when powerful Buddhist clergy became involved in the affairs of the Imperial government, the Emperor chose to relocate the capital to a region far from the Buddhist influence. Emperor Kammu selected the village of Uda, at the time in the Kadono district of Yamashiro Province, for this honor.
The new city, Heian-kyō (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Chang'an, became the seat of Japan's imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. Although military rulers established their governments either in Kyoto (Muromachi shogunate) or in other cities such as Kamakura (Kamakura shogunate) and Edo (Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869 at the time of the Imperial Restoration. (Some believe that it is still a legal capital: see Capital of Japan.)
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Lincolnshire
Coordinates: 53°4′N 0°11′W / 53.067°N 0.183°W / 53.067; -0.183
Lincolnshire ( /ˈlɪŋkənʃə/ or /ˈlɪŋkənʃɪə/; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the northwest, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards (18 m), England's shortest county boundary. The county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region, and part is in the East Midlands region. The county is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including: the Lincolnshire Fens (south Lincolnshire), the Carrs (similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire), the Lincolnshire Wolds, and the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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McGill University
McGill University is a public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. McGill University is one of world's most prestigious universities. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Glasgow, Scotland and alumnus of Glasgow University, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Founded in 1821, McGill was chartered during the British colonial era, 46 years before the Canadian Confederation, making it one of the oldest universities in Canada.
As of 2011, McGill ranked 1st in Canada and 17th in the world in the QS World University Rankings. According to the 2011 Emerging/Trendence global employability ranking, McGill was ranked 19th in the world for popularity among major employers. In the Maclean's 21st Annual University Ranking (2011), McGill was ranked 1st in Canada among all institutions offering medical and doctoral degrees, maintaining this ranking for the seventh year in a row.
With almost 215,000 living alumni worldwide, students and professors at McGill have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences, to business, politics, and sports. Notable alumni include eleven Nobel Laureates, one hundred and thirty-two Rhodes Scholars, three astronauts, two Canadian prime ministers, eleven justices of the Canadian Supreme Court, three foreign leaders, nine Academy Award winners, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and twenty-eight Olympic medalists.
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Melbourne
Melbourne ([ˈmelbən, -bn̩, ˈmæl-],rhotically /ˈmɛlbərn/) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2010, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of four million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians or Melbournians.
The metropolis is located on the large natural bay known as Port Phillip, with the city centre positioned at the estuary of the Yarra River (at the northernmost point of the bay). The metropolitan area then extends south from the city centre, along the eastern and western shorelines of Port Phillip, and expands into the hinterland. The city centre is situated in the municipality known as the City of Melbourne, and the metropolitan area consists of a further 30 municipalities.
Melbourne was founded in 1835 (47 years after the European settlement of Australia) by settlers from Launceston in Van Diemen's Land. It was named by governor Richard Bourke in 1837, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb—the 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Melbourne was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847. In 1851, it became the capital city of the newly created colony of Victoria. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it then served as the interim seat of government of the newly created nation of Australia until 1927.
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Montreal
Montreal (
i/ˌmʌntriːˈɒl/;French: Montréal; pronounced [mɔ̃ʁeal] (
listen)) is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the fifteenth largest in North America. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French (Mont Royal in present French). The city is located on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard.
As of May 10, 2011, Statistics Canada identifies Montreal's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) (land area 4,259 square kilometres (1,644 sq mi)) as Canada's second most populous with an estimated metropolitan area population of 3,824,221 and a population of 1,886,481 in the urban agglomeration of Montreal, which includes all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal. The city of Montreal proper had a population of 1,649,519.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Northumberland
Northumberland ( /nɔrˈθʌmbərlənd/; abbreviated Northumb. or Northd, the latter being preferred by the Royal Mail) is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. It borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east and the Scottish Borders council area to the north. Its North Sea coastline is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with a 64 mile (103 km) long distance path. Since 1981, the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county.
The historical boundaries of the county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne, the traditional county town, as well as Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside, all areas transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The historical county boundaries are sometimes taken to exclude Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire (collectively North Durham), exclaves of County Durham which were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region (code UKC21) and is one of three local authority areas that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region.
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃɪər/; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes.
As of 2006 the county is estimated to have a population of just over one million. Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation (which continues into Derbyshire). The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries.
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Orkney
Orkney (Scottish Gaelic: Arcaibh) also known as the Orkney Islands (and sometimes "the Orkneys", a name which locals disparage), is an archipelago in northern Scotland, 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the coast of Caithness. Orkney comprises approximately 70 islands of which 20 are inhabited. The largest island, known as the "Mainland" has an area of 523.25 square kilometres (202.03 sq mi) making it the sixth largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles. The largest settlement and administrative centre is Kirkwall.
The name "Orkney" dates back to the 1st century BC or earlier, and the islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years. Originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts, Orkney was invaded and forcibly annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse. It was subsequently annexed to the Scottish Crown in 1472, following the failed payment of a dowry for James III's bride, Margaret of Denmark. Orkney contains some of the oldest and best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe, and the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Piazza Santa Croce
Coordinates: 43°46′7.86″N 11°15′41.33″E / 43.76885°N 11.2614806°E / 43.76885; 11.2614806
Piazza Santa Croce is one of the main squares of the centre of Florence, Italy. It is located near piazza della Signoria and the National Central Library, and takes its name by the Basilica of Santa Croce that overlook the square.
The Basilica is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes by Giotto and his pupils, and its tombs and cenotaphs. It is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti, Niccolò Machiavelli, Enrico Fermi, Galileo Galilei, Ugo Foscolo, Guglielmo Marconi, Luigi Cherubini, Leon Battista Alberti, Vittorio Alfieri, Gioacchino Rossini, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Lorenzo Bartolini, Pier Antonio Micheli, Bartolomeo Cristofori, Giovanni Gentile, thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie).
On the opposite side to the Basilica of Santa Croce is the Palazzo Cocchi-Serristori, rebuilt in the late 15th century by Giuliano da Sangallo, personal architect of Lorenzo de' Medici. Today it houses the headquarters of the Quarter 1 of Florence.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey /ˈrʌtɡərz/, usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers, is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary.
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The three campuses of Rutgers are in (1) New Brunswick and Piscataway, (2) Newark and (3) Camden. The Newark campus was formerly the University of Newark, which merged into the Rutgers system in 1946, and the Camden campus was created in 1950 from the College of South Jersey and the South Jersey Law School. Rutgers is the largest state university within New Jersey. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.
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Samoa
Samoa (i/səˈmoʊ.ə/; Samoan: Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), officially the Independent State of Samoa (Samoan: Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Sāmoa), formerly known as Western Samoa, is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city, Apia, and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976. The entire island group, inclusive of American Samoa, was called Navigators Islands by European explorers before the 20th century because of the Samoans' seafaring skills.
The oldest date so far from pre-historic remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s.
The origins of the Samoans is closely linked to modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan (i/səˈskætʃɨwən/ or /səˈskætʃɨwɑːn/) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588,276 square kilometres (227,100 sq mi). Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.
As of April 2011, the population of Saskatchewan was estimated at 1,053,960. Residents primarily live in the southern half of the province. Of the total population, 257,300 live in the province's largest city, Saskatoon, while 210,000 live in the provincial capital, Regina. Other major cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current and North Battleford.
Saskatchewan was first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774, having also been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups. It became a province in 1905. Saskatchewan's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. Its major industries are agriculture, mining, and energy. "In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon.
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Scone, Perthshire
Coordinates: 56°25′04″N 3°24′15″W / 56.417903°N 3.404037°W / 56.417903; -3.404037
Scone ( /ˈskuːn/ SKOON; Modern Gaelic: Sgàin; Medieval: Scoine) is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The medieval village of Scone, which grew up around the monastery and royal residence, was abandoned in the early 19th century when the residents were removed and a new palace was built on the site by the Earl of Mansfield. Hence the modern village of Scone, and the medieval village of Old Scone, can often be distinguished.
Both sites lie in the historical province of Gowrie. Old Scone was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). In the Middle Ages it was an important royal centre, used as a royal residence and as the coronation site of the kingdom's monarchs. Around the royal site grew the town of Perth and the Abbey of Scone.
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Scone, Scotland
Coordinates: 56°25′04″N 3°24′15″W / 56.417903°N 3.404037°W / 56.417903; -3.404037
Scone ( /ˈskuːn/ SKOON; Modern Gaelic: Sgàin; Medieval: Scoine) is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The medieval village of Scone, which grew up around the monastery and royal residence, was abandoned in the early 19th century when the residents were removed and a new palace was built on the site by the Earl of Mansfield. Hence the modern village of Scone, and the medieval village of Old Scone, can often be distinguished.
Both sites lie in the historical province of Gowrie. Old Scone was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). In the Middle Ages it was an important royal centre, used as a royal residence and as the coronation site of the kingdom's monarchs. Around the royal site grew the town of Perth and the Abbey of Scone.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Sedgefield
Coordinates: 54°39′N 1°27′W / 54.65°N 1.45°W / 54.65; -1.45
Sedgefield is a small town and civil parish in County Durham, England. It has a population of 4,534.
Sedgefield has attracted particular attention as the Member of Parliament for the wider Sedgefield constituency was the former Prime Minister Tony Blair; he was the area's MP from 1983 to 2007, leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007.
During November 2003, Sedgefield was visited by the American president George W. Bush during a state visit. He visited a local pub, as well as the local secondary school (Sedgefield Community College). This event was preceded by high-intensity security, which included fastening down manhole covers and drains, and closing the centre of the village to all traffic. An anti-war protest coincided with his visit.
St Edmund's church in Sedgefield is noted for its ornate 17th century Cosin woodwork, unique to County Durham: this is especially precious now that the display in Brancepeth has perished through fire.
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Sheffield
Sheffieldi/ˈʃɛfiːld/ is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 555,500 (2010 est.) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
During the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area.
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Sheffield F.C.
Sheffield Football Club is an English football club from Sheffield, South Yorkshire. The club is most noted for the fact that they are the world's oldest club now playing Association football, founded in 1857. They currently play in the Northern Premier League Division One South.
The team was originally based at various grounds around Sheffield, including Bramall Lane, the home of Sheffield United. They are now based at the Coach and Horses Ground in Dronfield, Derbyshire. The club are also noted for participating in the world's oldest footballing rivalry. Sheffield competed against Hallam in the world's first inter-club match during 1860 – the match is known as the "Sheffield" derby.
The club's finest hour came in 1904 when they won the FA Amateur Cup, a competition conceived after a suggestion by Sheffield. They also finished as runners up of the FA Vase in 1977. They have been bestowed with the FIFA Order of Merit and commemorated by the English Football Hall of Fame for their significant place in football history.
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Shouldham
Coordinates: 52°39′04″N 0°28′46″E / 52.650979°N 0.47945°E / 52.650979; 0.47945
Shouldham is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It covers an area of 16.04 km2 (6.19 sq mi) and had a population of 608 in 246 households as of the 2001 census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. It also contains a church(in picture) and a primary school(St Martins At Shouldham).
Media related to Shouldham at Wikimedia Commons
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St Albans
Coordinates: 51°45′18″N 0°20′10″W / 51.755°N 0.336°W / 51.755; -0.336
St Albans /sɨnt ˈɔːlbənz/ is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35 km) north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans.
It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt. Property prices are notoriously high within the district, which is one of the most expensive in the UK.
St Albans has two official demonyms: Verulamian and Old Albanian. St Albans was a settlement of pre-Roman origin named Verlamion (or Verulam) by the Ancient British, Catuvellauni tribe. It became the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the Roman city of Verulamium.
Saint Alban, the first British Christian martyr, was beheaded in AD 308 by Maximian on the orders of Emperor Diocletian, who denounced the Christian faith and had ordered the deaths of all subjects and allies of the Roman Empire who refused to give up the faith. Saint Alban consequently gave the town its modern name.
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St Columb Major
Coordinates: 50°25′55″N 4°56′24″W / 50.432°N 4.940°W / 50.432; -4.940
St Columb Major (Cornish: Synt Colom Veur / Synt Colom gwartha) is a civil parish and town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Often referred to locally as St Columb, it is situated approximately seven miles (11 km) southwest of Wadebridge and six miles (10 km) east of Newquay The designation Major distinguishes it from the smaller settlement and parish of St Columb Minor on the coast.
Twice a year the town plays host to "hurling", a medieval game once common throughout Cornwall but now only played in St Columb and St Ives. It is played on Shrove Tuesday and then again on the Saturday eleven days later. The game involves two teams of several hundred people (the 'townsmen' and the 'countrymen') who endeavour to carry a silver ball made of apple wood to goals set two miles (3 km) apart, making the parish the largest pitch for a ball game anywhere in the world.[citation needed]
Monuments that date from this period include: Castle an Dinas, an Iron Age hillfort.; the Nine Maidens stone row, the largest row of standing stones in Cornwall; the Devil's Quoit (sometimes recorded as King Arthur's Quoit); and King Arthur's Stone (this long lost stone is said to be not far from the Devil's Quoit near St. Columb, on the edge of the Goss moor). It was a large stone with four deeply-impressed horseshoe marks. Legend has it that the marks were made by the horse upon which Arthur rode when he resided at Castle An Dinas and hunted on the moors.
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Sutton Coldfield
Coordinates: 52°33′47″N 1°49′19″W / 52.563°N 1.822°W / 52.563; -1.822
Sutton Coldfield ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town within the city of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Sutton (as it is often abbreviated) is located about 8 miles (13 km) from central Birmingham; it has borders with North Warwickshire, Lichfield, Erdington, Kingstanding and Castle Vale. Sutton is in the northeast of Birmingham, with a population of 105,000 recorded in the 2001 census. It forms part of the West Midlands conurbation.
Historically within Warwickshire, the town has a historical connection to the Royal Family, resulting in it receiving the title of Royal Town when it was a municipal borough in its own right and part of Warwickshire. When the Local Government Act 1972 came into force in 1974, Sutton Coldfield became part of Birmingham and the wider West Midlands County.
The Etymology of the name Sutton appears to be from South Town.
The name "Sutton Coldfield" appears to come from this time, being the "south town" (i.e. south of Tamworth and/or Lichfield) on the edge of the "col field". "Col" is usually derived from "charcoal", charcoal burners presumably being active in the area.
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The Oval
The Oval, referred to as the Kia Oval due to a commercial sponsorship deal, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth. In the past it was also sometimes called the Kennington Oval. In past years it was officially named as the 'Fosters Oval', 'AMP Oval', 'Brit Insurance Oval', due to previous commercial sponsorship deals.
The Oval is the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club, and also traditionally hosts the final Test match of each English summer season in late August or early September. The Oval was the first ground in the United Kingdom and second in the world (after the Melbourne Cricket Ground) to host Test cricket.
The nearest Tube station is Oval, but Vauxhall is only half a mile away.
In 1844, Kennington Oval was a market garden. The Oval was then (and still is) owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. Surrey County Cricket Club was set up in 1845. The Duchy was willing to grant a lease of the land for the purpose of a cricket ground, and, on 10 March 1845, the club signed a lease with the Otter Trustees, who held the land from the Duchy of Cornwall, 'to convert it into a subscription cricket ground', for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum plus taxes (£20 more). The original contract for turfing the Oval cost £300; 10,000 grass turfs came from Tooting Common.
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Ulgham
Coordinates: 55°13′31″N 1°37′58″W / 55.2252°N 1.6329°W / 55.2252; -1.6329
Ulgham is a small village in Northumberland, England. The name Ulgham is pronounced 'Uffam': [ˈʊfəm] (locally), [ˈʌfəm] (Standard), and the village is also known as the 'village of the owls'.
Ulgham is notable for a reference to football being played there in 1280.[citation needed]
Situated about six miles north of Morpeth, Ulgham is a village combining old with new. The church of St John the Baptist stands at the top of a steep bank above the river Lyne. It looks old, but was rebuilt in the 1800s. However, the site is Saxon and two Norman stone windows are built into the current church walls. In the north aisle is an extraordinary stone relief of a Norman knight on horseback apparently protecting a lady from two birds shown above her shoulder. The churchyard contains tombstones from the 1600s – and one prior to the Spanish Armada!
Opposite the church is a field containing earth mounds from the original village boundary, which are unique in the country. Next to the church the farmhouse has been refurbished and the farm buildings converted into interesting homes of character, which retain the existing charm of the farm.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Victoria, Australia
Coordinates: 37°0′S 144°0′E / 37°S 144°E / -37; 144
Victoria is a state of Australia, in the south-east of the country. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively.
Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city.
Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, the monarch at the time.
After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay, Victoria on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.
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Warwickshire
Warwickshire (i/ˈwɒrɨkʃər/ or /ˈwɒrɨkʃɪər/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare and George Elliot. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.
The five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton & Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon together form the Warwickshire County Council area, and are within the 1974 boundaries. The shape of the administrative area of Warwickshire differs considerably from that of the historic county, which also includes the now autonomous unitary authorities of Coventry and Solihull, as well as a small area around central and northeast Birmingham.
For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG13) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region.
Warwickshire is bounded to the north-west by the West Midlands metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the east, Worcestershire to the west, Oxfordshire to the south and Gloucestershire to the south-west. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles (5 km) from the Derbyshire border. An average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles (97 km) north to south.
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Yale University
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
Incorporated as the "Collegiate School," the institution traces its roots to 17th-century clergymen who sought to establish a college to train clergy and political leaders for the colony. In 1718, the College was renamed "Yale College" to honor a gift from Elihu Yale, a governor of the British East India Company. In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U.S. school to award the PhD. Yale became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. Yale College was transformed, beginning in the 1930s, through the establishment of residential colleges: 12 now exist and two more are planned. Yale employs over 1,100 faculty to teach and advise about 5,300 undergraduate and 6,100 graduate and professional students. Almost all tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
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Antiphanes of Berge
Antiphanes of Berge (or Antiphanes the Younger, Greek: Ἀντιφάνης ὁ Βεργαῖος, 4th century BC) in Thrace, near Amphipolis, was a Greek writer of the book Ἄπιστα (Apista; "Unbelievable Things"). Strabo mentions him as an impostor, because Antiphanes wished the reader to believed everything in his book when they are falsehood. It was due to Antiphanes, who lived in Athens, that the Attic verb βεργαΐζειν (bergaizein) was used in the sense of telling unbelievable stories. He also wrote a work on courtesans. He is not to be confused with Antiphanes of Argos, which some ancient writer has done.
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Augusto Turati
Augusto Turati (April 16, 1888 — August 27, 1955) was an Italian journalist and Fascist politician.
Born in Parma, after moving to Brescia as a young man, Turati worked on newspapers and became one of the editors at the liberal Provincia di Brescia; he attended law classes, but never graduated. An irredentist and advocate of Italy entering World War I, he volunteered for the front in 1915. In 1918, he returned to Brescia as head editor of the same newspaper.
In 1920, he joined the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento - a year later, the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, or PNF). Active in trade unionism for the régime-backed corporatist enterprises, Turati was a secretary for the Brescia Fascio. In 1926-1930, he was secretary of the PNF, helping in the consolidation of Benito Mussolini's rule. He doubled this task with leadership positions in sports: a Federtennis president, a Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera one, and leader of the Italian National Olympic Committee (jobs held in 1928-1930). In 1930-1931, he was a member of the International Olympic Committee. Turati was also the inventor of a short-lived and supposedly uniquely Italian team sport which he called volata.
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Caledonians
The Caledonians (Latin: Caledones), or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of indigenous peoples of what is now Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman eras. The Romans referred to their territory as Caledonia and initially included them as Britons, but later distinguished as the Picts. The Caledonians were enemies of the Roman Empire, which was the occupying force then administering most of Great Britain as the Roman province called Britannia.
The term Caledones may derive from the Brythonic elements caled "hard, tough" plus the Celtic 'great' suffix, thus *caledonos "great, hard/tough person", *caledoni "great, hard/tough people". Alternatively, it may be derived from the Brythonic calet-donia, again meaning "hard/tough people". It could also derive from the Goidelic element "coille" "forest", i.e. "people of the forest".[citation needed]
The Caledonians, like many Celtic tribes in Britain, were hillfort builders and farmers who defeated and were defeated by the Romans on several occasions. The Romans never fully occupied Caledonia, though several attempts were made. Nearly all of the information that we have about the Caledonians comes from their Roman enemy, and therefore unbiased information may be difficult to obtain.
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Charles Goodyear
Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 – July 1, 1860) was an American inventor who developed a process to vulcanize rubber in 1839 -- a method that he perfected while living and working in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1844, and for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844
Although Goodyear is often credited with its invention, modern evidence has proven that the Mesoamericans used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC.
Goodyear discovered the vulcanization process accidentally after five years of searching for a more stable rubber.
Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Amasa Goodyear, and the oldest of six children. His father was a descendant of Stephen Goodyear, one of the founders of the colony of New Haven in 1638.
In 1814, Charles left his home and went to Philadelphia to learn the hardware business. He worked industriously until he was twenty-one years old, and then, returning to Connecticut, entered into partnership in his father's business in Naugatuck, where they manufactured not only ivory and metal buttons, but a variety of agricultural implements.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( /ˈsɪsɨroʊ/; Classical Latin: [ˈkɪkɛroː]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as Tully), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theorist, Roman consul and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
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Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon,[citation needed] was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed by his wife Isabella in January 1327. He was the sixth Plantagenet king, in a line that began with the reign of Henry II. Between the strong reigns of his father Edward I and son Edward III, the reign of Edward II was considered by some to be disastrous for England, marked by alleged incompetence, political squabbling and military defeats.
Widely rumoured to have been either homosexual or bisexual, Edward also fathered at least five children by two women. His inability to deny even the most grandiose favours to his male favourites (first a Gascon knight named Piers Gaveston, later a young English lord named Hugh Despenser) led to constant political unrest and his eventual deposition.
Edward I had pacified Gwynedd and some other parts of Wales and the Scottish lowlands, but never exerted a comprehensive conquest. However, the army of Edward II was devastatingly defeated at Bannockburn, freeing Scotland from English control and allowing Scottish forces to raid unchecked throughout the north of England.
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Francis Willughby
Francis Willughby (sometimes spelt Willoughby) (22 November 1635 – 3 July 1672) was an English ornithologist and ichthyologist. He was a student, friend and colleague of the naturalist John Ray at Cambridge University, and shared some of his expeditions and interests. Ray saw Willughby's Ornithologia libri tres through the press after Willughby's sudden death.
Willughby was born at Middleton Hall, Warwickshire to Sir Francis Willoughby and Cassandra Ridgway. He studied at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1667 he married Emma Barnard, daughter of Sir Henry Barnard of Bridgnorth and London. They had three children. The first child, Francis, died at the age of nineteen, while his daughter Cassandra Willoughby married the Duke Chandos, who was a patron of Mark Catesby. His second son was Thomas, who became Baron Middleton, one of ten peers created by Queen Anne.
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H C A Harrison
Henry Colden Antill Harrison (16 October 1836 – 2 September 1929) was a notable early Australian rules football player and administrator.
Harrison was born at 'Jarvisfield', near Picton, New South Wales, the son of John Harrison, a sea captain who had become a grazier, and his wife Jane, née Howe. In about 1837, the family moved to the Port Phillip District, and took up land on the Plenty River about 20 miles (32 km) from Melbourne. Some years later, they moved to the present site of St Arnaud.
In 1850, Harrison's father, being broken in health, moved to Melbourne. Henry had already been sent at the beginning of the year to the Diocesan Grammar School (the forerunner of Melbourne Grammar). After leaving school, he spent a short time in the Victorian goldfields, H. C. A. Harrison entered formal employment at the Victorian Customs Department at the end of 1853. He married his cousin, Emily Wills, in 1864 and they had four daughters.
Harrison remained with Customs for 35 years, before transferring to the Titles Office in 1888. He eventually became Registrar of Titles, before retiring in 1900. His autobiography, The Story of an Athlete, was published in 1923. Harrison died at Kew, in Melbourne, on 2 September 1929, at age of 92.
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Henry IV of England
Henry IV (possibly 3 April 1366 – 20 March 1413) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399–1413). He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet and also asserted his grandfather's claim to the title King of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence his other name, Henry (of) Bolingbroke ( /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/). His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of Edward III, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Henry's cousin Richard II, whom Henry eventually deposed. Henry's mother was Blanche, heiress to the considerable Lancaster estates, thus he became the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenets, one of the two family branches that were belligerents in the War of the Roses. The other one was the York branch, initiated by his uncle Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (see section "Seniority in line from Edward III" below).
One of Henry's elder sisters, Philippa of Lancaster, married John I of Portugal, and his younger sister Elizabeth was the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. His younger half-sister Catherine, the daughter of his father's second wife, Constance of Castile, was queen consort of Castile. He also had four half-siblings by Katherine Swynford, originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress, and later his third wife. These four children were given the surname Beaufort after a castle their father held in Champagne, France.
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups that are defined as "indigenous" according to one of the various definitions of the term, though there is no universally accepted definition.
In the late twentieth century, the term began to be used primarily to refer to ethnic groups that have historical ties to groups that existed in a territory prior to colonization or formation of a nation state, and which normally preserve a degree of cultural and political separation from the mainstream culture and political system of the nation state within the border of which the indigenous group is located. The political sense of the term defines these groups as particularly vulnerable to exploitation and oppression by nation states. As a result, a special set of political rights in accordance with international law have been set forth by international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank. The United Nations have issued a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to protect the collective rights of indigenous peoples to their culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and natural resources. Depending on which precise definition of "indigenous people" used, and on the census, estimates of a world total population of Indigenous people range from 220 million Indigenous peoples in 1997 to 350 million in 2004.
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Inuit
The Inuit (Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, the United States, and Russia. Inuit is a collective noun; the singular is "Inuk". The Inuit language is grouped under the Eskimo-Aleut family.
In the United States, the term Eskimo is commonly used in reference to these groups, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Inupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Inupiat. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo". However, natives in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative and "Inuit" has become more common. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.
The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "Nunatukavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat". In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. In Russia, they live on Big Diomede Island. The Kalaallit and other natives of Greenland are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
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Iroquois
The Iroquois ( /ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples of present-day central and upstate New York coalesced as distinct tribes, by the 16th century or earlier, they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems. Other Iroquian peoples lived along the St. Lawrence River, around the Great Lakes and in the American Southeast, but they were not part of the Haudenosaunee and often competed and warred with these tribes.
When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States, primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois live primarily in New York, Quebec, and Ontario.
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James I of England
James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of England and Scotland were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
He became King of Scotland at the age of thirteen months, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, who had been compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the Jacobean era after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began.
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Jean Jules Jusserand
Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand (18 February 1855 – 18 July 1932) was a French author and diplomat. He was the French ambassador to the United States during World War I.
Born at Lyon, Jusserand entered the diplomatic service in 1876. Two years later, he became consul in London. After an interval spent in Tunis (Tunisia was at that time a French protectorate), he returned to London in 1887 as a member of the French Embassy.
In 1890, Jusserand became French minister at Copenhagen. In 1902, he was transferred to Washington, where he remained until 1925 during the Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, and Calvin Coolidge administrations. He was a confidant of President Theodore Roosevelt and part of his "secret du roi" group. During the Polish-Soviet War, Jusserand took part in a diplomatic mission to the Second Polish Republic. In 1919 he was involved with the Treaty of Versailles.
Jusserand was a close student of English literature who produced some lucid and vivacious books on comparatively little-known subjects:
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John Day (dramatist)
John Day (1574 – 1638?) was an English dramatist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.
He was born at Cawston, Norfolk, and educated at Ely. He became a sizar of Caius College, Cambridge, in 1592, but was expelled in the next year for stealing a book. He became one of Philip Henslowe's playwrights, collaborating with Henry Chettle, William Haughton, Thomas Dekker, Richard Hathwaye and Wentworth Smith. There are 22 plays to which he is linked.
However his almost incessant activity does not seem to have paid, to judge by the small loans, of five shillings and even two shillings, that he obtained from Henslowe. Little is known of his life beyond these small details, and disparaging references by Ben Jonson in 1618/19, describing him, (with Dekker and Edward Sharpham) as a “rogue” and (with Thomas Middleton and Gervase Markham) as a “base fellow”. It may be indicative of his abilities that of all the writers who did a substantial amount of work for Henslowe’s companies Day is one of only two not mentioned and praised by Francis Meres in his lists of the “the best” writers in 1598. In Peregrinatio Scholastica, or Learning's Pilgrimage, a collection of 22 morall Tractes written towards the end of his life, but not published until 1881, he laments that “notwithstanding . . . Industry . . . he was forct to take a napp at Beggars Bushe”, and elsewhere he refers to “being becalmde in a fogg of necessity” having been passed over by “Credit” and “Opinion”. It seems likely that he was the “John Daye, yeoman” who killed fellow dramatist Henry Porter in Southwark 1599. If so it does not seem have to interrupted his career; he continued to collaborate with writers such as Henry Chettle, who had written with Porter.
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John Norden
John Norden (c.1547–1625) was an English cartographer, chorographer and antiquary. He planned (but did not complete) a series of county maps and accompanying county histories of England, the Speculum Britanniae. He was also a prolific writer of devotional works.
Norden is known to have been born in Somerset, to a "genteel" family, but his family background is otherwise obscure. He entered Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1564; and graduated BA in 1568 and MA in 1573. He subsequently led a peripatetic existence, but for much of his life had his home in Middlesex on the outskirts of London: he was living in Walham Green, Middlesex, in 1592; by 1607 he was at Hendon, Middlesex, where he remained until 1619; and in the latter year he moved to the parish of St Giles in the Fields, where he eventually died in 1625. He was married and had at least two sons, John Norden junior, and Josias.
The first instalment of Norden's chorographical project was published in 1593 as the Speculum Britanniae: the First Parte: an Historicall, & Chorographicall Discription of Middlesex. The manuscript in the British Library (Harleian MS 570) has corrections in Lord Burleigh's handwriting.
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Juliana Berners
Juliana Berners (or Barnes or Bernes) (born 1388?), English writer on heraldry, hawking and hunting, is said to have been prioress of Sopwell Nunnery near St Albans. Her book on fishing was the first known book on fishing by a woman.
She was probably brought up at court and, after she adopted the religious life, she still retained her love of hawking, hunting and fishing, and her passion for field sports. She is the supposed author of the work generally known as The Boke of Saint Albans, of which the first and rarest edition was printed in 1486 by an unknown schoolmaster at St Albans. It has no title-page. The only clue to the authorship of the Treatise, and the only documentary evidence of her, is an attribution at the end of the original 1486 book which reads: "Explicit Dam Julyans Barnes in her boke of huntyng." Her name was changed by Wynkyn de Worde to "Dame Julyans Bernes." There is no such person to be found in the pedigree of the Berners family, but there is a gap in the records of the priory of Sopwell between 1430 and 1480. De Worde's edition (fol. 1496), also without a title-page, begins: "This present boke shewyth the manere of hawkynge and huntynge: and also of diuysynge of Cote armours. It shewyth also a good matere belongynge to horses: wyth other comendable treatyses. And ferdermore of the blasynge of armys: as hereafter it maye appere." This edition was adorned by three woodcuts, and included a Treatyse of fysshynge wyth an Angle',' not contained in the St Albans edition.
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List of sportspeople
There are a variety of articles listing people of a particular sport.
Notes:
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Maurice Davin
Maurice Davin (1842–1927) was an Irish farmer who became co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. He was also the first President of the GAA and the only man ever to serve two terms as president.
He was born in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He became an extremely talented athlete and achieved international fame in the 1870s when he held numerous world records for running, hurdling, jumping and weight-throwing. In fact at a time he was regarded as the best athlete in the world.[citation needed]
From 1887 he actively campaigned for a body to control Irish athletics. Athletics in Ireland at the time was controlled directly by an English association which excluded the masses from most competitions.
Davin wrote "the laws under which athletic sports are held in Ireland were designed mainly for the guidance of Englishmen, and they do not deal at all with the characteristic sports and pastimes of the Irish race. Irish football is a great game" he wrote, "but there are no rules for either hurling or football and they are often dangerous."
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Michael Drayton
Michael Drayton (1563 – 23 December 1631) was an English poet who came to prominence in the Elizabethan era.
Drayton was born at Hartshill, near Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. Almost nothing is known about his early life, beyond the fact that in 1580 he was in the service of Thomas Goodere of Collingham, Nottinghamshire. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars, on the basis of scattered allusions in his poems and dedications, suggested that Drayton might have studied at the University of Oxford, and been intimate with the Polesworth branch of the Goodere family. More recent work has cast doubt on those speculations.
In 1591 he produced his first book, The Harmony of the Church, a volume of spiritual poems, dedicated to Lady Devereux. It is notable for a version of the Song of Solomon, executed with considerable richness of expression. However, with the exception of forty copies, seized by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the whole edition was destroyed by public order. Nevertheless, Drayton published a vast amount within the next few years.
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Māori people
The Māori (Māori pronunciation: [ˈmaːɔɾi], English: /ˈmaʊəri/) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. The Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time before 1300 CE. Over several centuries in isolation, the Polynesian settlers developed a unique culture that became known as the "Māori", with their own language, a rich mythology, distinctive crafts and performing arts. Early Māori formed tribal groups, based on eastern Polynesian social customs and organisation. Horticulture flourished using plants they introduced, and later a prominent warrior culture emerged.
The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand starting from the 17th century brought enormous change to the Māori way of life. Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture. Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable, and with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 the two cultures coexisted as part of a new British colony. Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s. Social upheaval, decades of conflict and epidemics of introduced disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population, which went into a dramatic decline. But by the start of the 20th century the Māori population had begun to recover, and efforts were made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society. Traditional Māori culture has enjoyed a revival, and a protest movement emerged in the 1960s advocating Māori issues.
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Philip Sidney
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier and soldier, and is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan Age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poetry (also known as The Defence of Poesy or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
Born at Penshurst Place, Kent, he was the eldest son of Sir Henry Sidney and Lady Mary Dudley. His mother was the eldest daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and the sister of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. His younger brother, Robert was a statesman and patron of the arts, and was created Earl of Leicester. His younger sister, Mary, married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. Mary Sidney, who upon her marriage became the Countess of Pembroke, was a writer, translator and literary patron. Sidney dedicated his longest work, the Arcadia, to her. After her brother's death, Mary reworked the Arcadia, now known as The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
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Puritans
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms. Historically, the word was used pejoratively to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564, Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of modern "stickler".
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, and by evangelical clergy to Ireland and later into Wales, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive views on clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarian views in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.
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Richard Lindon
Richard Lindon (30 June 1816 - 10 June 1887) was an English leatherworker who was instrumental in the development of the modern-day rugby ball by advancing the craft for ball, rubber bladder, and air pump.
Lindon set up home and shop at 6/6a Lawrence Sheriff Street, Rugby, England, immediately opposite the front doors of the Quadrangle of the Rugby School. As a boot and shoemaker, Lindon supplied footwear to the townsfolk of Rugby including the teachers and pupils of the school.
Balls in those days were not spherical, but more plum-shaped. This was because a pig's bladder was inflated by mouth through the snapped stem of a clay pipe then encased in panels of stitched leather. As such, the individual bladder dictated the shape of each ball.
By 1849, Lindon, now aged 33, who naturally had regular supplies of boot leather delivered, found himself bombarded by the boys of Rugby School to manufacture footballs for them. Lindon and his wife worked flat-out producing more balls than shoes.
Mrs. Lindon, besides being mother to 17 children, was the official "green" pig's bladder inflator. Blowing pig's bladders was not without its hazards. If the pig was diseased, it was going into Mrs. Lindon's lungs. Eventually Mrs. Lindon blew on enough infected pig's bladders to fall ill and consequently die.
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Richard Mulcaster
Richard Mulcaster (ca. 1531, Carlisle, Cumberland – 15 April 1611, Essex), is known best for his headmasterships and pedagogic writings. He is often regarded as the founder of English language lexicography.
In 1561 he became the first headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School in London, where he wrote his two treatises on education, Positions (1581) and Elementarie (1582). Merchant Taylors' School was at that time the largest school in the country, and Mulcaster worked to establish a rigorous curriculum which was to set the standard for education in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. In 1596 he became High Master of St Paul's School.
Mulcaster was born into the gentry in Carlisle, and began his formal education at Eton College, from where he progressed to King's College, Cambridge. Throughout his time at Cambridge and later at Oxford, he met important scholars who were to influence his later thinking, including Sir John Cheke and John Caius. By the time he left Oxford, Mulcaster was known for his intellectual prowess in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, which he took to Merchant Taylors' School.
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Robert Brough-Smyth
Robert Brough Smyth (1830 – 8 October 1899) was an Australian geologist, author and social commentator.
Smyth was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, England, the son of Edward Smyth, a mining engineer, and his wife Ann, née Brough. Smyth was educated at a school at Whickham, afterwards studied geology, chemistry and natural science. In 1846 Smyth worked at the Derwent Iron Works and then in 1851 was employed as a clerk at Consett Iron Works.
Smyth arrived in the colony of Victoria on 14 November 1852 and was for a short period on the goldfields before entering the Victorian survey department as a draftsman under the surveyor-general, Andrew Clarke. In 1854 Smyth was placed in charge of the meteorological observations, and in 1860 became secretary for the Department of Mines at the height of the Australian gold rushes. Smyth published The Prospector's Handbook (1863), and in 1869 a large volume, The Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria. He was also responsible for various pamphlets on the mining resources of the colony including Hints for the Guidance of Surveyors and Others Collecting Specimens of Rocks, which appeared in 1871.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (
/ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. Roosevelt was also one of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the other two being Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.
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Thomas H. Smith
Thomas Henry Smith (born 1 July 1830 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, Ireland) was an Irish Australian who had a clear role in the origins of Australian football by being one of the first people to introduce school football games to Australian public schools in 1858 and as one of the founders of the Melbourne Football Club.
Smith was a founding member and signatory to the foundation document of the Melbourne Football Club. According to some sources (including himself in an 1876 letter to The Australasian) he was one of few people to be present at the meeting of the incorporation of the club on 17 May 1859. At this meeting, the first Laws of Australian Football were decided upon and written.
Smith was also a distinguished player for the club.
Educated at Trinity College (Dublin University) (1846–50), Smith was a headmaster at several Melbourne secondary schools including the Model School and inspector for schools for Bendigo.
Nicknamed "red" or "football" (after his red hair), Smith was involved in early experimental matches of Australian Football against Melbourne Grammar School between July–August 1858 and is said to have facilitated the matches as one of three teachers who took part.
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Tom Wills
Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 2 May 1880) was a 19th-century sportsman who is considered one of the pioneers of the sport of Australian rules football. Also a notable cricketer, Wills played first-class matches for Victoria, Kent, and the Marylebone Cricket Club.
Born in the British colony of New South Wales, Wills grew up on properties owned by his father, the noted pastoralist Horatio Wills, near Gundagai and Ararat, in what is now the Australian state of Victoria. At the age of 14, Wills was sent to England to attend Rugby School, where he learnt the sport of cricket, as well as an early version of what is now called Rugby football. During his period in England, Wills attended Cambridge University, though he did not matriculate, and played first-class cricket matches for Kent and the Marylebone Cricket Club, as well as representing the university's cricket club in the annual match against Oxford. At this stage, he was described as one of the finest young cricketers in England by Bell's Sporting Life.
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William Hammersley
William Josiah Sumner Hammersley (born 25 September 1826, Ash, Surrey, England - died 1886) was a prominent sports journalist for Bell's Life in Victoria and later The Australasian (Victoria), one of the four men credited with setting down the original rules of the Australian rules football.
He was educated at Aldenham School.[citation needed] He was educted privately in Billericay and at Trinity College, Cambridge, though he did not graduate with a degree.
He was a prominent cricketer, having played for Cambridge University Cricket Club, Surrey County Cricket Club and Marylebone Cricket Club.
He married Jane Thirkettle, 23 Sep 1849, in London, England and had four children.
Hammersley migrated to Melbourne and upon his arrival to Australia, he became a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club and worked as a sports journalist.
He captained the first Victorian XI to visit Sydney for an inter-colonial match in 1857 and was a right arm batter/bowler between 1847 and 1861.
He was a personal friend of fellow Cambridge cricketer Thomas Wentworth Wills and helped to give momentum to Wills calls to form a football club.
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William Hone
William Hone (3 June 1780 – 8 November 1842) was an English writer, satirist and bookseller. His victorious court battle against government censorship in 1817 marked a turning point in the fight for British press freedom.
Hone was born at Bath, and had a strict religious upbringing. The only education he received was to be taught to read from the Bible. His father moved to London in 1783, and in 1790 Hone was placed in an attorney's office. After two and a half years in the office of a solicitor at Chatham he returned to London to become clerk to a solicitor at Gray's Inn. But he disliked the law, and had learned to think for himself. To the great concern of his father, he joined the London Corresponding Society in 1796, which campaigned to extend the vote to working men and was deeply unpopular with the government, who had tried to charge its leaders with treason.
Hone married in 1800, and started a book and print shop with a circulating library in Lambeth Walk. He soon moved to St Martin's Churchyard, where he brought out his first publication, Shaw's Gardener (1806). It was at this time that he and his friend, John Bone, tried to establish a popular savings bank, and even spoke to the President of the Board of Trade about the project; they were unsuccessful. Bone then joined Hone in a bookseller's business; but bankruptcy was the result.
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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
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William Strachey
William Strachey (4 April 1572 – 21 June 1621 (buried)) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter of the 1609 shipwreck on the uninhabited island of Bermuda of the colonial ship Sea Venture, which was caught in a hurricane while sailing to Virginia. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. His account of the incident and of the Virginia colony is thought by most Shakespearean scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare’s play The Tempest.
Strachey was born in Saffron Walden, a small market town in Essex, England, to William Strachey (d. 1598) and Mary Cooke (d. 1587), on an estate purchased by his grandfather in the 1560s. At the age of 16, he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1588. He later studied at Gray's Inn, but there is no evidence he practiced law.
On 9 June 1595 Strachey married Frances Forster and settled near her home in Crowhurst in Surrey. They had two children, William, born 1596, and Edmund, born 1604. Strachey supported his family from his inheritance from his father, which he obtained after a legal battle with his stepmother, Elizabeth Brockett.
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William Webb Ellis
Rev. William Webb Ellis (24 November 1806 – 24 February 1872) was an Anglican clergyman who is famous for allegedly being the inventor of Rugby football whilst a pupil at Rugby School.
Web Ellis's name is firmly established in rugby union folklore and the William Webb Ellis Cup is presented to the winners of the Rugby World Cup.
Webb Ellis was born in Salford, Lancashire (some sources say he was born in Manchester as Webb Ellis himself said he was born there in the 1851 census as he later moved to the city). He was the younger of two sons of James Ellis, an officer in the Dragoon Guards, and Ann Webb, whom James married in Exeter in 1804. After his father was killed at the Battle of Albuera in 1811, Mrs Ellis decided to move to Rugby, Warwickshire so that William and his older brother Thomas could receive an education at Rugby School with no cost as a local foundationer (i.e. a pupil living within a radius of 10 miles of the Rugby Clock Tower). He attended the school from 1816 to 1825 and was recorded as being a good scholar and cricketer, although it was noted that he was 'rather inclined to take unfair advantage at cricket'. The incident in which Webb Ellis supposedly caught the ball in his arms during a football match (which was allowed) and ran with it (which was not) meant to have happened in the latter half of 1823.
wn.com/William_Webb_Ellis -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
karaoke
"One, Two, Three..."
"Hut one, hut two, hike!"
Ooooo Yeah!
Who's my little football girl?
Can you make the team?
You can all come to my bedroom now
Gonna see if you a wonder
Who's my little football girl?
Can you make the team?
Tryouts start today
You better be on time
But your passage will not end
Gonna penetrate your front line
Who's my little football girl?
Can you make the grade?
Football
Football
Football
Football
"Quarterback!"
"Illegal procedure #69"
"Touchdown defense"
Football
Football
Football
Football
"Quarterback!"
"It's fourth and goal on my 10 with 2 seconds left"
[Mastamind]
Ready, set, hut 1, bust ya guns
I'm the one callin' plays, hush your tongues
Must you come to us to put you down thunderous
3 niggaz with mics, comin' like there's round a hundred of us
Comin' like some out the jungle motherfuckers
Some niggaz come up on the suckers and suckers go to the gutter
What you livin' for? You ready to ride to the end of the road
And get wicked for show let me know when you're visit to go
Here's the info, peep the game play now feel the tempo
Now can you smoke on this while takin' it in slow
I'll rot you with the proper procedure
Runnin' through this game without a breather, wide receiver
Tryin' to come up on 7, figures that is
The harder you put your shit down the bigger it is
This has been a demonstration for Natas
Standing like a monument until the nation proper celebration
We gonna toast to we the champions
For now every fuckin' murder rider needs an anthem
[CHORUS]
Hit you with the football and blow out your brains rushin'
"Oh my God"
[Esham]
I'ma hike it, whether you like it or not
Don't get excited, I'm here to ingnite your bloodclot
The blazin' hot, knockin' out your spot
Forget me not, 'cause I pop and never drop the fuckin' rock
I wanna rumble, motherfucker I ain't mumble
And I never fumble in the jungle with the bundle
Touchdown in your zone, this you can't believe
Connection, interception, I wide receive
My style blitz your whole play when I slide
Offsides, soft hides, make for more murder rides
Runnin' deprieving make for dead presidents
Never hesistant when I'm servin' you this medicine
Straight tackling the ones that won't better sen
Detroit, Michigan's best defensemen
[CHROUS]
[TNT]
4th down and 10 to go
I throw the bomb, yo
TNT's in the game
All niggaz know my name
N-A-T-A-S never drop a glock, pop a clock
Stoppin' no rest needed, I stay weeded
Situations heeded
I throw spirals and bolos at those hoes who oppose
Niggaz try to read me get they book closed
In the story niggaz get killed on the battlefield
Talkin' murder shit not doin' what they say they will
[Mastamind]
Now the warriors come out, raise your guns to that
Perhaps, you should get your shit in shape and run your laps
About the punter heard out, put ya through a work out
Natas the first stop you take, put the red alert out
Do anything to put the word out, make you the sacrifice
The game is getting stormed at night
'Cause God gonna get black tonight
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Funny football Free kicks, penalties, Shots...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:13
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
www.facebook.com like this page if u love football
http://wn.com/Funny_football_Free_kicks,_penalties,_Shots
www.facebook.com like this page if u love football
Best Goals in History of Football
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Watch a compilation of the best goals that have been shot. now in better quality
http://wn.com/Best_Goals_in_History_of_Football
Watch a compilation of the best goals that have been shot. now in better quality
- published: 25 Apr 2007
- views: 40779087
- author: s0at0downtown
Smithy Meets the England Football Team - Red Nose Day 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
The team behind Gavin and Stacey's bespoke sketch for comic relief's Red Nose Day 2009. Smithy stubbles into the England Football meeting, and lets rip. Featuring David Beckham, John Terry, Rio Ferdinand, David James, Peter Crouch, Michael Carrick.
http://wn.com/Smithy_Meets_the_England_Football_Team_Red_Nose_Day_2009
The team behind Gavin and Stacey's bespoke sketch for comic relief's Red Nose Day 2009. Smithy stubbles into the England Football meeting, and lets rip. Featuring David Beckham, John Terry, Rio Ferdinand, David James, Peter Crouch, Michael Carrick.
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 3201263
- author: rednoseday
Retiring football player substituted for his 5-year old son in his last game
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Retiring football player substituted for his 5-year old son in his last game WORST ROBBERY EVER www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Retiring_football_player_substituted_for_his_5-year_old_son_in_his_last_game
Retiring football player substituted for his 5-year old son in his last game WORST ROBBERY EVER www.youtube.com
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 856438
- author: BAWGAWDSTONEDCOLD
Funny Football
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Ignore the gay referee. It gets better after that
http://wn.com/Funny_Football
Ignore the gay referee. It gets better after that
- published: 23 Oct 2006
- views: 35777852
- author: bulletpoint
Cristiano Ronaldo Freestyle Football Skills
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Check Out more #Silks form the Players Lounge here app.5mag.co We've got an audience with the Queen of hip-hop Nicki Minaj, gone up close and personal with Drake, doffed our caps to the legendary Evel Knievel and met a group of Parkour lunatics who made our hair curl. Of course there's also gadgets, games, fashion, film and music, and you can even win a car... SUBSCRIBE at RioFerdinand.com and get it for FREE here first!
http://wn.com/Cristiano_Ronaldo_Freestyle_Football_Skills
Check Out more #Silks form the Players Lounge here app.5mag.co We've got an audience with the Queen of hip-hop Nicki Minaj, gone up close and personal with Drake, doffed our caps to the legendary Evel Knievel and met a group of Parkour lunatics who made our hair curl. Of course there's also gadgets, games, fashion, film and music, and you can even win a car... SUBSCRIBE at RioFerdinand.com and get it for FREE here first!
- published: 11 May 2009
- views: 10620215
- author: 5magazine
Football Trick Shots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Football is back. COMMENT your favorite team below! Tweet It: clicktotweet.com Facebook It: on.fb.me Special thanks to the 2013 Hyundai Santa Fe and our awesome stunt drivers. hyundaishowyourloyalty.com Have you played our game yet? Word on the street says it's awesome. iPhone - bit.ly Android - bit.ly iPad - bit.ly Kindle Fire - amzn.to People are always asking us questions about our story & where our Go Big mindset came from. That's why we wrote a book about everything that's happened these past 3 years, called, you guessed it, "Go Big" www.amazon.com Music: "Teaser Toolbag" by NeumanFilms Music Link: bit.ly Thanks for hanging out with us! We love making these videos for you guys & we hope you'll subscribe if you're new! Go Big & God Bless! - The Dude Perfect crew Below are some other videos we've made. Feel free to check 'em out! Olympic Trick Shots Epic Trick Shot Battle, Cowboy Stadium Shot, Goodyear Blimp Shot, World's Largest Slingshot, 10 Million Point Shot, World's Longest Basketball Shot, Trick Shot Basketball
http://wn.com/Football_Trick_Shots
Football is back. COMMENT your favorite team below! Tweet It: clicktotweet.com Facebook It: on.fb.me Special thanks to the 2013 Hyundai Santa Fe and our awesome stunt drivers. hyundaishowyourloyalty.com Have you played our game yet? Word on the street says it's awesome. iPhone - bit.ly Android - bit.ly iPad - bit.ly Kindle Fire - amzn.to People are always asking us questions about our story & where our Go Big mindset came from. That's why we wrote a book about everything that's happened these past 3 years, called, you guessed it, "Go Big" www.amazon.com Music: "Teaser Toolbag" by NeumanFilms Music Link: bit.ly Thanks for hanging out with us! We love making these videos for you guys & we hope you'll subscribe if you're new! Go Big & God Bless! - The Dude Perfect crew Below are some other videos we've made. Feel free to check 'em out! Olympic Trick Shots Epic Trick Shot Battle, Cowboy Stadium Shot, Goodyear Blimp Shot, World's Largest Slingshot, 10 Million Point Shot, World's Longest Basketball Shot, Trick Shot Basketball
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 586593
- author: corycotton
Football's Most Dangerous Rivalry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:05
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
The rivalry between football clubs Rangers and Celtic goes past typical name calling and dives into violence, racial slurs and pure hatred. The rivalry between Glasgow's "Old Firm" sides is the most famous in world football. It's the game's flagship loathing, proof of the power of the sport to inspire profound levels of tribal loyalty and a near-Pavlovian revulsion at anything to do with a rival. We examine the situation and try to get a handle on the political, religious, and national identity clashes that have shaped the rivalry, speak to fanzine editors on both sides of the divide and travel with the Bhoys' away support to a match at Tannadice. Originally released in 2012 on VICE.com Check out more documentaries here bit.ly Subscribe to VICE: youtube.com Check out our full video catalog: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: vice.com Like VICE on Facebook fb.com Follow VICE on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: vicemag.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Football's_Most_Dangerous_Rivalry
The rivalry between football clubs Rangers and Celtic goes past typical name calling and dives into violence, racial slurs and pure hatred. The rivalry between Glasgow's "Old Firm" sides is the most famous in world football. It's the game's flagship loathing, proof of the power of the sport to inspire profound levels of tribal loyalty and a near-Pavlovian revulsion at anything to do with a rival. We examine the situation and try to get a handle on the political, religious, and national identity clashes that have shaped the rivalry, speak to fanzine editors on both sides of the divide and travel with the Bhoys' away support to a match at Tannadice. Originally released in 2012 on VICE.com Check out more documentaries here bit.ly Subscribe to VICE: youtube.com Check out our full video catalog: www.youtube.com Videos, daily editorial and more: vice.com Like VICE on Facebook fb.com Follow VICE on Twitter: twitter.com Read our tumblr: vicemag.tumblr.com
- published: 04 Jul 2012
- views: 492245
- author: vice
A Football Life - Barry Sanders [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:50
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Football Life of Barry Sanders Credit Goes To The NFL Network www.nfl.com Disclaimer: All Rights Belong to the National Football League I do not own the music and the footage used in this video. No copyright infringement intended. I do not gain any profit from my videos. (For entertainment purposes only)
http://wn.com/A_Football_Life_Barry_Sanders_HD_
Football Life of Barry Sanders Credit Goes To The NFL Network www.nfl.com Disclaimer: All Rights Belong to the National Football League I do not own the music and the footage used in this video. No copyright infringement intended. I do not gain any profit from my videos. (For entertainment purposes only)
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 34506
- author: Bob Adams
Nike Football: Mercurial Vapor VIII: Cristiano Ronaldo vs Rafa Nadal (subtitles available)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Two of the world's biggest athletes go head-to-head in a battle of explosive speed. On-court, Rafael Nadal's supremacy is almost unrivalled. But against Cristiano Ronaldo and the new Mercurial Vapor VIII, he faces a challenge like never before. Subtitles available by clicking on the 'cc' button under the playbar.
http://wn.com/Nike_Football_Mercurial_Vapor_VIII_Cristiano_Ronaldo_vs_Rafa_Nadal_subtitles_available
Two of the world's biggest athletes go head-to-head in a battle of explosive speed. On-court, Rafael Nadal's supremacy is almost unrivalled. But against Cristiano Ronaldo and the new Mercurial Vapor VIII, he faces a challenge like never before. Subtitles available by clicking on the 'cc' button under the playbar.
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 10082514
- author: NikeFootball
Mario Balotelli VS Joey Barton -- Football Rap Battles #3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Download here: itunes.apple.com Can we get 30000 likes for this BEAST Battle :D Video Editing and Animation by - www.youtube.com Vocals by -- KSIOlajidebt and www.youtube.com Soundtrack by -- www.youtube.com Special Guest: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Mario_Balotelli_VS_Joey_Barton_-_Football_Rap_Battles_3
Download here: itunes.apple.com Can we get 30000 likes for this BEAST Battle :D Video Editing and Animation by - www.youtube.com Vocals by -- KSIOlajidebt and www.youtube.com Soundtrack by -- www.youtube.com Special Guest: www.youtube.com
- published: 24 Aug 2012
- views: 4318619
- author: KSIOlajidebt
Ronaldo, Neymar, and Ribéry in Nike football commercial/ My time is now
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
The next generation of football stars is here. Neymar, M'Vila and Götze facing the famous Ribéry, Sneijder and Ronaldo. Ready for having a chance. My time is now/ Ready for the chance Country: International Brand: Nike Year: 2012 More commercials : www.youtube.com .. All rights reserved. For all inquiries, please mail to culturepub@wizdeo.com
http://wn.com/Ronaldo,_Neymar,_and_Ribéry_in_Nike_football_commercial_My_time_is_now
The next generation of football stars is here. Neymar, M'Vila and Götze facing the famous Ribéry, Sneijder and Ronaldo. Ready for having a chance. My time is now/ Ready for the chance Country: International Brand: Nike Year: 2012 More commercials : www.youtube.com .. All rights reserved. For all inquiries, please mail to culturepub@wizdeo.com
- published: 29 May 2012
- views: 1273967
- author: CulturePub
![This is football [ Sad moment vs Happy moment ] HD](http://web.archive.org./web/20121214124913im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/jxZcn4Zr5wc/default.jpg "This is football [ Sad moment vs Happy moment ] HD")
This is football [ Sad moment vs Happy moment ] HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
this is my new video about football [ sad moment vs happy moment ] It's actually the best video I'v made until now. So I hope you like it. please like , subscribe , favorite and comment dont forget to watch in HD !! We are not the best , but absolutely we are special BY : SDMJAM Tags: Top 10 goals 2011 - top 10 goals 2012 melhores momentos futebol corinthians campeao FC Barcelona vs Real Madrid - El Clasico Promo - 10/12/2011 HD El Clasico Champions League 2010-2011 Wembley Final Santiago Bernabeu Cristiano Ronaldo CR7 goals season compilation tricks vs skills 2008 07/08 Manchester United 2009-2010 2010-2011 09-10 10-11 Season Goals Tricks Skills Freestyle Power Ability Manchester United 2007 2008 07 Top 10 Best World Footballers 2009 Sergio Kun Aguero (Atletico Madrid) Samir Nasri (Arsenal) Fernando Torres (Liverpool) Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Inter Milan) Real Madrid - Fc Barcelona 1-1 highlights,Kaka (AC Milan)Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) Cesc Fabregas (Arsenal) Ronaldinho (AC Milan)Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United)Lionel Messi (Barcelona) Gianluigi Buffon (Juventus) Iker Casillas (Real Madrid) Petr Cech (Chelsea) Edwin van der Sar (Manchester United) Fabio Cannavaro (Real Madrid), BABY SMACKS HIMSELF!, SHAYTARDS, Rio Ferdinand (Manchester United) Paolo Maldini (AC Milan), Alessandro Nesta (AC Milan) Carles Puyol (Barcelona) John Terry (Chelsea) Thierry Henry (Barcelona) Carlos Tevez (Manchester United) Ruud van Nistelrooy David Villa (Valencia) Steven Gerrard ...
http://wn.com/This_is_football_Sad_moment_vs_Happy_moment_HD
this is my new video about football [ sad moment vs happy moment ] It's actually the best video I'v made until now. So I hope you like it. please like , subscribe , favorite and comment dont forget to watch in HD !! We are not the best , but absolutely we are special BY : SDMJAM Tags: Top 10 goals 2011 - top 10 goals 2012 melhores momentos futebol corinthians campeao FC Barcelona vs Real Madrid - El Clasico Promo - 10/12/2011 HD El Clasico Champions League 2010-2011 Wembley Final Santiago Bernabeu Cristiano Ronaldo CR7 goals season compilation tricks vs skills 2008 07/08 Manchester United 2009-2010 2010-2011 09-10 10-11 Season Goals Tricks Skills Freestyle Power Ability Manchester United 2007 2008 07 Top 10 Best World Footballers 2009 Sergio Kun Aguero (Atletico Madrid) Samir Nasri (Arsenal) Fernando Torres (Liverpool) Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Inter Milan) Real Madrid - Fc Barcelona 1-1 highlights,Kaka (AC Milan)Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) Cesc Fabregas (Arsenal) Ronaldinho (AC Milan)Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United)Lionel Messi (Barcelona) Gianluigi Buffon (Juventus) Iker Casillas (Real Madrid) Petr Cech (Chelsea) Edwin van der Sar (Manchester United) Fabio Cannavaro (Real Madrid), BABY SMACKS HIMSELF!, SHAYTARDS, Rio Ferdinand (Manchester United) Paolo Maldini (AC Milan), Alessandro Nesta (AC Milan) Carles Puyol (Barcelona) John Terry (Chelsea) Thierry Henry (Barcelona) Carlos Tevez (Manchester United) Ruud van Nistelrooy David Villa (Valencia) Steven Gerrard ...
- published: 28 Jul 2012
- views: 70003
- author: sdmjam
NIKE FOOTBALL: MY TIME IS NOW (SUBTITLES AVAILABLE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
CLICK THE LINK TO FIND THE HIDDEN TUNNELS: www.youtube.com The next wave are here. Neymar, M'Vila, Götze. Hungry to break through. Unafraid to line up with Ribéry, Sneijder, Ronaldo. Followed by thousands more. Ready for the chance. Are you? Watch the film, then find what it takes to make it. Track: Chicken, by Eighties Matchbox B-line Disaster Get the track: go.nike.com
http://wn.com/NIKE_FOOTBALL_MY_TIME_IS_NOW_SUBTITLES_AVAILABLE
CLICK THE LINK TO FIND THE HIDDEN TUNNELS: www.youtube.com The next wave are here. Neymar, M'Vila, Götze. Hungry to break through. Unafraid to line up with Ribéry, Sneijder, Ronaldo. Followed by thousands more. Ready for the chance. Are you? Watch the film, then find what it takes to make it. Track: Chicken, by Eighties Matchbox B-line Disaster Get the track: go.nike.com
- published: 18 May 2012
- views: 20958512
- author: NikeFootball
The Worst Football Dives Ever -- Ham Actors
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: twitter.com
http://wn.com/The_Worst_Football_Dives_Ever_-_Ham_Actors
DEATH OF Italian Football Player "Piermario Morosini" dies after collapsing during football match
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Please. Rate, Comment and Subscribe :) Italy footballer Morosini dies after collapse on pitch x-Italy under-21 footballer Piermario Morosini has died following a suspected heart attack on the pitch, football officials say. The midfielder was playing for Livorno in the Serie B match at Pescara when he fell to the ground in the 31st minute. A defibrillator was used and Morosini, 25, was taken to hospital. The game was halted with other players in tears. All league games in Italy this weekend have been called off following Morosini's death.
http://wn.com/DEATH_OF_Italian_Football_Player_Piermario_Morosini_dies_after_collapsing_during_football_match
Please. Rate, Comment and Subscribe :) Italy footballer Morosini dies after collapse on pitch x-Italy under-21 footballer Piermario Morosini has died following a suspected heart attack on the pitch, football officials say. The midfielder was playing for Livorno in the Serie B match at Pescara when he fell to the ground in the 31st minute. A defibrillator was used and Morosini, 25, was taken to hospital. The game was halted with other players in tears. All league games in Italy this weekend have been called off following Morosini's death.
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 1287353
- author: omarTVV
![NFL Football Cops (Starring Peyton And Eli Manning) [Trailer]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121214124913im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i3KyRLZiCz0/default.jpg "NFL Football Cops (Starring Peyton And Eli Manning) [Trailer]")
NFL Football Cops (Starring Peyton And Eli Manning) [Trailer]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
A sneak peek at Football Cops, the new cop drama starring Peyton and Eli Manning as MIKE TAHOE and CJ HUNTER premiering this fall, only on DIRECTV.
http://wn.com/NFL_Football_Cops_Starring_Peyton_And_Eli_Manning_Trailer_
A sneak peek at Football Cops, the new cop drama starring Peyton and Eli Manning as MIKE TAHOE and CJ HUNTER premiering this fall, only on DIRECTV.
- published: 22 Jun 2011
- views: 408914
- author: Tesfa Hamilton
football skills - Zidane, Ronaldo and Ronaldinho
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Amazing skill and ball control demonstrated by three of the greatest footballers in our recent times who truly play football the way it should be played and make it the beautiful game that it is.
http://wn.com/football_skills_Zidane,_Ronaldo_and_Ronaldinho
Amazing skill and ball control demonstrated by three of the greatest footballers in our recent times who truly play football the way it should be played and make it the beautiful game that it is.
- published: 18 Jun 2006
- views: 19807082
- author: pe2001
Youth Quarterback Brian Sutter Jr. (2010) Football Highlights, Texas, 8th Grade (MH)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Watch 2011 Highlights: youtu.be Football highlights for QB Brian Sutter Jr. (2010), #10 from Texas (MHS). Projected to be a dominate freshman high school player at McKinney High (MH). Excellent vision, quick feet, poise in the pocket, and the arm strength to make all the necessary throws. Currently plays for Evans Middle School in TX and is in the class of 2015 at McKinney High School (MH). A&M; University QB Champion (9th Grade): www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Youth_Quarterback_Brian_Sutter_Jr_2010_Football_Highlights,_Texas,_8th_Grade_MH
Watch 2011 Highlights: youtu.be Football highlights for QB Brian Sutter Jr. (2010), #10 from Texas (MHS). Projected to be a dominate freshman high school player at McKinney High (MH). Excellent vision, quick feet, poise in the pocket, and the arm strength to make all the necessary throws. Currently plays for Evans Middle School in TX and is in the class of 2015 at McKinney High School (MH). A&M; University QB Champion (9th Grade): www.youtube.com
- published: 22 Nov 2010
- views: 658034
- author: Quarterback Brian Sutter Jr.
Girl Football Player, 9, Dominates Boys Program: Sam Gordon Chats About Amazing Skills in Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Sam Gordon is tearing up the field in "GMA" "Play of the Day." For more GMA, click here: gma.yahoo.com
http://wn.com/Girl_Football_Player,_9,_Dominates_Boys_Program_Sam_Gordon_Chats_About_Amazing_Skills_in_Interview
Sam Gordon is tearing up the field in "GMA" "Play of the Day." For more GMA, click here: gma.yahoo.com
- published: 08 Nov 2012
- views: 272621
- author: ABCNews
american football ... pick me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
chris cooley - Washington Redskins chris chambers - San Diego Chargers Jason Cambell - Washington Redskins Marques Colston - New Orleans Saints Andre Johnson - Houston Texans Mike Nugent - New York Jets Marc Bulger - St. Louis Rams Mason Crosby - Green Bay Packers showing their skills...the reason why to pick them ;)
http://wn.com/american_football_pick_me
chris cooley - Washington Redskins chris chambers - San Diego Chargers Jason Cambell - Washington Redskins Marques Colston - New Orleans Saints Andre Johnson - Houston Texans Mike Nugent - New York Jets Marc Bulger - St. Louis Rams Mason Crosby - Green Bay Packers showing their skills...the reason why to pick them ;)
- published: 01 Feb 2009
- views: 2995858
- author: bassistx81
monty python football
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
monty python guyswith their crazy ideas
http://wn.com/monty_python_football
One of the greatest moments in football history!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Real Madrid : Barcelona (2005) and sensational performance by Ronaldo de Assis Moreira Ronaldinho. Song: Ludovico Einaudi-Nuvole Bianche Special thanks to: Ponderosa Music & Arts UMG
http://wn.com/One_of_the_greatest_moments_in_football_history!
Real Madrid : Barcelona (2005) and sensational performance by Ronaldo de Assis Moreira Ronaldinho. Song: Ludovico Einaudi-Nuvole Bianche Special thanks to: Ponderosa Music & Arts UMG
- published: 25 Jun 2011
- views: 5694318
- author: bilbordxoxoxo
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
13 Dec 2012
The head of the internet giant Google has defiantly defended his company’s tax avoidance strategy claiming he was “proud” of the steps it had taken to cut its tax bill which were just “capitalism”. In an interview in New York Eric Schmidt, Google’s Chairman, confirmed the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer ... “I am very proud of the structure that we set up ... ” ....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
12 Dec 2012
MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
Kabul. The Syrian government forces have fired Scud missiles at insurgents in recent days, escalating the two-year-old conflict against rebels seeking to overthrow the regime, US officials said on Wednesday. Speaking on condition of anonymity, two officials said forces of President Bashar Assad have fired the missiles from the Damascus area into northern Syria ... "Like saying, 'Oh, yeah? I'll show you!'". PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Independent
14 Dec 2012
Didier Drogba is the favourite to win the 2012 African Footballer of the Year award. On Monday, we’ll find out who has been named the 2012 African Footballer of the Year ... However, the leap to Europe is still a bracing one for many footballers to make ... But, if you’re a lawyer representing such a footballer, you’ll find that your work doesn’t stop at thrashing out the best terms you can on their behalf ... football. Recent Posts on Football....(size: 6.6Kb)
BBC News
14 Dec 2012
The response to women's football at London 2012 showed that there is a ... England 3-0 Croatia 19 Sep 2012 Women's Football Team GB's Smith laments Rio snub 14 Aug 2012 Women's Football Women's football seeks lift-off 25 Oct 2012 Women's Football England 2-6 Germany 10 Sep 2009 Women England to face Germany in final 07 Sep 2009 Women....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Essendon Football Club) ... Essendon is entering an Indian team to represent both India and Essendon Football Club in the 2013 Unity Cup. The Unity Cup is a round robin style tournament, run over two days and involving the participation of a number of different cultures playing football ... version of regular Australian Rules football)....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Oceania Football Confederation) Fiji FA has postponed the opening round of the National League ... For more on Fiji football go to www.fijifootball.com.fj. The Fiji National Football League scheduled to kick-off for the season on Saturday has been ... This noodl was issued by Oceania Football Confederation and was initially posted at www.oceaniafootball.com....(size: 2.2Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Carlton Blues - Carlton Football Club) ... Carlton Football Club logo 09 Today's headlines ... The Carlton Football Club director elections concluded at 5pm today ... This noodl was issued by Carlton Blues - Carlton Football Club and was initially posted at www.carltonfc.com.au ......(size: 2.4Kb)
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14 Dec 2012
HKFA - Hong Kong Football Association) ... This noodl was issued by HKFA - Hong Kong Football Association and was initially posted at www.hkfa.com....(size: 1.6Kb)
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14 Dec 2012
PFA - Professional Footballers' Association) Published 2012/12/14 06.23 by PA Sport ... him a monkey during the game, something the official was cleared of doing last month by the Football Association ... This noodl was issued by PFA - Professional Footballers' Association and was initially posted at www.givemefootball.com....(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
FFV - Football Federation Victoria Inc) ... Football Federation Victoria (FFV) will increase some player and team registration fees in 2013 for the first time in four years, whilst maintaining Small Sided Football (SSF) and Futsal fees at 2011 levels ... However FFV Interim CEO Peter Gome says this is not sustainable in the long term as the organisation continues to meet the needs of the football community....(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
FAS - Football Association of Singapore) ... The tournament, which is jointly organised by the Football Association of Singapore and Kirkwall Sports, will kick-off later this afternoon, with Manchester United Under-19 squaring up against Sporting Lisbon Under-19 ... This noodl was issued by FAS - Football Association of Singapore and was initially posted at www.fas.org.sg....(size: 2.4Kb)
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14 Dec 2012
PFA - Professional Footballers' Association) Published 2012/12/13 08.28 by PA Sport. The Football Association and the Ferdinand brothers led a wave of angry reaction to UEFA's announcement of Serbia being ... This noodl was issued by PFA - Professional Footballers' Association and was initially posted at www.givemefootball.com....(size: 1.9Kb)
PR Newswire
14 Dec 2012
One of the major sporting partnerships is with Manchester United and for the past 18 Months the most successful team in English Football have been using Rijo 42 for the coffee around the stadium and after speaking with fans have decided to continue the partnership for another year at least. With one football fan saying - "I have been a fan of united ......(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Adelaide United Football Club Inc) ... The Hyundai Goals for Grassroots program was initiated to support the growth of football in Australia by nurturing the game at its grassroots level ... "Hyundai and I get enormous pleasure seeing the young future football stars down at the match cheering on their local teams," said Reds striker Bruce Djite ... This noodl was issued by Adelaide United Football Club Inc....(size: 2.8Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Essendon Football Club). Friday, 14 December 2012. Staff writers for essendonfc.com.au. Page 1 of 1. Essendon Football Club is preparing to launch phase one of its new official website, essendonfc.com.au ... Submit/Bookmark this via.. distributed by. This noodl was issued by Essendon Football Club and was initially posted at www.bombersfc.com.au....(size: 2.3Kb)
For other uses, see Football (disambiguation).
Football refers to a number of sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer". Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears, including association football, as well as American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league, rugby union[1] and other related games. These variations of football are known as football "codes".
Various forms of "football" can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.[2][3] The influence and power of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread, including to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire,[4] though by the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic Football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.[5] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. In the twentieth century, the various codes of football have become amongst the most popular team sports in the world.[6]
Common elements[link]
The various codes of football share the following common elements[citation needed]:
- Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
- A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
- Scoring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
- Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
- The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
- Players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball.
- Players using only their body to move the ball.
In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. Other features common to several football codes include: points being mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line; and players receiving a free kick after they take a mark or make a fair catch.
Peoples from around the world have played games which involved kicking or carrying a ball, since ancient times. However, most of the modern codes of football have their origins in England.[7]
Etymology[link]
Main article: Football (word)
There are confilicting explanations of the origin of the word "football". It is widely assumed that the word "football" (or "foot ball") references the action of the foot kicking a ball. There is a alternative explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot. There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation.
The conflicting theories are discussed at length in the main article Football (word).
Early history[link]
Ancient games[link]
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (episkyros)[8][9] or "φαινίνδα" (phaininda),[10] which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football.[11][12][13][14][15] The Roman politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.[16][17]
Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC.[18] It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established.[citation needed] Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively. Later, another type of goal posts emerged, consisting of just one goal post in the middle of the field.[citation needed]
The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (蹴鞠), and was developed during the Asuka period.[citation needed]This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). The game appears to have died out sometime before the mid-19th century. It was revived in 1903 and is now played at a number of festivals.[citation needed]
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland.[19] There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman.[citation needed] On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball"). The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it." Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football.
The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki-o-rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou' (boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target.[citation needed]
Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well-documented as existing since before this time, but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball, and since their influence on modern football games is minimal, most do not class them as football.[citation needed]Northeastern American Indians, especially the Iroquois Confederation, played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball; however, although a ball-goal foot game, lacrosse (as its modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as a form of "football."[citation needed]
These games and others may well go far back into antiquity. However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England.
Medieval and early modern Europe[link]
Further information: Medieval football
The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum, which desribes "a party of boys ... playing at ball".[21] References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule, in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet, and sticks,[22] date from the 12th century.[23]
The early forms of football played in England, sometimes referred to as "mob football", would be played between neighbouring towns and villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse,[24] struggling to move an item, such as inflated animal's bladder[25] to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church, with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes.[26] The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals, such as Shrovetide, Christmas, or Easter,[25] and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns (see below).
The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174–1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday:
- After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.[27]
Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball". This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked.
An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham, Northumberland, England: "Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David".[28] Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a "football game" at Newcastle, County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard.[29] Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham, Norfolk, England: "[d]uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself".[28]
In 1314, Nicholas de Farndone, Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls [rageries de grosses pelotes de pee][30] in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid: we command and forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." This is the earliest reference to football.
In 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning "...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games",[31] showing that "football" — whatever its exact form in this case — was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body, such as handball.
King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word "football", in 1409, when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball".[28][32]
There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston, Nottinghamshire. This is the first description of a "kicking game" and the first description of dribbling: "[t]he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game. It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet... kicking in opposite directions" The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch, stating that: "[t]he boundaries have been marked and the game had started.[28]
Other firsts in the mediæval and early modern eras:
- "a football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game, was first mentioned in 1486.[32] This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with ...it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis', a fotebal."[28]
- a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526.[33]
- women playing a form of football was in 1580, when Sir Philip Sidney described it in one of his poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my mother often sayes, When she, with skirts tuckt very hy, with girles at football playes."[34]
- the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".[35] He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players.
- the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent variety of football, which was popular in East Anglia). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe".
Calcio Fiorentino[link]
Main article: Calcio Fiorentino
In the 16th century, the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as "calcio storico" ("historic kickball") in the Piazza Santa Croce. The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise. In 1580, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game. The game was not played after January 1739 (until it was revived in May 1930).
Official disapproval and attempts to ban football[link]
Main article: Attempts to ban football games
Numerous attempts have been made to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. This was especially the case in England and in other parts of Europe, during the Middle Ages and early modern period. Between 1324 and 1667, football was banned in England alone by more than 30 royal and local laws. The need to repeatedly proclaim such laws demonstrated the difficulty in enforcing bans on popular games. King Edward II was so troubled by the unruliness of football in London that on April 13, 1314 he issued a proclamation banning it: "Forasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which God forbid; we command and forbid, on behalf of the King, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future."
The reasons for the ban by Edward III, on June 12, 1349, were explicit: football and other recreations distracted the populace from practicing archery, which was necessary for war. In 1424, the Parliament of Scotland passed a Football Act that stated it is statut and the king forbiddis that na man play at the fut ball under the payne of iiij d – in other words, playing football was made illegal, and punishable by a fine of four pence.
By 1608, the local authorities in Manchester were complaining that: "With the ffotebale...[there] hath beene greate disorder in our towne of Manchester we are told, and glasse windowes broken yearlye and spoyled by a companie of lewd and disordered persons ..."[36] That same year, the word "football" was used disapprovingly by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare's play King Lear contains the line: "Nor tripped neither, you base football player" (Act I, Scene 4). Shakespeare also mentions the game in A Comedy of Errors (Act II, Scene 1):
<poem>Am I so round with you as you with me,That like a football you do spurn me thus? You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither:
If I last in this service, you must case me in leather.</poem>
"Spurn" literally means to kick away, thus implying that the game involved kicking a ball between players.
King James I of England's Book of Sports (1618) however, instructs Christians to play at football every Sunday afternoon after worship.[37] The book's aim appears to be an attempt to offset the strictness of the Puritans regarding the keeping of the Sabbath.[38]
Establishment of modern codes[link]
English public schools[link]
Main article: English public school football games
While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain, its "public" schools (known as private schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport. Second, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at English public schools that the division between "kicking" and "running" (or "carrying") games first became clear.
The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools — mainly attended by boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes — comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519. Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde".[39]
Richard Mulcaster, a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools, has been described as "the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football".[40] Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster's writings refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)". Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football:
[s]ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges.[41]
In 1633, David Wedderburn, a teacher from Aberdeen, mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula. Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as "keeping goal" and makes an allusion to passing the ball ("strike it here"). There is a reference to "get hold of the ball", suggesting that some handling was allowed. It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ("drive that man back").[citation needed]
A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby's Book of Games, written in about 1660.[42] Willughby, who had studied at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field: "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called Goals." His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field. He also mentions tactics ("leaving some of their best players to guard the goal"); scoring ("they that can strike the ball through their opponents' goal first win") and the way teams were selected ("the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness"). He is the first to describe a "law" of football: "they must not strike [an opponent's leg] higher than the ball".[citation needed]
English public schools were the first to codify football games. In particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late 18th century.[43] In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during between 1810 and 1850.[43] The first known codes — in the sense of a set of rules — were those of Eton in 1815 [44] and Aldenham in 1825.[44])
During the early 19th century, most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Feast day football played on the streets was in decline. Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules.
Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. Each school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, Marlborough and Cheltenham), while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, Westminster and Charterhouse). The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For example, Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games.[citation needed]
William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, is said to have "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, as played in his time [emphasis added], first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game." in 1823. This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 'taking the ball in his arms' is often misinterpreted as 'picking the ball up' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis' 'crime' was handling the ball, as in modern soccer, however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory,[45] the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards.
The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. Inter-school sporting competitions became possible. However, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules. The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves, one half played by the rules of the host "home" school, and the other half by the visiting "away" school.
The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid- or late- 19th century. This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawnmower in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.[46]
Apart from Rugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school's playing fields. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see Surviving UK school games below).
Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. Before 1850, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From 1850, they could not work before 6 a.m. (7 a.m. in winter) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays (7 p.m. in winter); on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football.
Firsts[link]
Clubs[link]
Main article: Oldest football clubs
Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century, for example London's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796.[47][48]
The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a 'football club' were called "The Foot-Ball Club" who were located in Edinburgh, Scotland, during the period 1824–41.[49][50] The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball.[50]
Two clubs which claim to be the world's oldest existing football club, in the sense of a club which is not part of a school or university, are strongholds of rugby football: the Barnes Club, said to have been founded in 1839, and Guy's Hospital Football Club, in 1843. Neither date nor the variety of football played is well documented, but such claims nevertheless allude to the popularity of rugby before other modern codes emerged.
In 1845, three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school. These were the first set of written rules (or code) for any form of football.[51] This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game. For instance, Dublin University Football Club—founded at Trinity College, Dublin in 1854 and later famous as a bastion of the Rugby School game—is the world's oldest documented football club in any code.
Competitions[link]
Main article: Oldest football competitions
One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne every year since 1858. It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football, although it was played under experimental rules in its first year. The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup, donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne, played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules.[52] The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the United Hospitals Challenge Cup (1874), while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup, contested since 1878. The South Australian Football Association (30 April 1877) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition. The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup (1867) and the oldest national soccer competition is the English FA Cup (1871). The Football League (1888) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league. The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5, 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA. The first Rugby international took place in 1871.
Modern balls[link]
Main article: football (ball)
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In Europe, early footballs were made out of animal bladders, more specifically pig's bladders, which were inflated. Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the ball to keep their shape.[53] However, in 1851, Richard Lindon and William Gilbert, both shoemakers from the town of Rugby (near the school), exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London. Richard Lindon's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig's bladders.[54] Lindon also won medals for the invention of the "Rubber inflatable Bladder" and the "Brass Hand Pump".
In 1855, the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear — who had patented vulcanized rubber — exhibited a spherical football, with an exterior of vulcanized rubber panels, at the Paris Exhibition Universelle. The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A.[55]
Modern ball passing tactics[link]
Main article: Passing (association football)
The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball forward and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn, a poet and teacher in Aberdeen, Scotland.[56]
"Scientific" football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire[57] and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862[58] and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865.[59][60] The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869/70[61][62] By 1869 they were "work[ing] well together", "backing up" and benefiting from "cooperation".[63] By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball: "Lieut. Creswell, who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side, who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called"[64] Passing was a regular feature of their style[65] By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for "play[ing] beautifully together"[66] A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872, the first of which is irrefutably a short pass: "Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis, who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal, sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts"[67] The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC[68][69][70] and introduced the 2–3–5 "pyramid" formation.[71][72]
Cambridge rules[link]
Main article: Cambridge rules
In 1848, at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury. An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the Cambridge rules. No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School.[73] The rules clearly favour the kicking game. Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal. The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities (but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football).
Sheffield rules[link]
Main article: Sheffield rules
By the late 1850s, many football clubs had been formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various codes of football. Sheffield Football Club, founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, was later recognised as the world's oldest club playing association football.[74] However, the club initially played its own code of football: the Sheffield rules. The code was largely independent of the public school rules, the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule.
The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football. These included free kicks, corner kicks, handball, throw-ins and the crossbar.[75] By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England. At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877.
Australian rules[link]
Main article: Australian rules football
See also: Origins of Australian rules football
Various forms of football were played in Australia during the Victorian gold rush, from which emerged a distinct and locally popular sport. While these origins are still the subject of much debate the popularisation of the code that is known today as Australian Rules Football is currently attributed to Tom Wills.
Wills wrote a letter to Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle, on July 10, 1858, calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter.[76] This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of the new sport. Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules,[77] the first recorded of which occurred on July 31, 1858. On 7 August 1858, Wills umpired a relatively well documented schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College. Following these matches, organised football matches rapidly increased in popularity.
Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club (the oldest surviving Australian football club) on May 14, 1859. The first members included Wills, William Hammersley, J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith. They met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs.
The backgrounds of the original rule makers makes for interesting speculation as to the influences on the rules. Wills, an Australian of convict heritage was educated in England. He was a rugby footballer, a cricketer and had strong links to indigenous Australians. At first he desired to introduce rugby school rules. Hammersley was a cricketer and journalist who emigrated from England. Thomas Smith was a school teacher who emigrated from Ireland. The committee members debated several rules including those of English public school games. Despite including aspects similar to other forms of football there is no conclusive evidence to point to any single influence. Instead the committee decided on a game that was more suited to Australian conditions and Wills is documented to have made the declaration "No, we shall have a game of our own".[78] The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark, free kick, tackling, lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball.
The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs. They were redrafting several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs. A significant re-write in 1866 by H C A Harrison's committee to accommodate rules from the Geelong Football Club made the game, which had become known as "Victorian Rules", increasingly distinct from other codes. It used cricket fields, a rugby ball, specialised goal and behind posts, bouncing with the ball while running and later spectacular high marking. The form of football spread quickly to other other Australian colonies. Outside of its heartland in southern Australia the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown other parts of the world at an amateur level and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition.
Football Association[link]
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Main article: The Football Association#History
During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games. In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the Uppingham Rules). In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow, Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster.
At the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, London on the evening of October 26, 1863, representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association (FA). The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members. Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to join the association. All of them declined, except Charterhouse and Uppingham. In total, six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863. After the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published. However, at the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely running with (carrying) the ball and hacking (kicking opposing players in the shins). The two contentious FA rules were as follows:
IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run.X. If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time.
—[79]
At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed. Most of the delegates supported this, but F. M. Campbell, the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer, objected. He said: "hacking is the true football". However, the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA. After the final meeting on 8 December, the FA published the "Laws of Football", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football. The term "soccer", in use since the late 19th century, derives from an abbreviation of "Association".[80]
The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football, but which are still recognisable in other games (such as Australian football and rugby football): for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark, which entitled him to a free kick; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents' goal line, his side was entitled to a free kick at goal, from 15 yards (13.5 metres) in front of the goal line.
Rugby football[link]
Main article: History of rugby union
File:Football London Ilustrated News.gif
A rugby scrum in 1871
In Britain, by 1870, there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game. There were also "rugby" clubs in Ireland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. However, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871, when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871. These rules allowed passing the ball. They also included the try, where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal, though drop-goals from marks and general play, and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest.
North American football codes[link]
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Main articles: History of American football and Canadian football#History
As was the case in Britain, by the early 19th century, North American schools and universities played their own local games, between sides made up of students. Students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football, a variant of the association football codes, as early as the 1820s.
The first game of rugby in Canada is generally said to have taken place in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, the first recorded football club in Canada.
In 1869, the first game played in the United States under rules based on the FA code occurred, between Princeton and Rutgers. This is also often considered to be the first U.S. game of college football, in the sense of a game between colleges (although the eventual form of American football would come from rugby, not association football).
Modern American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal, and Harvard University in 1874.[dubious – discuss] At the time, Harvard students are reported to have played the Boston Game — a running code — rather than the FA-based kicking games favoured by U.S. universities. This made it easy for Harvard to adapt to the rugby-based game played by McGill and the two teams alternated between their respective sets of rules. Within a few years, however, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rugby rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. In 1876, at the Massasoit Convention, it was agreed by these universities to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations. Princeton, Rutgers and others continued to compete using soccer-based rules for a few years before switching to the rugby-based rules of Harvard and its competitors. U.S. colleges did not generally return to soccer until the early 20th century.
In 1880, Yale coach Walter Camp, devised a number of major changes to the American game. Camp's two most important rule innovations in establishing American football as distinct from the rugby football games on which it is based are scrimmage and down-and-distance rules.
Scrimmage refers to the practice of starting action by delivering the ball from the ground to another player's hand. Camp's original rule allowed this delivery to be done only with the feet; the rule was soon changed to allow the ball to be passed by hand. The rule also established a distinct line of scrimmage which separates the two teams from each other. When a player is tackled, he is ruled down and play stops, while the teams reset on either side of the line of scrimmage. Play then resumes with the delivery of the ball. Teams are given a limited number of downs to achieve a certain distance (always measured in yards). In American football, teams are given four downs to advance the ball ten yards, after which possession of the ball changes. In Canadian football, teams are allowed three downs to advance ten yards. These rules created a fundamental distinction between the North American codes and rugby codes. Rugby is still fundamentally a continuous-action game, while North American codes are organized around running discrete "plays", as defined as starting with the delivery from "scrimmage" and ending with the "down".
American football, in its early years, was an excessively violent game, plagued with several deaths and life-changing injuries every year. The violence became so drastic that President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to shut down the game in 1905, should rules not be changed to minimize this violence. Several rule changes were put into place that year, but the most enduring has been the introduction of the legal forward pass, which, like Camp's rule changes of the 1880s, fundamentally changed the nature of the sport. When it became legal to throw the ball forward, an entire new method of advancing the ball emerged. As a result, players became more specialized in their roles, as the different positions on the team required different skill sets. Thus, some players are primarily involved in running with the ball (the running back) while others specialize in throwing (the quarterback), catching (the wide receiver), or blocking (the offensive line). With the advent of free substitution rules in the 1940s and 1950s, teams could deploy separate offensive and defensive "platoons" which led to even greater specialization.
Over the years, Canadian football absorbed some developments in American football, but also retained many unique characteristics. One of these was that Canadian football, for many years, did not officially distinguish itself from rugby. For example, the Canadian Rugby Football Union, founded in 1884 was the forerunner of the Canadian Football League, rather than a rugby union body. (The Canadian Rugby Union, today known as Rugby Canada, was not formed until 1965.) American football was also frequently described as "rugby" in the 1880s.
Gaelic football[link]
Main article: History of Gaelic football
In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in Ireland, especially in County Kerry. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed.
By the 1870s, Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland. Trinity College, Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby (see the Developments in the 1850s section, above). The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which allowed tripping.
There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football, until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football. The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7, 1887. Davin's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football. The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule (an attribute which, for many years, was shared only by other Irish games like hurling, and by Australian rules football).
Split in Rugby football[link]
File:Reverend marshall.jpg
An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league. The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall, an arch-opponent of player payments, and James Miller, a long-time opponent of Marshall. The caption reads: Marshall: "Oh, fie, go away naughty boy, I don't play with boys who can’t afford to take a holiday for football any day they like!" Miller: "Yes, that's just you to a T; you’d make it so that no lad whose father wasn’t a millionaire could play at all in a really good team. For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money shouldn’t have a share in the spending of it."
Further information: History of rugby league
The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. Professionalism was beginning to creep into the various codes of football.
In England, by the 1890s, a long-standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England. In 1895, following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU). The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements. However, within two years, NRFU players could be paid, but they were required to have a job outside sport.
The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better "spectator" sport. Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU, most notably with the abolition of the line-out. This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the "play-the-ball ruck", which allowed a two-player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled. Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held, being replaced by a play-the ball-ruck. The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming the Northern Rugby League, the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England.
Over time, the RFU form of rugby, played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB, became known as rugby union.
Globalisation of association football[link]
Main article: History of FIFA
The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century, with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body, but was perceived as making no progress. It fell to associations from seven other European countries: France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, to form an international association. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris on May 21, 1904. Its first president was Robert Guérin. The French name and acronym has remained, even outside French-speaking countries.
Further divergence of the two rugby codes[link]
Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players. In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year. However, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux.
During the second half of 20th century, the rules changed further. In 1966, rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs: a team could retain possession of the ball for no more than four tackles. The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six (in 1971), and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule.
With the advent of full-time professionals in the early 1990s, and the consequent speeding up of the game, the five metre off-side distance between the two teams became 10 metres, and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules, among other changes.
The laws of rugby union also changed significantly during the 20th century. In particular, goals from marks were abolished, kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised, new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul, and the lifting of players in line-outs was legalised.
In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared — and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification — the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Use of the word "football"[link]
For more details on this topic, see Football (word).
The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. Because of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English-speaking world. Most often, the word "football" is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region. So, effectively, what the word "football" means usually depends on where one says it.
Association football is known generally as soccer where other codes of football are dominant, including: the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. American football is always football in the United States. In francophone Quebec, where Canadian football is more popular, the Canadian code is known as football and association football is known as le soccer.[82] Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, most currently use Football in their organizations' official names. The FIFA affiliates in Canada and the United States use Soccer in their names.
A few FIFA affiliates have recently "normalized" to using "Football", including:
- Australia's association football governing body changed its name in 2007 from using "soccer" to "football"[83]
- New Zealand also changed in 2007, saying "the international game is called football."[84]
- Samoa changed from "Samoa Football (Soccer) Federation" to "Football Federation Samoa" in 2009.[85][86]
Football codes board[link]
| Football | Cambridge rules (1848) | Football Association (1863) | ||
| 7-a-side | ||||
| Beach (1992) | ||||
| Futsal (1930) | ||||
| Sheffield rules (1857) | ||||
| Indoor | ||||
| Paralympic | ||||
| Street | ||||
| Rugby rules (1845) | ||||
| Rugby Union (1871) | ||||
| Rugby sevens (1883) | ||||
| Rugby League (1875) | ||||
| Rugby nines | ||||
| Beach rugby | ||||
| Touch rugby | ||||
| American football (1869) | Arena football (1987) | |||
| Canadian football (1861) | Flag football | |||
| Gaelic (1887) | ||||
| Australian rules (1859) | ||||
Present day codes and families[link]
Association football and descendants[link]
Main article: Variants of association football
- Association football, also known as football, soccer, footy and footie
- Indoor/basketball court varieties of Football:
- Five-a-side football — played throughout the world under various rules including:
- Futsal — the FIFA-approved five-a-side indoor game
- Minivoetbal — the five-a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is hugely popular
- Papi fut — the five-a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts (built with goals) in Central America.
- Indoor soccer — the six-a-side indoor game, known in Latin America, where it is often played in open air venues, as fútbol rápido ("fast football")
- Masters Football — six-a-side played in Europe by mature professionals (35 years and older)
- Five-a-side football — played throughout the world under various rules including:
- Paralympic football — modified Football for athletes with a disability.[87] Includes:
- Football 5-a-side — for visually impaired athletes
- Football 7-a-side — for athletes with cerebral palsy
- Amputee football — for athletes with amputations
- Deaf football — for athletes with hearing impairments
- Electric wheelchair soccer
- Beach soccer — football played on sand, also known as beach football and sand soccer
- Street football — encompasses a number of informal varieties of football
- Rush goalie — is a variation of football in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal
- Headers and Volleys — where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys
- Crab football — players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing football as normal
- Swamp soccer — the game is played on a swamp or bog field
Rugby school football and descendants[link]
- Rugby football
- Rugby league — often referred to simply as "league", and usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.
- Rugby league nines (or sevens)
- Touch football (rugby league) — a non-contact version of rugby league. Often called simply "touch", in South Africa it is known as "six down"
- Rugby union
- Mini rugby a variety for children.
- Rugby sevens
- Rugby league — often referred to simply as "league", and usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.
-
- Beach rugby — rugby played on sand
- Touch rugby — generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles
- Gridiron football
- American football — called "football" in the United States and Canada, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand. Sometimes called "tackle football" to distinguish it from the touch versions
- Indoor football, arena football — an indoor version of American football
- Nine-man football, eight-man football, six-man football — versions of tackle football, played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full 11-man teams
- Touch football (American) — non-tackle American football
- Flag football — non-tackle American football, like touch football, in which a flag that is held by velcro on a belt tied around the waist is pulled by defenders to indicate a tackle
- Street football (American) — American football played in backyards without equipment and with simplified rules
- Canadian football — called simply "football" in Canada; "football" in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context
- Canadian flag football — non-tackle Canadian football
- Nine-man football — similar to nine-man American football, but using Canadian rules; played by smaller schools in Saskatchewan that lack enough players to field full 12-man teams
See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union
Irish and Australian varieties[link]
These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule, the requirement to bounce or solo (toe-kick) the ball while running, handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it, and other traditions.
- Australian rules football — officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "football", "footy" or "Aussie rules". In some areas (erroneously) referred to as "AFL", which is the name of the main organising body and competition
- Auskick — a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children
- Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) — a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)
- Kick-to-kick – informal versions of the game
- 9-a-side footy — a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)
- Rec footy — "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact touch variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags
- Touch Aussie Rules — a non-contact variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom
- Samoa rules — localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields
- Masters Australian football (a.k.a. Superules) — reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age
- Women's Australian rules football — played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact version introduced for women's competition
- Gaelic football — Played predominantly in Ireland. Commonly referred to as "football" or "Gaelic"
- International rules football — a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players
Surviving medieval ball games[link]
Inside the UK[link]
- The Haxey Hood, played on Epiphany in Haxey, Lincolnshire
- Shrove Tuesday games
- Scoring the Hales in Alnwick, Northumberland
- Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne, Derbyshire
- The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone, Warwickshire
- The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle, Dorset
- Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall
- The Ball Game in Sedgefield, County Durham
- In Scotland the Ba game ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at:
- Duns, Berwickshire
- Scone, Perthshire
- Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands
Outside the UK[link]
- Calcio Fiorentino — a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence.
Surviving UK school games[link]
Games still played at UK public (independent) schools:
Recent inventions and hybrid games[link]
- Keepie uppie (keep up)
- is the art of juggling with a football using feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head.
- Footbag
- is a small bean bag or sand bag used as a ball in a number of keepie uppie variations, including hacky sack (which is a trade mark).
- Freestyle football
- a modern take on keepie uppie where freestylers are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill.
Based on FA rules[link]
Based on rugby[link]
- Force ’em backs a.k.a. forcing back, forcemanback
Hybrid games[link]
- Austus
- a compromise between Australian rules and American football, invented in Melbourne during World War II.
- Bossaball
- mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics; played on inflatables and trampolines.
- Footvolley
- mixes Association football and beach volleyball; played on sand
Note: although similar with football and volleyball in some aspects, Sepak takraw has ancient origins and cannot be considered an hybrid game.
- Football tennis
- mixes Association football and tennis
- Kickball
- a hybrid of Association football and baseball, invented in the United States in about 1942.
- Speedball (American)
- a combination of American football, soccer, and basketball, devised in the United States in 1912.
- Universal football
- a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933.[88]
- Volata
- a game resembling Association football and European handball, devised by Italian fascist leader, Augusto Turati, in the 1920s.
- Wheelchair rugby
- also known as Murderball, invented in Canada in 1977. Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby.
Tabletop games and other recreations[link]
Based on Football (soccer)[link]
- Subbuteo
- Blow football
- Table football — also known as foosball, table soccer, babyfoot, bar football or gettone)
- Fantasy football (soccer)
- Button football — also known as Futebol de Mesa, Jogo de Botões
- Penny football
- FIFA Video Games Series
- Pro Evolution Soccer
- Mario Strikers
Based on American football[link]
Based on Australian football[link]
Based on Rugby League football[link]
- Sidhe's Rugby League series
- Australian Rugby League
See also[link]
- Football field (unit of length)
- List of players who have converted from one football code to another
- Names for association football
- 1601 to 1725 in sports: Football
Notes[link]
- ^ Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. (2003). "Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code". Journal of Sports Science 21: 693–705.
- ^ "History of Rugby in Australia". Rugby Football History. http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/wallabies.html#3. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ Bailey, Steven (1995). "Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow". The Sports Historian 15 (1): 34–53.
- ^ Perkin, Harold (1989). "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth". The International Journal of the History of Sport 6 (2): 145–155.
- ^ Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A revie". Journal of Sports Sciences 19 (3): 181–193.
- ^ Bale, J. (2002). Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. ISBN 0-419-25230-4.
- ^ Marples, M (1954). A History of Football. Secker and Warburg, London
- ^ ἐπίσκυρος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007 Edition: "In ancient Greece a game with elements of football, episkuros, or harpaston, was played, and it had migrated to Rome as harpastum by the 2nd century BC".
- ^ φαινίνδα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ Nigel Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge, 2005, p. 310
- ^ Nigel M. Kennell, The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome), The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, on Google Books
- ^ Steve Craig, Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History), Greenwood, 2002, on Google Books
- ^ Don Nardo, Greek and Roman Sport, Greenhaven Press, 1999, p. 83
- ^ Sally E. D. Wilkins, Sports and games of medieval cultures, Greenwood, 2002, on Google books
- ^ E. Norman Gardiner: "Athletics in the Ancient World", Courier Dover Publications, 2002, ISBN 0-486-42486-3, p.229
- ^ William Smith: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", 1857, p.777
- ^ He, Jin (2001). An Analysis of Zhan Guo Ce. Beijing: Peking University Press. ISBN 7-301-05101-8, p. 59-82
- ^ Richard Hakluyt, Voyages in Search of The North-West Passage, University of Adelaide, December 29, 2003
- ^ From William Blandowski's Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen, 1857, (Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge)
- ^ Historia Brittonum at the [[Medieval Sourcebook.
- ^ Ruff, Julius (2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-59894-1.
- ^ Jusserand, Jean-Jules. (1901). Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand (French)
- ^ Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.
- ^ a b Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.
- ^ Baker, William (1988). Sports in the Western World. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-252-06042-7.
- ^ Stephen Alsford, FitzStephen's Description of London, Florilegium Urbanum, April 5, 2006
- ^ a b c d e Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (The American Historical Review, v. 35, No. 1).
- ^ "Irish inventions: fact and fiction". Carlow-nationalist.ie. http://www.carlow-nationalist.ie/tabId/392/itemId/2418/Irish-inventions-fact-and-fiction.aspx. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Derek Birley (Sport and The Making of Britain). 1993. Manchester University Press. p. 32. 978-0719037597
- ^ Derek Baker (England in the Later Middle Ages). 1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-85115-648-4
- ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary (no date), "football"". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=football. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ Vivek Chaudhary, “Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?” (The Guardian, February 18, 2004.)
- ^ Anniina Jokinen, Sir Philip Sidney. "A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds" (Luminarium.org, July 2006)
- ^ Richard Carew. "EBook of The Survey of Cornwall". Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/srvcr10.txt. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ International Olympic Academy (I.O.A.) (no date), “Minutes 7th International Post Graduate Seminar on Olympic Studies”
- ^ John Lord Campbell, ''The Lives of the Lords Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England'', vol. 2, 1851, p. 412. Books.google.co.uk. 1851. http://books.google.com/?id=sHrejZJVc80C&pg=RA3-PA412&dq=football. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ "William Maxwell Hetherington, 1856, ''History of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, Ch.1 (Third Ed.)". Reformed.org. http://www.reformed.org/books/hetherington/west_assembly/index.html?mainframe=/books/hetherington/west_assembly/chapter_1a.html#Book%20of%20Sports1618. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ A history of Winchester College. by Arthur F Leach. Duckworth, 1899 ISBN 1-4446-5884-0
- ^ "2003, "Richard Mulcaster"". Footballnetwork.org. http://www.footballnetwork.org/dev/historyoffootball/history8_18_3.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ Francis Peabody Magoun. (1938) History of football from the beginnings to 1871. p.27. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Francis Willughby, 1660–72, ''Book of Games''. Books.google.co.uk. 2003. ISBN 978-1-85928-460-5. http://books.google.com/?id=P-io9DcBllkC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&vq=football&dq=willughby+book+of+sports. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ a b Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside"[dead link]
- ^ a b Richard William Cox; Dave Russell and Wray Vamplew (2002). Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8.
- ^ example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding "Foot-Ball", as played at Scone, Scotland:
- The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it. (William Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, "February 15." Access date: March 15, 2007.)
- ^ ABC Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
- ^ THE SURREY CLUB Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, October 07, 1849; pg. 6.New Readerships
- ^ Football: The First Hundred Years. The Untold Story. Adrian Harvey. 2005. Routledge, London
- ^ John Hope, Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope, WS, and some Hope Correspondence 1787–1886 (National Archives of Scotland, GD253/183)
- ^ a b "The Foot-Ball Club in Edinburgh, 1824–1841 – The National Archives of Scotland". Nas.gov.uk. 2007-11-13. http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/071112.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ "Rugby chronology". Museum of Rugby. http://www.rfu.com/microsites/museum/page.aspx?section=89§ionTitle=World+Rugby+Chronology. Retrieved April 24, 2006.
- ^ "History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne". Electricscotland.com. http://www.electricscotland.com/history/australia/melbourne.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ Soccer Ball World – Early History . Retrieved June 9, 2006. Archived June 16, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon, who was actually Richards Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: Soccer Ball World), whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 (ref: Guardian article). Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.
- ^ soccerballworld.com, (no date) "Charles Goodyear's Soccer Ball" Downloaded 30/11/06.
- ^ Scots invented beautiful game The Scotsman, 14 June 2006
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, January 13, 1839.New Readerships
- ^ Blackwood's Magazine, Published by W. Blackwood, 1862, page 563
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Saturday, January 07, 1865; Issue 2,229: "The Sheffield party, however, eventually took a lead, and through some scientific movements of Mr J Wild, scored a goal amid great cheering"
- ^ Bell's life in london, November 26th 1865, issue 2275: "We cannot help recording the really scientific play with which the Sheffield men backed each other up
- ^ Wall, Sir Frederick (2005). 50 Years of Football, 1884–1934. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 1-86223-116-8.
- ^ [Cox, Richard (2002) The encyclopaedia of British Football, Routledge, United Kingdom]
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 18 December 1869
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 5 November 1870,issue 2
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 18 November 1871,issue 2, 681
- ^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 17 February 1872,issue 2694
- ^ The Derby Mercury (Derby, England), Wednesday, March 20, 1872; Issue 8226
- ^ Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7.
- ^ Association Football, chapter by CW Alcock, The English Illustrated Magazine 1891, page 287
- ^ Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 273, ref 34–119. ISBN 0-415-35019-0. http://books.google.com/?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC.
- ^ Csanadi Arpad, Hungerian coaching manual "Soccer", Corvina, Budapest 1965
- ^ Wilson Jonathon, Inverting the pyramid: a History of Football Tactics , Orion, 2008
- ^ "Football Association tribute to the Cambridge Rules". http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2006121303. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
- ^ Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge. pp. 95–99. ISBN 0-415-35019-0. http://books.google.com/?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC.
- ^ Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-1-899807-56-7.
- ^ "Letter from Tom Wills". MCG website. Archived from the original on June 25, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060625081726/http%3A//www.mcg.org.au/default.asp%3Fpg%3Dfootballdisplay%26articleid%3D37. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
- ^ "The Origins of Australian Rules Football". MCG website. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070611104451/http%3A//www.mcg.org.au/default.asp%3Fpg%3Dfootballdisplay%26articleid%3D36. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
- ^ Sport: Touchstone of Australian Life from the Australian Broadcasting Commission. First broadcast on Thursday 17/05/01
- ^ Peter Shortell. Hacking – a history, Cornwall Referees Society, 2 October 2006
- ^ "soccer, n". Oxford English Dictionary. June 2011. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/183733. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ "Canadian Football Timelines (1860– present)". Football Canada. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070228064050/http%3A//www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
- ^ "The governing body is the "Fédération de soccer du Québec"". Federation-soccer.qc.ca. http://www.federation-soccer.qc.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=149&Itemid=34. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Stories Soccer to become football in Australia (SMH.com.au. December 17, 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football."
- ^ NZ Football – The Local Name Of The Global Game (NZFootball.co.nz. April 27, 2006) "The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football"
- ^ David As... (2009-11-28). ""new name & logo for Samoan football"". Sportingpulse.com. http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=0-1001-0-0-0&sID=12574&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=10755795§ionID=12574. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ ""Football progress in Samoa "". Samoaobserver.ws. http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=21824%3Afootball-progress&option=com_content&Itemid=81. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Summers, Mark. "The Disability Football Directory". http://www.disabilityfootball.co.uk.
- ^ Sean Fagan, Breaking The Codes, RL1908.com, 2006
References[link]
| Find more about Football on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Green, Geoffrey (1953); The History of the Football Association; Naldrett Press, London
- Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); The Meaning of Sports; Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1
- Williams, Graham (1994); The Code War; Yore Publications, ISBN 1-874427-65-8
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football
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"Nadal" redirects here. For other people, see Nadal (surname).
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Nadal and the second or maternal family name is Parera.
 Rafael Nadal in 2012 |
|
| Full name | Rafael Nadal Parera |
|---|---|
| Country |  Spain |
| Residence |  Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |
| Born | (1986-06-03) 3 June 1986 (age 26) Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 85 kg (190 lb; 13.4 st) |
| Turned pro | 2001 |
| Plays | Left-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Career prize money | $48,433,332 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 574–120 (82.71%) |
| Career titles | 49 |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (18 August 2008) |
| Current ranking | No. 2 (28 May 2012)[1] |
| Grand Slam Singles results | |
| Australian Open | W (2009) |
| French Open | W (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011) |
| Wimbledon | W (2008, 2010) |
| US Open | W (2010) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | F (2010) |
| Olympic Games |  Gold medal (2008) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 97–59 |
| Career titles | 8 |
| Highest ranking | No. 26 (8 August 2005) |
| Current ranking | No. 62 (28 May 2012)[2] |
| Grand Slam Doubles results | |
| Australian Open | 3R (2004, 2005) |
| Wimbledon | 2R (2005) |
| US Open | SF (2004) |
| Last updated on: 28 May 2012. | |
| Olympic medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Competitor for Spain |
||
| Men's Tennis | ||
| Gold | 2008 Beijing | Singles |
Rafael "Rafa" Nadal Parera (Catalan: [rəˈfɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə]; Spanish: [rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa]) (born 3 June 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player and a former World No. 1. As of 28 May 2012 (2012 -05-28)[update], he is ranked No. 2 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time;[5][6][7] his success on clay has earned him the nickname "The King of Clay", and has prompted many experts to regard him as the greatest clay court player of all time.[8][9][10]
Nadal has won ten Grand Slam singles titles, including a record six French Open titles (tied with Bjorn Borg), the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles, a record 21 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, and also was part of the Spain Davis Cup team that won the finals in 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011. He completed the Career Grand Slam by winning the 2010 US Open, being the seventh player in history, and the youngest in the open era, to achieve it. He is the second male player to complete the Career Golden Slam (winner of the four grand slams and the Olympic Gold medal) after only Andre Agassi.
Nadal had a 32-match winning streak in 2008, starting at the 2008 Masters Series Hamburg to the 2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Women's Open, which included titles at Hamburg, the French Open (where he did not drop a set), Queen's Club, his first title at Wimbledon, and the Rogers Cup. In 2012, by winning the Monte-Carlo Masters, he became the only player to have won eight consecutive editions in any tournament during history of tennis, and only the 2nd player to win a single tournament for a total of eight times during Open Era. Nadal was ranked world No. 2, behind Roger Federer, for a record 160 consecutive weeks before earning the top spot, which he held from 18 August 2008 to 5 July 2009.[11] He regained the world No.1 ranking on 7 June 2010, after winning his fifth French Open title.[12] He held it until 3 July 2011, when Novak Djokovic replaced him as world No. 1. Nadal has held the No. 2 ranking for an ATP record 235 weeks (as of 21 May 2012).
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rafael Nadal was born in Manacor, Majorca, Spain to Sebastián Nadal, a businessman who owns an insurance company, a glass and window company, Vidres Mallorca, and manages his own restaurant, Sa Punta. His mother is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He has a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a retired professional footballer, who played for RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona, and the Spanish national team.[13] Nadal supports football clubs Real Madrid and RCD Mallorca.[14] Recognizing that Nadal had a natural talent for tennis, another uncle, Toni Nadal, a former professional tennis player, introduced him to tennis when he was three years old.[15]
At age eight, Nadal won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was also a promising football player.[16] This made Toni Nadal intensify training, and at that time he encouraged Nadal to play left-handed for a natural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played forehand shots with two hands.[16] When Nadal was 12, he won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group and was playing tennis and football all the time.[16] Nadal's father made him choose between football and tennis so that his school work would not deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."[16]
When he was 14, the Spanish tennis federation requested that he leave Majorca and move to Barcelona to continue his tennis training. Nadal's family turned down this request, partly because they feared it would hurt his education,[16] but also because Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."[15] The decision to stay home meant that Nadal received less financial support from the federation; instead, Nadal's father covered the costs. In May 2001, he defeated former Grand Slam champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.[13]
At 15, he turned pro.[17] Nadal participated in two events on the ITF junior circuit. In 2002, at the age of 16, Nadal reached the semifinals of the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.[18]
By the age of 17, he beat Roger Federer the first time they played and became the youngest man to reach the third round at Wimbledon since Boris Becker. At 18, he helped pace Spain over the US in the junior Davis Cup in his second, and final, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat not accomplished in Paris for more than 20 years. He eventually won it the first four times he played at Roland Garros.[17] In 2003, he had won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. Early in his career, Nadal picked up the trademark habit of biting the trophies he won.[19]
Tennis career[link]
2002–2004[link]
In April 2002, at 15 years and 10 months, the world No. 762 Nadal won his first ATP match, defeating Ramón Delgado, and became the ninth player in the open era to do so before the age of 16.[20] The following year, Nadal won two Challenger titles and finished the year in the top 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal became the youngest man to reach the third round since Boris Becker in 1984.[21] During 2004, Nadal played his first match against world No. 1 Roger Federer at the 2004 Miami Masters, and won in straight sets. He is one of the six players that defeated Federer that year (along with Tim Henman, Albert Costa, Gustavo Kuerten, Dominik Hrbatý, and Tomáš Berdych). He missed most of the clay court season, including the French Open, because of a stress fracture in his left ankle.[13] Nadal, at 18 years and six months, became the youngest player to register a singles victory in a Davis Cup final for a winning nation.[22] By beating world No. 2 Andy Roddick, he helped Spain clinch the 2004 title over the United States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year ranked world No. 51.
2005[link]
At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the 4th round to eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Two months later, Nadal reached the final of the 2005 Miami Masters, and despite being two points from a straight-sets victory, he was defeated in five sets by world No. 1 Roger Federer. Both performances were considered to be breakthroughs for Nadal.[23][24]
He then dominated the spring clay court season. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke Andre Agassi's open era record of consecutive match wins for a male teenager.[25] Nadal won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona and beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the finals of the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters and the 2005 Rome Masters. These victories raised his ranking to world No. 5[26] and made him one of the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19th birthday, Nadal defeated Federer in the 2005 French Open semifinals, being one of only four players who defeated the top-seeded player that year (along with Marat Safin, Richard Gasquet, and David Nalbandian). Two days later, he defeated Mariano Puerta in the final, becoming the second male player to win the French Open on his first attempt since Mats Wilander in 1982: He also became the first teenager to win a Grand Slam singles title since Pete Sampras won the 1990 US Open at age 19.[13] Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking to World No. 3.[26]
Three days after his victory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak was snapped in the first round of the grass court Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, where he lost to the German Alexander Waske.[27] He then lost in the second round of 2005 Wimbledon to Gilles Müller of Luxembourg.
Immediately after Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches and three consecutive tournaments, bringing his ranking to world No. 2 on 25 July 2005.
Nadal started his North American summer hard-court season by defeating Agassi in the final of the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first round of the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal was seeded second at the 2005 US Open, where he was upset in the third round by World No. 49 James Blake in four sets.
In September, he defeated Coria in the final of the China Open in Beijing and won both of his Davis Cup matches against Italy. In October, he won his fourth ATP Masters Series title of the year, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the final of the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a foot injury that prevented him from competing in the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup.[28]
Both Nadal and Federer won eleven singles titles and four ATP Masters Series titles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record of nine in 1983.[29] Eight of Nadal's titles were on clay, and the remainder were on hard courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second only to Federer's 81. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for 2005, with eleven 6–0 sets during the year.[30] Also, he earned the highest year-end ranking ever by a Spaniard and the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year award.
2006[link]
Nadal missed the Australian Open due to a foot injury.[31] In February, he lost in the semifinals of the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in Marseille, France. Two weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss of the year in the final of the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray were the only two men who defeated Federer). To complete the spring hard-court season, Nadal was upset in the semifinals of the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, by James Blake, and was upset in the second round of the 2006 Miami Masters.
On European clay, Nadal won all four tournaments he entered and 24 consecutive matches. He defeated Federer in the final of the Masters Series Monte Carlo in four sets. The following week, he defeated Tommy Robredo in the final of the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. After a one-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, defeating Federer in a fifth-set tiebreaker in the final, after saving two match points and equaling Björn Borg's tally of 16 ATP titles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record of 53 consecutive clay-court match victories by winning his first round match at the French Open. Vilas presented Nadal with a trophy, but commented later that Nadal's feat was less impressive than his own because Nadal's winning streak covered two years and was accomplished by adding easy tournaments to his schedule.[32] Nadal went on to play Federer in the final of the French Open. The first two sets of the match were hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily and served for the match in the fourth set before Federer broke him and forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker and became the first player to defeat Federer in a Grand Slam final.[33]
Nadal injured his shoulder while playing a quarterfinal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in London.[34] Nadal was unable to complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal was seeded second at Wimbledon, but was two points from defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second round before coming back to win in five sets. In the third round, Nadal defeated world No. 20 Andre Agassi in straight sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal also won his next three matches in straight sets, which set up his first Wimbledon final, which was against Federer, who had won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal was the first Spanish man since Manuel Santana in 1966, to reach the Wimbledon final, but Federer won the match in four sets 6–0, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3 to win his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title.
During the lead up to the US Open, Nadal played the two Masters Series tournaments in North America. He was upset in the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto and the quarterfinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati, Ohio. Nadal was seeded second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfinals to world No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in four sets.
Nadal played only three tournaments the remainder of the year. Joachim Johansson, ranked world No. 690, upset Nadal in the second round of the Stockholm Open 6–4, 7–6. The following week, Nadal lost to Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals of the year's last Masters Series tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the round-robin stage of the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost to James Blake but defeated Nikolay Davydenko and Robredo. Because of those two victories, Nadal qualified for the semifinals, where he lost to Federer 6–4, 7–5. This was Nadal's third loss in nine career matches with Federer.
Nadal went on to become the first player since Andre Agassi in 1994–95 to finish the year as the world No. 2 in consecutive years.
2007[link]
Nadal started the year by playing in six hard-court tournaments. He lost in the semifinals and first round of his first two tournaments and then lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open to eventual runner-up Fernando González. After another quarterfinal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, before Novak Djoković defeated him in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Miami Masters.
He had comparatively more success after returning to Europe to play five clay-court tournaments. He won the titles at the Masters Series Monte Carlo, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, and the Masters Series Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome, before losing to Roger Federer in the final of the Masters Series Hamburg. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male open era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded to win the French Open for the third straight year, defeating Federer once again in the final.
Between the tournaments in Barcelona and Rome, Nadal defeated Federer in the "Battle of Surfaces" exhibition match in Majorca, Spain, with the tennis court being half grass and half clay.[35]
Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in London for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal was upset in the quarterfinals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third and fourth rounds of Wimbledon before being beaten by Federer in the five-set final. This was Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon since 2001.[36]
In July, Nadal won the clay court Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, which proved to be his last title of the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer hard court season. He was a semifinalist at the Masters Series Rogers Cup in Montreal before losing his first match at the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was the second-seeded player at the US Open, but was defeated in the fourth round by David Ferrer.
After a month-long break from tournament tennis, Nadal played the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid and the BNP Paribas Masters in Paris. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfinals and final of those tournaments. To end the year, Nadal won two of his three round robin matches to advance to the semifinals of the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, where Federer defeated him 6–4, 6–1.
During the second half of the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon final. In addition, there were rumors at the end of the year that the foot injury he suffered during 2005, caused long-term damage, which were given credence by coach Toni Nadal's claim that the problem was "serious". Nadal and his spokesman strongly denied this, however, with Nadal himself calling the story "totally false".[37]
2008[link]
Nadal began the year in India, where he was comprehensively beaten by Mikhail Youzhny in the final of the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifinals of the Australian Open for the first time. Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated Nadal 6–2, 6–3, 6–2 in the semifinal of 2008 Australian Open. Tsonga's semifinal performance was characterized by his powerful and precise serve, finesse volleys, and aggressive baseline play; it was a performance that drew the Melbourne crowd to their feet. Tsonga did not face a break point until the third set, while breaking the Spaniard five times in the match. Nadal also reached the final of the Miami Masters for the second time.
During the spring clay-court season, Nadal won four singles titles and defeated Roger Federer in three finals. He beat Federer at the Masters Series Monte Carlo for the third straight year, capturing his open era record fourth consecutive title there. He won in straight sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the second set.[38] Nadal then won his fourth consecutive title at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first title at the Masters Series Hamburg, defeating Federer in the three-set final. He then won the French Open, becoming the fifth man in the open era to win a Grand Slam singles title without losing a set.[39] He defeated Federer in the final for the third straight year, but this was the most lopsided of all their matches, as Nadal only lost four games and gave Federer his first bagel since 1999.[38] This was Nadal's fourth consecutive French title, tying Björn Borg's all-time record. Nadal became the fourth male player during Open era to win the same Grand Slam singles tournament four consecutive years (the others being Borg, Pete Sampras, and Federer).
Nadal then played Federer in the final of Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry.[40][41] Nadal entered the final on a 23-match winning streak, including his first career grass-court title at the Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in London prior to Wimbledon. Federer had won his record fifth grass-court title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, and then reached the Wimbledon final without losing a set. Unlike their previous two Wimbledon finals, though, Federer was not the prohibitive favorite, and many analysts picked Nadal to win.[41][42] They played the longest (in terms of time on court, not in terms of numbers of games) final in Wimbledon history, and because of rain delays, Nadal won the fifth set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match was widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon final ever, with some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.[43][44][45][46][47] By winning his first Wimbledon title, Nadal became the third man in the open era to win both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year, after Rod Laver in 1969, and Borg in 1978–80, (Federer later accomplished this the following year) as well as the second Spaniard to win Wimbledon. He also ended Federer's record streak of five consecutive Wimbledon titles and 65 straight wins on grass courts. This is also the first time that Nadal won two Grand Slams back-to-back.
After Wimbledon, Nadal extended his winning streak to a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup title in Toronto, and then made it into the semifinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati, Ohio. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series and, combined with Federer's early-round losses in both of those tournaments, finally earned the world No. 1 ranking on 18 August, officially ending Federer's record four-and-a-half year reign at the top.
At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Nadal defeated Novak Djoković of Serbia in the semifinals 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 and Fernando González of Chile in the final to win his first Olympic gold medal. Nadal became the first male player ranked in the top five to win the gold medal.[48]
At the US Open, Nadal was the top-seeded player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did not lose a set during his first three matches, defeating qualifiers in the first and second rounds and Viktor Troicki in the third round. He then needed four sets to defeat both Sam Querrey in the fourth round and Mardy Fish in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, he lost to eventual runner up, Andy Murray 6–2, 7–6, 4–6, 6–4. Later in the year in Madrid, Nadal helped Spain defeat the United States in the Davis Cup semifinals.
At the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifinals to Gilles Simon 3–6, 7–5, 7–6. However, his performance at the event guaranteed that he would become the first Spaniard during the open era to finish the year as the world No. 1.[49] On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in Oviedo, Spain, Nadal was given the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports, in recognition of his achievements in tennis.[50] Two weeks after the Madrid Masters at the BNP Paribas Masters in France, Nadal reached the quarterfinals, where he faced Nikolay Davydenko. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, before retiring in the second with a knee injury.[51] The following week, Nadal announced his withdrawal from the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis of the knee. On 10 November, Nadal withdrew from Spain's Davis Cup final against Argentina, as his knee injury had not healed completely.[52]
2009[link]
Nadal's first official ATP tour event for the year was the 250 series Qatar ExxonMobil Open in Doha. After his first-round match with Fabrice Santoro, Nadal was awarded the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.[53] Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfinals to Gaël Monfils. Nadal also entered and won the tournament's doubles event with partner Marc López, defeating the world No. 1 doubles team of Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. As noted by statistician Greg Sharko, this was the first time since 1990, that the world No. 1 singles player had played the world No. 1 doubles player in a final.[54]
At the 2009 Australian Open, Nadal won his first five matches without dropping a set, before defeating compatriot Fernando Verdasco in the semifinals in the second longest match in Australian Open history at 5 hours and 14 minutes.[55] This win set up a championship match with Roger Federer, their first meeting ever in a hard-court Grand Slam tournament and their nineteenth meeting overall. Nadal defeated Federer in five sets to earn his first hard-court Grand Slam singles title,[56] making him the first Spaniard to win the Australian Open and the fourth male tennis player—after Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander, and Andre Agassi—to win Grand Slam singles titles on three different surfaces. This win also made Nadal the first male tennis player to hold three Grand Slam singles titles on three different surfaces at the same time.[57] Nadal then played the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam. In the final, he lost to second-seeded Murray in three sets. During the final, Nadal called a trainer to attend to a tendon problem with his right knee, which notably affected his play in the final set.[58] Although this knee problem was not associated with Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it was serious enough to cause him to withdraw from the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships a week later.[59]
In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a Davis Cup World Group first-round tie on clay in Benidorm, Spain. Nadal defeated Janko Tipsarević and Novak Djokovic. The win over world No. 3 Djokovic was Nadal's twelfth consecutive Davis Cup singles match win and boosted his career win–loss record against Djokovic to 11–4, including 6–0 on clay.[60][61]
At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteenth Masters 1000 series tournament. In the fourth round, Nadal saved five match points, before defeating David Nalbandian for the first time.[62] Nadal defeated Juan Martín del Potro in the quarterfinals and Andy Roddick in the semi-finals, before defeating Murray in the final. The next ATP tour event was the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced to the quarterfinals, where he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losing the match. This was the first time del Potro had defeated Nadal in five career matches.[63]
Nadal began his European clay court season at the 2009 Monte Carlo Masters, where he won a record fifth consecutive singles title there.[64] He defeated Novak Djokovic in the final for his fifth consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player to win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years.
Nadal then competed in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced to his fifth consecutive Barcelona final, where he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on to beat Ferrer 6–2, 7–5 to record five consecutive Barcelona victories.[65] At the Rome Masters, Nadal reached the final, where he defeated Novak Djokovic to improve his overall record to 13–4 and clay record to 8–0 against the Serb.[66] He became the first player to win four Rome titles.
After winning two clay-court Masters, he participated in the Madrid Open. He lost to Roger Federer 4–6, 4–6 in the final. This was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer since the semifinals of the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup.
On 19 May, the ATP World Tour announced that Nadal was the first player out of eight to qualify for the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, to be played at the O2 Arena in London.[67]
By beating Lleyton Hewitt in the third round of 2009 French Open, Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record of 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beating the previous record of 28 by Björn Borg (1978–81 French Open). Nadal had won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (since winning the last 2 sets at the 2007 French Open final against Federer), the second-longest winning streak in the tournament's history behind Björn Borg's record of 41 consecutive sets. This run came to an end on 31 May 2009, when Nadal lost to eventual runner-up, Robin Söderling in the 4th round. The Swede triumphed 6–2, 6–7, 6–4, 7–6. This was Nadal's first loss at the French Open.
After his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal withdrew from the AEGON Championships. It was confirmed that Nadal was suffering from tendinitis in both of his knees.[68] On 19 June, Nadal withdrew from the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.[69] He was the first champion to not defend the title since Goran Ivanišević in 2001.[69] Roger Federer went on to win the title, and Nadal consequently dropped back to world No. 2 on 6 July 2009. Nadal later announced his withdrawal from the Davis Cup.
On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal would return to play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal.[70] There, in his first tournament since Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfinals to Juan Martín del Potro.[71] With this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot to Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking outside the top two for the first time since 25 July 2005.
In the quarterfinals of the US Open he defeated Fernando González 7–6, 7–6, 6–0 in a rain-delayed encounter.[72] However, like his previous US Open campaign, he fell in the semifinals, this time losing to eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro 2–6, 2–6, 2–6.[73] Despite the loss, he regained his No. 2 ranking after Andy Murray's early exit.[74]
At the World Tour Finals, Nadal lost all three of his matches against Robin Söderling, Nikolay Davydenko, and Novak Djokovic respectively without winning a set.
In December, Nadal participated in the second Davis Cup final of his career. He defeated Czech No. 2 Tomáš Berdych in his first singles rubber to give the Spanish Davis Cup Team their first point in the tie. After the Spanish Davis Cup team had secured its fourth Davis Cup victory, Nadal defeated Jan Hájek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber of his career. The win gave Nadal his 14th consecutive singles victory at Davis Cup (his 13th on clay).
Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fourth time in five years. Nadal won the Golden Bagel Award for 2009, with nine 6–0 sets during the year. Nadal has won the award three times (a tour record).
2010[link]
Main article: 2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season
Nadal began the year by participating in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He defeated compatriot David Ferrer 7–6, 6–3 to reach his second final in the exhibition tournament. In the final, Nadal defeated Robin Söderling 7–6, 7–5.[75]
Nadal participated in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, where he lost in the finals to Nikolay Davydenko 6–0, 6–7, 4–6.[76][76]
In the first round of the Australian Open, Nadal defeated Peter Luczak of Australia 7–6, 6–1, 6–4. In the second round, he beat Lukáš Lacko 6–2, 6–2, 6–2. In the third round, he was tested by Philipp Kohlschreiber, finally beating him 6–4, 6–2, 2–6, 7–5. In the fourth round, he beat Ivo Karlović of Croatia, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4.[77] In the quarterfinals, Nadal pulled out at 3–0 down in the third set against Andy Murray, having lost the first two sets 6–3, 7–6.[78] After examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should take two weeks of rest, and then two weeks of rehabilitation.
Nadal reached the semifinals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, where he was the defending champion; however, eventual champion Ivan Ljubičić defeated him in three sets.[79] He and countryman López won the doubles title, though, as wildcard entrants against number one seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić.[80] This boosted his doubles ranking 175 places[81] to world number 66, whereas he was 241st before Indian Wells.[82] After Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifinals of the Sony Ericsson Open, where he lost to eventual champion Andy Roddick in three sets.[83]
Nadal reached the final of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in Monaco, after beating fellow Spaniard David Ferrer 6–3, 6–2 in the semifinals. This was Nadal's first tour final since Doha earlier in the year. He won the final 6–0, 6–1 over his compatriot Fernando Verdasco. He lost 14 games throughout all five matches, the fewest he had ever lost en route to a championship, and the final was the shortest Masters 1000 final in terms of games. With this win, Nadal became the first player in the open era to win a tournament title for six straight years.[84]
Unlike in previous years, Nadal next chose to skip the Barcelona tournament (despite being that event's five-time defending champion), and his next tournament was the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia. He defeated Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, and Stanlias Wawrinka, all in straight sets, to win his 57th straight match in April. In the semis, he faced a resilient Ernests Gulbis, who defeated Roger Federer earlier in the tournament and took Nadal to three sets for the first time this clay-court season. Nadal eventually prevailed with a 6–4, 3–6, 6–4 in 2 hours and 40minutes. He then defeated compatriot David Ferrer in the final 7–5, 6–2 for his fifth title at Rome to equal Andre Agassi's record of winning 17 ATP Masters titles.
Nadal then entered the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, where he had finished runner-up the previous year. Being one of the top eight seeds, he received a bye in the first round. In the second round, he defeated qualifier Oleksandr Dolgopolov Jr in straight sets. He then played the six-foot-nine-inch American John Isner. Nadal comfortably came through in straight sets, 7–5, 6–4. He defeated Gaël Monfils in the quarterfinals 6–1, 6–3 and his countryman Nicolás Almagro in the next round, who was playing in his first Masters 1000 semifinal, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2. The first set of his match against Almagro would be just the second set he lost on clay up to this point in 2010. Nadal then defeated longtime rival Roger Federer 6–4, 7–6, avenging his 2009 finals loss to Federer. The win gave him his 18th Masters title, breaking the all-time record. He became the first player to win all three clay-court Masters titles in a single year and the first player to win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back to No. 2 the following day.
Entering the French Open, many were expecting another Nadal-Federer final. However, this became impossible when rival Robin Söderling defeated Federer 3–6, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 in the quarterfinals.[85] The failure of Federer to reach the semifinals allowed Nadal to regain the world No. 1 ranking if he were to win the tournament. Nadal advanced to the final and defeated Soderling 6–4, 6–2, 6–4 to win the French Open. The win gave Nadal his seventh Grand Slam, tying him with John McEnroe, John Newcombe, and Mats Wilander on the all-time list, and allowed Nadal to reclaim the position of world No. 1, denying his biggest rival Roger Federer the all-time record for weeks at No. 1.[86][87] By this win, Nadal became the first man to win the three Masters series on clay and the French Open. This was dubbed by the media as the "Clay Slam". This victory at Roland Garros marked the second time (2008) that Nadal had won the French Open without dropping a single set (tying the record held by Björn Borg). With the win in Paris he also booked his place at the World Tour Finals in London and became the first player to win five French Open titles in six years.
In June, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he had won in 2008, at the prestigious Queen's Club. He played singles and doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Being one of the top eight seeds, he received a bye in the first round. In the second round, where he played his first match on grass since winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeated Marcos Daniel easily, 6–2, 6–2. In the third round, he played Denis Istomin of Uzbekistan, whom he defeated 7–6, 4–6, 6–4, to advance to the quarterfinals. However, he was defeated by compatriot Feliciano López 6–7, 4–6.
At the Wimbledon, Nadal beat Kei Nishikori 6–2, 6–4, 6–4. Nadal was taken to the limit by Robin Haase winning 5–7, 6–2, 3–6, 6–0, 6–3. He defeated Philipp Petzschner in the third round. The match was a 5-set thriller, with Nadal triumphing 6–4, 4–6, 6–7, 6–2, 6–3. During his match with Petzschner, Nadal was warned twice for receiving coaching from his coach and uncle, Toni Nadal, resulting in a $2000 fine by Wimbledon officials. Allegedly, encouraging words for Nadal shouted during the match were some sort of coaching code signal.[88][89] He met Paul-Henri Mathieu of France in the round of 16 and comfortably beat Mathieu 6–4, 6–2, 6–2. In the quarterfinals, he got past Robin Söderling of Sweden in four sets 3–6, 6–3, 7–6, 6–1. He defeated Andy Murray in straight sets 6–4, 7–6, 6–4 to reach his fourth Wimbledon final.
Nadal won the 2010 Wimbledon men's title by defeating Tomáš Berdych in straight sets 6–3, 7–5, 6–4. After the win, Nadal said "it is more than a dream for me" and thanked the crowd for being both kind and supportive to him and his adversary during the match and in the semifinal against Andy Murray.[90] The win gave him a second Wimbledon title and an eighth career major title[91] just past the age of 24.[92] The win also gave Nadal his first "Old World Triple"; the last person to achieve this was Björn Borg in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term given to winning the Italian Open, French Open, and Wimbledon in the same year).
In his first hard-court tournament since Wimbledon, Nadal advanced to the semifinals of the Rogers Cup, along with No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, and No. 4 Andy Murray, after coming back from a one-set deficit to defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber of Germany, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4.[93] In the semifinal, defending champion Murray defeated Nadal 6–3, 6–4, becoming the only player to triumph over the Spaniard twice in 2010.[94] Nadal also competed in the doubles with Djokovic in a one-time, high-profile partnership of the world No. 1 and No. 2, the first such team since the Jimmy Connors and Arthur Ashe team in 1976.[95] However, Nadal and Djokovic lost in the first round to Canadians Milos Raonic and Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal was the top seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losing in the quarterfinals to 2006 Australian Open finalist Marcos Baghdatis.
At the 2010 US Open, Nadal was the top seed for the second time in three years. He defeated Teymuraz Gabashvili, Denis Istomin, Gilles Simon, number 23 seed Feliciano López, number 8 seed Fernando Verdasco, and number 12 seed Mikhail Youzhny all without dropping a set, to reach his first US Open final, becoming only the eighth man in the Open Era to reach the final of all four majors, and at age 24 the second youngest ever to do so, behind only Jim Courier. In the final, he defeated Novak Djokovic 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 which completed the Career Grand Slam for Nadal and he became the second male after Andre Agassi to complete a Career Golden Slam.[96] Nadal also became the first man to win grand slams on clay, grass, and hard court in the same year, and the first to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open in the same year since Rod Laver in 1969. Nadal and Mats Wilander are the only male players to win at least two Grand Slams each on clay, grass, and hardcourts in their careers. Nadal also became the first left-handed man to win the US Open since John McEnroe in 1984.[97] Nadal's victory also clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010, making Nadal only the third player (after Ivan Lendl in 1989 and Roger Federer in 2009) to regain the year-end number one ranking after having lost it.[98]
Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in Bangkok where he reached the semifinals, losing to compatriot Guillermo García López. Nadal was able to regroup, and at the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo (debut), he defeated Santiago Giraldo, Milos Raonic, and Dmitry Tursunov. In the semifinals against Viktor Troicki, Nadal saved two match points in the deciding set tiebreaker to win it 9–7 in the end. In the final, Nadal comfortably defeated Gaël Monfils 6–1, 7–5 for his seventh title of the season.
Nadal next played in the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters in Shanghai, where he was the top seed, but lost to world No. 12 Jürgen Melzer in the third round, snapping his record streak of 21 consecutive Masters quarterfinals. On the 5 November, Nadal announced that he was pulling out of the Paris Masters due to tendinitis in his left shoulder.[99] On 21 November 2010, in London, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award for the first time.[100]
At the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals in London, Nadal defeated Roddick 3–6, 7–6, 6–4 in the first match, Djokovic 7–5, 6–2 in the second match, and Berdych 7–6, 6–1 in the third match, to advance to the semifinals for the third time in his career. This is the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the round-robin stage. In the semifinal, he defeated Murray 7–6, 3–6, 7–6 in a hard-fought match to reach his first final at the tournament. In only their second meeting of the year, Federer beat Nadal in the final by a score of 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. After the match, Nadal stated: "Roger is probably the more complete player of the world. I'm not going to say I lost that match because I was tired." This was a reference to his marathon victory over Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."[101]
Nadal ended the 2010 season having won three Slams and three Masters 1000 tournaments, and having regained the No. 1 ranking.
Next up for Nadal was a two-match exhibition against Federer for the Roger Federer Foundation. The first match took place in Zürich on 21 December 2010, and the second in Madrid the next day.
2011[link]
Main article: 2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season
Nadal started 2011, by participating in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He defeated Tomáš Berdych, 6–4, 6–4, to reach his third final in the exhibition tournament. In the final, he won over his main rival Roger Federer, 7–6, 7–6.
At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, Karol Beck, 6–3, 6–0, Lukáš Lacko, 7–6, 0–6, 6–3, and Ernests Gulbis, 7–6, 6–3, citing fever as the primary reason for his poor performance. He fell in straight sets to a resurgent Nikolay Davydenko in the semifinals, 3–6, 2–6.[102] He and countryman López won the doubles title by defeating the Italian duo Daniele Bracciali and Andreas Seppi, 6–3, 7–6.[103]
In the first round of the Australian Open, Nadal defeated Marcos Daniel of Brazil 6–0, 5–0 ret. In the second round, he beat upcoming qualifier Ryan Sweeting of the United States 6–2, 6–1, 6–1. In the third round, he was tested by emerging player Bernard Tomic of Australia, who previously ousted Nadal's countryman Feliciano López, but Nadal was victorious 6–2, 7–5, 6–3. He went on to defeat Marin Čilić of Croatia 6–2, 6–4, 6–3, in the fourth round. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against fellow Spaniard David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfinal match and ultimately lost in straight sets 4–6, 2–6, 3–6, thus ending his effort to win four major tournaments in a row.[104]
On 7 February 2011, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Nadal won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for the first time, ahead of footballer Lionel Messi, Sebastian Vettel, Spain's Andres Iniesta, Lakers basketball player Kobe Bryant, and Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao.[105]
In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-round tie on hard indoor courts in the Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium. Nadal defeated Ruben Bemelmans 6–2, 6–4, 6–2.[106] After Spain's victory in three matches, Nadal played a second dead rubber against Olivier Rochus and won 6–4, 6–2.[107]
At the 2011 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Nadal defeated upcoming qualifier Rik de Voest of South Africa 6–0, 6–2, in his first match. In the third round, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting, 6–3, 6–1. He then defeated Indian qualifier Somdev Devvarman, 7–5, 6–4, in the fourth round. In the quarterfinals, Nadal had a hard time against Croatian Ivo Karlovic, but won 5–7, 6–1, 7–6, and in the semifinals he met Argentine Juan Martin del Potro, back from a long injury. The last three confrontations between the players were in favor of del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won 6–4, 6–4. He reached his third final at Indian Wells, and in the final lost against Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 3–6, 2–6.[108] The next day, Nadal and Djokovic played a friendly match in Bogota, Colombia, which Nadal won.[109]
Nadal started the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open with a win over Japanese player Kei Nishikori, 6–4, 6–4, then met his compatriot Feliciano Lopez in the third round, whom he defeated 6–3, 6–3. In the fourth round, he defeated Alexandr Dolgopolov of Ukraine, 6–1, 6–2. In the quarterfinals, Nadal had the first real test of the tournament when he met the world no. 7 Tomas Berdych. After a good first set, Nadal's level of play fell significantly due to an injured right shoulder, and he lost the second set. He eventually triumphed, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3. In the semifinals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, their first meeting in a semifinal since the 2007 Masters Cup. Nadal was swiftly victorious, 6–3, 6–2; this match was one of the fastest matches played on hard courts. For the second time in two weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the final. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, and Djokovic the second. The third set ended in a tiebreak, with Djokovic winning the match, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6.[110] This is the first time Nadal reached the finals of Indian Wells and Miami in the same year.
Nadal began his clay-court season in style, winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters with the loss of just one set. Nadal defeated Jarkko Nieminen, 6–2, 6–2, Richard Gasquet, 6–2, 6–4, Ivan Ljubičić, 6–1, 6–3, and Andy Murray, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, in the semifinals to reach his seventh consecutive final in Monte Carlo. In the final, Nadal avenged his defeat by David Ferrer in the quarterfinals of the 2011 Australian Open and won the match, 6–4, 7–5. He was the first man to win the same tournament seven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.[111] Nadal chalked up his 37th straight win at the clay-court event, where he has not lost since the 2003 Monte Carlo Masters. It was his 44th career title and 19th at a Masters event.[112] It was his first title since winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place with Björn Borg and Manuel Orantes in the list of players with the most titles on clay.[113]
Just a week later, Nadal won his sixth Barcelona Open crown, winning the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell final in straight sets. He won the final over Ferrer, 6–2, 6–4. In doing so, Nadal became the first man in the open era to have won two tournaments at least six times each. Nadal was then the leader in terms of matches won in the year, with 29. He did not gain any points for this victory, however, as only four ATP 500 tournaments can be counted towards a players ranking at one time, but they will go into effect 8 August 2011, when the result of the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic expires.[114]
At the Madrid in May, he defeated Marcos Baghdatis, had a walkover against Juan Martin del Potro, and defeated Michael Llodra and Roger Federer, before losing the final to Novak Djokovic, 5–7, 4–6.[115]
Nadal lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic in the Rome Masters final, 4–6, 4–6.[116] This marked the first time that Nadal has lost twice on clay to the same player in a single season.[117] However, Nadal retained his no. 1 ranking during the clay-court season and won his sixth French Open title by defeating Roger Federer, 7–5, 7–6, 5–7, 6–1.[118]
At Wimbledon, Nadal beat Michael Russell in the first round, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2, Ryan Sweeting, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4, in the second round, and Gilles Muller, 7–6, 7–6, 6–0, in the third round. He then faced former US Open Champion Juan Martin del Potro in the fourth round, prevailing 7–6, 3–6, 7–6, 6–4. He then faced tenth-seeded Mardy Fish in the quarterfinals, prevailing in four sets, 6–3, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4. His semifinal opponent was world no. 4 Andy Murray. Murray took the first set, but Nadal upped his game and won in four sets, 5–7, 6–2, 6–2, 6–4. This set up a final against world no. 2 Novak Djokovic, who had beaten Nadal in all four of their matches in 2011 (all in Masters finals). Djokovic broke in the 10th game of the first set to take it 6–4; he then won the second comfortably 6–1, but Nadal fought back, breaking early in the third to win it 6–1. In a tense fourth set, Djokovic broke in the ninth game and clinched the title, with Nadal losing 4–6, 1–6, 6–1, 3–6. This was the first Grand Slam final that Nadal had lost to someone other than Roger Federer and his first loss at Wimbledon since his five-set loss to Federer in the 2007 final. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam finals at seven, preventing him from tying the Open-Era record of eight victories in a row set by Pete Sampras. Djokovic's success at the tournament also meant that the Serb ascended to world no. 1 for the first time, breaking the dominance of Federer and Nadal on the position, which one of them had held for every week since 2 February 2004. Nadal fell to world no. 2 in the rankings for the first time since June 2010.
After resting for a month from a foot injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contested the 2011 Rogers Cup, where he was shocked by Croatian Ivan Dodig in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, where he lost to Mardy Fish in the quarterfinals.
At the 2011 US Open, Nadal defeated Andrey Golubev in straight sets and advanced to the third round after Frenchman Nicholas Mahut retired. After defeating David Nalbandian on September 4, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due to severe cramps.[119] Nadal lost to Novak Djokovic in the final in four sets 2–6, 4–6, 7–6, 1–6.
After the US Open, Nadal made the final of the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, who was the 2010 champion, was defeated by Andy Murray, 6–3, 2–6, 0–6. At the Shanghai Masters, Nadal was top seed with the absence of Novak Djokovic, but was upset in the third round by no. 23 ranked Florian Mayer in straight sets, 6–7, 3–6. At the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Nadal was defeated by Roger Federer in the round-robin stage, 3–6, 0–6 in one of the quickest matches between the two, lasting just 60 minutes. In the following match, Nadal was defeated by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, 6–7, 6–4, 3–6, and was eliminated from the tournament.
In the Davis Cup final in December, Nadal had a quick straight-set win over Juan Monaco in his first match. In his second match against Juan Martin del Potro Nadal did not win a single service game in the first set but came back to win the match 1–6, 6–4, 6–1, 7–6(0).[120]
Nadal ended his tennis season with the Mubadala World Tennis Championship, an exhibition tournament not affiliated with the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early January, was held from December 29 to December 31, 2011. Nadal had a bye into the semifinals and played against David Ferrer, who defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfinals.[121] Ferrer won the match in straight sets 6–3, 6–2.[122] Nadal was then relegated to the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal dominated the first set, and Federer made an attempt to claim the second set but failed, winning the match with a score of 6–1, 7–5.
2012[link]
Main article: 2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season
Rivalries[link]
Nadal vs. Federer[link]
Main article: Federer–Nadal rivalry
Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers.[43][123][124][125][126]
They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 14 September 2009, when Nadal fell to World No. 3 (Andy Murray became the new No. 2).[127] They are the only pair of men to have ever finished four consecutive calendar years at the top.[citation needed] Nadal ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008.[128]
They have played 28 times, and Nadal leads their head-to-head series 18–10 overall and 8–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fourteen of their matches have been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface and statistically Federer's worst surface.[129] Federer has a winning record on grass (2–1) and indoor hard courts (4–0) while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts by 5–2 and clay by 12–2.[130]
Because tournament seedings are based on rankings, 19 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including an all-time record 8 Grand Slam finals.[131] From 2006 to 2008, they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and then they met in the 2009 Australian Open final and the 2011 French Open final.[citation needed] Nadal won six of the eight, losing the first two Wimbledons. Three of these matches were five set-matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts.[44][132][133][134] They have also played in a record 9 Masters Series finals.[citation needed]
Nadal vs. Djokovic[link]
Main article: Djokovic–Nadal rivalry
Djokovic and Nadal have met 32 times (which is the sixth-most head-to-head meetings in the Open Era)[135] with Nadal having a 18–14 advantage.[136] Nadal leads on grass 2–1 and clay 11–2, but Djokovic leads on hard courts 11–5.[136] This rivalry is listed as the third greatest rivalry in the last decade by ATPworldtour.com[137] and is considered by many to be the emerging rivalry.[138][139] Djokovic is one of only two players to have at least ten match wins against Nadal (the other being Federer) and the only person to defeat Nadal seven consecutive times and two times consecutively on clay.[140] The two share the record for the longest match played in a best of three sets (4 hours and 3 minutes), at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semi-finals.[citation needed] In the 2011 Wimbledon final, Djokovic won in four sets 6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3, for his first slam final over Nadal.[141] Djokovic also defeated Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeated Nadal in the Australian Open final for a third consecutive slam final win over Nadal. This was the longest Grand Slam final in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.[142] Nadal won their last two meetings in the final of Monte Carlo Masters and Rome Masters in April and in May 2012, respectively.[143]
Major Titles[link]
Grand Slam performance timeline[link]
To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once a tournament or the player's participation in the tournament has concluded. This table is current through the 2012 Australian Open.
| Tournament | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | SR | W–L | Win % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Slam Tournaments | ||||||||||||||
| Australian Open | A | 3R | 4R | A | QF | SF | W | QF | QF | F | 1 / 8 | 35–7 | 83.33 | |
| French Open | A | A | W | W | W | W | 4R | W | W | 6 / 7 | 45–1 | 97.83 | ||
| Wimbledon | 3R | A | 2R | F | F | W | A | W | F | 2 / 7 | 35–5 | 87.50 | ||
| US Open | 2R | 2R | 3R | QF | 4R | SF | SF | W | F | 1 / 9 | 34–8 | 80.95 | ||
| Win–Loss | 3–2 | 3–2 | 13–3 | 17–2 | 20–3 | 24–2 | 15–2 | 25–1 | 23–3 | 6–1 | 10 / 31 | 149–21 | 87.65 | |
Grand Slam Finals[link]
Singles: 15 (10 titles, 5 runner-ups)[link]
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 2005 | French Open | Clay |  Mariano Puerta |
6–7(6–8), 6–3, 6–1, 7–5 |
| Winner | 2006 | French Open (2) | Clay |  Roger Federer |
1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6(7–4) |
| Runner-up | 2006 | Wimbledon | Grass | Roger Federer |
0–6, 6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–2), 3–6 |
| Winner | 2007 | French Open (3) | Clay | Roger Federer |
6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 2007 | Wimbledon (2) | Grass | Roger Federer |
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 6–7(3–7), 6–2, 2–6 |
| Winner | 2008 | French Open (4) | Clay | Roger Federer |
6–1, 6–3, 6–0 |
| Winner | 2008 | Wimbledon | Grass | Roger Federer |
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7 |
| Winner | 2009 | Australian Open | Hard | Roger Federer |
7–5, 3–6, 7–6(7–3), 3–6, 6–2 |
| Winner | 2010 | French Open (5) | Clay |  Robin Söderling |
6–4, 6–2, 6–4 |
| Winner | 2010 | Wimbledon (2) | Grass |  Tomáš Berdych |
6–3, 7–5, 6–4 |
| Winner | 2010 | US Open | Hard |  Novak Djokovic |
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 |
| Winner | 2011 | French Open (6) | Clay | Roger Federer |
7–5, 7–6(7–3), 5–7, 6–1 |
| Runner-up | 2011 | Wimbledon (3) | Grass | Novak Djokovic |
4–6, 1–6, 6–1, 3–6 |
| Runner-up | 2011 | US Open | Hard | Novak Djokovic |
2–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 1–6 |
| Runner-up | 2012 | Australian Open | Hard | Novak Djokovic |
7–5, 4–6, 2–6, 7–6(7–5), 5–7 |
Year-End Championships[link]
| Tournament | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | SR | W–L | Win % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year-End Championship Tournaments | |||||||||||||||||
| YEC | A | A | A | A | SF | SF | A | RR | F | RR | 0 / 5 | 9–10 | 47.37 | ||||
Singles: 1 Runner-up[link]
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Runner-up | 2010 | 2010 ATP World Tour Finals | Hard | Roger Federer |
3–6, 6–3, 1–6 |
Olympic finals[link]
Singles: 1 (1 title)[link]
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 2008 | Beijing Olympics | Hard |  Fernando González |
6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3 |
Career statistics[link]
Main article: Rafael Nadal career statistics
Records[link]
Main article: List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal
All-time tournament records[link]
| Tournament | Since | Record accomplished | Players matched |
|---|---|---|---|
| All | 1877 | 8 consecutive titles at any single tournament | Stands alone |
| Monte Carlo Masters | 1897 | 8 men's singles titles | Stands alone |
| French Open | 1925 | 6 men's singles titles | Björn Borg |
| Rome Masters | 1930 | 6 men's singles titles | Stands alone |
| Barcelona Open | 1953 | 7 men's singles titles | Stands alone |
Grand Slam tournament records[link]
- These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis (since 1968).
- Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
- Records in italics are currently active streaks.
| Time span | Selected Grand Slam tournament records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Career Golden Slam | Andre Agassi |
| 2005 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Career Grand Slam | Rod Laver Andre Agassi Roger Federer |
| 2005 French Open — 2010 US Open |
2+ titles on grass, clay and hard courts[144] | Mats Wilander |
| 2005 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Youngest to achieve a Career Grand Slam (24)[144][145] | Stands alone |
| 2010 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Winner of Majors on clay, grass and hard court in calendar year | Stands alone |
| 2010 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Winner of three consecutive Majors in calendar year | Rod Laver |
| 2007 French Open — 2010 US Open |
4 finals reached without losing a set[a] | Bjorn Borg |
| 2010 French Open — 2010 US Open |
Simultaneous holder of Majors on clay, grass and hard court | Roger Federer |
| 2008 Olympics — 2010 US Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and Majors on clay, grass and hard court | Stands alone |
| 2008 Wimbledon — 2008 Olympics |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and Wimbledon | Stands alone |
| 2008 French Open — 2009 Australian Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and three Majors | Andre Agassi |
| 2008 Olympics — 2010 US Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and clay & hard court Majors | Andre Agassi |
| 2011 Wimbledon — 2012 Australian Open |
Three consecutive runner-up finishes[146][147] | Stands alone |
| Grand Slam tournaments | Time Span | Records at each Grand Slam tournament | Players matched |
|---|---|---|---|
| French Open | 2005–2011 | 6 titles overall[148] | Björn Borg |
| French Open | 2005–2011 | 6 titles in 7 years | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2005–2008 | 4 consecutive titles[148] | Björn Borg |
| French Open | 2005–2008, 2010–2011 |
6 finals overall | Björn Borg |
| French Open | 2005–2008 | 4 consecutive finals | Björn Borg Ivan Lendl Roger Federer |
| French Open | 2005–2009 | 31 consecutive match wins[148] | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2005–2011 | 97.92% (47–1) match winning percentage | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2008, 2010 | 2 wins without losing a set[148] | Björn Borg |
| French Open | 2005 | Won title on the first attempt | Mats Wilander |
| French Open—Wimbledon | 2008, 2010 | Accomplished a "Channel Slam": Winning both tournaments in the same year | Rod Laver Björn Borg Roger Federer |
ATP Masters records[link]
- Grand Prix Championship Series began in 1970.
- ATP Masters Series was introduced in 1990.
- Renamed ATP Masters 1000 in 2009.
| Time span | Selected Masters tournament records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 2005–2012 | 21 Masters 1000 titles overall[149] | Stands alone |
| 2005–2012 | 16 Masters 1000 clay court titles | Stands alone |
| 2010 | Clay Slam[b] | Stands alone |
| 2005–2012 | 8 consecutive years winning 1+ title | Stands alone |
| 2005–2012 | 83.03% (230–47) winning percentage[150] | Stands alone |
Other selected records[link]
| Time span | Other selected records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 2005–2007 | 81 consecutive clay court match victories | Stands alone |
| 2002–2012 | 92.91% (249–19) clay court match winning percentage[151] | Stands alone |
| 2002–2012 | 85.20% (524–91) outdoor court match winning percentage[152] | Stands alone |
| 2005–2012 | 7+ titles at 2 different tournaments[153] | Stands alone |
| 2005–2012 | 8 titles overall at a single tournament (Monte Carlo) | Guillermo Vilas |
| 2005–2012 | 8 consecutive titles at a single tournament (Monte Carlo)[154] | Stands alone |
Playing style[link]
Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline game founded on heavy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork and tenacious court coverage thus making him an aggressive counterpuncher.[155] Known for his athleticism and speed around the court, Nadal is an excellent defender[156] who hits well on the run, constructing winning plays from seemingly defensive positions. He also plays very fine dropshots, which work especially well because his heavy topspin often forces opponents to the back of the court.[157]
Nadal employs a full western grip forehand, often with a "lasso-whip" follow through, where his left arm hits through the ball and finishes above his left shoulder – as opposed to a more traditional finish across the body or around his opposite shoulder.[158][159] Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him to hit shots with heavy topspin – more so than many of his contemporaries.[160] San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell used a high-speed video camera and special software to count the average number of revolutions of a tennis ball hit full force by Nadal. "The first guys we did were Sampras and Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per minute. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per minute. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."[161] While Nadal's shots tend to land short of the baseline, the characteristically high bounces his forehands achieve tend to mitigate the advantage an opponent would normally gain from capitalizing on a short ball.[162] Although his forehand is based on heavy topspin, he can hit the ball deep and flat with a more orthodox follow through for clean winners.
Nadal's serve was initially considered a weak point in his game, although his improvements in both first-serve points won and break points saved since 2005 have allowed him to consistently compete for and win major titles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency of his serve to gain a strategic advantage in points, rather than going for service winners.[163] However, before the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arriving in the trophy pose earlier and pulling the racket lower during the trophy pose. Before the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip to a more continental one. These two changes in his serve increased his average speed by around 10 mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing out at 135 mph (217 km), allowing him to win more free points on his serve.[164] However, since the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed has dropped back down to previous levels and has again been cited as a need for improvement.[165][166][167]
Nadal is a clay court specialist in the sense that he has been extremely successful on that surface. Since 2005, he won six times at Roland Garros, eight times at Monte Carlo and five at Rome. However, Nadal has shed that label due to his success on other surfaces, including holding Grand Slams simultaneously on grass, hard courts, and clay on two separate occasions, winning five Masters series titles on hardcourt, and winning the Olympic gold medal on hardcourt.[155][168] Despite praise for Nadal's talent and skill, some have questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his build and playing style as conducive to injury.[169] Nadal himself has admitted to the physical toll hard courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluated tour schedule featuring fewer hard court tournaments.[170]
Public image[link]
Equipment and endorsements[link]
Nadal has appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia Motors as a global ambassador for the company. In May 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featuring Nadal in a tennis match with an alien. Nadal also has an endorsement agreement with Universal DVDs.[171]
Nike serves as Nadal's clothing and shoe sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety of sleeveless shirts paired with 3/4 length capri pants.[172] For the 2009 season, Nadal adopted more-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal to update his look in order to reflect his new status as the sport's top player at that time[173] and associate Nadal with a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" look, would be more widely emulated by consumers.[174][175] At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi and Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him by Nike,[176] paired with shorts cut above the knee. Nadal's new, more conventional style carried over to the 2009 Australian Open, where he was outfitted with Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee[177] and Nadal Long Check Shorts.[178][179][180] Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shoes,[181] bearing various customizations throughout the season, including his nickname "Rafa" on the right shoe and a stylized bull logo on the left.
He became the face of Lanvin's L'Homme Sport cologne in April 2009.[182] Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet with a 41⁄4-inch L2 grip. As of the 2010 season[update], Nadal's racquets are painted to resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive with Cortex GT racquet in order to market a current model which Babolat sells.[183][184] Nadal uses no replacement grip, and instead wraps two overgrips around the handle. He used Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 season, when he switched to Babolat's new, black-colored, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are always strung at 55 lb (25 kg), regardless of which surface or conditions he is playing on[citation needed].
As of January 2010[update], Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company from his native Majorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery and chocolate coated products; he has consumed their products ever since he was a young child.[185][186]
In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille announced that he had developed an ultra-light wristwatch in collaboration with Nadal called the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.[187] The watch is made of titanium and lithium and is valued at US$525,000; Nadal was involved in the design and testing of the watch on the tennis court.[187] During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker.[188]
Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection.[189] This is the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008.[190] Armani said that he selected Nadal as his latest male underwear model because "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."[189]
In popular culture[link]
In February 2010, Rafael Nadal was featured in the music video of Shakira's "Gypsy".[191][192] and part of her album release She Wolf. In explaining why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira was quoted as saying in an interview with the Latin American Herald Tribune: "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe." She added about "Gypsy": "I've been on the road since I was very, very young, so that's where the gypsy metaphor comes from."[193][194][195]
Misc[link]
128036 Rafaelnadal is a Main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca, Spain and named after Rafael Nadal.[196]
Off the court[link]
Involvement in football[link]
Nadal is an avid fan of association football club Real Madrid. On 8 July 2010, it was reported that he had become a shareholder of RCD Mallorca, his local club by birth, in an attempt to assist the club from debt.[197] Rafa reportedly owns 10 percent and was offered the role of vice president, but he rejected that offer.[198] His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal, became assistant coach under Michael Laudrup. Nadal remains a passionate Real Madrid supporter; ESPN.com writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as Merengue as [Real Madrid icons] Raúl, Iker Casillas and Alfredo Di Stéfano." Shortly after acquiring his interest in Mallorca, he called out UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club from the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying through a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."[199]
He is a fervent supporter of the Spanish national team, one of only six people not affiliated with the team or the national federation allowed into the team's locker room immediately following Spain's victory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.[199]
Philanthropy[link]
Rafael Nadal took part in Thailand's 'A Million Trees For The King' project, planting a tree in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on a visit to Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to part of this project," said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."[200]
Fundación Rafa Nadal[link]
The creation of the Fundación Rafa Nadal took place in November 2007, and its official presentation was in February 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social work and development aid particularly on childhood and youth.[201] On deciding why to start a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in Chennai, in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal was inspired by the Red Cross benefit match against malaria with Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas, recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Ana Maria Parera, Rafa's mom, chairs the organization and father Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach and uncle Toni Nadal and his agent, former tennis player Carlos Costa, are also involved. Roger Federer has been giving Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in India struck him particularly hard, Nadal wants to start by helping "people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."[202]
On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled to India for the first time to assist in the transformation of one of the poorest and most needy areas of India, Andhra Pradesh. He has an academy in the south of the country, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. His foundation has also worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.[203]
Personal life[link]
Nadal owns an Aston Martin DBS.[204] He lived with his parents and younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment building in their hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. In June 2009, Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia, and then The New York Times, reported that his parents, Ana Maria and Sebastian, had separated. This news came after weeks of speculation in Internet posts and message boards over Nadal's personal issues as the cause of his setback.[205] He has revealed himself to be Agnostic.[206] When a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, Dragon Ball. CNN released an article about Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due to his unorthodox style "from another planet."[207]
Nadal's autobiography, Rafa, written with assistance from John Carlin,[208] was published in August 2011. Since 2005, Rafael Nadal has been dating Maria Francisca Perello (Xisca).[209] In addition to tennis and association football, Nadal enjoys playing golf.[210]
Footnotes[link]
- a The finals Nadal reached without losing a set were the 2007, 2008 & 2010 French Open and the 2010 US Open.
- b The "Clay Slam" consists of winning the Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters, Madrid Masters and French Open in the same year.
See also[link]
- ATP World Tour records
- List of ATP number 1 ranked players
- List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
- List of non-Grand Slam tennis statistics and records
- 128036 Rafaelnadal asteroid
- List of open era tennis records
- ATP Awards
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- ^ http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS
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- ^ Thomas Skuzinski (2011-08-22). "Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men". Bleacher Report. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
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- ^ "Style of play catching up with Rafa?". ESPN. 30 August 2007. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule". Tennis Magazine. 2 February 2009. http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
- ^ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video.
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- ^ "Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open". Sports Business Daily. 1 August 2008. http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction". CNBC. 26 January 2009. http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal". Tennis Served Fresh. 20 January 2009. http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Nike Bold New Tennis Crew". Nike Store. 30 January 2009. http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu". Nike Store. 30 January 2009. http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Rafa's Costume Change". Tennis Served Fresh. 24 January 2009. http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Emperor's New Clothes". Tennis Magazine. 24 January 2009. http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg. Retrieved 30 January 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3". http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
- ^ Marie-Helene Wagner (2009-03-03). "Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal". Mimifroufrou.com. http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC". Talk Tennis. 1 September 2007. http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "The Tennis Racket". ESPN. 2 September 2004. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador". Rafaelnadal.com. 2009-12-21. http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ Photos: Rafael Nadal Is Quely Cookie Monster In Chief *Video Updates!* | Gototennis
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- ^ a b "Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani". Typicallyspanish.com. 2011-01-20. http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ Cowles, Charlotte. "Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ "Shakira – Gypsy". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo. Retrieved 6 June 2010. [dead link]
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External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rafael Nadal |
- Official website
- Rafael Nadal on Facebook
- Rafael Nadal at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- Rafael Nadal at the International Tennis Federation
- Rafael Nadal at the Davis Cup
- Zen and the Art of Rafael Nadal
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nadal, Rafael |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Spanish tennis player |
| Date of birth | 3 June 1986 |
| Place of birth | Manacor, Majorca, Spain |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Rafael_Nadal
Related pages:
http://cs.wn.com/Rafael Nadal
http://es.wn.com/Rafa Nadal
http://ru.wn.com/Надаль, Рафаэль
http://nl.wn.com/Rafael Nadal
http://pt.wn.com/Rafael Nadal
http://id.wn.com/Rafael Nadal
http://it.wn.com/Rafael Nadal
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http://hi.wn.com/रफ़ाएल नडाल
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.jpg) Balotelli playing for Inter in 2009. |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Mario Barwuah Balotelli[1] | ||
| Date of birth | (1990-08-12) 12 August 1990 (age 21)[2] | ||
| Place of birth | Palermo, Italy | ||
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[3] | ||
| Playing position | Striker[2] | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Manchester City | ||
| Number | 45 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 2001–2005 | Lumezzane | ||
| 2006–2007 | Internazionale | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 2005–2006 | Lumezzane | 2 | (0) |
| 2007–2010 | Internazionale | 59 | (20) |
| 2010– | Manchester City | 40 | (19) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2008–2010 | Italy U21 | 16 | (6) |
| 2010– | Italy | 8 | (1) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 13 May 2012. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Mario Barwuah Balotelli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmaːrjo baloˈtɛlli]; born 12 August 1990) is an Italian footballer of Ghanaian descent who plays as a striker for Manchester City and the Italian national team.[4][5] He started his professional football career at Lumezzane and played for the first team twice before having an unsuccessful trial at FC Barcelona,[6] and subsequently joining Internazionale in 2007. Inter manager Roberto Mancini brought Balotelli into the first team, but when Mancini left, Balotelli's disciplinary record fell away. He had a strained relationship with new head coach José Mourinho and was suspended from Inter's first team in January 2009 after a number of disciplinary problems.
His problems deepened in March 2010 when he came under heavy criticism by Inter fans after he appeared on the Italian TV show Striscia la notizia, wearing an A.C. Milan jersey. This damaged the prospect of him having a long career at Inter, but he did make several appearances after that. With doubts over his career at Inter, former coach Roberto Mancini at Manchester City gave Balotelli a fresh chance at a new club. He joined Manchester City in August 2010, where his performances and off-field activities have continued to be controversial and enigmatic. Balotelli earned his first cap for the Italian national team on 10 August 2010, in a friendly match against the Côte d'Ivoire thus making him the first black player to play for the Italian national football team.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Mario Balotelli was born in Palermo, Sicily, to Ghanaian immigrants Thomas and Rose Barwuah. The family moved to Bagnolo Mella in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, shortly after he was born.[7] As an infant, he had life-threatening complications with his intestines which led to a series of operations, although his condition had improved by 1992. Mario's health problems and the family's cramped living conditions meant the Barwuahs decided to ask for the help of social services who recommended that he be fostered.[7] In 1993, the Barwuah family agreed to entrust the three-year-old boy to Francesco and Silvia Balotelli,[7] with the legal move formalized by the Court of Brescia.[8] When Mario Balotelli became famous, his biological parents asked for his return. He later accused them of "glory hunting", stating that they only wanted him back because of the prominence he had gained.[9] According to Law 91 of 5 February 1992,[10] Balotelli had to wait until his 18th birthday to request Italian citizenship, as the Balotellis had not adopted him, and he officially gained citizenship on 13 August 2008.[11]
He has three biological siblings, Abigail, Enoch and Angel. [12] Enoch Barwuah, two years his junior, had a trial at English Premier League side Stoke City in December 2011.[13]
Club career[link]
Lumezzane[link]
Balotelli began his career with Lumezzane. At the age of 15 he was promoted to the first team, making his first team debut in a Serie C1 league match against Padova.[14]
Internazionale[link]
Having had an unsuccessful trial with FC Barcelona at the age of 15,[15] Balotelli was signed by F.C. Internazionale Milano in 2006 on loan with a pre-set price of €150,000 to co-own the player.[16] In June 2007 Inter excised the option and purchased another half for additional €190,000.[16] He made his first team and Serie A debut on 16 December 2007 replacing David Suazo in a 2–0 win against Cagliari.[17] Three days later he featured in the starting lineup in a Coppa Italia match against Reggina, scoring two goals in a 4–1 win.[18] Balotelli gained national attention after he scored two goals against Juventus in the return leg of the Coppa Italia quarter-finals, being instrumental in a 3–2 away win for Inter.[19] His first Serie A goal then came in April 2008 in a 2–0 away win against Atalanta.[20] Inter went on to win the 2007–08 Serie A.[21] Balotelli was a substitute in the 2008 Supercoppa Italiana final against A.S. Roma. He came on as a replacement for Luís Figo, scoring in the 83rd minute. Inter went on to win the final 6–5 on penalties after the match ended 2–2.
In November 2008 he scored his first Champions League goal in a 3–3 draw against Cypriot side Anorthosis Famagusta, becoming the youngest Inter player (at 18 years and 85 days) to score in the Champions League. This beat the previous record set by Obafemi Martins at 18 years and 145 days.[22] In April 2009 Balotelli scored Inter's goal in a 1–1 draw with Juventus and was racially abused by Juventus fans throughout the game, including chants such as "Black Italians do not exist". This led to Massimo Moratti saying that he would have pulled the team off the pitch if he had been present.[23] The racist chants were also condemned by Juventus chairman Giovanni Cobolli Gigli and Juventus were given a one game home-fan ban because of the incident.[24] Inter won Serie A for the fourth time in a row.[25]
In his second season with Inter, Balotelli had a number of disciplinary problems, most notably involving head coach José Mourinho who excluded him from the first team in the second half of January 2009. Earlier that season Mourinho had accused Balotelli of showing a lack of effort in training[26] stating "as far as I'm concerned, a young boy like him cannot allow himself to train less than people like Figo, Córdoba, and Zanetti."[27] Balotelli continued to be the subject of racist chants throughout the season, becoming the focus of Juventus fans even during games not involving Inter, leading to Juventus being fined twice and the club ultimately punished with a partial stadium closure.[28]
Balotelli's disciplinary problems, and his difficult relationship with Mourinho, continued in the 2009–10 season. In November Inter drew 1–1 against Roma and Mourinho criticized his players, even going as far as saying that Balotelli "came close to a zero rating".[29] The young striker again incurred the wrath of Juve (Juventus) fans in the heated Derby d'Italia away encounter with Juventus on 5 December 2009 which Inter lost 2–1. When he was elbowed by Juve midfielder Felipe Melo in the shoulder he fell on the pitch clutching his face and was promptly booked, while Melo was sent off for a second yellow card. The incident sparked a fiery altercation between teammate Thiago Motta and Juve goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon.[30][31] The tension between player and manager reached its peak on the eve of the UEFA Champions League second leg against Chelsea after the young striker was not called-up, following an altercation with Mourinho.[32] Despite Inter's 1–0 win at Stamford Bridge, London, Balotelli was criticized by several senior players including captain Javier Zanetti[33] and veteran defender Marco Materazzi as well as his own agent.[34] In March he came under heavy criticism from fans after he publicly sported an A.C. Milan (Inter's cross-town rivals) jersey on the Italian show Striscia la Notizia.[35]
Balotelli released a statement of apology in Inter Milan's official website that read:
| “ | "I am sorry for the situation that has been created recently. I am the first person who has suffered because I adore football and I want to play, and now I am waiting in silence so I can return to being useful to my team. I want to put the past behind me, look to the future and concentrate on the upcoming commitments and make myself ready."
Mario Balotelli[36] |
” |
After a spell out of the team, Balotelli was recalled for the match against Bologna and he marked his return with a goal in their 3–0 win.[37] He soon caused controversy again in the Champions League semi-final against Barcelona on 20 April as he threw his jersey on the ground after the final whistle, in response to Inter fans who had booed him for his poor performance.[38] This led to an attempt by a small group of supporters to physically attack Balotelli after the end of the game. His behaviour brought disapproval from fans, team-mates and football pundits.[39]
Manchester City[link]
2010–11[link]
After weeks of speculation Inter reached an agreement for Balotelli's transfer to Manchester City on 12 August 2010, for €22 million. for which Inter made a profit of €21.856 million.[40][41] At Manchester City Balotelli reunited with his former boss, Roberto Mancini.[42] who said, "his style of play will suit the Premier League, and because he is still so young there is a big chance for him to improve. He is a strong and exciting player, and City fans will enjoy watching him".[43]
On 19 August 2010 Balotelli came on as a substitute to score in his debut against Politehnica Timişoara in a 1–0 away win in the Europa League.[44] Unfortunately he injured the lateral meniscus in his right knee in the match and on 8 September he underwent surgery that saw him sidelined until October.[45] Balotelli eventually made his Premier League debut on 24 October as a substitute in a 3–0 home defeat to Arsenal[46] and made his full debut on 30 October in a 2–1 away defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers.[47] Balotelli scored his first and second Premier League goals on 7 November in a 2–0 away win to West Brom.[48] In the same game Balotelli received a red card for violent conduct as the result of a clash with Youssuf Mulumbu, which his manager Roberto Mancini described as unfair.[49] Balotelli scored the first two of City's three goals in the 3–0 win over FC Red Bull Salzburg in Manchester City's Europa League group stage match.[50]
On 21 December 2010 Balotelli won the Golden Boy Award, saying that only one of the past winners was slightly better than he was – Lionel Messi. He also claimed not to know of Arsenal's Jack Wilshere, the player he narrowly beat to the award.[51] On 28 December 2010 Balotelli scored his first Premier League hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Aston Villa.[52] Despite this Balotelli still had problems and in March 2011 he was sent off in the second-leg of Manchester City's Europa League tie with Dynamo Kiev.[53] On 14 May 2011 Balotelli was man of the match in the 2011 FA Cup Final as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1–0 to win their first trophy in thirty-five years.[54]
2011–12[link]
Balotelli scored his first goal of the 2011–12 campaign in a 2–0 Carling Cup win against Birmingham City. He followed this up with the opening goal against Everton three days later. On 1 October 2011 he scored his third goal in as many games in a 4–0 win away to Blackburn Rovers. Balotelli scored the opening two goals and forced the dismissal of Jonny Evans as City beat Manchester United 6–1 at Old Trafford on 23 October 2011.[55] Balotelli made his Champions League debut for Man City on 2 November 2011, in the return match against Villarreal. He scored from the penalty spot on the stroke of half time during the match, scoring his first CL goal for them in the process and his seventh goal overall in the season.[56] On November 27, Balotelli came on as a 65th minute substitute against Liverpool, and was sent off after receiving two yellow cards.[57] Balotelli scored using his right shoulder in City's 5–1 win over Norwich on 3 December.[58] He put City 1–0 up against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge after just two minutes on 12 December, although Chelsea rallied to win 2–1.[59]
On 22 January 2012, Balotelli came on as a substitute during a match against Tottenham Hotspur. He appeared to stamp on Scott Parker during the match against Tottenham. He was already booked but did not get a second yellow from referee Howard Webb who did not see the incident.[60] Balotelli subsequently scored his first goal of 2012 , a injury-time penalty which secured a 3–2 win for City.[61] He was charged for violent conduct for the kick against Scott Parker and was suspended for four matches, three for violent conduct and one for his second sending off.[60] On 25 February, he scored his 10th league goal of the season in a 3–0 home win against Blackburn Rovers.[62] He scored again the following game this time in a 2–0 win against Bolton.[63] On 31 March, Balotelli scored twice as City drew 3–3 at home to Sunderland. However, Balotelli was criticised for his actions in the match, after squabbling with Aleksandar Kolarov over a free kick. Roberto Mancini claimed after the game he had considered substituting Balotelli just five minutes into the match.[64] On 8 April 2012, Balotelli received his fourth red card, after earning his second yellow card during the match both against Bacary Sagna, during City's 1–0 loss to Arsenal in April 2012, after "a dangerous, chaotic, birdbrain performance".[65] After the Arsenal match, Mancini appeared to have finally lost his patience with Balotelli, suggesting that Balotelli would not play any part in the remainder of City's season and be sold by the club.[66] Despite this, Balotelli did make an appearance as a late substitute in the last game of the season, a title-deciding match against Queens Park Rangers. Balotelli provided the assist that allowed Sergio Aguero to score the 94th-minute winner that won City their first league title since 1968.
International career[link]
Balotelli was unable to answer call-ups to the Italian national under-15 and under-17 teams as he was still considered to be a Ghanaian immigrant.[67]
On 7 August 2007, five days before his 17th birthday, Balotelli received his first senior International call-up for Ghana from their coach Claude Le Roy for a friendly against Senegal at the New Den stadium in London, England, on 21 August 2007.[68] He declined the offer citing once again his willingness to play for Italy when he became eligible.[69] He also stated his willingness to represent Italy at international level once he acquired an Italian passport.[70]
Italy U-21 coach Pierluigi Casiraghi stated his intention to call up Balotelli once he obtained Italian citizenship. On 13 August 2008 Balotelli was finally given Italian citizenship[71] and Casiraghi called him to join the Italy national under-21 football team "Azzurrini" on 29 August for the matches against Greece and Croatia.[72] In his debut on 5 September 2008 he scored his first international goal in a 1–1 draw with the Greek U-21's.
Balotelli was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championships and scored the opening goal against the hosts Sweden in the 23rd minute. Barely 15 minutes later he was shown a red card for retaliating against a Swedish midfielder Pontus Wernbloom.[73]
Balotelli received his first call-up for the Italian senior team, as part of the squad announced by new head coach Cesare Prandelli, for a friendly match against Côte d'Ivoire - the first match after the 2010 World Cup. With the match, he became the first Black player to play with the Italian national team.[74] On 10 August 2010, two days before his 20th birthday, he made his debut in that match partnering Cassano and Amauri in a 0–1 loss.[75] On 11 November 2011, Balotelli scored his first senior international goal in a 2–0 win against Poland at Stadion Miejski in Wroclaw, Poland.[76]
Style of play[link]
Balotelli is credited with pace, a forceful shot and technical ability, but criticised for a petulant attitude.[77] He is often nicknamed mario the magician because of his skill with the ball and "Super Mario"[78][79] and can play anywhere along the front line. Balotelli is also a set-piece specialist[citation needed] and is regarded as a promising but difficult young striker.[citation needed]
Personality and reputation[link]
"The problem is because of his age, he can make some mistakes. He's Mario. He's crazy – but I love him because he's a good guy."
"I told him, if you played with me 10 years ago I would give you every day maybe one punch in your head. There are different ways to help a guy like Mario. I don't speak with him every day, otherwise I would need a psychologist, but I speak with him because I don't want him to lose his quality. If Mario is not one of the best players in the world it will be his fault, because he has everything. Mario can be one of the top players in Europe. I don't want him to lose his talent."
Mancini in April 2012[81]
"I've finished my words for him. I've finished. He is not a bad guy and a fantastic player but I'm very sorry for him as he continues to lose his talent and his quality. I don't have any words for his behaviour. I hope for him he can understand he is in a bad way for his future and I really hope that he can change his behaviour in the future. But I'm finished."
Balotelli has been given a reputation by the media for being a difficult character and taking part in questionable activities. Manchester City supporters have a chant with lyrics referring to his behaviour[82], while musician Tinchy Stryder recorded a song in Balotelli's honour.[83]
Within days of joining Manchester City, Balotelli was involved in a car crash.[84] It was reported that Balotelli was carrying £5000 cash at the time - and that when a police officer asked why he had such a large sum of cash Balotelli replied: "Because I am rich".[85] Off-field activities involving Balotelli have included driving into a women's prison in Italy[86] and throwing darts at a youth team player during a training ground 'prank'.[87] Balotelli has also been subjected to tabloid rumours about him confronting a bully in a school after querying why a young City fan was not at school[88] and giving £1000 to a homeless man on the streets of Manchester,[89] allegations which subsequently turned out to be false.[90][91] Video footage before City's Europa League clash with Dinamo Kiev in March 2011 showed Balotelli requiring assistance to put on a training bib,[92] an incident which teammate Edin Džeko was seen mimicking the following week in the warm up before City's game at Chelsea.[93] In September 2011, Balotelli was reportedly seen using his iPad whilst on the substitutes' bench for Italy during their game with the Faroe Islands,[94] although he denied this on a visit to a prison later that week.[95] Balotelli has turned the garden of his Manchester home into a racetrack for quadbikes.[96] Balotelli celebrated his goal against Manchester United in October 2011 by unveiling a shirt with the words: "Why always me?" on it - a celebration which seemingly disputes the accuracy of newspaper reports.[97] The day before the match a firework was set off in Balotelli's home, and later that week he was unveiled as an ambassador for firework safety.[98][99] On 5 November 2011, at the annual fireworks display at Edenbridge, Kent, a 12 m tall effigy of Balotelli was burned.[100]
In December 2011, Balotelli broke a 48-hour curfew before City's game against Chelsea to go to a curry house, although he "was not drinking alcohol, signed autographs, posed for pictures with fellow diners and was involved in a mock sword-fight using rolling pins". The club launched an internal investigation and he could face disciplinary action.[101] In the same month, it was reported that Balotelli visited his local church where he donated £200 and then visited a pub in Chorlton-cum-Hardy where he bought a £1000 round.[102] Balotelli's jaunt and donation to church was later confirmed by the church's priest.[103]
Balotelli made an unexpected appearance at Andrea Stramaccioni's first press conference as Inter Milan coach on March 2012. Balotelli entered the press room, shook Stramaccioni's hand and those of other people at the podium before leaving the press conference amidst some laughter from the crowd.[104]
After Manchester City won the league on 13th May 2012, Balotelli promised on BBC Radio One to record a song in commemoration of the feat, entitled "Mr Mario and the Sky Blues".
Balotelli considers himself a "genius" and this is why he thinks he is misunderstood.[105]
International goals[link]
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 11 November 2011 | Stadion Miejski, Wrocław, Poland |  Poland |
0–1 | 0–2 | Friendly | |||||
| Correct as of 11 November 2011 | |||||||||||
Career statistics[link]
- As of 13 May 2012.[106]
| Club | Season | League | Cup1 | Europe | Other2 | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Lumezzane | 2005–06 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Internazionale | 2007–08 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 7 |
| 2008–09 | 22 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 31 | 10 | |
| 2009–10 | 26 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 11 | |
| Total | 59 | 20 | 11 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 86 | 28 | |
| Manchester City | 2010–11 | 17 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 10 |
| 2011–12 | 23 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 32 | 17 | |
| Total | 40 | 19 | 7 | 2 | 12 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 60 | 27 | |
| Career Total | 101 | 39 | 18 | 7 | 26 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 148 | 55 | |
- 1 Includes Football League Cup
- 2 Includes Supercoppa Italiana, UEFA Super Cup and FA Community Shield
Honours[link]
Club[link]
- Internazionale
- Serie A (3): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
- Coppa Italia (1): 2009–10
- Supercoppa Italiana (1): 2008
- UEFA Champions League (1): 2009–10
- Manchester City
- FA Cup (1): 2010–11
- Premier League (1): 2011–12
Individual[link]
- Golden Boy Award (1): 2010
- FA Cup Final Man of the Match: 2011
References[link]
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- ^ Katy Murrels (22 December 2010). "Balotelli wins award". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/dec/21/mario-balotelli-wilshere-fabregas-rooney. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Fletcher, Paul (28 December 2010). "Man City 4–0 Aston Villa". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9317212.stm. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Chowdhury, Saj (17 March 2011). "Man City 1 - 0 Dynamo Kiev (agg 1 - 2)". British Broadcasting Company (BBC Sport). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9424214.stm. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ Tongue, Steve (16 May 2011). "Touré brings City's long wait to an end". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/fa-league-cups/tour233-brings-citys-long-wait-to-an-end-2284317.html. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Man Utd 1 - 6 Man City". British Broadcasting Company (BBC Sport). 23 October 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15325536.stm.
- ^ "Villarreal 0 - 3 Man City". British Broadcasting Company (BBC Sport). 2 November 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15457098.stm.
- ^ Martin Samuel (27 November 2011). "Liverpool 1 Manchester City 1: Joleon Lescott own goal denies City victory | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2066809/Liverpool-1-Manchester-City-1-Joleon-Lescott-goal-denies-City-victory.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Daniel Taylor at the Etihad Stadium (5 December 2011). "Rampant Manchester City are 'frightening' says Norwich's Paul Lambert | Football". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/dec/05/manchester-city-norwich-record-start. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Lyon, Sam (2011-12-12). "BBC Sport - Football - Chelsea v Man City as it happened". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/9660507.stm. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ a b "Mario Balotelli charged with violent conduct by FA". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/16693521.stm. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (22 January 2012). "Man City 3 - 2 Tottenham". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/16565416.stm. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Man City 3-0 Blackburn" BBC Sport. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
- ^ "Man City 2-0 Bolton" BBC Sport. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
- ^ "Mancini nearly took Balotelli off after five minutes". uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 31 March 2012. http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/31032012/2/mancini-nearly-took-balotelli-five-minutes.html. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Daniel Taylor (8 April 2012). "Manchester City's title hopes sunk by Mikel Arteta's late Arsenal goal". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2012/apr/08/arsenal-manchester-city-premier-league. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ a b Dominic Fifield (8 April 2012). "Mario Balotelli may have played last Manchester City game – Mancini". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2012/apr/08/mario-balotelli-manchester-city-mancini. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ "Un prodigio ma non è azzurro" (in Italian). Avvenimenti. 8 December 2006. http://www.avvenimentionline.it/content/view/519/139/. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ^ "Le Roy names 20 for friendly". Ghana Football Association. 7 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20070821222923/http://www.ghanafa.org/news/read.asp?contentid=2129. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "Stars to tame the lions today". The Statesman (India). 21 August 2007. http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=4516§ion=3. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
- ^ "ESCLUSIVA TMW – Inter, il baby fenomeno Balotelli si racconta" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 1 June 2007. http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/?action=read&id=61151. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Casiraghi: "Occhio a Messi noi partiamo da Nocerino"" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 16 May 2008. http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Nazionale/Primo_Piano/2008/05_Maggio/16/casiraghi.shtml. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
- ^ "Casiraghi convoca Balotelli" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 29 August 2008. http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Nazionale/Primo_Piano/2008/08/29/under.shtml. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
- ^ Peter Staunton (19 June 2009). "Ten-Man Italy Defeat Sweden After Balotelli Sent Off". Goal.com. http://goal.com/en/news/2378/euro-u-21-2009/2009/06/19/1334898/ten-man-italy-defeat-sweden-after-balotelli-sent-off. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
- ^ "Italy turn to Balotelli, Cassano". FIFA.com. 6 August 2010. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1282049.html. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Italy 0–1 Ivory Coast". ESPNsoccernet. 10 August 2010. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=296245&cc=5739&league=FIFA.FRIENDLY. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ "Poland 0 - 2 Italy". uefa.com. 11 November 2011. http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/news/newsid=1715393.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ Anderson, Michael (20 December 2010). "Mario Balotelli’s award inflates his ego". bettor.com. http://blogs.bettor.com/Mario-Balotellis-award-inflates-his-ego-a49099. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ Super Mario Balotelli can win title for Manchester City Daily Mail, 29 July 2010
- ^ Super Mario Balotelli's cartoon capers worth hassle for Manchester City, Daily Telegraph, 27 July 2010
- ^ "Balotelli as good as Messi and Ronaldo - Mancini". ESPN. 24 October 2011. http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/117618.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Roberto Mancini jokes about 'punching' Mario Balotelli". BBC Sport. 6 April 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17635083. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (24 October 2011). "Mario Balotelli's quirky lifestyle honoured with a chant of its own". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/blog/2011/oct/24/manchester-city-fans-mario-balotelli. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Hear Tinchy Stryder's tribute song to Manchester City's Mario Balotelli - audio". nme.com. 29 December 2011. http://www.nme.com/news/tinchy-stryder/61169. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli escapes unhurt following car crash". Manchester Evening News. 29 August 2010. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1315415_mario_balotelli_escapes_unhurt_following_car_crash. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Revaled: Why Mario Balotelli had £5,000 in his back pocket when he crashed his car". Daily Mirror. 5 September 2010. http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/columnists/the-mole/The-Mole-column-Revealed-why-Manchester-City-signing-Mario-Balotelli-had-5-000-in-his-back-pocket-when-he-crashed-his-car-article571765.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli: the life and times of Manchester City’s Italian bad boy". The Telegraph (London). 25 July 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8661017/Mario-Balotelli-the-life-and-times-of-Manchester-Citys-Italian-bad-boy.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ Sinnott, John (28 March 2011). "Mario Balotelli involved in dart incident". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_city/9439114.stm. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli helps City fan being bullied at school". The Sun (London). 10 May 2011. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3571579/Mario-Balotelli-helps-City-fan-being-bullied-at-school.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ Smart, Gordon (20 April 2011). "Mario Balotelli wins £25,000... then gives £1000 to a tramp". The Sun (London). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3536493/Mario-Balotelli-wins-25000-then-gives-1000-to-a-tramp.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ It's Always Something With Balotelli - Wall Street Journal, 23 Oct 2011
- ^ Mario's made-up Santa spree - Yahoo Eurosport, 19 Dec 2011
- ^ "Mario Balotelli struggles to dress himself | The Sun |Sport|Football". London: The Sun. 2011-03-18. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/3477054/Mario-Balotelli-struggles-to-dress-himself.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Thornhill, Ted. "Edin Dzeko ridicules Mario Balotelli's bib struggle". Metro.co.uk. http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/858866-video-edin-dzeko-ridicules-mario-balotellis-bib-struggle. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Pangallo, Mark. "Mario Balotelli busted fiddling with iPad while on Italy substitutes' bench". Metro.co.uk. http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/874501-mario-balotelli-busted-fiddling-with-ipad-while-on-italy-substitutes-bench. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Pangallo, Mark (2011-09-07). "Mario Balotelli goes to prison, gets mobbed then discusses iPad gaffe". Metro.co.uk. http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/oddballs/874724-mario-balotelli-goes-to-prison-gets-mobbed-then-discusses-ipad-gaffe. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli builds a racetrack in his garden | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. 2011-10-31. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2055572/Mario-Balotelli-builds-racetrack-garden.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Why always me?". Sky Sports. 25 October 2011. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,,11979_7263130,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Nakrani, Sachin (24 October 2011). "Mario Balotelli becomes Manchester's ambassador for fireworks safety". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/oct/24/mario-balotelli-face-of-fireworks-safety.
- ^ Robins, Paul (2011-10-25). "Simply The Best 7 Days A Week :: News :: Mario Balotelli’s firework plea". Daily Star. http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/217422/Mario-Balotelli-s-firework-plea/. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Lewes bonfire celebrations attracting up to 60,000". BBC News. 5 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-15606325.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli in hot water at Manchester City after curry | Football News". ESPN.co.uk. 2011-12-12. http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/125905.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Littlejohn, Georgina (28 December 2011). "Manchester City's Mario Balotelli donates £200 to his local church... before getting a £1,000 round in down the pub". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2079151/Manchester-Citys-Mario-Balotelli-donates-200-local-church--getting-1-000-round-pub.html. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ^ Robson, Steve (28 December 2011). "Bless you Balotelli: Manchester City's Mario in ‘£200 gift’ to Chorlton church's Christmas Midnight Mass". Manchester Evening News. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1469100_bless-you-balotelli-manchester-citys-mario-in-200-gift-to-chorlton-churchs-christmas-midnight-mass. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ^ "Mario Balotelli bursts into Inter Milan press conference". inside World Soccer. 28 March 2012. http://www.insideworldsoccer.com/2012/03/surprise-surprise-mario-balotelli.html.
- ^ "Balotelli: I'm a misunderstood genius". ESPN Soccernet. 30 May 2012. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1081948/man-city%27s-mario-balotelli:-it%27s-hard-being-a-misunderstood-genius?cc=5901. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "Mario Barwuah Balotelli". Soccerway. http://uk.soccerway.com/players/mario-balotelli/22357/. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mario Balotelli |
- Mario Balotelli career stats at Soccerbase
- Official website
- Career profile La Gazzetta dello Sport (Italian)
- Profile ESPNsoccernet
- Premier League profile
- Mario Balotelli at National-Football-Teams.com
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Balotelli, Mario Barwuah |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | 12 August 1990 |
| Place of birth | Palermo, Italy |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mario_Balotelli
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://cs.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://id.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://es.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://ru.wn.com/Балотелли, Марио
http://nl.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://pl.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
http://fr.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
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http://pt.wn.com/Mario Balotelli
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Balotelli
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the English footballer. For the American congressman, see Joe Barton.
 Barton in 2005 |
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| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Joseph Anthony Barton | ||
| Date of birth | (1982-09-02) 2 September 1982 (age 29) | ||
| Place of birth | Huyton, Merseyside, England | ||
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1] | ||
| Playing position | Midfielder | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Queens Park Rangers | ||
| Number | 17 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| Everton | |||
| 1997–2002 | Manchester City | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 2002–2007 | Manchester City | 130 | (15) |
| 2007–2011 | Newcastle United | 81 | (7) |
| 2011– | Queens Park Rangers | 31 | (3) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2003 | England U21 | 2 | (1) |
| 2007 | England | 1 | (0) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:59, 21 April 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
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Joseph Anthony "Joey" Barton ( /ˈdʒoʊiː ˈbɑːtən/; born 2 September 1982) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for and captains Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League.
Barton was born in and raised in Huyton, Merseyside.[2] He began his football career with Manchester City in 2002 after working his way through their youth system. His appearances in the senior side gradually increased over the following five years and he made more than 150 for the club. He earned his first cap for the England national team in February 2007,[3] despite his criticism of some of the team's players. He then joined Newcastle United for a fee of £5.8 million in July 2007. After 4 years with the Magpies, he joined his current club Queens Park Rangers in August 2011.
His career and life have been marked by numerous controversial incidents and disciplinary problems[4] and he has been convicted twice on charges of violence. On 20 May 2008 he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment for common assault and affray during an incident in Liverpool City Centre.[5] Barton served 77 days of this prison term, being released on 28 July 2008.[6] On 1 July 2008 he was also given a four months suspended sentence after admitting assault occasioning actual bodily harm on former teammate Ousmane Dabo during a training ground dispute on 1 May 2007.[7] This incident effectively ended his Manchester City career.[8] Barton has been charged with violent conduct three times by The FA: for the assault on Dabo,[9] for punching Morten Gamst Pedersen in the stomach[10] and for attacking three players on the final day of the 2011–12 season.[11]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Huyton, Merseyside, England, Barton is the oldest of four brothers.[12] His parents separated when he was 14 years old and consequently he lived with his father at his grandmother's house on a different estate.[13] He has said that his grandmother's influence helped him to avoid getting caught up in a recreational drug culture and attributes his work ethic to his father.[2][13] His father, also named Joseph, worked as a roofer[14] and played football semi-professionally for Northwich Victoria.[15] Barton enjoyed physical education at his school, St Thomas Becket, which he represented in various sports and was a talented Rugby League prospect. He left school with ten GCSEs.[16]
Club career[link]
Early career[link]
Barton pursued his dreams of becoming a professional footballer by joining Everton's youth system, but played for Liverpool when he was 14. He underwent trials at Nottingham Forest, but was rejected when it was decided he was too small to become a footballer.[17] Barton said his rejection by clubs only made him more determined to succeed as a footballer and prove his detractors wrong.[18] He made his first appearance for the club's under-17s team in 1999 and played regularly at Academy level for three years. His first reserve team appearance came at the end of the 2000–01 season, in his final year as a trainee. Uncertain about Barton's future prospects, the club planned to release him,[19] but reconsidered and gave him his first professional contract in the close season.[15] Over the next two years, he successfully made the transition from the under-19s to regular reserve football. He was promoted to the first-team squad in the 2002–03 season.
Manchester City[link]
Barton would have made his debut for the City first-team in November 2002 against Middlesbrough, had he not lost his shirt after leaving it on the substitutes bench at half-time.[20] He eventually made his first-team debut for the club against Bolton Wanderers on 5 April 2003.[21] His first senior goal came two weeks later in a 2-0 win over Tottenham Hotspur on Good Friday.[22] He ended the 2002–03 season with a run of seven consecutive starts.
After impressing in his first season at City, Barton was offered a new one-year contract at the club by manager Kevin Keegan, which he signed in April 2003.[23] He featured in the first-team more regularly during the 2003–04 season and, following a second Premiership goal, was rewarded with a call-up to the England U21 squad for their 2004 European Championship qualifiers against Macedonia and Portugal.[24]
An FA Cup match against Tottenham saw Barton receive the first red card of his career in unusual circumstances: at half-time, with his club 3–0 down, he argued with the referee and was sent off although the match was not in progress. In the second half, despite playing with 10 men, Barton's team-mates achieved an unlikely 4–3 victory.[25] Barton left the City of Manchester Stadium in anger on 17 April, after not being named in the team to play Southampton.[26] However he featured regularly in the 2003–04 season, which he completed with 39 appearances and one goal. His displays impressed City's supporters, and at the end of the 2003–04 season he was awarded with the club's Young Player of the Year award.[15]
Barton sparked a ten-man brawl in a friendly match against Doncaster Rovers on 25 July 2004 after "hacking" at an opposition player.[27] Although he signed a new contract on 22 September 2004, which would keep him at City until 2007,[28] the club considered sacking Barton in December 2004 after an incident at their Christmas party. He stubbed out a lit cigar in youth player Jamie Tandy's eye,[29] after he had caught Tandy attempting to set fire to his shirt.[30] Barton subsequently apologised for his actions and was fined six weeks' wages (£60,000).[30][31]
In May 2005 he broke a 35-year-old pedestrian's leg while driving his car through Liverpool city centre at 2 am.[32] In the summer of 2005, Barton was sent home from a pre-season tournament in Thailand after assaulting a 15-year-old Everton supporter[33] who had provoked Barton by verbally abusing him and kicking his shin.[34] Barton had to be restrained from attacking the boy further by teammate Richard Dunne.[35] Barton underwent anger management therapy at the order of City manager Stuart Pearce and paid £120,000 in club fines.[36] In the autumn of 2005, Barton began a seven-day programme of behavioural management at the Sporting Chance clinic,[37] a charity set up to help troubled sportsmen and women.
Barton handed in a written transfer request in January 2006, which the club rejected.[38] The following day, they also rejected a verbal offer for Barton from Middlesbrough,[39] with Stuart Pearce asserting that a deal could still be made to keep him at the club. During the following week, Barton admitted that he was "a little bit impetuous" in making such a request and agreed to begin negotiations on a new contract at City.[40] He was rewarded with a new four-year deal, which he signed on 25 July, ending speculation about his future.[41][42]
His behaviour appeared to improve after his participation at the Sporting Chance clinic.[43] However, on 30 September 2006, television cameras captured Barton exposing his backside to Everton fans, following City's injury-time equaliser in a game at Goodison Park.[44] Barton had received abuse from Everton supporters throughout the match and the gesture has since been described as "light-hearted" and "inoffensive" by people involved in football.[45][46] Merseyside Police looked into the incident, but announced in October that no further action would be taken,[47] although Barton was fined £2,000 for bringing the game into disrepute and warned about his future conduct by The Football Association.[48]
In December 2006, Barton received the second red card of his career, for a late two-footed tackle on Bolton Wanderers player Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye.[49]
Barton's agent Willie McKay revealed in January 2007 that if any team offered at least £5.5 million for Barton, it would trigger a release clause in his contract that would mean City would have to allow Barton to talk to the interested club.[50] This reportedly prompted Everton manager David Moyes to make an inquiry to City about Barton's availability.[50] However, the next day Barton said "People are trying to unsettle me but I'm happy to stay here".[51]
"England did nothing in that World Cup, so why were they bringing books out? 'We got beat in the quarter-finals. I played like shit. Here's my book.' Who wants to read that?"
Joey Barton[52]
Following impressive form at club level, Barton received his first call-up to the full England squad on 2 February 2007 for a friendly match against Spain,[53] despite his recent criticism of certain members of the England squad for releasing autobiographies after an unimpressive 2006 World Cup. He had suggested such players had "cashed in" on the national team's lack of success.[54]
Barton later received support over his comments and Steven Gerrard, one of the players whom Barton had criticised, praised him for his honesty.[45][54][55] However, Frank Lampard, who had also released an autobiography following the tournament, publicly stated his disapproval.[56] Barton made his international debut on 7 February 2007, replacing Lampard in the 78th minute of the 0–1 defeat to Spain at Old Trafford.[3]
He was arrested on suspicion of assault and criminal damage after an alleged argument with a taxi driver in Liverpool while going to his hotel after a match on 13 March 2007.[57] He was cleared of this charge in May 2008.[58]
Barton displayed his outspokenness once again on 22 April 2007 when he publicly criticised City's performances during the 2006–07 season, and described some of the players the club had signed as "substandard".[59] Following his comments, City's manager Stuart Pearce banned him from speaking to the media.[60]
Barton was fined £100,000 and suspended by City until the end of the 2006–07 season on 1 May 2007, following an incident during training when he assaulted his team mate Ousmane Dabo.[8][61] Dabo said that he had been hit several times, was left unconscious and had to go to hospital after suffering injuries to his head, including a suspected detached retina.[62] Dabo requested that the police press charges against Barton,[63] and as a result, Barton was arrested and questioned by Greater Manchester Police.[64] This altercation effectively ended Barton's time at City, although he later cited a "relationship breakdown" with Stuart Pearce as the main reason he left the club.[65] Barton was bailed until August and was later charged with assault,[66][67] to which he initially pleaded not guilty.[68] He later changed this to a guilty plea and on 1 July 2008 was sentenced to a four-month suspended prison sentence plus 200 hours of community service and ordered to pay £3,000 compensation and Dabo's court costs.[7] Barton was also charged with violent conduct by the FA.[69] Barton pleaded guilty[70] and on 1 September 2008 was banned for six games with a further six game ban suspended for two years and fined £25,000.[71]
Newcastle United[link]
Following offers from Newcastle United and West Ham United,[72] Barton joined Newcastle on 14 June 2007 for a fee of £5.8 million.[35] The contract negotiations had become protracted after Manchester City refused to pay Barton a fee of £300,000 to which he was reported to be entitled if he left the club without submitting a request for transfer.[35] Newcastle United consequently raised their initial offer of £5.5 million to £5.8, in effect compensating Manchester City for the £300,000 discrepancy. He said that his desire to win trophies helped him to make the decision,[73] along with his admiration for manager Sam Allardyce.[74] Barton made his Newcastle debut in a friendly against Hartlepool United on 17 July 2007.[75] Four days later, he was ruled out for six to seven weeks after fracturing the fifth metatarsal bone in his left foot during a friendly match with Carlisle United.[76] He was ruled out for a further month in October 2007.[77] He eventually made his Premier League debut for Newcastle on 22 October 2007, coming on as a second half substitute in a 3–1 win over Tottenham.[78] During his first Tyne-Wear derby for Newcastle against Sunderland, Barton appeared to raise his foot dangerously in a challenge with Sunderland's Dickson Etuhu,[79] leading to the News of the World running with the headline "Ban Him".[80] However the FA were unable to charge Barton for the incident because match official Martin Atkinson had seen the act take place in the match, and had taken no action. FIFA regulations dictate that a retrospective charge for violent conduct can be made only if the match official did not notice the incident. Barton later apologised for the tackle.[81] Early in December, he called for Newcastle fans to give the team more time after their abuse of manager Sam Allardyce, calling them "vicious".[82] He later played this down, saying his comments had been misrepresented.[83]
On 27 December 2007, Barton was arrested on suspicion of assault in the Church Street area of Liverpool city centre following an incident which took place at 5:30 am.[84] He was remanded in custody on 28 December since the offence was committed whilst he was on bail for two prior offences; the presiding magistrate noted "I also have to consider the safety of the public – you lashed out indiscriminately".[85] CCTV showed Barton punching a man twenty times, causing him to lose consciousness, and attacking a teenager, breaking some of his teeth. On 20 May 2008, he was sentenced to six months in jail after pleading guilty for his part in the December 2007 assault. Barton's cousin, Nadine Wilson and his brother Andrew Barton also pleaded guilty to their part in the assaults and received suspended sentences.[86] Barton admitted to being an alcoholic and claimed he wanted to achieve "total abstinence" in order to improve his behaviour.[86] He served 77 days of his prison term, being released on 28 July 2008.[6]
Barton's subsequent conviction, a four-month suspended sentence for the earlier assault on Ousmane Dabo at Manchester City was handed out while serving this sentence.[7] He returned to playing action on 30 August 2008, six days before his FA hearing, as a second half substitute during Newcastle's 3–0 defeat to Arsenal. He came on to a chorus of boos from the Arsenal supporters.[87] Shortly into this return game, Barton was involved in an incident with Samir Nasri, putting in a strong tackle, for which the referee did not give a foul. The tackle, though hard, was legal. Minutes later, Nasri deliberately clipped Barton while tracking back, for which he was booked. At the end of the game, then-Newcastle manager, Kevin Keegan, was involved in an altercation with Nasri and Arsenal captain William Gallas, in regards to the incident.[88]
It was a brief stint back in the playing squad, with Barton banned for six games, with a further suspended six-game ban, for his assault on Dabo.[89] After serving his ban, he played 75 minutes in a reserve game and said he wanted to transform his image to become a role model,[90][91] before he returned to action in the Tyne-Wear derby on 25 October. He was booed by Sunderland fans and had missiles thrown at him as he warmed up, as Newcastle lost 2–1.[92] Without him, Newcastle had not recorded a league victory since the second game of the season, but Barton scored a penalty in his second game back to lift the club out of the relegation zone.[93] The suspended six-game ban was nearly brought into action when Barton appeared to flick Aston Villa striker Gabriel Agbonlahor in the club's next game, but the FA decided not to punish Barton.[94][95] However, further allegations that Barton had made a racist remark to Agbonlahor were cause enough for the FA to reconsider this decision.[96] The remarks remain unfounded and 'professional lip-readers' claimed he said nothing racist.[97] In Newcastle's 2–2 draw with Wigan on 15 November 2008, Barton was injured after a tackle from Lee Cattermole. It was later confirmed that Barton would be out for two months with a medial ligament injury.[98] Returning to the first team at the end of January, he played only twice before again breaking his metatarsal, during a 2–1 defeat to his old club Manchester City.[99]
In his first appearance in over three months on 3 May 2009, Barton was sent off late in a 3–0 loss to Liverpool at Anfield for a sliding challenge on Xabi Alonso. The red card ruled Barton out of Newcastle's remaining three games of the season, with the club in danger of relegation from the Premier League. Newcastle manager Alan Shearer raised doubts about Barton's future at the club, saying "I think it would be wrong to discuss his future now, but I'm not very happy."[100] On 5 May, Newcastle United announced the suspension of Barton indefinitely, and Barton was told to stay away from the club. As a result, Barton's future at Newcastle United was put in doubt.[101] The club suspension was widely reportedly to have resulted not directly from the red card, but from a dressing room confrontation with Shearer and assistant manager Iain Dowie following the game. Shearer said he made a mistake putting Barton back into the team, and that his tackle was "a coward's tackle", to which Barton replied that he was "the best player at the club", and Shearer had to play him. Shearer said that Barton wasn't, that he was "shit".[102] Barton replied that Shearer was "a shit manager with shit tactics". When Dowie intervened, Barton called him "a prick".[103][104] Barton was reportedly transfer listed, with former manager Sam Allardyce reported to have been interested in taking Barton to Blackburn Rovers. Barton's counsellor has said that Barton "would love to work with Alan Shearer again" and "feels very much that he owes the club and the fans."
Barton stayed on with Newcastle United after they were relegated to the Championship, playing six out of Newcastle's opening eight league games, but suffered an injury to his foot in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle on 19 September.[105] He returned in April for Newcastle, playing all nine of Newcastle's remaining league fixtures and scoring his only goal of the campaign from a free kick in a win over Peterborough.[106] Due to the form of Danny Guthrie and Kevin Nolan, Barton had to play left wing when he returned.
He started his new club season 2010–2011 as a first team regular, playing against Manchester United on the opening day. On Barton's and Newcastle's second game, he scored against Aston Villa in a 6–0 victory for Newcastle. Immediately, after the game Barton removed a moustache which he had pledged to not shave until Newcastle United had won a game in the new season. On 10 November, in a 2–1 defeat to Blackburn, Barton again acted violently, punching Morten Gamst Pedersen in the chest. He was not punished during the game as the officials did not see the incident, but after reviewing the evidence,[107] the FA again charged Barton with violent conduct.[10] Barton apologised, accepted the charge, and was banned for three matches.[108] Barton courted controversy once again during Newcastle's 3–1 win over Liverpool on 11 December 2010, when he appeared to direct homophobic remarks and a lewd gesture at Fernando Torres.[109][110] Barton scored two penalties against Arsenal on 5 February 2011 as Newcastle came from a 4–0 deficit to draw 4–4. He was involved in an altercation with Abou Diaby which led to a straight red card for Diaby. Diaby took offence to Barton's strong challenge and retaliated by grabbing Barton by the neck and shoving him to the ground.[111][112]
On 25 May 2011, Barton's agent Willie McKay confirmed that his client would not be signing a new contract at St James' Park after contract talks broke down between the club and player.[113] Barton was officially transfer listed by Newcastle on 1 August 2011, and it was also stated that he could leave for free with his current contract yet to expire.[114] Barton was set to leave Newcastle following his teammate Kevin Nolan, who had earlier joined West Ham United, but Barton insisted on not moving.[115] Joey Barton also criticised the Newcastle board after it was decided he could leave the club on a free transfer.[116] With Newcastle continuing to decline the offer of a new contract, after he refused an earlier offer, on 24 August 2011,[117] Barton was given permission to talk to QPR. Thanking the Newcastle fans, he left on 26 August 2011.[118]
A week before his signing with QPR, Barton was involved in an altercation with Gervinho of Arsenal, which got Gervinho sent off on his debut. Then, Alex Song stamped on Barton, for which Song received a three-match ban. Barton later revealed he was on a verge of joining Arsenal but his incident with Gervinho ended his hopes of a move to the Emirates and instead, he joined Queens Park Rangers.[119][120]
Queens Park Rangers[link]
On 26 August 2011, Barton moved to Queens Park Rangers, signing a four-year deal on a free transfer.[121] He was handed the captain's armband by manager Neil Warnock on his debut with the club, which was a 0–0 draw with former club Newcastle.[122] On 17 September 2011, he scored his first goal for QPR during a 3–0 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers.[123] Following his goal, Barton was involved in a physical confrontation with Wolves player Karl Henry.[124] Henry and Barton had a previous physical confrontation in August 2010 when Barton was still at Newcastle.[125] Barton accused Henry of "trying to hurt people".[126] Henry responded by calling Barton's behaviour "embarrassing".[127]
On 2 January 2012, Barton scored the opening goal in QPR's game against Norwich City, his second for the club. However, he was given a straight red card after head-butting Norwich midfielder Bradley Johnson, Barton's first dismissal since May 2009. With QPR down to ten men they went on to lose the game 2–1.[128] When Warnock was replaced as manager by Mark Hughes in January 2012, Hughes confirmed that Barton would remain captain.[129] Barton's performance in QPR's 3–2 home victory against Liverpool saw him booed by the QPR fans, who promptly cheered when he was substituted just after the hour mark.[130] Barton admitted on Twitter that his performance was "awful" and the "worst I've ever played in my career" but also criticised the QPR fans for not sticking with the team in their battle against relegation.[131] After being dropped for the club's next game, an away defeat to Sunderland, he returned to the line-up for the home game against Arsenal. Barton led QPR to a 2–1 victory and he was cheered by the supporters and praised by Hughes, who described his performance as "top-class".[132] Barton's third goal for the club came in a 3–0 victory at home to Swansea on 11 April 2011.[133]
On 13 May, on the final day of the season, with QPR requiring at least a draw in their match away at Manchester City or for Bolton Wanderers to lose or draw to guarantee their Premier League safety, Barton was sent off in the fifty-fifth minute for violent misconduct after elbowing Carlos Tévez in the face. Immediately after being shown a red card, Barton kicked Sergio Agüero in the back of the knee and attempted to head-butt Vincent Kompany.[134][135] Barton had to be dragged from the pitch by former team-mate Micah Richards as he rowed with Manchester City players and staff and attempted to square-off with striker Mario Balotelli.[136] QPR went on to concede two late goals and lose the match 3–2, thus handing Manchester City the title. Bolton, however, were unable to capitalise and drew 2–2 at Stoke City, thus ensuring QPR's safety. Barton took to Twitter after the game and admitted to trying to "take [one] of their players with me."[137] Barton accepted the charge for kicking Agüero but denied the charge for attempting to head-butt Kompany. QPR have also begun an internal investigation into his behaviour,[138] amid speculation that he will be stripped of the captaincy and fined and possibly shown the door by the club either by being sold, released on a free transfer or having his contract terminated for gross misconduct.[139][140] Barton has been widely condemned in the media for his actions and for attempting to defend himself on Twitter, where he also attacked Match of the Day pundits Gary Linekar and Alan Shearer, his former manager.[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151]
On 23 May 2012, Barton attended an FA hearing.[152] Punishing him for all three accounts of violent conduct, Barton was handed a twelve-match ban and fined £75,000.[11]
International career[link]
Barton represented the England U21 and was part of the squad for their 2004 European Under-21 Championship qualifiers against Macedonia and Portugal, scoring once against Portugal.[24]
Following impressive form at club level, Barton received his first call-up to the full England squad on 2 February 2007 for a friendly match against Spain,[53] despite his recent criticism of certain members of the England squad for releasing autobiographies after an unimpressive 2006 World Cup. He had suggested such players had "cashed in" on the national team's lack of success.[54]
Barton later received support over his comments and Steven Gerrard, one of the players whom Barton had criticised, praised him for his honesty.[45][54][55] However, Frank Lampard, who had also released an autobiography following the tournament, publicly stated his disapproval.[56] Barton made his international debut on 7 February 2007, replacing Lampard in the 78th minute of the 0–1 defeat to Spain at Old Trafford.[3]
Style of play[link]
Early in his career, Barton mainly played a defensive role,[153] with a game based on tackling and tracking back to shield the defence.[154] As his career has progressed, he has begun to incorporate a more attacking approach to his play, which has resulted in a greater number of goals and assists. His six goals from midfield made him Manchester City's leading scorer in the 2006–07 season, ahead of strikers Georgios Samaras, Bernardo Corradi, Émile Mpenza and Darius Vassell.
Barton has been described as having a good work ethic and the ability to carry the ball and retain possession for the team.[154][155] He has been praised for having a good passing range.[45] This aspect of his game has shown improvement since the 2005–06 season, when he began to favour simpler passes over more ambitious ones,[43] and his relatively high pass completion rate can be attributed to this change.[154] Barton's passes have often proved to be crucial; in the past he has led the way in his team's assists.[156]
Barton has been described as the dirtiest player in the premiership,[157] a style reflected in the high number of fouls he has committed during his career.[158] He received 39 bookings and three red cards during his time at Manchester City.[159] This physical approach was occasionally criticised by Kevin Keegan as excessive.[27][160] Opta statistics rated Barton as the tenth best tackler in the Premier League for the 2004–05 season.[156]
Career statistics[link]
Club[link]
| Season | Club | League | League | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | |||
| 2002–03 | Manchester City | Premier League | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
| 2003–04 | 28 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 39 | 1 | ||
| 2004–05 | 31 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 2 | ||
| 2005–06 | 31 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 6 | ||
| 2006–07 | 33 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 7 | ||
| Club total | 130 | 15 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 153 | 17 | ||
| 2007–08 | Newcastle United | Premier League | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
| 2008–09 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | ||
| 2009–10 | Championship | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 | |
| 2010–11 | Premier League | 32 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 5 | |
| 2011–12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Club total | 81 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 8 | ||
| 2011–12 | Queens Park Rangers | Premier League | 26 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 |
| Club total | 26 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3 | ||
| Career total | 230 | 25 | 16 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 255 | 28 | ||
International[link]
Correct as of 10 February 2011.[162]
| England U21 national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2003 | 2 | 1 |
| Total | 2 | 1 |
| England national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2007 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |
International goal[link]
- Scores and results list England U21's goal tally first.[163]
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 September 2003 | Goodison Park, Liverpool |  Portugal |
1–1 | 1–2 | 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship |
Personal life[link]
Barton's brother Michael Barton was sentenced to life imprisonment (with a tariff of 17 years) for his involvement in the racially motivated murder of Anthony Walker in 2005.[164] Joey made a public appeal to his brother to come forward and help with the police investigation following the attack, and also made a series of calls to Michael, enquiring about his involvement in the incident.[34][165]
Barton is a patron of the Tamsin Gulvin Fund,[166] a charity set up to support people who have addiction problems and no financial support. Tony Adams, who had been impressed with Barton's attitude during his involvement in the Sporting Chance clinic, appointed him to this role.[166] He is a part of the 'Get Hooked on Fishing' campaign, designed to keep children out of trouble by encouraging them to take up fishing.[167] He has also taken part in a celebrity cricket match for charity to help fund a new children's rehabilitation unit at a hospital in Manchester.[168] In 2011 he began writing a regular column in The Big Issue, a street newspaper sold by the homeless and vulnerably housed.[169]
He is a good friend of the boxer Ricky Hatton and has supported him in some of his fights,[170][171] and has trained with him.[172] He is also a friend of former Oasis band member Noel Gallagher.[173] Barton co-owns a race horse called 'Crying Lightning' (Named after the Arctic Monkeys song) with fellow football player Claudio Pizarro.[174] In January 2011 the horse competed at the Nad Al Sheba Racecourse in Dubai.[175]
Barton is a prominent user of Twitter,[176] boasting one-and-a-half million followers as of May 2012. Commenting on figures from Friedrich Nietzsche and George Orwell to Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Morrissey, his eclectic tweets have resulted in him being described by the BBC as "as a philosophical sportsman to rival Eric Cantona in his heyday".[176] Others in the media have criticised this description with Paul Hayward, chief sports writer for The Telegraph writing that Barton "manages to be patronised [by the media] and held up as some kind of exemplar all at once... he is skilled at tricking us into watching him veer between the extremes of thinker and thug. Either this is a repudiation of societal hypocrisy or, more likely, indicative of a sociopathic tendency."[177] Ellie Mae O'Hagan of The Guardian commented that "the problem, I think, is not the belief that Barton is a reformed character, but the notion that one cannot possibly be a philosopher and violent at the same time: that quoting philosophy should automatically be taken as a sign of reformation... In my mind, this all boils down to class snobbery. It is automatically assumed that Barton has violent tendencies because he's a working-class man who has chosen to play football for a living. So when he shows signs of intelligence, it's treated as a sign of reform: intellect is the preserve of the gentlemanly middle-classes."[178]
On 28 December 2011, Barton became a father. His partner Georgia McNeil gave birth to a baby boy who was named Cassius.[179]
In a television programme broadcast on BBC Three on 30 January 2012 Barton revealed his pro-gay rights beliefs, in discussion with presenter Amal Fashanu, daughter of John Fashanu and niece of Justin Fashanu, describing the lack of any openly gay players in English professional football as "a subject that's quite close to my heart", as his uncle is gay. He stated his belief that there would be an openly gay player "within the next 10 years" and expressed his fear that "certain managers [...] will discriminate against people" but that he feels "more fool them, and their lack of social awareness and intelligence" and wants his generation's legacy to "help not only change the game for the better, and change the teams that they played in, but also change the culture and change the society and the football clubs that they played at.[180]
He's also notable for his love of Manchester band The Smiths, citing Morrissey as an idol of his.
Honours[link]
- Newcastle United
- Football League Championship (1): 2009–10
- Teresa Herrera Trophy: Winner: 2010
References[link]
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- ^ Logan, Gabby (2007-12-07). "I’m in a privileged position, but guests do make me envious". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/article3013673.ece. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ^ Whalley, Mike (2007-06-13). "'It's pure City' says Noel". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/1009/1009076_its_pure_city_says_noel.html. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ "Comedy Looks No Joke - Horse Racing News". Sporting Life. http://www.sportinglife.com/racing/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=racing/10/06/01/RACING_Leicester_Comments.html. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ Milnes, David. "Newcastle star Joey Barton's horse Crying Lightening to break new ground in Dubai". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/racing/article-1345991/Newcastle-star-Joey-Bartons-horse-Crying-Lightening-break-new-ground-Dubai.html. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ a b de Castella, Tom (26 August 2011). "Joey Barton: What's behind his Twitter philosophy?". BBC News Magazine. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14662175. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Hayward, David (15 May 2012). "While Joey Barton plays up to middle-class prejudices he remains a prisoner of his own violent nature". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/queens-park-rangers/9265575/While-Joey-Barton-plays-up-to-middle-class-prejudices-he-remains-a-prisoner-of-his-own-violent-nature.html. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ O'Hagan, Ellie May (14 May 2012). "Joey Barton quotes philosophy. That doesn't make him 'reformed'". The Telegraph. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/may/14/joey-barton-philosophy-not-reformed. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ "QPR's Joey Barton names his first child Cassius Joseph". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16343930.stm. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ "The silence over gay footballers". BBC News. 2012-01-27. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16722196. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Joey Barton |
Media related to Joey Barton at Wikimedia Commons
- Joey Barton career stats at Soccerbase
- Premier League profile
- Joey Barton, footballeur 2.0 Article on Carnet Sport
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Barton, Joseph Anthony |
| Alternative names | Barton, Joey |
| Short description | Professional footballer |
| Date of birth | 1982-09-02 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Joey_Barton
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://cs.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://id.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://es.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://ru.wn.com/Бартон, Джои
http://nl.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://pl.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://fr.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://de.wn.com/Joey Barton
http://pt.wn.com/Joey Barton
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Barton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Morosini playing for Livorno |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date of birth | (1986-07-05)5 July 1986 | ||
| Place of birth | Bergamo, Italy | ||
| Date of death | 14 April 2012(2012-04-14) (aged 25) | ||
| Place of death | Pescara, Italy | ||
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)[1] | ||
| Playing position | Midfielder | ||
| Youth career | |||
| Atalanta | |||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 2005–2007 | Udinese | 5 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | → Bologna (loan) | 16 | (0) |
| 2007–2009 | Vicenza | 66 | (1) |
| 2009–2012 | Udinese | 0 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | → Reggina (loan) | 17 | (0) |
| 2010 | → Padova (loan) | 14 | (0) |
| 2011 | → Vicenza (loan) | 15 | (0) |
| 2012 | → Livorno (loan) | 8 | (0) |
| Total | 141 | (1) | |
| National team | |||
| 2001–2003 | Italy U-17 | 16 | (1) |
| 2003–2004 | Italy U-18 | 7 | (0) |
| 2004–2005 | Italy U-19 | 12 | (0) |
| 2005–2007 | Italy U-20 | 3 | (0) |
| 2006–2009 | Italy U-21 | 18 | (0) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Piermario Morosini (5 July 1986 – 14 April 2012) was an Italian footballer who last played as a midfielder for Livorno, on loan from Udinese.
On 14 April 2012, during a match between Pescara and Livorno, Morosini suffered a fatal cardiac arrest episode on the pitch.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Piermario Morosini was born on 5 July 1986, in Bergamo, Italy. His mother Camilla died in 2001, when he was fifteen years old. His father, Aldo, died in 2003, followed shortly after by a disabled brother, leaving him alone with a disabled elder sister.[2]
Shortly after his parents' death, Morosini remarked that "these are the things that change your life, but at the same time make you so angry and help you achieve what was also a dream of my parents."
Senior career[link]
Morosini scored twice during his career from 2001 until 2012, which were for Italy U-17 and for Vicenza.
Club career[link]
Morosini started his career at hometown club Atalanta, and was sold to Udinese in a co-ownership deal during 2005.
On 23 October 2005 he debuts in Serie A in the match Udinese-Inter, collecting in total 5 appearances in this league. In this season 2005-06 he debuts also in Coppa UEFA in the match Levski Sofia-Udinese.
Udinese got full ownership from Atalanta in 2006, and loaned him to Bologna in order to gain experience. From 2007 to 2009 half of the registration rights was farmed to Serie B club Vicenza Calcio.
On 31 August 2009, Morosini signed for newly-relegated side Reggina on loan.
On 1 February 2010, he was loaned to Calcio Padova. In June 2010, the club decided not to buy him outright.[3]
In January 2011 he was transferred on loan to Vicenza and played 15 times for this club.
On 31 January 2012 he went on loan to Livorno playing 8 matches.[4][5]
International career[link]
Morosini made his international debut for the U-17 team in September 2001, at only 15 years old. In September 2006, he made his U-21 debut and was called-up for the 2009 European Championships as back-up.
Death[link]
On 14 April 2012, while representing Livorno, Morosini suffered cardiac arrest and fell to the ground in the 31st minute of the Serie B match against Pescara.[6] He stumbled on the ground, trying to get up, before losing consciousness and receiving medical attention on the field.[7] A defibrillator was used on Morosini, who was conscious when he was taken on the stretcher.[8] The News agency ANSA reported that a city police car was blocking the stadium's exit for the ambulance for nearly a minute, but a heart specialist said that the delay made no difference.[9] After Morosini was taken to the hospital, the match was abandoned with Livorno leading 2–0, and some players reportedly "left the field in tears".[10][11]
Morosini was rushed to the Santo Spirito hospital, but reports later indicated he died before reaching the hospital.[12][13] Italian media reports were alerted of Morosini's death after an "explosion of shouts and tears" by his teammates who had gone to the hospital.[14] All of the Italian football league matches for the weekend were suspended.[15] Livorno then decided they would retire the number 25, the number he wore whilst a Livorno player.[16]
Morosini died less than a month after Fabrice Muamba suffered a cardiac arrest in an English FA Cup match, after which awareness of heart risk had been raised in Italian football.[13] Morosini's sister who is disabled was left with no family and will now be financially supported by the Udinese captain, Antonio Di Natale.[17]
References[link]
- ^ "Sito Ufficiale dell' A. S. Livorno Calcio [Official website of A. S. Livorno Calcio]" (in Italian). A.S. Livorno Calcio. http://www.livornocalcio.it/rosa/giocatore.php?scheda=158. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ "Piermario Morosini (5/7/1986 – 14/4/2012)". Forza Italian Football. 14 April 2012. http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2012/04/piermario-morosini-571986-1442012/. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Calciomercato" (in Italian). Calcio Padova. 23 June 2010. http://www.padovacalcio.it/dettaglio-news.php?id=3276. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Morosini sold to Livorno". Udinese Calcio. 31 January 2012. http://www.udinese.it/ENG/script/view_flsh_news.php?id=2454. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Nuovo acquisto: Il centrocampista Morosini al Livorno" (in Italian). AS Livorno Calcio. 31 January 2012. http://www.livornocalcio.it/notizie/notizie.php?id=6926. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Morosini dies on pitch". ESPN. 14 April 2012. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1049011/piermario-morosini-dies-on-pitch,-serie-a-called-off?cc=5901. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Piermario Morosini Dead: Livorno Player Dies After Cardiac Arrest At Series B Match In Italy". The Huffington Post. 14 April 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/14/piermario-morosini-dead-livorno-cardiac-arrest-italy_n_1425650.html. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Livorno’s Piermario Morosini dies after cardiac arrest during Serie B match in Pescara, Italy". The Washington Post. 14 April 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/dcunited/livornos-piermario-morosini-in-hospital-after-collapsing-during-match-at-pescara-in-italy/2012/04/14/gIQARdfIHT_story.html. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Heart attack on pitch kills Italian player". Al Jazeera. 14 April 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/football/2012/04/2012414155412147942.html. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Livorno midfielder Morosini dies during Serie B game after collapsing on the pitch". Daily Mail. 14 April 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2129743/Piermario-Morosini-dies-Serie-B-game-collapsing.html. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Morosini dies from heart attack". Fox News. 14 April 2012. http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/europe/story/Piermario-morosini-dies-from-heart-attack-livorno-midfielder-pescara-041412/. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Tragedia in campo a Pescara Morosini muore per arresto cardiaco" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 14 April 2012. http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/SerieB/2012-04-14/morosini-infarto-campo-pescara-livorno-91922844629.shtml. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Italy footballer Morosini dies after collapse on pitch". BBC News. 14 April 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17714715. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Serie B player Piermario Morosini dies after collapsing during game". National Post. 14 April 2012. http://sports.nationalpost.com/2012/04/14/serie-b-player-piermario-morosini-dies-after-collapsing-during-game/. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Serie B midfielder Piermario Morosini dies after collapsing during game". The Guardian. 14 April 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2012/apr/14/piermario-morosini-collapses-during-game?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/italian-club-livorno-to-retire-piermario-morosinis-number-25-shirt-7647949.html
- ^ Udinese captain Antonio Di Natale to look after disabled sister of Piermario Morosini following player's death
External links[link]
- Profile at Transfermarkt
- Profile at official website of A.S. Livorno Calcio
- Forza Italian Football site
|
|||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Morosini, Piermario |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Association footballer |
| Date of birth | 5 July 1986 |
| Place of birth | Bergamo, Italy |
| Date of death | 14 April 2012 |
| Place of death | Pescara, Italy |
  |
This biographical article related to an Italian association football midfielder born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Piermario_Morosini
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http://id.wn.com/Piermario Morosini
http://es.wn.com/Piermario Morosini
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piermario_Morosini
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
