A global city (also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center) is a Specialized City deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.

The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means. The terminology of "global city", as opposed to megacity, was ''popularized'' (not coined or invented) by the sociologist Saskia Sassen in reference to her 1991 work, "''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo''" though the term "world city" to describe cities which control a disproportionate amount of global business dates to at least May 1886, to a description of Liverpool by the ''Illustrated London News''. Patrick Geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915. Cities can fall from such categorization, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally renowned in the current era, e.g., Kaliningrad, Russia; Thessaloniki, Greece; and Alexandria, Egypt.

Criteria

Global City or world city status is seen as beneficial, and because of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities are seen as 'world cities' or 'non-world cities'. Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities, the criteria upon which a classification is made can affect which other cities are included. The criteria for identification tend either to be based on a "yardstick value" ("e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector, then city X is a world city") or on an "imminent determination" ("if the producer-service sector of city X is greater than the producer-service sector of N other cities, then city X is a world city").

Economic characteristics

Corporate headquarters for multinational corporations, international financial institutions, law firms, conglomerates, and stock exchanges that have influence over the world economy.

Significant financial capacity/output: city/regional GDP Stock market indices/market capitalisation Financial service provision; e.g., banks, accountancy Costs of living personal wealth; e.g., number of billionaires

Political characteristics

Active influence on and participation in international events and world affairs; for example, Washington, London, Paris, Tokyo, Berlin, Rome, Moscow and Beijing are major capitals of influential nations or unions.

Hosting headquarters for international organizations (World Bank), NATO headquarters

A large proper, population of the municipality (the centre of a metropolitan area, typically several million) or agglomeration

Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators: population, habitat, mobility, and urbanisation Quality of life standards or city development

Expatriate communities

Cultural characteristics

International, first-name familiarity. For example, New York City and Los Angeles are commonly referred to as just "New York" and "LA" respectively, without needing to specify its state or location within the United States. Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), such as notable museums and galleries, notable opera, orchestras, notable film centres and theatre centres. A lively cultural scene, including film festivals (such as the Toronto International Film Festival), premieres, a thriving music scene, nightlife, an opera company, art galleries, street performers, and annual parades. Several influential media outlets with an international reach, such as the BBC, Reuters, ''The New York Times'', or Agence France-Presse. A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international sporting events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events. Educational institutions; e.g., universities, international student attendance, research facilities

Sites of pilgrimage for world religions (for example, Mecca, Jerusalem or Rome)

Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural significance Tourism throughout City as site or subject in arts and media, television, film, video games, music, literature, magazines, articles, documentary City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic actions

Infrastructural characteristics

An advanced transportation system that includes several highways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus), for example the London Underground.

Extensive and popular mass transit systems, prominent rail usage, road vehicle usage, major seaports A major international airport that serves as an established hub for several international airlines, for example, London. Airports with significant passenger traffic and international passengers traffic or cargo movements. An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications. For example, Seoul and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology capitals of the world.

Health facilities; e.g., hospitals, medical laboratories

Prominent skylines/skyscrapers (for example Chicago or Hong Kong)

Cities' telephone and mail services, airport flights-range, traffic congestion, availability of water, train facilities, nearby parks, hospitals, libraries, police stations, etc.

Studies

GaWC studies

The first attempt to define, categorize, and rank global cities using 'relational data' was made in 1998 by Jon Beaverstock, Richard G Smith and Peter Taylor, who all worked at that time at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom. Together they established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. A roster of world cities was outlined in the ''GaWC Research Bulletin'' 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks. This roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational corporations providing financial and consulting services rather than denoting other cultural, political, and economic centres.

The 2004 rankings acknowledged several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories), and additional cities with "High sufficiency" or "Sufficiency" world city presence.

The 2008 roster of leading Alpha, Beta and Gamma world cities is reproduced below; see the source for the complete roster:

;Alpha

Alpha++ world cities:

* London, New York

Alpha+ world cities:

* Beijing, Hong Kong, Milan, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo

Alpha world cities:

* Brussels, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Kuala Lumpur, Madrid, Moscow, Mumbai, Seoul, Toronto

Alpha− world cities:

* Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bangkok, Budapest, Caracas, Dublin, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Jakarta, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Prague, Rome, Santiago, São Paulo, Stockholm, Taipei, Vienna, Warsaw, Zurich

;Beta

Beta+ world cities:

* Atlanta, Barcelona, Bogotá, Bucharest, Dubai, Johannesburg, Manila, Melbourne, New Delhi, San Francisco, Tel Aviv, Washington

Beta world cities:

* Bangalore, Berlin, Boston, Cairo, Copenhagen, Dallas, Oslo, Geneva, Hamburg, Helsinki, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Riyadh

Beta− world cities:

* Beirut, Düsseldorf, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Houston, Jeddah, Karachi, Kiev, Lima, Miami, Montevideo, Munich, Nicosia, Rio de Janeiro, Sofia

;Gamma

Gamma+ world cities:

* Bratislava, Brisbane, Cape Town, Casablanca, Chennai, Denver, Guatemala City, Manama, Minneapolis, Montreal, Nairobi, Panama City, Quito, San José, Santo Domingo, Seattle, Stuttgart, Vancouver, Zagreb

Gamma world cities:

* Amman, Antwerp, Guadalajara, Kolkata, Lagos, Ljubljana, Perth, Philadelphia, Portland, Rotterdam, Shenzhen

Gamma− world cities:

* Almaty, Birmingham, Calgary, Columbus, Detroit, Doha, Guayaquil, Islamabad, Manchester, Port Louis, Porto, Riga, San Diego, San Salvador, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Wellington

Global Cities Index

In 2008, the American journal ''Foreign Policy'', in conjunction with consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, published a ranking of global cities, based on consultation with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski, and others. ''Foreign Policy'' noted that "the world’s biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions."

In 2010 the index was updated, and the top thirty ranked were:

! Rank	! City	! Score
1	New York City	6.22
2	London	5.86
3	Tokyo	5.42
4	Paris	5.35
5	Hong Kong	4.14
6	Chicago	3.94
7	Los Angeles	3.90
8	Singapore	3.45
9	Sydney	3.44
10	Seoul	3.40
11	Brussels	3.29
12	San Francisco	3.26
13	Washington, D.C.	3.25
14	Toronto	3.13
15	Beijing	3.12
16	Berlin	3.03
17	Madrid	3.02
18	Vienna	2.96
19	Boston	2.78
20		2.78
20	Shanghai	2.78
22	Buenos Aires	2.73
23	Stockholm	2.71
24	Zurich	2.68
25	Moscow	2.61
26	Barcelona	2.57
27	Dubai	2.56
28	Rome	2.56
29	Amsterdam	2.54
30	Mexico City	2.41

Global Power City Index

The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation in Tokyo, Japan issued a comprehensive study of global cities in 2010. The ranking is based on six overall categories, "Economy", "Research & Development", "Cultural Interaction", "Livability", "Ecology & Natural Environment", and "Accessibility", with 69 individual indicators among them. This Japanese ranking also breaks down top ten world cities ranked in subjective categories such as "manager, researcher, artist, visitor and resident." New York CityLondonParisTokyoSingaporeBerlinAmsterdamSeoulHong KongSydneyViennaZurichFrankfurt am MainLos AngelesMadridVancouverCopenhagenOsakaGenevaBoston

!Rank!!City!!Score!!Best category (position)
1	|	322.6	Economy (1.) Research & Development (1.)
2	|	313.6	Cultural Interaction (1.)
3	|	303.1	Accessibility (1.)
4	|	300.3	Economy (2.) Research & Development (2.)
5	|	244.2	Accessibility (4.)
6	|	232.9	Ecology & Natural Environment (3.)
7	|	230.8	Accessibility (5.)
8	|	228.5	Research & Development (5.)
9	|	223.8	Economy (5.)
10	|	219.0	Ecology & Natural Environment (11.)
11	|	217.4	Ecology & Natural Environment (7.)
12	|	215.0	Ecology & Natural Environment (1.)
13	Frankfurt||	212.3	Accessibility (7.)
14	|	210.7	Research & Development (7.)
15	|	208.8	Ecology & Natural Environment (10.)
16	|	208.4	Livability (1.)
17	|	206.3	Livability (9.)
18	|	205.6	Livability (3.)
19	|	205.4	Ecology & Natural Environment (2.)
20	|	203.3	Research & Development(4.)

World City Survey

In 2010 the London based consultant firm Knight Frank LLP together with the Citibank published a survey of world cities. The Wealth Report 2010, which includes the World City Survey, assesses four parameters — economic activity, political power, knowledge and influence, and quality of life. The list aimed to rank the world's 40 most influential cities. New York tops the list in Ecomomic activity, political power and knowledge and Paris tops it in quality of life. London and Paris get the same aggregate ranking of 149, making them ''de facto'' world's 2nd and 3rd most prominent cities. In 2011, the list was updated, and the top 20 cities ranked are: !Rank !

City !! Best category
1	New York City>New York	Economic activity
2	London
3	Paris
4	Tokyo
5	Brussels
6	Los Angeles
7	Singapore
8	Beijing
9	Toronto
10	Berlin
11	Chicago
12	Washington, D.C.
13	Seoul
14	Frankfurt am Main>Frankfurt
15	Sydney
16	San Francisco
17	Hong Kong
18	Shanghai
19	Mexico City
20	Bangkok

Cities ranked by category

TokyoKarachiMumbaiBeijingMoscowIstanbulSão PauloTianjinGuangzhouShenzhen

''Rank'' !! List of cities proper by population	Population of city proper !! Population of metropolitan area !! Foreign born population !! Expatriate cost of living (most expensive first) !! Metro systems by annual passenger ridership !! Metro systems by total route length !! Annual airport traffic by passenger !! Number of billionaires (U.S. dollars) !! Gross Metropolitan Product at total PPPs
1	Shanghai	|	Dubai	Tokyo	Tokyo	Shanghai	Atlanta	New York City	Tokyo
2	|	Seoul	Toronto	Osaka	Moscow	London	Chicago	London	New York City
3	|	Mexico City	Hong Kong	Moscow	Seoul	New York City	London	Moscow	Los Angeles, California>Los Angeles
4	|	New York City	Miami	Geneva	Shanghai	Berlin	Tokyo	Hong Kong	Chicago
5	|	Mumbai	Los Angeles	Hong Kong	Beijing	Seoul	Los Angeles	Los Angeles	Paris
6	|	Jakarta	Riyadh	Zurich	New York City	Tokyo	Dallas	Dallas	London
7	|	São Paulo	Sydney	Copenhagen	Paris	Moscow	Paris	Istanbul	Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto>Osaka
8	|	Delhi	San Francisco	New York City	Mexico City	Madrid	Frankfurt	San Francisco, California>San Francisco	Mexico City
9	|	Osaka	Melbourne	Beijing	Hong Kong	Beijing	Beijing	Chicago, Mumbai, São Paulo, Tokyo	Philadelphia
10	|	Shanghai	London	Singapore	Guangzhou	Paris	Denver	n/a	Washington, D.C.

See also

Metropolis

Megalopolis (city type)

Primate city

Financial centre

Specialized City

Ecumenopolis

Ranally city rating system

References

External links

Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places

World Cities article by Jennifer Curtis of Charles Sturt University

The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the University of Utah and David Smith of University of California, Irvine

The State of the World's Cities, 2001, UN Human Settlements Programme

"U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'", by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang, February 2005 (Full Report in PDF)

Category:City Category:Loughborough University Category:Lists of cities

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name	Indra Lesmana
background	solo_singer
birth name	Indra Lesmana
born	March 28, 1966 Jakarta, Indonesia
origin	Indonesia
genre	Latin pop, Jazz, pop,
occupation	Singer-songwriter, record producer
years active	1983–present
label	Jackson Records (1983-1988), Union Artis (1989-1996) (Indonesia & Malyasia) BMG Musik Indonesia (1997-2004) & Sony BMG (2005-2007).
notable instruments	}}

Indra Lesmana (born March 28, 1966 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian jazz pianist.

Background

He was introduced to jazz music by his father, Jack Lesmana, who is also a jazz musician. His musical career with keyboards instrument started at age 10. He first performed with his father in March 1976 in Bandung.

In 1978, he went to Australia with his father to perform at cultural event of the ASEAN Trade Fair. During the stay his father encouraged Indra to take a qualification test at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music. He passed the test and was accepted at the school.

Music career

In 1981, both he and his father formed a band called Jack and Indra Lesmana Quartet with Jack Lesmana, Karim Suweileh and James Morrison. They took a recording session during their visit in Indonesia in the same year and dealt with Queen Record to release the record called “Children of Fantasy“.

When he returned to Australia, he formed a Latin jazz fusion band with Jack Lesmana, Steve Brien, Dale Barlow, Tony Thijssen and Harry Rivers called “Children of Fantasy“. The band visited Indonesia in August 1982 to work on their tours.

In 1982, Indra explored his fusion jazz styles of music and formed another band called Nebula with Steve Hunter, Andy Evans, Ken James, Vince Genova, Carlinhos Gonzalves. The band had recorded their session in ''No Standing'' that contained 4 compositions by Indra (No Standing, The First, Sleeping Beauty, ‘Tis time to part) and a Steve Hunter’s “Samba for ET“. The album released in Australia by Jasmine Records and also in Indonesia by Jackson Records.

In 1983, he joined Sandy Evans, Tony Buck and Steve Elphick to form a modern jazz band called “ Women and Children First “ and recorded their first album in 1983.

Zebra Records, an affiliate of MCA Records sent their interest to sign him as the solo artist and release the album “ No Standing “ as Indra Lesmana’ s solo album. The agreement met in 1984 and the album was remastered by Bernie Grundman before released in the US.

Indra moved to California, US in 1985 and did the recording with Vinnie Colaiuta, Michael Landau, Jimmy Haslip, Airto Moreira, Charlie Haden, Bobby Shew, Tootie Heath for his album called “ For Earth and Heaven “. The album released in 1986 and happened to be his second internationally distributed album.

His two albums “ No Standing “ and “ For Earth and Heaven “ appeared to be his highlight debut in USA. His singles “ No Standing “ ( from No Standing album ) and “ Stephanie “ ( from For Earth and Heaven album ) became the hits and entered the Billboard Charts for Jazz in US and number one in radio charts.

Besides his perform duties as an artist and record producer, Indra has deep interest in audio or sound recording technology. His album called ''Tragedi'' released in 1984 happened to be his first debut in becoming a sound designer. In 1998 Indra firstly produced the master quality sound of the Sabda Prana album by Java Jazz. In 1999 he decided to establish his independent mixing and mastering house specializing in jazz. He has personally mixed and mastered more than 20 albums of Indonesian distinguished artists, such as The Groove, Maliq & D'Essentials, Andien, Donny Suhendra, Rika Roeslan, Delon, Simak Dialog, Chlorophyl, Dewa Budjana, Humania, Ermy Kulit and many more. He was also nominated for Best Mixing Engineer for album ''Rumah Ke Tujuh'' on AMI Awards 2003.

In 2000, his first single-instrumental jazz music video called ''Reborn'' was heavily aired on Indonesia's national television.

He formed his first 17-piece big band project in March 2002 in order to record his 17th solo album that also happened to be his first big band arrangement of original soundtrack album “ Rumah Ke Tujuh “ film produced by his sister, Mira Lesmana.

Other achievements

In early 2004, with wife Hanny Trihandojo Lesmana and music partner Aksan Syuman, built and organize a non-profit art documentary weekly program at a mini art center in South Jakarta called “ Concert Practice to regenerate young people to explore their artistic performance in music and dance.

In March 2004, Indra was engaged to Fremantle Media and RCTI working for the Indonesian Idol as the head of the four juries.

He was a judge in the first Asian Idol held in Indonesia, representing Indonesian Idol.

Discography

1978 ''Ayahku Sahabatku''

1981 ''Children of Fantasy''

1982 ''No Standing''

1982 ''Nostalgia''

1982 ''Latin Jazz Fusion'' (Special Edition)

1983 ''Women and Children First''

1984 ''No Standing''

1984 ''Tragedi''

1984 ''Yang Pertama Yang Bahagia''

1986 ''For Earth and Heaven''

1986 ''Karina''

1986 ''Gemilang''

1986 ''Jack & Indra Lesmana Various''

1987 ''La Samba Primadona''

1987 ''Semakin Menawan''

1988 ''Kau Datang''

1988 ''Ekspresi''

1989 ''Dunia Boleh Tertawa''

1989 ''Titi DJ 1989''

1990 ''Aku Ingin''

1990 ''Adegan''

1992 ''Cerita Lalu''

1992 ''Selangkah Di Depan''

1992 ''Hanya Untukmu''

1993 ''Biarkan Aku Kembali''

1994 ''Tiada Kata''

1994 ''Waktu Berjalan''

1994 ''Keharidan''

1994 ''Bulan Di Atas Asia''

1994 ''Ayah''

1995 ''Kabut Di Kaki Langit''

1996 ''Jalan Yang Hilang''

1996 ''Romantic Piano''

1996 ''Jalan Hidupmu''

1996 ''Menari-Nari''

1997 ''Lost Forest''

1997 ''Selamat Tinggal''

1998 ''Kedua''

1998 ''Sabda Prana''

1999 ''Saat Yang Terindah''

2000 ''Interaski''

2000 ''Reborn''

2001 ''The Birds''

2002 ''Kinanti''

2002 ''Rumah Ke Tujuh OST''

2003 ''Gelatik''

2005 ''Silver''

2007 ''Kayon - Tree of life''

2009 ''Kembali Satu''

2009 ''Joy Joy Joy''

Awards

Best Jazz/Pop Keyboards Instrumentalist - Gadis [1989]

Best Pop Selling Album : “Aku Ingin“ - BASF Awards [1990]

Diamond Achievement Awards - De Beers Diamond [1995]

Best Jazz/Fusion Album – producer : “ Ermi Kullit - Saat Yang Terindah “ - 4th AMI Awards [2000]

Best Jazz Vocalist - News Music Awards [2001]

Best Keyboardist - News Music Awards [2001]

Best Instrumental Song : “ Reborn “ - 5th AMI Awards [2001]

Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Album – producer : “ Andien - Kinanti “ - 6th AMI Awards [2002]

Best Score/Soundtrack : “ Rumah Ke Tujuh “- Festival Film Bandung [2003]

Best Jazz/Contemporary Jazz Artist - 7th AMI Awards [2003]

Best Jazz Song : “Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh“ - 7th AMI Awards [2003]

Best Jazz Arranger : “Mimpi & Rumah ke Tujuh“ - 7th AMI Awards [2003]

Best Jazz Producer : “OST Rumah ke Tujuh“ - 7th AMI Awards [2003]

Most Radical Musician : Nokia 7600 [2004]

References

External links

Official site

Detail album "For Earth and Heaven"

Category:1966 births Category:Indonesian-language singers Category:Indonesian jazz musicians Category:Indonesian jazz singers Category:Indonesian songwriters Category:Indonesian male singers Category:Indonesian record producers Category:Indonesian Music Award winners Category:Idol series judges Category:The X Factor judges Category:People from Jakarta Category:Indonesian people of Dutch descent Category:Indo people Category:Living people Category:Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni

es:Indra Lesmana id:Indra Lesmana jv:Indra Lesmana