- published: 09 Jun 2010
- views: 4128872
- author: fsubra
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- Abbott's Duiker
- Addax
- Aders' Duiker
- Adjective
- African buffalo
- Afrikaans
- Aglamaceros
- Albstadt
- Alcelaphinae
- Alces latifrons
- Alemannic German
- Allocaenelaphus
- Alpaca
- Alpine ibex
- Alpine tundra
- Alps
- American Bison
- Anatolia
- Ancient Greece
- Andes
- Animagus
- Animal
- Animal Diversity Web
- Animal repellent
- Anoa
- Ant (heraldry)
- Antelope
- Antifer
- Antilocapridae
- Antilopinae
- Antilopini
- Antler
- Apamea, Syria
- Arabian Oryx
- Arabian tahr
- Ardennes
- Argali
- Arvernoceros
- Asian elephant
- Atlas Mountains
- Aurochs
- Babirusa
- Bactrian Camel
- Bactrian Deer
- Balakhna
- Bambi
- Banff National Park
- Bangweulu Tsessebe
- Banteng
- Barasingha
- Barbary sheep
- Baron Münchhausen
- Basilisk
- Bat (heraldry)
- Bauen
- Bawean Deer
- Bay Duiker
- Bears in heraldry
- Bee (heraldry)
- Beira (antelope)
- Bharal
- Białowieża Forest
- Bighorn Sheep
- Biome
- Biscione
- Bison
- Black Duiker
- Black Musk Deer
- Black Wildebeest
- Black-fronted Duiker
- Black-tailed deer
- Blackbuck
- Blue Duiker
- Blue Wildebeest
- Boar
- Boars in heraldry
- Bohor Reedbuck
- Bongo (antelope)
- Bontebok
- Bornean bearded pig
- Bos
- Boselaphini
- Bovid
- Bovinae
- Bovine tuberculosis
- Bovini
- Bretzia
- Brocket deer
- Brown bear
- Bubalus
- Bucharest
- Buru Babirusa
- Bushbuck
- Bushpig
- Calamian Deer
- Calf
- Cambrian
- Camel
- Camelid
- Candiacervus
- Canine tooth
- Canting arms
- Cape Grysbok
- Capra (genus)
- Capreolinae
- Capreolus
- Carboniferous
- Caspian red deer
- Cattle
- Caucasus Mountains
- Celebes Warty Pig
- Cervalces scotti
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- Cervinae
- Cervus
- Cetartiodactyla
- Chacoan Peccary
- Chamois
- Charge (heraldry)
- Charitoceros
- Charles Darwin
- Chattel
- Cherry tree
- Chevrotain
- Chinese painting
- Chinese Water Deer
- Chinkara
- Chital
- Choeropsis
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- Chordate
- Christianity
- Christmas
- Coats of arms
- Cockatrice
- Collared Peccary
- Colorado
- Columbia Mountains
- Columbidae
- Common Duiker
- Common eland
- Common Tsessebe
- Corsican Red Deer
- Cretaceous
- Croizetoceros
- Crucifix
- Cuvier's Gazelle
- Czech Republic
- Dall Sheep
- Dama (deer)
- Dama (genus)
- Dama Gazelle
- Damaliscus
- Danish language
- Dassel
- Deer
- Deer (mythology)
- Deer farm
- Deer forest
- Deer hunting
- Deer penis
- Deer rub
- Dementors
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- Desert Warthog
- Devonian
- Dibatag
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- Dicrocerus elegans
- Dik-dik
- DNA
- Dog
- Dolphin (heraldry)
- Domestic sheep
- Dorcas Gazelle
- Dotternhausen
- Doñana National Park
- Dragon
- Dromedary
- Dudhwa National Park
- Duiker
- Dutch language
- Dwarf blue sheep
- Dwarf Brocket
- Dwarf Musk Deer
- Eagle (heraldry)
- Earls Bathurst
- East African Oryx
- East Caucasian tur
- Ecotone
- Eld's Deer
- Eld's deer
- Elk
- Enfield (heraldry)
- English language
- Eocoileus
- Epieuryceros
- Equus ferus ferus
- Escape response
- Esox
- Eucladoceros
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- Eurasia
- Eurasian lynx
- Eutheria
- Even-toed ungulate
- Fallow deer
- Fallow Deer
- Family (biology)
- Faroese language
- Fawn
- Fea's Muntjac
- Felix Salten
- Financial capital
- Fire Bringer
- Flores Warty Pig
- Four-horned antelope
- Four-horned Antelope
- France
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- Fruit
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- Ged (heraldry)
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- Gestation period
- Giant eland
- Giant forest hog
- Giant Muntjac
- Giant Peccary
- Giraffa
- Giraffe
- Giraffidae
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- Goat antelope
- Goitered Gazelle
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- Good Friday
- Gordon Highlanders
- Gothic language
- Grant's Gazelle
- Gray Brocket
- Gray wolf
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- Great Plains
- Greater Kudu
- Greater Mouse-deer
- Gregarious
- Grey Rhebok
- Griffin
- Guanaco
- Günther's Dik-dik
- Han Chinese
- Harpy
- Harry Potter
- Hart (deer)
- Hartebeest
- Harvey's Duiker
- Hebrew language
- Heraldry
- Herbivory
- Hertford
- Hertfordshire
- Heteroprox
- Himalayan goral
- Himalayan Musk Deer
- Himalayan tahr
- Hippocamelus
- Hippocamp
- Hippopotamidae
- Hippopotamus
- Hippopotamus (genus)
- Hippotragus
- Hirola
- Hitra
- Hjartdal
- Hog Deer
- Hog deer
- Horn (anatomy)
- House of Fraser
- Hubertus
- Humble pie
- Hyelaphus
- Iberian Lynx
- Ibex
- Icelandic language
- Impala
- Incisor
- Incomplete
- Indian Muntjac
- Indian muntjac
- Introduced species
- Inuit
- Iran
- Irish Elk
- Israel
- Japanese serow
- Jasper National Park
- Java Mouse-deer
- Javan Pig
- Javan Rusa
- Jelenia Gora
- Jentink's Duiker
- Jurassic
- Kanha National Park
- Kashmir Stag
- Key deer
- Kirk's Dik-dik
- Klipspringer
- Kob
- Kobus (antelope)
- Kola Peninsula
- Korea
- Koreans
- Korrigum
- Kouprey
- Kting Voar
- Lama (genus)
- Larco Museum
- Latin language
- Laurasiatheria
- Leaf
- Leaf muntjac
- Leaf Muntjac
- Lechwe
- Leopard (heraldry)
- Lesser Kudu
- Lesser Mouse-deer
- Libralces
- Lichen
- Lily Potter
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- Lindworm
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- Little Red Brocket
- Liver
- Llama
- Long-tailed goral
- Luzon
- Mainland serow
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- Mammalia
- Manchurian Wapiti
- Manticore
- Markhor
- Marsh Deer
- Martlet
- Maxwell's Duiker
- Megaloceros
- Merida Brocket
- Mermaid
- Middle English
- Moche
- Mongolia
- Mongolian gazelle
- Mongrel
- Moose
- Morenelaphus
- Moschidae
- Moschiola
- Mouflon
- Mountain Gazelle
- Mountain goat
- Mountain Nyala
- Mountain Reedbuck
- Mule deer
- Muntiacini
- Muntjac
- Musk deer
- Muskox
- Mythology
- Naemorhedus
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- Nature reserve
- Navahoceros
- Neogene
- Neomegaloceros
- Neotragini
- Neotragus
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- Neumann's Gazelle
- New Zealand
- Nicholas Mavrogenes
- Night vision
- Nile Lechwe
- Nilgai
- Nilgiri tahr
- Northern Ireland
- Northern Pudu
- Northern Pudú
- Norway
- Norwegian language
- Nubian ibex
- Nyala
- Odocoileus
- Odocoileus lucasi
- OED
- Ogilby's Duiker
- Okapi
- Old English
- Old Frisian
- Old High German
- Old Norse
- Old Saxon
- Oligocene
- Oliver's Warty Pig
- Ordovician
- Oribi
- Oryx
- Ovis
- Palawan Bearded Pig
- Paleogene
- Pampas deer
- Paracervulus
- Patronus Charm
- Peccary
- Pecora
- Pelican
- Pennsylvania Dutch
- Permian
- Persian Fallow Deer
- Persian fallow deer
- Peru
- Peters's Duiker
- Phacochoerus
- Phanariotes
- Pheromone
- Philippine Deer
- Philippine deer
- Philippine Sambar
- Philippine Warty Pig
- Phoenix (mythology)
- Piebald
- Pliocervus
- Poaceae
- Potamochoerus
- Precambrian
- Predator
- Procapra
- Procapreolus
- Procervulinae
- Procervulus
- Pronghorn
- Przewalski's gazelle
- Pselcupsoceros
- Pseudalces
- Pseudodama
- Pseudois
- Pu Hoat Muntjac
- PubMed Identifier
- Pudu
- Pudú
- Puku
- Pulitzer Prize
- Pygmy Brocket
- Pygmy Hippopotamus
- Pygmy Hog
- Pyrenean chamois
- Père David's Deer
- Raon-aux-Bois
- Raphicerus
- Real estate
- Red Brocket
- Red Deer
- Red deer
- Red Forest Duiker
- Red goral
- Red Hartebeest
- Red River Hog
- Red-flanked Duiker
- Red-fronted Gazelle
- Reduncinae
- Reedbuck
- Reeves's Muntjac
- Reindeer
- Rendalen
- Rhim Gazelle
- Rhyton
- Roan Antelope
- Roe Deer
- Roe deer
- Roman nose
- Rook (bird)
- Roosevelt's muntjac
- Rooster
- Royal Antelope
- Rucervus
- Ruminant
- Ruminantia
- Rupicapra
- Rusa (genus)
- Rusa Deer
- Ruwenzori Duiker
- Rùm
- Sable Antelope
- Saiga Antelope
- Saigini
- Salmon
- Salt's Dik-dik
- Sambar (deer)
- Sambar Deer
- Sami people
- Santa Claus
- Saola
- Saudi Gazelle
- Scallop
- Scandinavia
- Schomburgk's Deer
- Schomburgk's deer
- Scimitar Oryx
- Scoliosis
- Scotland
- Scots language
- Scottish Gaelic
- Scottish Highlands
- Sea-lion
- Serpent (symbolism)
- Severus Snape
- Sharpe's Grysbok
- Sheep
- Siberia
- Siberian ibex
- Siberian musk deer
- Siberian Roe Deer
- Siberian roe deer
- Sichuan deer
- Sika deer
- Sika Deer
- Silurian
- Silver Dik-dik
- Sitatunga
- Sleigh
- Small Red Brocket
- Snow sheep
- South Africa
- South Andean Deer
- Southern Pudú
- Southern Red Muntjac
- Southern Reedbuck
- Spanish ibex
- Speke's Gazelle
- Springbok
- St Eustace
- Stag-moose
- Steenbok
- Stephanocemas
- Stomach
- Strepsicerotini
- Suidae
- Suina
- Sumatran Muntjac
- Suni
- Sus (genus)
- Swedish language
- Switzerland
- Syndyocera
- Syria
- Tahr
- Taiga
- Taiwan serow
- Takin
- Tamaraw
- Tapetum lucidum
- Taruca
- Taurotragus
- Territorial marking
- Thames and Hudson
- The Yearling
- The Yearling (film)
- Thierachern
- Thomson's Gazelle
- Thorold's deer
- Thorold's Deer
- Tibetan antelope
- Tibetan red deer
- Tiger
- Timor warty pig
- Toad (heraldry)
- Togian Babirusa
- Toronto
- Torontoceros
- Tragelaphus
- Tragulus
- Triassic
- Tropical rainforest
- Truong Son Muntjac
- Tufted Deer
- Tufted deer
- Tundra
- Tungusic people
- Turkey
- Turkic peoples
- Turul
- Twig
- Tylopoda
- U.S. Army
- Umeå
- Underbites
- Understory
- Unicorn
- Uniparental
- Upemba Lechwe
- Urial
- Veluwe
- Venison
- Vep Pedr
- Vicuña
- Vietnam Mouse-deer
- Visayan Spotted Deer
- Visayan Warty Pig
- Voss
- Walia ibex
- Wallachia
- Walt Disney Pictures
- Warthog
- Water Buffalo
- Water chevrotain
- Water Chevrotain
- Water deer
- Water Deer
- Waterbuck
- West Caucasian tur
- Weyns's Duiker
- White-bellied Duiker
- White-lipped Peccary
- White-tailed deer
- Wikispecies
- Wiktionary cervine
- Wild goat
- Wild Goat
- Wildebeest
- Wisent
- Wolves in heraldry
- Wyvern
- Yak
- Yala National Park
- Yaqui people
- Yarkand Deer
- Yellow-backed Duiker
- Yoho National Park
- Zebra Duiker
- Zebu
- Åland
- רשות הדואר
-
Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
wn.com/Anatolia -
Balakhna
Coordinates: 56°29′N 43°37′E / 56.483°N 43.617°E / 56.483; 43.617
Balakhna (Russian: Балахна́) is a town and the administrative center of Balakhninsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) north of Nizhny Novgorod. Population: 51,526 (2010 Census preliminary results); 57,338 (2002 Census); 32,133 (1989 Census); 33,500 (1968).
Balakhna was founded in 1474 as Sol-na-Gorodtse (Соль-на-Городце). After the Khan of Kazan razed it to the ground in 1536, a wooden fort was constructed to protect the settlement against further Tatar incursions. For the following three centuries, Balakhna prospered as a center of saltworks and grain trade. By the Time of Troubles, it was the 12th largest city in Russia.
Adam Olearius visited and described the town in 1636. That year several shipwrights from Holstein built the first Russian ships here, thus establishing Balakhna as a foremost center of national river shipbuilding. The people of Balakhna were also reputed for their skills in knitting and making colored tiles, which were used for decoration of the Savior Church (1668) and other local temples. Balakhna is one of the few Russian cities shown on the 1689 Amsterdam World Map (labeled Balaghna).
wn.com/Balakhna -
Bucharest
Bucharest (Romanian: București pronounced [bukuˈreʃtʲ] (
listen)) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. Its eclectic architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom..
wn.com/Bucharest -
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region (Turkish: Kafkas Dağları Azerbaijani: Qafqaz dağları Armenian: Կովկասյան լեռներ Georgian: კავკასიონი Chechen: Kavkazan lämnaš Russian: Кавказские горы).
The Caucasus Mountains include:
The Greater Caucasus Range extends from the Caucasian Natural Reserve in the vicinity of Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, generally trending east-southeast and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian Sea, while the Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the greater range, at a distance averaging about 100 km (62 mi) south. The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system. The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the Likhi Range, which separates the Kolkhida Lowland from the Kura-Aras Lowland. In the southeast are the Talysh Mountains. The Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highland constitute the Transcaucasian Highland. The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus, which rises to a height of 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level. Mountains near Sochi will host part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
wn.com/Caucasus_Mountains -
Colorado
Colorado (
i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Hertford
Coordinates: 51°47′42″N 0°04′41″W / 51.795°N 0.078°W / 51.795; -0.078
Hertford (
/ˈhɑrtfərd/ or /ˈhɑrfərd/) is the county town of Hertfordshire, England, and is also a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of the county. Forming a civil parish, the 2001 census put the population of Hertford at about 24,180. Recent estimates are that it is now around 28,000[citation needed]. The name is Anglo Saxon and means the ford frequented by harts or stags.
Hertford has been the county town of Hertfordshire since Saxon times when it was governed by the king's reeves. By the 13th century, these had been replaced by a bailiff, elected by the burgesses. Charters of 1554 and 1589 established a common council of eleven chief burgesses and a bailiff. Another charter of 1605 changed the bailiff's title to mayor. In 1835, Hertford became a Municipal Corporation; the ratepayers elected twelve councillors, who chose four aldermen, aldermen and councillors composing the council. This body elected the mayor.
wn.com/Hertford -
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire (i/ˈhɑrtfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈhɑrfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.
Hertfordshire is one of the home counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London (to the south), Buckinghamshire (to the west), Bedfordshire (including the unitary authorities of Luton and Central Bedfordshire to the north), Cambridgeshire (to the north east) and Essex (to the east).
Hertfordshire was originally the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. The name Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing (of a watercourse). The name Hertfordshire first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature prominently in many county emblems.
There is evidence of human beings living in Hertfordshire since the Middle Stone Age. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age. This was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age.
wn.com/Hertfordshire -
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Kola Peninsula
Coordinates: 67°41′18″N 35°56′38″E / 67.68833°N 35.94389°E / 67.68833; 35.94389
The Kola Peninsula (from Northern Sami: Guoládat; Russian: Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely to the north of the Arctic Circle and is washed by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula, with the population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census.
Despite its northerly location, closeness of the peninsula to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only +11 °C (52 °F). The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north, where permafrost limits the growth of the trees resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, established to protect the population of Common Eider, is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf.
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Korea
Korea (/kəˈriːə/ kə-REE-ə; Korean: 한국 Hanguk [hanɡuːk] or 조선 Joseon [tɕosʌn] – (see etymology) is an East Asian region that is divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea), and separated from Taiwan to the south by the East China Sea.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the origins of the Korean people might have been Altaic language-speaking people from south-central Siberia,[dubious – discuss] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age. The adoption of the Chinese writing system ("Hanja" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC, and Buddhism in the 4th century AD, had profound effects on the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea was first united during the Silla dynasty under the king Munmu of Silla. The united Silla dynasty fell to Goryeo Dynasty in 935 at the end of Later Three Kingdoms of Korea era. Goryeo was a highly cultural state and created the Jikji in the 14th century, using the world's first movable metal type printing press. The Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, greatly weakened the nation which was forced to become a tributary state. After the Mongol Empire's collapse, severe political strife followed and Goryeo was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1388.
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Larco Museum
The Larco Museum (Spanish: Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera) is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art, located in the Pueblo Libre District of Lima, Peru. The museum is housed in an 18th century vice-royal mansion built over a 7th century pre-Columbian pyramid. It showcases chronological galleries that provide a thorough overview of 4,000 of Peruvian pre-Columbian history. It boasts one of the world's largest collections of pre-Columbian art including Moche, Nazca, Chimú, and Inca pieces. Additionally, the Larco Museum is well known for its gallery of pre-Columbian erotic pottery.
It was one of the first museums in the world to make its entire 45,000 piece collection available in an online electronic catalog.
In 1925, Rafael Larco Herrera acquired a collection of vases and other archaeological pieces from Alfredo Hoyle, who was his brother-in-law. There were approximately 600 ceramic pieces in all. The arrival of these objects ignited a collector's enthusiasm in his son, Rafael Larco Hoyle. Soon after, Larco Herrera left his son in charge of the collection and those pieces completed the first collection of what would become the Rafael Larco Herrera Museum.
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Luzon
Luzon (/luːˈzɑːn/) is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name of one of the three primary island groups in the country centred on the island (the other two being the Visayas and Mindanao). Luzon as an island group includes Luzon proper, the Batanes and Babuyan groups of islands to the north, and the outlying islands of Catanduanes, Marinduque, Masbate, Romblon, and Mindoro. Luzon is the economic and political center of the Philippines, being home to the country's capital city, Manila.
The island of Luzon contains 8 of the 17 administrative regions of the Philippines. These regions are not political entities, but merely serve as administrative groupings of provinces. They are:
Ilocos Region (Region I) is on the northweast side of the island and faces South China Sea. The region is well known for its white sand coastline and rich history. Its provinces are Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan. The region's administrative centers is San Fernando City, La Union.
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Mongolia
Mongoliai/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ( listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Rùm
Rùm (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [rˠuːm]), a Scottish Gaelic name often anglicised to Rum) is one of the Small Isles of the Inner Hebrides, in the district of Lochaber, Scotland. For much of the 20th century the name became Rhum, a spelling invented by the former owner, Sir George Bullough, because he did not relish the idea of having the title "Laird of Rum".
It is the largest of the Small Isles, and the fifteenth largest Scottish island, but is inhabited by only about thirty or so people, all of whom live in the village of Kinloch on the east coast. The island has been inhabited since the 8th millennium BC and provides some of the earliest known evidence of human occupation in Scotland. The early Celtic and Norse settlers left only a few written accounts and artefacts. From the 12th to 13th centuries on, the island was held by various clans including the MacLeans of Coll. The population grew to over 400 by the late 18th century but was cleared of its indigenous population between 1826 and 1828. The island then became a sporting estate, the exotic Kinloch Castle being constructed by the Bulloughs in 1900. Rùm was purchased by the Nature Conservancy Council in 1957.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Scottish Highlands
The Highlands (Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, "the place of the Gaels"; Scots: the Hielands) are an historic region of Scotland. The area is sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Highlands". It was culturally distinguishable from the Lowlands from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. The term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of A' Ghàidhealtachd literally means "the place of the Gaels" and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands.
The area is very sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. Before the 19th century the Highlands was home to a much larger population, but due to a combination of factors including the outlawing of the traditional Highland way of life following the Jacobite Rising of 1745, the infamous Highland Clearances, and mass migration to urban areas during the Industrial Revolution, the area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. The average population density in the Highlands and Islands is lower than that of Sweden, Norway, Papua New Guinea and Argentina.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Umeå
Umeå (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈʉːmɛo] ( listen); Finnish: Uumaja, Northern Sami: Ubmi) is a university town in northern Sweden. It is the seat of Umeå Municipality and the capital of Västerbotten County. The city is located at the Ume River.
Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland and the twelfth biggest in Sweden, with 79,594 inhabitants in 2010. The municipality has 115,229 inhabitants as of 2010. When the university was established in 1965, growth sped up, and the number of housing has doubled in the last 30 years. As of 2011[update], 700 to 800 new apartments are constructed each year.
Umeå is a center of education, technical and medical research in Sweden, with two universities and over 30,000 students. The city is elected European Capital of Culture of 2014.
The first written mention of Umeå is from the 14th century. The northern parts of Sweden, including the counties of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, were settled by Sami people before this time, though not necessarily in the city's exact location. Umeå in its first form was a parish with a wooden church and trade post located in the section of town now known as Backen (or Kyrkbacken). Its location near the coast and on a river was probably one of the reasons that people chose to settle there.
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Veluwe
The Veluwe is a forest-rich ridge of hills (1100 km²) in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. The Veluwe features many different landscapes including woodland, heath, some small lakes and Europe's largest sand drifts.
The Veluwe is the largest push moraine complex in the Netherlands, stretching 60 km from north to south, and reaching heights of up to 110 meters. The Veluwe was formed by the Saalian glacial during the Pleistocene epoch, some 200,000 years ago. Glaciers some 200 meters thick[citation needed] pushed the sand deposits in the Rhine and Maas Delta sideways, creating the hills which now form most of the Veluwe. Because the hills are made of sand, rain water disappears rapidly, and then it flows at a depth of tens of meters to the edges where it reaches the surface again.
Originally the Veluwe was surrounded by a string of swamps, heavily populated with game such as deer and wild boars because these areas offered rich vegetation to feed on. Since the 1990s many plans are underway, or have already been implemented, to restore these wetlands by blocking the drainage systems built by farmers during the last 150 years. This results in very dry heathland changing into wetland within a span of just a few hundred meters. The Wisselse Veen near the village of Epe, on the North East Veluwe, offers a good example of this.[citation needed]
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (Romanian: Țara Românească pronounced [ˈt͡sara romɨˈne̯askə] or Valahia pronounced [vaˈlahi.a]; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Cyrillic: Цѣра Румѫнѣскъ / Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is sometimes referred to as Muntenia (Greater Wallachia), through identification with the larger of its two traditional sections; the smaller being Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I, after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voievod Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1415, Wallachia accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century, albeit with brief periods of Russian occupation between 1768 and 1854. In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia (as United Principalities), to form the basis of the modern state of Romania, with Transylvania joining 59 years later (1918) to form the new Kingdom of Romania which was first established 1881.
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Åland
The Åland Islands (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈoːland], Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia and form an autonomous, demilitarised, monolingually Swedish-speaking region of Finland. The islands collectively constitute the smallest region of Finland, with only 0.49% of its land area, and 0.50% of its population.
Åland comprises Fasta Åland (the "Main Island," with 90% of the population), together with an archipelago to the east that comprises over 6,500 skerries and islands. Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by 38 kilometres (24 mi) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.
Because of the autonomous status of the Åland Islands, the powers exercised at the provincial level by representatives of the central state administration in the rest of Finland are largely exercised by the Government of Åland in Åland.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.
Darwin published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages constitute a sub-branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), which was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the 2nd century BC, to settle in north-central Europe.
The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with approximately 300–400 million and over 100 million native speakers respectively. They belong to the West Germanic family. The West Germanic group also includes other major languages, such as Dutch with 23 million and Afrikaans with over 6 million native speakers;. The North Germanic languages include Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese, which have a combined total of about 20 million speakers. The SIL Ethnologue lists 53 different Germanic languages.
wn.com/Germanic_languages -
Hubertus
Saint Hubertus or Hubert (born c. 656 to 658, probably in Toulouse; died 30 May 727 in Tervuren near Brussels, Belgium), called the "Apostle of the Ardennes" was the first Bishop of Liège. Hubertus is a Christian saint, the patron saint of hunters, mathematicians, opticians and metalworkers, and used to be invoked to cure rabies until the early 20th century through the use of the traditional St Hubert's Key. Saint Hubert was widely venerated in the Middle Ages. The iconography of his legend is entangled with the legend of St Eustace.
The Bollandists published seven early lives of this popular saint (Acta Sanctorum November, i. 759–930), the first being the work of a contemporary. Unfortunately, it is very sparing of details.
Hubert was the eldest son and apparent heir of Boggis/Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine. Bertrand's wife is variously given in hagiographies as Hugbern, and as Afre, and sister of Saint Oda or perhaps Oda herself, the uncertainty being a mark of the low rating accorded women in Merovingian culture, where kings fathered heirs upon peasant women. Modern genealogy often lists Aude or Ode as a wife of Bertrand and mother of Hubert's brother Eudo.
wn.com/Hubertus -
Inuit
The Inuit (Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, the United States, and Russia. Inuit is a collective noun; the singular is "Inuk". The Inuit language is grouped under the Eskimo-Aleut family.
In the United States, the term Eskimo is commonly used in reference to these groups, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Inupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Inupiat. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo". However, natives in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative and "Inuit" has become more common. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.
The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "Nunatukavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat". In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. In Russia, they live on Big Diomede Island. The Kalaallit and other natives of Greenland are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
wn.com/Inuit -
Koreans
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula.
South Koreans call Koreans Hanguk-in (한국인; 韓國人)—or simply 한인/Han-in for South Koreans living abroad—or informally Hanguk saram (한국 사람; 韓國 사람), while North Koreans call Koreans Chosŏnin (조선인; 朝鮮人) or Chosŏn saram (조선 사람; 朝鮮 사람). See Names of Korea, Korean romanization, Hangul (한글) and Hanja (한자).
Koreans are believed[by whom?] to be descendants of peoples of Manchuria, often said to be Altaic- or proto-Altaic-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongols, Turkic and Tungusic peoples. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were migrants from south-central Siberia, who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age. The same tomb style is an indication telling who lived there. The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found on the Korean peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35,000 dolmen Korea counts for nearly 40% of the world’s total. Similar dolmens can be found outside of Korea, in Manchuria, Shandong, and Kyushu. Yet it is unclear why this culture only flourished so extensively on the Korean peninsula in the area of Northeastern Asia.
wn.com/Koreans -
Nicholas Mavrogenes
Nicholas Mavrogenes (or Mavrogenous; Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης Nikolaos Mavrogenis, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrogheni pronounced [nikoˈla.e mavroˈɡeni]; died 1790) was a Phanariote Prince of Wallachia (reigned 1786–1789). He was the great-uncle of Manto Mavrogenous, a heroine of the Greek War of Independence.
Mavrogenes was born on Paros Island to a family claiming noble origins, and spoke natively one of the many Greek dialects of the Cyclades (Ienăchiţă Văcărescu later attested that he spoke Greek and Turkish poorly, and that he was not able to learn any Romanian). He lived among the sailors (for the rest of his life, he preferred to wear sailor's clothes in private), and was chosen Dragoman of Hasan Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman fleet. Hasan, together with his friend, Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha, both important figures in the politics of the Ottoman Empire, convinced the Sultan Abdul Hamid I to name Mavrogenes prince of Wallachia on April 6, 1786. He left the Ottoman capital accompanied by a huge and ostentatious retinue.
wn.com/Nicholas_Mavrogenes -
Phanariotes
Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek:Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek (including Hellenized Romanian and Albanian) families residing in Phanar (Φανάρι, modern Fener), the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople, where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated.
For all their cosmopolitanism and often Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Hellenism; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga "We are a race completely Hellenic".
Phanariots emerged as a class of moneyed ethnically Greek merchants (they commonly claimed noble Byzantine descent) in the latter half of the 16th century and went on to exercise great influence in the administration in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century. They tended to build their houses in the Phanar quarter in order to be close to the court of the Patriarch, who under the Ottoman millet system was recognized as both the spiritual and secular head (millet-bashi) of all the Orthodox subjects (the Rum Millet, or the “Roman nation”) of the Empire (except those Orthodox under the spiritual care of the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Peć), often acting as archontes of the Ecumenical See; thus they came to dominate the administration of the Patriarchate frequently intervening in the selection of hierarchs, including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
wn.com/Phanariotes -
Roman nose
An Aquiline nose (also called Roman nose, hook nose or beak nose) is a human nose with a prominent bridge, giving it the appearance of being curved or slightly bent. The word aquiline comes from the Latin word aquilinus ("eagle-like"), a reference to the curved beak of an eagle.
In Crania Americana Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) had attempted to divide humankind primarily into four races, each distinguished by certain physical characteristics. He stated that this type of nose is primarily found among Mediterraneans and in the Middle East. Of Native Americans, he wrote that they were "marked by a brown complexion; long, black, lank hair; and deficient beard. The eyes are black and deep set, the brow low, the cheekbones high, the nose large and aquiline, the mouth large, and the lips tumid and compressed".
wn.com/Roman_nose -
Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are the indigenous people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sámi are the only indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized under the international conventions of Indigenous peoples, and hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe.Sami ancestral lands span an area of approximately 388,350 km2 (150,000 sq. mi.), which is approximately the size of Sweden, in the Nordic countries. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. The Sami languages are endangered.
Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding, with which about 10% of the Sami are connected and 2,800 actively involved on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.
wn.com/Sami_people -
Severus Snape
Severus Snape is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J.K. Rowling. In the first novel of the series, he is hostile toward Harry and is built up to be the primary antagonist until the final chapters. As the series progresses, Snape's character becomes more layered and complex. Rowling does not fully reveal the details of his true loyalties until the end of the final book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Over the course of the series, Snape's portrayal evolves from that of a malicious and partisan teacher to that of a pivotal character of considerable complexity and moral ambiguity. Snape primarily teaches Potions at Hogwarts, though in the sixth novel he teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts, a position which he was known to have desired throughout the series. He ultimately becomes Headmaster of Hogwarts in the final novel. Rowling has described him as "a gift of a character".
In an interview, Rowling described Snape's character as an "antihero". She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood, and described Snape as a horrible teacher, saying the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students." However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher. Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she "deliberately based on a real person", Snape was reportedly based, at least in part, on John Nettleship, who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow. For Snape's surname, Rowling borrowed the name from the village of Snape, Suffolk. In a 1999 interview, and again in 2004, Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write.
wn.com/Severus_Snape -
St Eustace
Saint Eustace, also known as Eustachius or Eustathius, was a legendary Christian martyr who lived in the 2nd century AD. A martyr of that name is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, which, however, judges that the legend recounted about him is "completely fabulous." The saint is honored on the calendar of the Melkite Catholics on December 13, as the "Commemoration of the Holy Martyrs Eustrates, Auxentius, Eugene, Mardarius, Orestes and the Virgin Lucia." He is also commemorated in the Orthodox Church, on September 20.
Prior to his conversion to Christianity, he was a Roman general named Placidus, who served the emperor Trajan. While hunting a stag in Tivoli near Rome, Placidus saw a vision of Jesus between the stag's antlers. He was immediately converted, had himself and his family baptized, and changed his name to Eustace (Greek: Ευστάθιος Eustathios, "well stable", or Ευστάχιος, Eustachios, "rich crop"). A series of calamities followed to test his faith: his wealth was stolen; his servants died of a plague; when the family took a sea voyage, the ship's captain kidnapped Eustace's wife Theopista; and as Eustace crossed a river with his two sons Agapius and Theopistus, the children were taken away by a wolf and a lion. Like Job, Eustace lamented but did not lose his faith. He was then quickly restored to his former prestige and reunited with his family; but when he demonstrated his new faith by refusing to make a pagan sacrifice, the emperor, Hadrian, condemned Eustace, his wife, and his sons to be roasted to death inside a bronze statue of a bull or an ox, in the year AD 118. The d'Afflitto dynasty, one of the oldest princely families in Italy, claims to be the direct descendant of Saint Eustace.
wn.com/St_Eustace -
Tungusic people
Tungusic peoples are the peoples who speak Tungusic languages. The word originated in Tunguska, an ill-defined region of Siberia.
Tungusic peoples are:
The largest of the Tungusic peoples are the Manchu who number around 10,000,000. They are originally from Manchuria, which is now Northeast China but following their conquest of China in the 17th century, they have been almost totally assimilated into the main Han Chinese population of China. This process accelerated especially during the 20th century. The non-assimilated culture and language is still present in parts of northern China.
Evenks live in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Udege (Удэгейцы in Russian; ethnonym: удээ and удэхе, or udee and udehe correspondingly) are a people who live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions, also in Russia.
2–3% of them are of Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y origin.
A Manchu guard
An Evenk home
Nani children dancing
Sibo military colonists
An Udege family
Tungus man in 1914 in Vorogovo, Siberia.
wn.com/Tungusic_people -
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
wn.com/Turkic_peoples
karaoke
Half a year and here you are again
I'd go out in public if nobody ever asked
I sit home and drink alone and hope that bottle speaks, like you, like us, like me
Half a year again, now it's a whole
February stationery from you on the wall
And I sit home and plead the throne to speak to speak to me to me to me Hasn't said a single thing
You're probably too busy with your work
Or am I just excusing you for leaving me alone
There' s nothing in these wooden drawers to bring you back or to keep me bored
I don't know what to do with me no more
Dear everyone I ever really knew
I acted like an asshole so I could keep my edge on you
Ended up abusing even those I thought immune
I killed the kingdom with one move and now it's time to move
Dear everybody that has paid to see my band,
It's still confusing, I'll never understand
I acted like an asshole so my albums would never burn
I'm hungry now, and the scraps are dirty dirt
Hunters seeking clues
Tracks are fresh
Swift to the kill
Deep into it
You'll lose all sense
He goes by touch
Deciphering
Broken codes in me
I don't know how to move
This state I'm in
Hold fast my beating heart
Here's a deer amongst the hunted
A gentle anarchist who knows no fear
See, I'm an elk and you're a deer
Hunter you've found the clue
Silver lines around his eyes
The sprawling fawn
Try not to speak
Caught by his eyes
It was blood on ice
I don't know how to move
This state I'm in
Hold fast my beating heart
Here's a deer amongst the hunted
A gentle anarchist who knows no fear
See, I'm an elk and you're a deer
Hold fast my beating heart
Here's a deer amongst the hunted
A gentle anarchist who knows no fear
See, I'm an elk and you're a deer
Warm is the mouth
That feeds
You love
And his heart
Beat so loud
It's all
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Cranbrook Deer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
WARNING: this can be hard to watch—a newborn fawn creates a dangerous situation when mom gets protective. Starts cute, ends scary. The dog, Star, got away limping after 23 seconds (I filmed the dog's owner, whom I could hear but not see with my eye on the camera... that's why I ended up cutting)—since posting here we have been able to contact the lady. HER DOG WAS HURT BUT RECOVERED. River, my deer-whispering cat, is fine. Related videos you may want to see, for context: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Cranbrook_Deer
WARNING: this can be hard to watch—a newborn fawn creates a dangerous situation when mom gets protective. Starts cute, ends scary. The dog, Star, got away limping after 23 seconds (I filmed the dog's owner, whom I could hear but not see with my eye on the camera... that's why I ended up cutting)—since posting here we have been able to contact the lady. HER DOG WAS HURT BUT RECOVERED. River, my deer-whispering cat, is fine. Related videos you may want to see, for context: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
As The Deer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Worship Video
http://wn.com/As_The_Deer
Worship Video
- published: 03 Jun 2007
- views: 2593645
- author: WorshipVideo
Dog versus Deer ORIGINAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
OUR DOG BUDDY WRESTLES AND PLAYS BALL WITH OUR BABY WHITE TAIL DEER My brother found this deer alone and malnourished when it was a tiny baby. My family bottle fed the baby, named Theen until he was eating grass. Several months later he's very socialized with people, our black lab, and our cats. He is free to wander if he likes and we've seen him with several herds of whitetail and axis deer. Apparently he fits in just fine with them. He frequently comes back to the house to eat some catfood and play with our dog, Buddy. He doesn't care much for deer corn. Ellen Degeneres showed this video on her show and website on January 22, 2010! Anderson Cooper 360 showed the video on March 30, 2010! This was on the Bonnie Hunt show on March 31, 2010! We made it to Japan! nhk.jp
http://wn.com/Dog_versus_Deer_ORIGINAL
OUR DOG BUDDY WRESTLES AND PLAYS BALL WITH OUR BABY WHITE TAIL DEER My brother found this deer alone and malnourished when it was a tiny baby. My family bottle fed the baby, named Theen until he was eating grass. Several months later he's very socialized with people, our black lab, and our cats. He is free to wander if he likes and we've seen him with several herds of whitetail and axis deer. Apparently he fits in just fine with them. He frequently comes back to the house to eat some catfood and play with our dog, Buddy. He doesn't care much for deer corn. Ellen Degeneres showed this video on her show and website on January 22, 2010! Anderson Cooper 360 showed the video on March 30, 2010! This was on the Bonnie Hunt show on March 31, 2010! We made it to Japan! nhk.jp
- published: 25 Dec 2009
- views: 3295161
- author: mlcarriker
new born deer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
born in departure bay beach. 5dm2 ,steve fagan hdimages.ca
http://wn.com/new_born_deer
born in departure bay beach. 5dm2 ,steve fagan hdimages.ca
- published: 07 Dec 2010
- views: 822164
- author: steve fagan
Deer Tries to Mate with Teenage Girl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A young buck humps and attempts to mount a young blonde girl while all of her friends watch. They all run away but the buck continues to chase them. The deer follows them to a car and circles around it, breathing on the windows, but they manage to drive away unhurt. This is awkward.
http://wn.com/Deer_Tries_to_Mate_with_Teenage_Girl
A young buck humps and attempts to mount a young blonde girl while all of her friends watch. They all run away but the buck continues to chase them. The deer follows them to a car and circles around it, breathing on the windows, but they manage to drive away unhurt. This is awkward.
- published: 25 Nov 2011
- views: 410401
- author: Dubwilcox
As The Deer, Jim Greeninger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
www.jimgreeninger.com - Solo Guitar CDs and MP3 downloads: Jim studied for several years with Maestro Andres Segovia. The guitar Jim is playing was built by himself and was recorded directly from the Baggs pickup via wireless transmitter and a live performance mic in the hall. This is because of the number of children and noise in the theater. It seemed to be the best way to accomplish a good recording, however, it does often sound like you are directly next to the guitar. Also hear favorites by Pepe Romaro, Christopher Parkening, John Williams, and Julian Bream.
http://wn.com/As_The_Deer,_Jim_Greeninger
www.jimgreeninger.com - Solo Guitar CDs and MP3 downloads: Jim studied for several years with Maestro Andres Segovia. The guitar Jim is playing was built by himself and was recorded directly from the Baggs pickup via wireless transmitter and a live performance mic in the hall. This is because of the number of children and noise in the theater. It seemed to be the best way to accomplish a good recording, however, it does often sound like you are directly next to the guitar. Also hear favorites by Pepe Romaro, Christopher Parkening, John Williams, and Julian Bream.
- published: 24 Apr 2007
- views: 558797
- author: Jim Greeninger
DOG AND DEER - BEST FRIENDS FOREVER.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Kate and Pip playing on the lawn April 1st 2010. The sun came out after a heavy rain and they just couldn't resist a romp.
http://wn.com/DOG_AND_DEER_BEST_FRIENDS_FOREVER
Kate and Pip playing on the lawn April 1st 2010. The sun came out after a heavy rain and they just couldn't resist a romp.
- published: 05 Apr 2010
- views: 425319
- author: isobel springett
Motorcycle Hits Deer @ 85 mph | Helmet Cam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
ANALYSIS & Damage Assessment: www.youtube.com ************************************************************************ I hit a buck (had 2+ in. antlers) on my 04 GSXR 1000 on June 28, 2009. I did not crash, but the bike was totaled. It literally jumped right in front of me and I had no time to react! In the analysis (link above), you can see the deer was only on cam for 6 frames which is 6/30 or 1/5 of a sec! Therefore, speed had nothing to do with impact. Factors to consider (in debatable order of importance): 1. Speed: a) at limit only .5 sec to react b) going faster *I* would have evaded 2. Momentum: a) accelerating out of the corner b) not enough time to let off 3. Angle: Bike was almost all the way leaned over 4. Deer mid-air: a) less resistance b) not high enough to knock me off 5. Deer impact location: Only hit neck, not body 6. Deer angle: Jumped from -right- side while I was leaning -right- into it 7. Deer weight: a) approx. 100 lbs (45 kg) b) not a fully grown buck yet 8. Ride position: Usually hang off bike, but was taking it easy 9. Frame sliders: Protected leg from tearing off 10. Exhaust: OEM (not shorty) prevented carcass from hitting rear wheel 11. Post impact: No car in oncoming lane 12. Wobbles: Violent steering caused front wheel to lift off ground 13. Bars: a) throttle hand came off b) if left hand came off... whiiiskey throttle! 14. Corner: Caught bars and dropped front just in time to turn, avoiding woods 15. Full gear: Deer brushed knee- no injury ...
http://wn.com/Motorcycle_Hits_Deer_@_85_mph_|_Helmet_Cam
ANALYSIS & Damage Assessment: www.youtube.com ************************************************************************ I hit a buck (had 2+ in. antlers) on my 04 GSXR 1000 on June 28, 2009. I did not crash, but the bike was totaled. It literally jumped right in front of me and I had no time to react! In the analysis (link above), you can see the deer was only on cam for 6 frames which is 6/30 or 1/5 of a sec! Therefore, speed had nothing to do with impact. Factors to consider (in debatable order of importance): 1. Speed: a) at limit only .5 sec to react b) going faster *I* would have evaded 2. Momentum: a) accelerating out of the corner b) not enough time to let off 3. Angle: Bike was almost all the way leaned over 4. Deer mid-air: a) less resistance b) not high enough to knock me off 5. Deer impact location: Only hit neck, not body 6. Deer angle: Jumped from -right- side while I was leaning -right- into it 7. Deer weight: a) approx. 100 lbs (45 kg) b) not a fully grown buck yet 8. Ride position: Usually hang off bike, but was taking it easy 9. Frame sliders: Protected leg from tearing off 10. Exhaust: OEM (not shorty) prevented carcass from hitting rear wheel 11. Post impact: No car in oncoming lane 12. Wobbles: Violent steering caused front wheel to lift off ground 13. Bars: a) throttle hand came off b) if left hand came off... whiiiskey throttle! 14. Corner: Caught bars and dropped front just in time to turn, avoiding woods 15. Full gear: Deer brushed knee- no injury ...
- published: 05 Jul 2009
- views: 2536030
- author: termites4000
Deer Attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
From MSNBC ... deer attacks!
http://wn.com/Deer_Attack
From MSNBC ... deer attacks!
- published: 23 Dec 2007
- views: 1132197
- author: netxten
As The Deer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A homemade slideshow of the song As The Deer. Thank You Carolton Beamer for the picture in this song.
http://wn.com/As_The_Deer
A homemade slideshow of the song As The Deer. Thank You Carolton Beamer for the picture in this song.
- published: 23 Feb 2009
- views: 30615
- author: jebock92
Baby Deer trapped in Pool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Woke up on Father's Day to a noise in the pool. Looks like a baby deer was passing by and decided to take a dip in our pool. Hopefully , she caught back up with her Mom.
http://wn.com/Baby_Deer_trapped_in_Pool
Woke up on Father's Day to a noise in the pool. Looks like a baby deer was passing by and decided to take a dip in our pool. Hopefully , she caught back up with her Mom.
- published: 21 Jun 2010
- views: 2969021
- author: DakotaWingsBuckshot
How To: Field Dress A Deer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:07
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Warning!!! This video contains graphic content. Just in case the title wasn't enough to warn you. Distributed by Tubemogul.
http://wn.com/How_To_Field_Dress_A_Deer
Warning!!! This video contains graphic content. Just in case the title wasn't enough to warn you. Distributed by Tubemogul.
- published: 09 Nov 2010
- views: 213181
- author: ikesoutdoors
Funny Deer Scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Two Guys Mess With Some People At A Truckstop.
http://wn.com/Funny_Deer_Scene
Two Guys Mess With Some People At A Truckstop.
- published: 21 Jan 2006
- views: 366511
- author: askow
Deer Gets Revenge on Hunter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
WEBSITE: www.clipaday.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Subscribe if you want to, more videos are on the way! While being hunted, this deer decides that he's not going to have any of it and goes off the hook, in another amazing twist of fate. The guy filming this video must be a really great friend!?
http://wn.com/Deer_Gets_Revenge_on_Hunter
WEBSITE: www.clipaday.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Subscribe if you want to, more videos are on the way! While being hunted, this deer decides that he's not going to have any of it and goes off the hook, in another amazing twist of fate. The guy filming this video must be a really great friend!?
- published: 04 Aug 2006
- views: 6058215
- author: CLIPADAY
How To Deer Processing from Ask The Meatman.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Learn how to cut up your deer just like the professional meatcutter does.View all our meat processing videos at AskTheMeatman.com We have many Meat Processing DVD's availabe for purchase at AskTheMeatman.com!
http://wn.com/How_To_Deer_Processing_from_Ask_The_Meatmancom
Learn how to cut up your deer just like the professional meatcutter does.View all our meat processing videos at AskTheMeatman.com We have many Meat Processing DVD's availabe for purchase at AskTheMeatman.com!
- published: 26 Oct 2007
- views: 119897
- author: askthemeatman
awesome whitetail deer fight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Two Texas whitetail in a battle for their lives. This is an excerpt from an outdoor television program I produce. Note: I posted this same clip before, but this one is of much higher quality.
http://wn.com/awesome_whitetail_deer_fight
Two Texas whitetail in a battle for their lives. This is an excerpt from an outdoor television program I produce. Note: I posted this same clip before, but this one is of much higher quality.
- published: 27 Aug 2006
- views: 2032395
- author: Stone Ledge
Mountain Lion Attacking a Deer in Divide, Colorado 8/8/08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A mountain lion killing a deer, filmed on the morning of Aug. 8, 2008 in Divide, Colorado.
http://wn.com/Mountain_Lion_Attacking_a_Deer_in_Divide,_Colorado_8_8_08
A mountain lion killing a deer, filmed on the morning of Aug. 8, 2008 in Divide, Colorado.
- published: 19 Aug 2008
- views: 875329
- author: Keith Emmons
Owl City - Deer In The Headlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Music video by Owl City performing Deer In The Headlights. (C) 2011 Universal Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Owl_City_Deer_In_The_Headlights
Music video by Owl City performing Deer In The Headlights. (C) 2011 Universal Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
- published: 30 Jun 2011
- views: 4897644
- author: OwlCityVEVO
Cat vs. Deer (Without Music)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Since so many people were asking to see this video without music, I thought I'd upload it here!
http://wn.com/Cat_vs_Deer_Without_Music
Since so many people were asking to see this video without music, I thought I'd upload it here!
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 46578
- author: jafyats13
Deer Suck
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Louis CK on deer.
http://wn.com/Deer_Suck
Louis CK on deer.
- published: 04 Nov 2008
- views: 479337
- author: Stormrage619
HOPPY THE DEER LICKING CAT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Here's a unique video of Hoppy the Deer giving a bath to Tiptree the cat. That great guitar playing is by the very talented Terry Tufts.
http://wn.com/HOPPY_THE_DEER_LICKING_CAT
Here's a unique video of Hoppy the Deer giving a bath to Tiptree the cat. That great guitar playing is by the very talented Terry Tufts.
- published: 17 Apr 2010
- views: 582750
- author: hoppythedeer
Pheasant Hunters Save Deer Locked At Antlers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
At Tumbleweed Lodge in Harrold, South Dakota we drove up on 2 eagles in a grassy open area. We discovered 2 deer with antlers locked together. One deer had already died and the eagles were feeding on it as the other one struggled to get free. We estimate that these deer had been there in this situation for at least a couple of days.
http://wn.com/Pheasant_Hunters_Save_Deer_Locked_At_Antlers
At Tumbleweed Lodge in Harrold, South Dakota we drove up on 2 eagles in a grassy open area. We discovered 2 deer with antlers locked together. One deer had already died and the eagles were feeding on it as the other one struggled to get free. We estimate that these deer had been there in this situation for at least a couple of days.
- published: 11 Nov 2012
- views: 84173
- author: Richard Bailey
As The Deer -The Maranatha Singers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
HQ: www.youtube.com REQUESTS!: www.youtube.com As The Deer - The Marantha Singers This is one of several videos I have made in a series of worship videos. Thanks for watching! Jesus Loves You! fanofcanucks
http://wn.com/As_The_Deer_-The_Maranatha_Singers
HQ: www.youtube.com REQUESTS!: www.youtube.com As The Deer - The Marantha Singers This is one of several videos I have made in a series of worship videos. Thanks for watching! Jesus Loves You! fanofcanucks
- published: 04 Oct 2008
- views: 400380
- author: fanofcanucks
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup
05 Dec 2012
ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
06 Dec 2012
The US Treasury Secretary has said the Obama administration is "absolutely" ready for the US economy to go over the "fiscal cliff" rather than accept a budget deal that does not include higher tax rates for top earners. Timothy Geithner said on Wednesday that the administration believes budget deficits are so large that they cannot be closed without boosting tax rates on the highest-earning two per cent of Americans ... 489 Source. ... Share....(size: 19.2Kb)
Japan Times
08 Dec 2012
A library tour will be offered for foreigners in the city of Suita, Osaka Prefecture, on Monday. The event will run from noon to 1 p.m. at Senri Library, which has the biggest selection of foreign-language books, CDs and DVDs in among the many libraries in the city ... Horn-blowing session to attract Nara Park deer. Visitors to Nara Park can witness deer gathering after being attracted by the sound of a horn in December, February and March....(size: 3.4Kb)
MLB
08 Dec 2012
Ray Knight, traded from Cincinnati to Houston in December 1981, did a double-take when he got his first contract from the Astros ... Padres right-hander Andrew Cashner could miss the first two months of the 2013 season after he suffered a lacerated tendon in his right thumb while dressing out a deer during a recent hunting trip ... Loewer suffered a compounded fracture of his left leg and ankle when he fell out of a deer blind on Jan ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
Sacramento Bee
08 Dec 2012
... that winter storms lashing the high country south of Lassen Peak have forced deer to lower elevations, and the wolf known as OR-7 has followed....(size: 0.8Kb)
Fresno Bee
08 Dec 2012
... that winter storms lashing the high country south of Lassen Peak have forced deer to lower elevations, and the wolf known as OR-7 has followed....(size: 0.8Kb)
The Star
08 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON ... The public has been asked to join in a month-long hunt for the invasive species, which, lacking natural predators, snacks on native birds, deer, bobcats and other large animals, some of them protected ... Current estimates indicate there are now hundreds of thousands slithering across southern Florida ... -AFP. ....(size: 1.4Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
08 Dec 2012
After a scoreless first quarter that saw two high-powered offenses do little on a wet field, Clairton leads Port Allegany at halftime, 8-6, of their PIAA Class A semifinal game at Deer Lakes High School ... The touchdown drive took all of 26 seconds off the clock ... Craig Meyer ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
Four stellar Santa Cruz Mountains wineries have rated places on two prestigious annual lists of the best 100 wines of the year, presenting an opportunity to provide a perfect holiday gift idea for the wine lover. Wine Spectator 2012 top l00 wine list ... Alfaro Family Vineyards 2010 Lester Family Vineyard Pinot Noir, Deer Park, has been named in the top 100 wines of 2012 by the San Francisco Chronicle ... By June Smith ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
Rating for Deadfall. 1. Stefan Ruzowitzky’s Deadfall has all the ingredients of a stylish B-movie but ends up being a really tedious cliché ridden waste of time. The film stars out promisingly with hard case Eric Bana, his sultry sister Olivia Williams and unnamed driver speeding along a snowy road after robbing a casino. The driver runs into a deer and spins out of control, crashing on the shoulder ... The movie that follows goes nowhere ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
NZ Herald
08 Dec 2012
It's been a year of energy and evolution in the dance scene. Reviewers Bernadette Rae and Raewyn Whyte cast their eyes over a diverse range of contemporary dance and ballet ... We were wowed ... The Stiefel effect is brilliantly clear ... - Bernadette Rae ... Liana Yew, Liz Kirk, Julie Van Renen and Marianne Schultz became co-existing entities - tiger, deer, bear, humanity - in a world where deep respect for all living things is an abiding principle....(size: 7.6Kb)
Irish Times
08 Dec 2012
12. Essential reading. Kevin Barry. photographs. alan betson and bryan o'brienEssential reading. Harry Clifton. photographs. alan betson and bryan o'brien. BOOKS OF THE YEAR. ANNA CAREY asks writers, poets, historians, comedians, politicians, broadcasters, an editor and a bookshop owner to nominate their favourites. John Banville ... John Banville’s novel Ancient Light is published by Viking ... Wonderful ... ... hiding from the deer....(size: 28.3Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
08 Dec 2012
Madison - The Wisconsin Department of Administration is asking the State Building Commission for $478,700 in general fund-supported borrowing for kitchen renovations at the governor's mansion ... Updated ... ... ... ... Although some state parks have been open for years to specific deer and turkey hunting seasons, Act 168 directs the DNR to open all of the properties in the system unless deemed unsafe to humans or a threat to rare plants or wildlife....(size: 70.6Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
08 Dec 2012
The snow is expected to create dangerous driving conditions and might also impact air travel, the weather service said. By of the Journal Sentinel. Dec. 7, 2012 6.12 p.m. ... Updated. 5.28 p.m. ... By. Dec ... ... Dec ... ... 17 ... ... Although some state parks have been open for years to specific deer and turkey hunting seasons, Act 168 directs the DNR to open all of the properties in the system unless deemed unsafe to humans or a threat to rare plants or wildlife....(size: 70.7Kb)
This article is about the ruminant animal. For other uses, see Deer (disambiguation).
"Fawn" and "Stag" redirect here. For other uses, see Fawn (disambiguation) and Stag (disambiguation).
| Deer Temporal range: Early Oligocene–Recent |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Male (Stag Red Deer) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Infraclass: | Eutheria |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Suborder: | Ruminantia |
| Infraorder: | Pecora |
| Family: | Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820 |
| Subfamilies | |
 |
|
| Combined native range of all species of deer | |
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. Species in the Cervidae family include white-tailed deer, mule deer such as black-tailed deer, elk, moose, red deer, reindeer (caribou), fallow deer, roe deer and chital. Male deer of all species (except the Chinese water deer) and also female reindeer grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned animals such as antelope; these are in the same order as deer and may bear a superficial resemblance. The musk deer of Asia and water chevrotain (or mouse deer) of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, Moschidae and Tragulidae, respectively.
Contents |
Terminology[link]
The word "deer" was originally broad in meaning, but became more specific over time. In Middle English der (Old English dēor) meant a wild animal of any kind. This was as opposed to cattle, which then meant any sort of domestic livestock that was easy to collect and remove from the land, from the idea of personal-property ownership (rather than real estate property) and related to modern chattel (property) and capital.[1] Cognates of Old English dēor in other dead Germanic languages have the general sense of "animal", such as Old High German tior, Old Norse djur or dȳr, Gothic dius, Old Saxon dier, and Old Frisian diar.
This general sense gave way to the modern sense in English, by the end of the Middle English period around 1500.[citation needed] However, all modern Germanic languages save English and Scots retain the more general sense: for example, German Tier, Alemannic Diere or Tiere, Pennsylvania Dutch Gedier, Dutch dier, Afrikaans dier, Limburgish diere, Norwegian dyr, Swedish djur, Danish dyr, Icelandic dýr, Faroese dýr, West Frisian dier, and North Frisian diarten, all of which mean "animal", contrary to south European language: Dama in Latin or daim in French mean "fallow deer" only.
For most deer in modern English usage, the male is called a "buck" and the female is a "doe", but the terms vary with dialect, and especially according to the size of the species. For many larger deer the male is a "stag", while for other larger deer the same words are used as for cattle: "bull" and "cow". The male Red Deer is a "hart", especially if more than five years old, and the female is a "hind", especially if three or more years old; both terms can also be used for any species of deer, and were widely so used in the past.[2] Terms for young deer vary similarly, with that of most being called a "fawn" and that of the larger species "calf"; young of the smallest kinds may be a kid. A group of deer of any kind is a "herd". The adjective of relation pertaining to deer is cervine; like the family name "Cervidae", this is from Latin: cervus, "deer".
Habitat[link]
File:White-tail deer.jpg
White-tailed deer in Toronto, Canada
Deer are widely distributed, with indigenous representatives in all continents except Antarctica and Australia, though Africa has only one native species, the Red Deer, confined to the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of the continent. However, Fallow Deer have been introduced to South Africa.
Deer live in a variety of biomes ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest. While often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). The majority of large deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, and herbs to grow that deer like to eat. Additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow and thrive.
Small species of brocket deer and pudús of Central and South America, and muntjacs of Asia generally occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces, with the possible exception of the Indian Muntjac. There are also several species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps, and "wet" savannas, or riparian corridors surrounded by deserts. Some deer have a circumpolar distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga (boreal forests) and moose that inhabit taiga and adjacent areas. Huemul Deer (taruca and Chilean Huemul) of South America's Andes fill an ecological niche of the ibex or Wild Goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids.
The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate North America lies in the Canadian Rocky Mountain and Columbia Mountain regions between Alberta and British Columbia where all five North American deer species (White-tailed deer, Mule deer, Caribou, Elk, and Moose) can be found. This region has several clusters of national parks including Mount Revelstoke National Park, Glacier National Park (Canada), Yoho National Park, and Kootenay National Park on the British Columbia side, and Banff National Park, Jasper National Park, and Glacier National Park (U.S.) on the Alberta and Montana sides. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry subalpine/pine forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain ranges provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at higher altitudes in the subalpine meadows and alpine tundra areas of some of the mountain ranges. Elk and Mule Deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region. Elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. The White-tailed deer have recently expanded their range within the foothills and river valley bottoms of the Canadian Rockies owing to conversion of land to cropland and the clearing of coniferous forests allowing more deciduous vegetation to grow up the mountain slopes. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, where they share habitat with the moose. The adjacent Great Plains grassland habitats are left to herds of Elk, American Bison, and pronghorn antelope.
The Eurasian Continent (including the Indian Subcontinent) boasts the most species of deer in the world, with most species being found in Asia. Europe, in comparison, has lower diversity in plant and animal species. However, many national parks and protected reserves in Europe do have populations of red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer. These species have long been associated with the continent of Europe, but also inhabit Asia Minor, the Caucasus Mountains, and Northwestern Iran. "European" Fallow Deer historically lived over much of Europe during the Ice Ages, but afterwards became restricted primarily to the Anatolian Peninsula, in present-day Turkey. Present-day Fallow deer populations in Europe are a result of historic man-made introductions of this species first to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, then eventually to the rest of Europe. They were initially park animals that later escaped and reestablished themselves in the wild. Historically, Europe's deer species shared their deciduous forest habitat with other herbivores such as the extinct tarpan (forest horse), extinct aurochs (forest ox), and the endangered wisent (European bison). Good places to see deer in Europe include the Scottish Highlands, the Austrian Alps, and the wetlands between Austria, Hungary, and Czech Republic. Some fine National Parks include Doñana National Park in Spain, the Veluwe in the Netherlands, the Ardennes in Belgium, and Białowieża National Park of Poland. Spain, Eastern Europe, and the Caucasus Mountains still have virgin forest areas that are not only home to sizable deer populations but also for other animals that were once abundant such as the wisent, Eurasian lynx, Spanish lynx, wolves, and Brown bears.
The highest concentration of large deer species in temperate Asia occurs in the mixed deciduous forests, mountain coniferous forests, and taiga bordering North Korea, Manchuria (Northeastern China), and the Ussuri Region (Russia). These are among some of the richest deciduous and coniferous forests in the world where one can find Siberian roe deer, sika deer, elk, and moose. Asian caribou occupy the northern fringes of this region along the Sino-Russian border.
Deer such as the sika deer, Thorold's deer, Central Asian red deer, and elk have historically been farmed for their antlers by Han Chinese, Turkic peoples, Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Koreans. Like the Sami people of Finland and Scandinavia, the Tungusic peoples, Mongolians, and Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia, Northern Mongolia, and the Ussuri Region have also taken to raising semi-domesticated herds of Asian Caribou.
The highest concentration of large deer species in the tropics occurs in Southern Asia in Northern India's Indo-Gangetic Plain Region and Nepal's Terai Region. These fertile plains consist of tropical seasonal moist deciduous, dry deciduous forests, and both dry and wet savannas that are home to chital, hog deer, barasingha, Indian sambar, and Indian muntjac. Grazing species such as the endangered barasingha and very common chital are gregarious and live in large herds. Indian sambar can be gregarious but are usually solitary or live in smaller herds. Hog deer are solitary and have lower densities than Indian muntjac. Deer can be seen in several national parks in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka of which Kanha National Park, Dudhwa National Park, and Chitwan National Park are most famous. Sri Lanka's Wilpattu National Park and Yala National Park have large herds of Indian sambar and chital. The Indian sambar are more gregarious in Sri Lanka than other parts of their range and tend to form larger herds than elsewhere.
The Chao Praya River Valley of Thailand was once primarily tropical seasonal moist deciduous forest and wet savanna that hosted populations of hog deer, the now-extinct Schomburgk's deer, the Eld's deer, Indian sambar, and Indian muntjac. Both the hog deer and Eld's deer are rare, whereas Indian sambar and Indian muntjac thrive in protected national parks such as Khao Yai. Many of these South Asian and Southeast Asian deer species also share their habitat with various herbivores such as Asian elephants, various Asian rhinoceros species, various antelope species (such as nilgai, Four-horned antelope, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle in India), and wild oxen (such as wild Asian water buffalo, gaur, banteng, and kouprey). How different herbivores can survive together in a given area is each species have different food preferences, although there may be some overlap.
Australia has six introduced species of deer that have established sustainable wild populations from acclimatisation society releases in the 19th century. These are fallow deer, red deer, sambar, hog deer, rusa, and chital. Red deer introduced into New Zealand in 1851 from English and Scottish stock were domesticated in deer farms by the late 1960s and are common farm animals there now. Seven other species of deer were introduced into New Zealand but none are as widespread as red deer.[3]
Biology[link]
Deer weights generally range from 30 to 300 kilograms (70 to 700 lb), though the smallest species, the Northern Pudú, averages 10 kilograms (20 lb) and the largest, the moose, averages 431 kilograms (1,000 lb). They generally have lithe, compact bodies and long, powerful legs suited for rugged woodland terrain. Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach. The teeth of deer are adapted to feeding on vegetation, and like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors, instead having a tough pad at the front of their upper jaw. Some deer, such as those on the island of Rùm,[4] do consume meat when it is available.[5]
The Chinese water deer, tufted deer, and muntjac have enlarged upper canine teeth forming sharp tusks, while other species often lack upper canines altogether. The cheek teeth of deer have crescent ridges of enamel, which enable them to grind a wide variety of vegetation.[6] The dental formula for deer is: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac{ 0.0-1.3.3}{ 3.1.3.3}
Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented pheromone, used to mark its home range. Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. All deer have a liver without a gallbladder. Deer also have a tapetum lucidum which gives them sufficiently good night vision.
_2006-09-19.JPG)
Nearly all cervids are so-called uniparental species: the fawns are cared for by the mother only. A doe generally has one or two fawns at a time (triplets, while not unknown, are uncommon). The gestation period is anywhere up to ten months for the European roe deer. Most fawns are born with their fur covered with white spots, though in many species they lose these spots by the end of their first winter. In the first twenty minutes of a fawn's life, the fawn begins to take its first steps. Its mother licks it clean until it is almost free of scent, so predators will not find it. Its mother leaves often, and the fawn does not like to be left behind. Sometimes its mother must gently push it down with her foot.[7] The fawn stays hidden in the grass for one week until it is strong enough to walk with its mother. The fawn and its mother stay together for about one year. A male usually never sees his mother again, but females sometimes come back with their own fawns and form small herds.
Deer are selective feeders. They are usually browsers, and primarily feed on leaves. They have small, unspecialized stomachs by ruminant standards, and high nutrition requirements. Rather than attempt to digest vast quantities of low-grade, fibrous food as, for example, sheep and cattle do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens.
Antlers[link]
With the exception of the Chinese Water Deer, which have tusks, all male deer have antlers. Sometimes a female will have a small stub. The only female deer with antlers are reindeer (caribou). Antlers grow as highly vascular spongy tissue covered in a skin called velvet. Before the beginning of a species' mating season, the antlers calcify under the velvet and become hard bone. The velvet is then rubbed off leaving dead bone which forms the hard antlers. After the mating season, the pedicle and the antler base are separated by a layer of softer tissue, and the antler falls off.
One way that many hunters are able to track main paths that the deer travel on is because of their "rubs". A rub is used to deposit scent from glands near the eye and forehead and physically mark territory.
During the mating season, bucks use their antlers to fight one another for the opportunity to attract mates in a given herd. The two bucks circle each other, bend back their legs, lower their heads, and charge.
Necropsy research on wild deer that were killed and eaten by wolves shows that deer with asymmetric antlers are weakened by genetic defects and are less likely to escape being caught by predators[citation needed].
Each species has its own characteristic antler structure – for example white-tailed deer antlers include a series of tines sprouting upward from a forward-curving main beam, while fallow deer and moose antlers are palmate, with a broad central portion. Mule deer and black-tailed deer, species within the same genus as the white-tailed deer, instead have bifurcated (or branched) antlers—that is, the main beam splits into two, each of which may split into two more.[8] Young males of many deer, and the adults of some species, such as brocket deer and pudus, have antlers which are single spikes.
Colour[link]
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Piebald deer[link]
A piebald deer is a deer with a brown and white spotting pattern which is not caused by parasites or diseases. They can appear to be almost entirely white. In addition to the non-standard coloration, other differences have been observed: bowing or Roman nose, overly arched spine (scoliosis), long tails, short legs, and underbites.
White deer[link]
Seneca County, New York maintains the largest herd of white deer. White pigmented white-tailed deer began populating the deer population in the area now known as the Conservation Area of the former Seneca Army Depot. The U.S. Army gave the white deer protection while managing the normal colored deer through hunting. The white deer coloration is the result of a recessive gene.
There is a herd of white fallow deer located near Argonne National Laboratories in central Illinois.[9]
White tail fawns are born a brown or tan color with a spotted white pattern. Sometimes these fawns can be born with a grey appearance, making them seem dirty. The coats then become pure white in the middle of their second year, sometimes mistaken for albino deer.
Albino whitetail deer appear to have pink skin with a pure white coat, and the irises are usually pink as well. There is no such thing as a partial albino, true albino deer have little or no melanin in their bodies. Their color is mainly white because it lacks any pigments, making the skin appear pink because the flowing blood can be seen through the skin. Their white coats make them especially vulnerable to predators. [10]
Evolution[link]
The earliest fossil deer including Heteroprox date from the Oligocene of Europe, and resembled the modern muntjacs. Later species were often larger, with more impressive antlers. They rapidly spread to the other continents, even for a time occupying much of northern Africa, where they are now almost wholly absent. Some extinct deer had huge antlers, larger than those of any living species. Examples include Eucladoceros, and the giant deer Megaloceros, whose antlers stretched to 3.5 metres across.
The "Syndyocera" was one of the first animals considered to be related to the deer, sharing similar features common with the deer, horse, giraffe, and antelope. Fossils show it had bony skull outgrowths that resembled non-deciduous antlers found in Northern America approximately 35 million years ago. Another animal also thought to be related to the deer is the world's oldest known antler-shedding deer known as "Dicrocerus elegans." This animal's sediment deposits are found in European soil dating back to between 15–30 million years ago.[11]
Economic significance[link]
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, for which they are hunted and farmed, is called venison. Deer organ meat is called humble. See humble pie.
The Sami of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula of Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia use reindeer for food, clothing, and transport.
The caribou in North America is not domesticated or herded as is the case of reindeer (the same species), reindeer are often found in colder regions in Europe, but is important as a quarry animal to the Inuit. Most commercial venison in the United States is imported from New Zealand.
Deer were originally brought to New Zealand by European settlers, and the deer population rose rapidly. This caused great environmental damage and was controlled by hunting and poisoning until the concept of deer farming developed in the 1960s. Deer farming has advanced into a significant economic activity in New Zealand with more than 3,000 farms running over 1 million deer in total. Deer products are exported to over 50 countries around the world, with New Zealand becoming well recognised as a source of quality venison and co-products.
Automobile collisions with deer can impose a significant cost on the economy. In the U.S., about 1.5 million deer-vehicle collisions occur each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Those accidents cause about 150 human deaths and $1.1 billion in property damage annually.[12] The sight of deer standing motionless, caught in headlights gives rise to the phrase "deer in the headlights".
In some areas of the UK, deer (especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour), have been implicated as a possible reservoir for transmission of bovine tuberculosis,[13][14] a disease which in the UK in 2005 cost £90 million in attempts to eradicate.[15] In New Zealand, deer are thought to be important as vectors picking up M. bovis in areas where brushtail possums, (Trichosurus vulpecula), are infected, and transferring it to previously uninfected possums when their carcasses are scavenged elsewhere.[16] The white-tailed deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), has been confirmed as the sole maintenance host in the Michigan outbreak of bovine tuberculosis which remains a significant barrier to the US nationwide eradication of the disease in livestock. In 2008, 733,998 licensed deer hunters harvested approximately 489,922 white-tailed deer in attempts to control the deer population and disease spread. These hunters purchased more than 1.5 million deer harvest tags. The economic value of deer hunting to Michigan’s economy is substantial. For example, in 2006, hunters spent US$507 million hunting white-tailed deer in Michigan.[17]
Deer hunting is a popular activity in the U.S. that generates revenue for states and the federal government from the sales of licenses, permits and tags. The 2006 survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that license sales generate approximately $700 million annually. This revenue generally goes to support conservation efforts in the states where the licenses are purchased. Overall, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that big game hunting for deer and elk generates approximately $11.8 billion annually in hunting-related travel, equipment and related expenditures.[18]
Taxonomy[link]
Note that the terms indicate the origin of the groups, not their modern distribution: the water deer, for example, is a New World species but is found only in China and Korea.
It is thought that the new world group originates from the forests of North America and Siberia, the old world deer in Asia.
Extant subfamilies, genera and species[link]
The deer family has roughly 62 species; The list is based on the studies of Randi, Mucci, Claro-Hergueta, Bonnet and Douzery (2001); Pitraa, Fickela, Meijaard, Groves (2004); Ludt, Schroeder, Rottmann and Kuehn (2004); Hernandez-Fernandez and Vrba (2005); Groves (2006); Ruiz-Garcia, M., Randi, E., Martinez-Aguero, M. and Alvarez D. (2007); Duarte, J.M.B., Gonzalez, S. and Maldonado, J.E. (2008) The family Cervidae is organized as follows:
- Subfamily Cervinae (Old World (plesiometacarpal) deer)
-
- Tribe Muntiacini
- Genus Muntiacus
- Southern Red Muntjac or Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)
- Reeves's Muntjac or Chinese Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)
- Hairy-fronted Muntjac or Black Muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)
- Fea's Muntjac (Muntiacus feae)
- Bornean Yellow Muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes)
- Roosevelt's muntjac (Muntiacus rooseveltorum)
- Gongshan muntjac (Muntiacus gongshanensis)
- Giant Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis)
- Truong Son Muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis)
- Leaf Muntjac (Muntiacus putaoensis)
- Sumatran Muntjac (Muntiacus montanum)
- Pu Hoat Muntjac (Muntiacus puhoatensis)
- Genus Elaphodus
- Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus)
- Genus Muntiacus
- Tribe Cervini ("true" deer)
- Genus Dama
- Fallow Deer (Dama dama)
- Persian Fallow Deer (Dama mesopotamica)
- Genus Axis
- Chital or Axis deer (Axis axis)
- Genus Rucervus
- Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)
- Genus Panolia[19]
- Eld's Deer (Panolia eldii)
- Genus Elaphurus
- Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
- Genus Hyelaphus[19]
- Hog Deer (Hyelaphus porcinus)
- Calamian Deer (Hyelaphus calamianensis)
- Bawean Deer (Hyelaphus kuhlii)
- Genus Rusa
- Sambar (Rusa unicolor)
- Sunda Sambar or Rusa Deer (Rusa timorensis)
- Philippine Sambar (Rusa mariannus)
- Philippine Spotted Deer or Visayan Spotted Deer (Rusa alfredi)
- Genus Cervus
- Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
- Corsican Red Deer (Cervus corsicanus; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus)
- Yarkand Deer (Cervus yarkandensis; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus)
- Bactrian Deer (Cervus bactrianus; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus)
- Kashmir Stag (Cervus hanglu; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus)
- Maral Deer (Cervus maral; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus)
- Tibetan Wapiti (Cervus wallichi; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. canadensis)
- Sichuan Wapiti (Cervus macneilli; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. canadensis)
- Manchurian Wapiti (Cervus xanthopygus; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. canadensis)
- American Wapiti (Cervus canadensis)
- Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)
- Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris)
- Genus Dama
- Tribe Muntiacini
- Subfamily Capreolinae (New World (telemetecarpal) deer)
-
- Tribe Capreolini
- Genus Alces
- Moose (Alces alces; called "Elk" outside North America) (largest deer in the world)
- Genus Capreolus
- European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)
- Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus)
- Genus Hydropotes
- Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)
- Genus Alces
- Tribe Rangiferini (reindeer and New World deer)
- Genus Rangifer
- Caribou/Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
- Genus Hippocamelus
- Taruca or North Andean Deer (Hippocamelus antisensis)
- Chilean Huemul or South Andean Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)
- Genus Mazama
- Red Brocket (Mazama americana) (This species has found to be more closer to Odocoileus than other brockets[20])
- Small Red Brocket or Bororo (Mazama bororo)
- Merida Brocket (Mazama bricenii)
- Dwarf Brocket (Mazama chunyi)
- Gray Brocket (Mazama gouazoubira)
- Pygmy Brocket (Mazama nana)
- Amazonian Brown Brocket (Mazama nemorivaga)
- Yucatan Brown Brocket (Mazama pandora)
- Little Red Brocket (Mazama rufina)
- Central American Red Brocket (Mazama temama)
- Genus Blastocerus
- Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)
- Genus Ozotoceros
- Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)
- Genus Pudu
- Northern Pudú (Pudu mephistophiles) (smallest deer in the world)
- Southern Pudú (Pudu pudu)
- Genus Odocoileus
- White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
- Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)
- Mule deer, or Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
- White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
- Genus Rangifer
- Tribe Capreolini
Extinct subfamilies, genera and species[link]
The following is the classification of extinct cervids only, as well as including living lineages that have some species known from the fossil record or that have become extinct.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Subfamily Procervulinae
- Genus Procervulus
- Subfamily Cervinae (Old World (Plesiometacarpal) Deer)
-
- Tribe Muntiacini (Muntjacs)
- Genus Dicrocerus
- Dicrocerus elegans
- Dicrocerus furcatus
- Dicrocerus necatus
- Dicrocerus teres
- Dicrocerus trilateralis
- Genus Euprox
- Euprox robustus
- Euprox dicranocerus
- Euprox fulcatus
- Genus Stephanocemas
- Stephanocemas colberti
- Stephanocemas colbert
- Stephanocemas thomsoni
- Stephanocemas elegantulus
- Stephanocemas chinghaiensis
- Stephanocemas triacuminatus
- Genus Paracervulus
- Paracervulus australis
- Genus Muntiacus
- Muntiacus leilaoensis
- Muntiacus polonicus
- Muntiacus pliocaenicus
- Genus Dicrocerus
- Tribe Cervini ("True" Deer)
- Genus Pseudodama
- Genus Pliocervus
- Genus Dama
- Dama clactoniana
- Dama carburangelensis
- Genus Arvernoceros
- Arvernoceros verestchagini
- Arvernoceros ardei
- Genus Eucladoceros
- Eucladoceros tetraceros
- Genus Neomegaloceros
- Genus Orchonoceros(sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
- Genus Praemegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
- Praemegaceros obscurus
- Praemegaceros dawkinsi
- Praemegaceros savini
- Praemegaceros verticornis
- Praemegaceros cazioti
- Genus Candiacervus (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros or synonym of Praemegaceros; Possibly polyphyletic)
- Candiacervus rethymnensis
- Candiacervus major
- Candiacervus dorothensis
- Candiacervus ropalophorus
- Candiacervus cretensis
- Genus Cervavitus (?subgenus as Megaloceros)
- Genus Praesinomegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
- Praesinomegaceros venustus
- Praesinomegaceros asiaticus
- Sinomegaceros (sometimes considered a subgenus as Megaloceros)
- Sinomegaceros luochuanensis
- Sinomegaceros pachyosteus
- Genus Megaloceros
- Megaloceros antecedens
- Megaloceros giganteus
- Genus Pselcupsoceros
- Genus Allocaenelaphus
- Genus Nesoleipoceros
- Genus Axis
- Axis nesti
- Axis eurygonos
- Genus Rucervus
- Schomburgk's Deer (Rucervus schomburgki)
- Genus Elaphurus
- Elaphurus formosanus
- Elaphurus meziesianus
- Elaphurus bifurcatus
- Elaphurus shikamai
- Genus Croizetoceros
- Croizetoceros ramosus
- Genus Cervus
- Cervus ertborni
- Cervus falconeri
- Cervus giganteus
- Cervus rhenanus
- Tribe Muntiacini (Muntjacs)
- Subfamily Capreolinae (New World (Telemetecarpal) Deer)
-
- Tribe Capreolini
- Genus Pseudalces
- Pseudalces mirandus
- Genus Libralces (?=Cervalces or Alces)
- Libralces gallicus
- Libralces reynoldsi
- Genus Cervalces (?= Alces)
- Genus Bretzia
- Bretzia pseudalces
- Bretzia nebrascensis
- Genus Procapreolus
- Procapreolus cusanus
- Procapreolus moldavicus
- Procapreolus stenos
- Procapreolus ucrainicus
- Procapreolus wenzensis
- Genus Capreolus
- Capreolus constantini
- Capreolus suessenbornensis
- Genus Pseudalces
- Tribe Rangiferini
- Genus Torontoceros
- Torontoceros hypocaeus
- Genus Eocoileus
- Eocoileus gentryorum
- Genus Blastocerus
- Blastocerus extraneus
- Blastocerus arpeitianus
- Genus Antifer
- Antifer ultra
- Antifer crassus
- Genus Morenelaphus
- Morenelaphus lujanensis
- Morenelaphus brachyceros
- Morenelaphus fragilis
- Genus Charitoceros
- Genus Aglamaceros
- Genus Epieuryceros
- Epieuryceros proximus
- Epieuryceros truncus
- Genus Navahoceros
- Navahoceros fricki
- Navahoceros lascrucensis
- Genus Odocoileus
- Odocoileus brachyodontus
- Odocoileus dolichopsis
- Odocoileus laevicornis
- Odocoileus sellardsiae
- Odocoileus lucasi
- Genus Torontoceros
- Tribe Capreolini
Hybrid deer[link]
|
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
In On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin wrote "Although I do not know of any thoroughly well-authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I have some reason to believe that the hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii [...] are perfectly fertile." These two varieties of muntjac are currently considered the same species.
A number of deer hybrids are bred to improve meat yield in farmed deer. American elk (or wapiti) and Red Deer from the Old World can produce fertile offspring in captivity, and were once considered one species. Hybrid offspring, however, must be able to escape and defend themselves against predators, and these hybrid offspring are unable to do so in the wild state. Recent DNA, animal behavior studies, and morphology and antler characteristics have shown there are not one but three species of Red Deer: European red deer, Central Asian red deer, and American elk. The European elk is a different species and is known as moose in North America. The hybrids are about 30% more efficient in producing antlers by comparing velvet to body weight. Wapiti have been introduced into some European red deer herds to improve the Red Deer type, but not always with the intended improvement.
In New Zealand, where deer are introduced species, there are hybrid zones between red deer and North American wapiti populations and also between red deer and sika deer populations. In New Zealand, red deer have been artificially hybridized with Pere David deer in order to create a farmed deer which gives birth in spring. The initial hybrids were created by artificial insemination and back-crossed to red deer. However, such hybrid offspring can only survive in captivity free of predators.
In Canada, the farming of European red deer and red deer hybrids is considered a threat to native wapiti. In Britain, the introduced sika deer is considered a threat to native red deer. Initial sika deer/red deer hybrids occur when young sika stags expand their range into established red deer areas and have no sika hinds to mate with. They mate instead with young red hinds and produce fertile hybrids. These hybrids mate with either sika or red deer (depending which species is prevalent in the area), resulting in mongrelization. Many of the sika deer which escaped from British parks were probably already hybrids for this reason. These hybrids do not properly inherit survival strategies and can only survive in either a captive state or when there are no predators.
In captivity, mule deer have been mated to white-tail deer. Both male mule deer/female white-tailed deer and male white-tailed deer/female mule deer matings have produced hybrids. Less than 50% of the hybrid fawns survived their first few months. Hybrids have been reported in the wild but are disadvantaged because they don't properly inherit survival strategies. Mule deer move with bounding leaps (all 4 hooves hit the ground at once, also called "stotting") to escape predators. Stotting is so specialized that only 100% genetically pure mule deer seem able to do it. In captive hybrids, even a one-eighth white-tail/seven-eighths mule deer hybrid has an erratic escape behaviour and would be unlikely to survive to breeding age.[citation needed] Hybrids do survive on game ranches where both species are kept and where predators are controlled by man.
Cultural significance[link]
Heraldry[link]
Deer are represented in heraldry by the stag or hart, or less often, by the hind, and the brocket (a young stag up to two years), respectively. Stag's heads and antlers also appear as charges. The old name for deer was simply cerf, and it is chiefly the head which appears on the ancient arms. Examples of deer in coats of arms can be found in the arms of Hertfordshire, England, and its county town of Hertford; both are examples of canting arms, and also in the coat of arms of Northern Ireland.
Several Norwegian municipalities have a stag or stag's head in their arms: Gjemnes, Hitra, Hjartdal, Rendalen and Voss. A deer appears on the arms of the Israeli Postal Authority (see Hebrew Wikipedia page).[21]
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Arms of Raon-aux-Bois, France
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Arms of Dotternhausen, Germany
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Arms of Thierachern, Switzerland
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Arms of Friolzheim, Germany
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Arms of Bauen, Switzerland
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Arms of Albstadt, Germany
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Arms of Dassel, Germany
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Earl Bathurst coa.png
Arms of the Earls Bathurst
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Arms of Hitra, Norway
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Arms of Hjartdal, Norway
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Arms of Rendalen, Norway
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Arms of Balakhna, Russia
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Arms of the province of Åland, Finland
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Arms of the city Jelenia Gora, Poland
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Arms of the city Umeå, Sweden
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Coat of Arms of Northern Ireland, UK
_(1781).png)
Literature and art[link]
_In_the_Form_of_a_Stag%27s_Head.jpg)
- For the role of deer in mythology, see deer in mythology.
- The deer plays a large role in Scottish Gaelic poetry (fiadh) of the Highlands of Scotland, where it is seen as a noble creature, and ofter used as a flattering simile or metaphor when used in comparison to a famous warrior, hero or chief. Other animals include the salmon and golden eagle.
- The fiction book Fire Bringer is about a young fawn who is born and goes on a quest to save the deer kind who are called the Herla in the novel.
- In Christmas lore (such as in the narrative poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas"), reindeer are often depicted pulling the sleigh of Santa Claus.
- Saint Hubertus saw a stag with a crucifix between its antlers while hunting on Good Friday and was converted to Christianity by the vision. This story was transferred to Hubert from St Eustace, of whom it was originally told.
- Deer have been a subject in Chinese paintings numerous times as a tranquility symbol.
- The Yaqui deer song accompanies the deer dance which is performed by a pascola [from the Spanish 'pascua', Easter] dancer (also known as a deer dancer). Pascolas will perform at religio-social functions many times of the year, but especially during Lent and Easter.
- Deer are depicted in many materials by various pre-Hispanic civilizations in the Andes.[22]
- One famous fictional deer is Bambi. In the Disney film Bambi, he is a white-tailed deer, while in Felix Salten's original book Bambi, A Life in the Woods, he is a roe deer.
- The Pulitzer Prize-winning 1938 novel The Yearling, written by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, was about a boy's relationship with a baby deer, later adapted to a children's film that was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture.
- In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first book in The Chronicles of Narnia series, the adult Pevensies, now kings and queens of Narnia, chase the White Stag on a hunt, as the Stag is said to grant its captor a wish. The hunt is key in returning the Pevensies to their home in England.
- In the Harry Potter series, the Patronus Charm that Harry Potter conjures to repel Dementors is a silver stag. James Potter, Harry's father, had an Animagus form as a stag. Also, Harry's mother Lily Potter, and subsequently Severus Snape's, Patronus form was a doe.
- In one of the stories of Baron Münchhausen, the baron encounters a stag while eating cherries and without ammunition, fires the cherry-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a cherry tree growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year.
- In The Animals of Farthing Wood, a deer called The Great White Stag is the leader of all the animal residents of the nature reserve White Deer Park.
- A picture of a stag was formerly used as part of the logo design for House of Fraser department store until 2006.
See also[link]
- Deer forest
- Deer hunting
- Deer penis
- Animal repellent
- Deer rub
- Reindeer hunting in Greenland
- Australian Deer Association
References[link]
- ^ "www.bartleby.com". www.bartleby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/D0087500.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ OED, s.v. "hart" and "hind"
- ^ "Deer" Te Ara: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966.
- ^ Owen, James (August 25, 2003). "Scottish Deer Are Culprits in Bird Killings". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0825_030825_carnivorousdeer.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
- ^ Dale, Michael (1988). "Carnivorous Deer". Omni Magazine: 31.
- ^ Cockerill, Rosemary (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 520–529. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ Deer – info and games Sheppard Software.
- ^ Oregon Big Game Regulations.
- ^ Herd of white deer roams Argonne campus.
- ^ [1].
- ^ http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/deer.html#evolution
- ^ "Worst states for auto-deer crashes". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2006/AUTOS/11/14/deer_crash/index.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Delahay, R.J., Smith, G.C., Barlow, A.M., Walker, N., Harris, A., Clifton-Hadley, R.S. and Cheeseman, C.L. (2007). "Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the South-West region of England: A survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle". The Veterinary Journal 173 (2): 287–301. DOI:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.11.011. PMID 16434219.
- ^ Ward, A.I., Smith, G.C., Etherington, T.R. and Delahay, R.J. (2009). "Estimating the risk of cattle exposure to tuberculosis posed by wild deer relative to badgers in England and Wales". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45 (4): 1104–1120. PMID 19901384.
- ^ Anonymous (2008). "Bovine TB: EFRACom calls for a multifaceted approach using all available methods". The Veterinary Record 162 (9): 258–259. DOI:10.1136/vr.162.9.258. PMID 18350673.
- ^ Delahay, R.J., De Leeuw, A.N.S., Barlow, A.M., Clifton-Hadley, R.S. and Cheeseman, C.L. (2002). "The status of Mycobacterium bovis infection in UK wild mammals: A review". The Veterinary Journal 164 (2): 90–105. DOI:10.1053/tvjl.2001.0667. PMID 12359464.
- ^ O’Brien, D.J., Schmitt, S.M., Fitzgerald, S.D. and Berry, D.E. (2011). "Management of bovine tuberculosis in Michigan wildlife: Current status and near term prospects". Veterinary Microbiology 151 (1–2): 179–187. DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.042. PMID 21414734.
- ^ U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
- ^ a b Pitraa, Fickela, Meijaard, Groves (2004`). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 880–895. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810. http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Pitra%20deer.pdf.
- ^ Duarte, J. M. B., González, S. and Maldonado, J. E. (2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (1): 17–22. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009. PMID 18675919. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/scientificpublications/pdfs/232ee5c5-807f-48de-8efc-b49c347d471b.pdf.
- ^ "דואר ישראל – ויקיפדיה" (in (Hebrew)). He.wikipedia.org. http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cervidae |
 |
Wikispecies has information related to: Cervidae |
 |
Look up deer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Family Cervidae at the Animal Diversity Web
- Chronic Wasting Disease Information
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Deer
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This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2011) |
| Owl City | |
|---|---|
 Adam Young performing in 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Owatonna, Minnesota, United States |
| Genres | Electronica, synthpop |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Universal Republic |
| Associated acts | Sky Sailing, Lights, Breanne Düren |
| Website | owlcitymusic.com |
| Members | |
| Adam Young | |
Owl City is an American electronica musical project by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Adam Young formed in 2007 in Owatonna, Minnesota. Young created the project while experimenting with music in his parents' basement. Owl City developed a following on the social networking site Myspace, like many musicians who achieved success in the late 2000s, before signing with Universal Republic in 2008.
After two independent releases, Owl City gained mainstream popularity with the 2009 major label debut album Ocean Eyes, which spawned the quadruple-platinum[1] hit single "Fireflies". The album was certified Platinum in the United States in April 2010.[1]
In 2011, Owl City released its third studio album, All Things Bright and Beautiful.
Contents |
History[link]
Early years (2007–2009)[link]
Suffering from insomnia while working loading Coca-Cola trucks in his hometown Owatonna, Minnesota, Young turned to composing music.[2][3][4] He began uploading songs recorded in his parents' basement to Myspace.[4][5] He started to receive favorable attention for his music and then helped cultivate this nascent fanbase by being an open and accessible web presence, responding to any messages he received and constantly posting blogs.[6] His manager Steve Burksy later highlighted the significance of Young's engaging online manner in building his following saying: "People feel like they know him, like they've got a direct connection to him because of how he approaches his connection with them online."[6] Through a deal with the digital aggregator CD Baby, he then started making the songs available for sale through iTunes.[6] In 2007, Owl City released an EP titled Of June, followed by the 2008 release of the album Maybe I'm Dreaming. Of June reached No. 15 on the Billboard Electronic Albums chart, and Maybe I'm Dreaming peaked on the same chart at No. 13.[7]
The viral phenomenon that was building through Myspace caught the attention of Universal Republic presidents Avery and Monte Lipman who approached Young with a view to signing the artist.[6] Republic recommended Young partner up with 27-year-old manager Steve Bursky of Foundations Artist Management and the two began working together in late 2008. When later asked by HitQuarters why the label chose him for a major label act given his relative inexperience, Burksy said:
"I think they saw Owl City as representing the future of our business. This idea of a kid in a tiny town in rural U.S. being able to make songs in his basement that sound like Top 40 radio could never have happened ten years ago. By hiring a young management company who understands the business circa 2011 over a seasoned industry vet, who might not understand the online spaces well, showed a lot of understanding of where this kid was going to end up having success."[6]
Owl City's label deal with Universal Republic was finally confirmed in February 2009.[8] According to Bursky there was initially some disagreement about the direction Owl City should follow, telling HitQuarters: "They were ready to send him into the studio with big producers and polish him up to try to become this thing that he wasn't. But we put our foot down and said, 'Look, the reason you signed this kid is because it’s working. Whatever it is about him - his music, his interaction with his fans, his brilliance in the online space - these things are connecting with people, and as soon as you change that you lose what’s special about this artist.' To their credit, they really listened and they got it."[6]
[edit] Ocean Eyes (2009–2010)
Ocean Eyes, Owl City's third full-length album and major label debut, was released on iTunes on July 14, 2009, with the physical release following on July 28, 2009. The album debuted at No. 27 on the Billboard 200. Owl City has released three official singles from this album: "Umbrella Beach", "Vanilla Twilight" and "Fireflies".[9] "Fireflies" topped the US and Canadian charts. Ocean Eyes reached the top ten on the US album charts, topped the US electronic charts, and also reached Amazon MP3's top 10 most downloaded album list. By April 2010, it was certified Platinum in the United States. On January 24, 2010, Owl City reached the No. 1 spot in the UK Top 40 Singles chart with "Fireflies". The song "Tidal Wave" also received significant airplay on Christian music radio stations.[citation needed] On January 2, 2011, it was revealed "Fireflies" was the 20th most downloaded song of all time in the UK.[10]
Young is joined by Breanne Düren on several tracks; the most notable example of which is "The Saltwater Room". Owl City's live band consists of Breanne Düren (background vocals/keyboards), Casey Brown (drums), Laura Musten (violin), Hannah Schroeder (cello), and Daniel Jorgensen (vibes).[11]
Relient K vocalist Matt Thiessen has toured and collaborated with Owl City on several tracks, including "Fireflies", where Matt can be heard providing the backup vocals. Young also produced Relient K's song "Terminals".
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Sample of the song "Umbrella Beach" from Owl City's third album Ocean Eyes.
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"Fireflies" was released as a free download on the game Tap Tap Revenge 3 by Tapulous. Prior to the July 14, 2009 internet release of Ocean Eyes, and the "Fireflies" single, Steve Hoover was hired as a director for a music video for "Fireflies". The video was to have had an exclusive premiere on MySpace,[12] but had been leaked onto YouTube and Dailymotion hours earlier. "Fireflies" became a big sleeper hit, topping the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States for the week ending November 7, 2009.[13]
Owl City is featured on Soundtrack 90210 with a song titled "Sunburn", which was released on October 13, 2009.[14] Owl City has toured with The Scene Aesthetic, Lights, John Mayer, Maroon 5 and Brooke Waggoner. He was also guest featured in the soundtrack to Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland with a song entitled "The Technicolor Phase" that had already been featured in his debut album.[15]
In 2010, Young revealed a new musical project known as Sky Sailing, which moved away from his usual electronica genre of music and introduced acoustic guitar and piano accompaniments into his work. The unrefined tracks were recorded in the summer of 2007 before he began making music as Owl City.[16] His first album under this new project is entitled An Airplane Carried Me to Bed, and was released July 13, 2010 via iTunes.[17]
In May 2010, Adam Young collaborated with high-profile British electronic composer, producer, musician, and songwriter Nick Bracegirdle. Under his Chicane alias, Bracegirdle released the single "Middledistancerunner" on August 1, 2010 featuring Adam Young on vocals. This is the first single from the fourth Chicane album Giants. He also worked with famed Dutch producer Armin van Buuren, appearing on a track called 'Youtopia' from the van Buuren album Mirage on September 10, 2010.
On September 21, 2010 "To the Sky" was officially released via iTunes on the soundtrack for Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'hoole.
On October 25, 2010, Young released a cover version of the praise and worship song "In Christ Alone" as a streaming MP3 on his website.[18][19]
On November 13, 2010, a new album called Flight was released on iTunes for one of his other musical projects, Windsor Airlift.[20]
On November 23, 2010, a new Christmas single called "Peppermint Winter" was released. A preview had been released the previous week on Facebook.
[edit] All Things Bright and Beautiful (2010–2011)
Production on Young's third studio album began around mid-2010, with Young being announced as the executive producer of the album.[21][22]
On October 18, 2010 Young wrote an entry on his blog regarding his third studio album, saying that the album was nearing completion.[23]
In February 2011, the title of the album was announced to be All Things Bright and Beautiful and that the album would be released on May 17. However, on April 6, Young released a statement on his website, along with lengthy previews of four of his songs (Dreams Don't Turn to Dust, Alligator Sky Featuring Shawn Chrystopher, Galaxies, and Deer in the Headlights), that the release date for All Things Bright and Beautiful would be pushed back to June 14.[24]
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Sample of the song "Alligator Sky" from Owl City's fourth album All Things Bright and Beautiful, featuring Californian rapper Shawn Chrystopher.
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On March 22, "Alligator Sky" was released as the lead single from the album on iTunes.
In late March and early April, tickets went on sale for The All Things Bright and Beautiful World Tour,[25][26][27] and All Things Bright and Beautiful became available for preorder.[28]
On April 19, "Galaxies" was released as the second single from the album.
On May 6, the music video for "Alligator Sky" was released. Young discussed the concept in a making-of video posted on Owl City's VEVO account, "The concept is basically about these two guys who are leaving Earth. Rather than it being this very dark post-apocalyptic vibe, it's very optimistic, and so it's like people are excited to leave earth."[29]
On May 23, "Deer in the Headlights", the third single from the album, was released on iTunes.
On June 14, All Things Bright and Beautiful was released on iTunes. Although only a few days prior on May 20, almost all of the album leaked onto the internet.[30]
On June 30, the music video for "Deer in the Headlights" was released. It features Young driving through the night in the DMC DeLorean featured in the Back to the Future trilogy and Canadian musician Lights makes a cameo appearance in the video.
On July 19, "Lonely Lullaby" was released as a single on iTunes, which was previously available only to Owl City Galaxy members.
Young was interviewed in the August issue of Cliché Magazine. He also appeared on the cover of the magazine and the issue also featured some of Young's very own artwork.
On July 21, at The Club Nokia concert in Los Angeles, Young announced that the concert was being filming for a Live DVD. The Live DVD was eventually released on iTunes in November 2011.[31]
[edit] The Midsummer Station (2011–present)
In Young's final tour dates of 2011, he performed a new song entitled "I Hope You Think of Me".[32]
On January 2, 2012, Young wrote an entry on his blog regarding his fourth studio album. Young said that he would be collaborating with more producers and songwriters, saying that his new record "Marks a flying leap in this direction". Young expects the album to be released around late Summer to Fall 2012.[33] In an interview with Billboard, Young revealed that the new album is around 80-85% complete, and that Dr. Luke, JR Rotem, Norwegian production team Stargate, Brian Kennedy and Emily Wright are involved with the production of the album. He was also unsure whether or not "I Hope You Think of Me" would make the final tracklisting.[31]
On March 5, 2012, Young, along with Jewel and Jay Sean, released a song in promotion of the Child Hunger Ends Here campaign by ConAgra Foods entitled "Here's Hope".[34][35]
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Sample of the song "Shooting Star" from Owl City's fifth album The Midsummer Station, showcasing his new musical 'style' on his most recent album.
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On April 17 2012, "Dementia", a song by Young which was intended to be included on his upcoming album leaked onto the internet. The song features additional vocals by Mark Hoppus of Blink-182.[36]
On May 3, 2012, Young announced via Twitter that a new EP entitled "Shooting Star" was to be released on May 15. The EP features four songs off his upcoming album. Young stated that he released the EP because he wanted to give his fans a clear taste of what his upcoming album would sound like.[37]
On May 24, 2012, Young revealed on Twitter that his fourth studio album would be titled The Midsummer Station.[38]
Musical styles and influences[link]
Owl City's music is described as indietronica and synthpop and is often described as belonging under the "electronic music" label.[39] Young has stated that he is inspired by disco and European electronic music, as well as instrumental genres such as drone, ambient, and post-rock. He cites his biggest influences as Johnathon Ford of Unwed Sailor and Thomas Newman. Young also incorporates a large amount of his Christian faith into his music, since he is a vocal Christian.[40][41][42] Young's faith is evident on the new album, "All Things Bright and Beautiful", especially in "Galaxies". Explaining why the faith-filled song was added to the mix, he said, "I feel like if I were ever to hide the fact that that’s what’s so important to me, it would be a crime, that I should probably be put in jail for that." [43]
Owl City also has been compared to The Postal Service, often critically, for his combination of fuzzy synths, ironic lyrics and use of female guest singers.[44] Pitchfork.com goes far enough to say that "The surprise No. 1 single in the country, Owl City's 'Fireflies,' jacks the Postal Service in such a bald-faced, obvious manner that getting into specifics feels redundant at best and tacky at worst."[45] In response to the suggestion that his work is derivative, Adam Young suggested in a 2009 interview with The New York Times that Ocean Eyes is perhaps the "next chapter" after American band The Postal Service: "The Postal Service released a record in 2003, and that was it. There was really nothing to compare it to until some one else came along and wrote the next chapter. Maybe that's this record. Maybe that's this band." [46]
Band members[link]
- Current members
- Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone[47]
- Current touring members
While Young writes, composes, records, and produces all of Owl City's music, during live performances he is accompanied by a group of supporting musicians:[47][11]
- Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals
- Daniel Jorgensen – guitar, vibraphone
- Laura Musten – violin
- Hannah Schroeder – cello
- Casey Brown – drums
Concert tours[link]
Main article: Owl City concert tours
Discography[link]
Main article: Owl City discography
- Extended Plays
- Of June (2007)
- Shooting Star (2012)
- Studio albums
- Maybe I'm Dreaming (2008)
- Ocean Eyes (2009)
- All Things Bright and Beautiful (2011)
- The Midsummer Station (2012)
References[link]
- ^ a b "Multi-Platinum International Sensation Owl City Pens Theme Song to Zack Snyder's Animation Debut Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole". Jesus freak Hideout. Stunt Company. August 24, 2010. http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2010/08/24.Multi-Platinum%20International%20Sensation%20Owl%20City%20Pens%20Theme%20Song%20to%20Zack%20Snyders%20Animation%20Debut%20Legend%20of%20the%20Guardians%20The%20Owls%20of%20Ga%20Hoole.asp. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ Riemenschneider, Chris (February 17, 2009). "Whooo's Owl City?". Star Tribune (Minneapolis). http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/39522412.html?elr=KArks:DCiU1PciUoaEYY_4PcUU. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (November 20, 2009). "Adam Young, aka Owl City, Finds Pop Success". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/arts/music/21owl.html?_r=1. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Frenette, Brad (July 28, 2009). "Band of the Day: Owl City". The National Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mkpXTB2d. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Owl City — Biography". Allmusic. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mkq9PKF7. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Interview with Steve Burksy". HitQuarters. July 11, 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_SB.html. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Owl City > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1050183. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ "Owl City Signs To Universal Republic". www.crazedhits.com. Feb 7, 2009. http://www.crazedhits.com/owl-city-signs-to-universal-republic/. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Free Download Owl City's new track: "Hot Air Balloon"". http://universalrepublic.com/community/artist/news_entry.aspx?mid=339657&mjid=6854&cmnt=1.
- ^ "TOP 100 DOWNLOADS OF ALL TIME". http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/downloads. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/downloads.
- ^ a b "Owl City - Owl City Road Stories - VEVO - YouTube" (video). VEVO. June 28, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiSavsKvnLA. End Credits contain citations needed
- ^ "Info On MySpace premier of Fireflies Music Video off of an Owl City Fan Website". http://owlcity.org/2009/07/fireflies-music-video-to-premiere-tomorrow/.
- ^ Pietroluongo, Sylvio (October 29, 2009). "Owl City's "Fireflies" Lands at No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-s-fireflies-lands-at-no-1-on-hot-1004031758.story. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
- ^ "Sunburn". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/B002RDA9NG. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- ^ "Almost Alice: Various Artists: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/B00342VGSG. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Lipshutz, Jason (July 2, 2010). "Owl City's Adam Young Releases A New Old Project". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-s-adam-young-releases-a-new-old-1004102073.story. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Sky Sailing". MySpace. May 13, 2010. http://www.myspace.com/skysailing. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "Owl City Blog". Owl City. http://www.owlcityblog.com/. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "My Hope Is Found". Owl City Blog. Owl City. October 25, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/10/25/my-hope-is-found/. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Windsor Airlift - Flight". iTunes. http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/flight/id404360833.
- ^ "A Letter from Adam Young « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. June 29, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/06/29/a-letter-from-adam-young/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Ear Candy « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. July 26, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/07/26/ear-candy/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "An Essential Studio Update « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. October 18, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/10/18/an-essential-studio-update/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Posted by Admin (April 7, 2011). "Owl City Pushes Back New Album". Christian Rock Rocks. http://www.christianrockrocks.com/2011/04/owl-city-pushes-back-new-album.html. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. March 22, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/17. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. April 1, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/42. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. May 2, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/202. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. March 22, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/20. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Hensel, Amanda. "Owl City's 'Alligator Sky' Video With Shawn Chrystopher Is Out Of This World." Pop Crush. May 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011. <http://popcrush.com/owl-city-alligator-sky-video/>.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b Graff, Gary (February 28, 2012). "Owl City '80, 85 Percent' Done with New Album". Billboard.com (Detroit). http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-80-85-percent-done-with-new-album-1006309752.story#/news/owl-city-80-85-percent-done-with-new-album-1006309752.story.
- ^ "I Hope You Think of Me- *NEW* Owl City Song". YouTube. November 12, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYUSPaL_IRM. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Men With Pointy Teeth « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. January 2, 2012. http://owlcityblog.com/2012/01/02/men-with-pointy-teeth/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Cerra, Allison. "ConAgra Foods taps recording artists for annual Child Hunger Ends Here campaign". Drug Store News. http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/conagra-foods-taps-recording-artists-annual-child-hunger-ends-here-campaign. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ ConAgra Foods (March 5, 2012). "ConAgra Foods Teams Up With Jewel, Owl City and Jay Sean to Kick-off Child Hunger Ends Here Campaign With Original Song, 'Here's Hope'". The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/2012/03/05/4312044/conagra-foods-teams-up-with-jewel.html.
- ^ "First Listen: Owl City combines with Mark Hoppus for new track 'Dementia'". HITFX. http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/immaculate-noise/posts/listen-owl-city-combines-with-mark-hoppus-for-new-track-dementia. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ^ "Adam announces via. Twitter a new EP". http://twitter.com/#!/owlcity/status/198193443623813120. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ "Twitter / owlcity: The legitimate, confirmed". Twitter.com. May 24, 12. http://twitter.com/owlcity/status/205803159736696832. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Owl City > Overview". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1050183. Retrieved November 5, 2009. "He eventually combined those diversions into a blend of electronica and emo-pop, ..."
- ^ "Interview Of Adam Young Master Mind Behind Owl City". azTeen Magazine. 2010-03-00. http://www.azteenmagazine.com/band-reviews.php?article=714. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (June 1, 2008). "Hot New Band: Owl City". Spin. http://www.spin.com/articles/hot-new-band-owl-city. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ Moring, Mark. "Owls, Fireflies, and Jesus". Christianity Today. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/music/interviews/2010/adamyoung-april10.html. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ Owl City Reveals "All Things Bright and Beautiful, CBN.com.
- ^ Westhoff, Ben (October 28, 2009). "Owl City: The Latest In A Long Line Of Rip-Offs". Dallas Observer. http://www.dallasobserver.com/2009-10-29/music/owl-city-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-rip-offs/. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Cohen, Ian (November 5, 2009). "Track Reviews: Owl City - "Fireflies"". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/11613-fireflies/. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (November 21, 2009). "From Mom's Basement to the Top of the Chart". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/arts/music/21owl.html?_r=1. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ a b Owl City: Live from Los Angeles (Movie). Los Angeles: Eagle Rock. 2011. http://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/owl-city-live-from-los-angeles/id479115367. Verification is in the closing credits to the film.
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