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Amarna
The site of Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below) () is located on the east bank of the Nile River in the modern Egyptian province of Minya, some 58 km (38 miles) south of the city of al-Minya, 312 km (194 miles) south of the Egyptian capital Cairo and 402 km (250 miles) north of Luxor. The site of Amarna includes several modern villages, chief of which are el-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south.
http://wn.com/Amarna -
British Library
The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom and the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is one of the world's major research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats: books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and much more. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the American Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 BC.
http://wn.com/British_Library -
Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Egypt
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France
{{Infobox Country
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KV55
KV55 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. It was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907 while he was working in the Valley for Theodore M. Davis. It has long been speculated, as well as much-disputed, that the body found in this tomb was that of the famous 'heretic king' Akhenaten. The results of genetic and other scientific tests published in February 2010 have confirmed that the person buried there was both the son of Amenhotep III (as well as the father of Tutankhamun), and also that his age at the time of his death was in fact consistent with that of Akhenaten's; it is therefore almost certain that it is indeed Akhenaten's body.Hawass, Zahi et al. "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" The Journal of the American Medical Association p.644
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Malkata
Malkata (or Malqata), meaning the place where things are picked up in Arabic, is the site of an Ancient Egyptian palace complex built by the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep III. It is located on the West Bank of the Nile at Thebes, Egypt, in the desert to the south of Medinet Habu. The site also included a temple dedicated to his Great Royal Wife, Tiy, and honoring Sobek, the crocodile deity.
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Minya Governorate
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Neues Museum
The ' ("New Museum'''") is a museum in Berlin, Germany, located to the north of the Altes Museum (Old Museum) on Museum Island.
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Small Aten Temple
The Small Aten Temple is located in the abandoned city of Akhetaten (modern Amarna, in Egypt). It is one of the 2 major temples in the city, the other being the Great Temple of the Aten. It is situated close to the ''King's House and the Royal Palace'', in the central part of the city.
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Thebes, Egypt
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Valley of the Kings
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Akhenaten
Akhenaten (; often also spelled Echnaton, Akhnaton, or rarely Ikhnaton; meaning Effective spirit of Aten) was known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning Amun is Satisfied), a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, ruled for 17 years and died in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. An early inscription likens him to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.
http://wn.com/Akhenaten -
Alessandro Barsanti
Alessandro Barsanti (1858–1917) was an Italian architect and Egyptologist who worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. He excavated throughout Egypt (most notably he 'discovered' the tomb of Akhenaten in 1891–1892). He was also in charge of the transfer of collection of the Cairo Museum from its site at Giza to the current location in Cairo itself.
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Amenhotep III
http://wn.com/Amenhotep_III -
Ay
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Beketaten
Beketaten (14th century BCE) was an Ancient Egyptian princess of the 18th dynasty.
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Claude Sicard
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Flinders Petrie
Professor Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie FRS (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942), known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. He held the first chair of Egyptology in the United Kingdom, and excavated at many of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt, such as Naukratis, Tanis, Abydos and Amarna. Some consider his most famous discovery to be that of the Merneptah Stele, an opinion with which Petrie himself concurred.
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Henri Frankfort
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Horemheb
Horemheb (sometimes spelled Horemhab or Haremhab and meaning Horus is in Jubilation) was the last Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty from 1319 BC to late 1292 BC, although he was not related to the preceding royal family and is believed to have been of common birth.
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John Pendlebury
:For the rugby league footballer and coach, see John Pendlebury (rugby league)
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Leonard Woolley
Sir Charles Leonard Woolley (17 April 1880 – 20 February 1960) was a British archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia. He is considered to have been one of the first "modern" archaeologists, and was knighted in 1935 for his contributions to the discipline of archaeology.
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Ludwig Borchardt
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Meritaten
Meritaten also spelled Merytaten or Meryetaten (14th century BC) was an ancient Egyptian queen of the eighteenth dynasty, who held the position of Great Royal Wife to Pharaoh Smenkhkare, who may have been a brother or son of Akhenaten. Her name means "She who is beloved of Aten"; Aten being the sun-god her father worshipped; Meritaten also may have served as pharaoh in her own right under the name, Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten.
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Mutnedjmet
:For other Egyptian ladies called Mutnedjmet see Mutnedjmet (disambiguation)
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N. de Garis Davies
The Egyptologists Nina (6 January 1881–21 April 1965) and Norman de Garis Davies (1865–5 November 1941) were a married couple of illustrators and copyists who worked in the early and mid-twentieth century drawing and recording paintings in Egypt. Their work was often published together, as N. de Garis Davies, and so it is usually difficult to determine who drew which illustration.
http://wn.com/N_de_Garis_Davies -
Napoleon
http://wn.com/Napoleon -
Nefertiti
::For other individuals named Neferneferuaten, see Neferneferuaten.
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Parennefer
The Ancient Egyptian noble Parennefer was Akhenaten's close advisor before he came to the throne, and in later times served as his Royal Butler, an office which brought him into intimate contact with the king. His titles include "The King's Cup Bearer," "Washer of the King's Hands," "Chief Craftsman," and "Overseer of All the Works in the Mansion of Aten." He was instrumental in imposing the "Amarna style" in architecture.
http://wn.com/Parennefer -
Penthu
The Egyptian noble Penthu was the 'Royal scribe', 'First under the King', and 'Chief servitor of the Aten in the Estate of the Aten in Akhetaten'. These titles alone show how powerful he would have been in Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt.
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Pharaoh
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Stephen Glanville
Stephen Ranulph Kingdon Glanville, MBE (26 April 1900 - 26 April 1956) was an English historian and egyptologist.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Glanville -
Thutmose (sculptor)
"The King's Favourite and Master of Works, the Sculptor Thutmose" (also spelled Djhutmose and Thutmosis) is thought to have been the official court sculptor of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten in the latter part of his reign. A German archaeological expedition digging in Akhenaten's deserted city of Akhetaton, at Amarna, found a ruined house and studio complex (labeled P47.1-3) in early December 1912; the building was identified as that of Thutmose based on an ivory horse blinker found in a rubbish pit in the courtyard inscribed with his name and job title. Since it gave his occupation as "sculptor" and the building was clearly a sculpture workshop, it seemed a logical connection.
http://wn.com/Thutmose_(sculptor) -
Tiye
Tiye (c. 1398 BC – 1338 BC, also spelled Taia, Tiy and Tiyi) was the daughter of Yuya and Tjuyu (also spelled Thuyu). She became the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III and matriarch of the Amarna family from which many members of the royal family of Ancient Egypt were born.
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Tutankhamun
http://wn.com/Tutankhamun -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Barry Kemp speaks about Amarna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:47
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Barry Kemp, director of the Amarna Project in Egypt, speaks about Akhenaten's ancient city. Find out more on our Archaeology Alive Face book page www.facebook.com For detailed itinerary for a special Amarna tour in Sep 2012, check out this link. yourjourney.com
http://wn.com/Barry_Kemp_speaks_about_Amarna
Akhenaten and the Amarna Style (Ancient Art Podcast 21)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
In episode 21, we scratch the surface of one of the most interesting periods from Ancient Egypt, the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten. We explore the radical social transformations during his reign and its uniquely characteristic artistic revolution known as the Amarna style. See past episodes, image galleries, credits, transcripts, and additional resources at ancientartpodcast.org. Connect at http and www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Akhenaten_and_the_Amarna_Style_Ancient_Art_Podcast_21
AMARNA - karunesh - Return of the Rains.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:14
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Wikipedia: Karunesh (Hindi: करुणेश, "God of compassion"; born Bruno Reuter in 1956)[1][2] is a German-born New Age and ambient musician. His music has strong Asian and Indian influences prevalent throughout, with liberal use of Indian instruments, such as the sitar. Having sold 450000 albums, Karunesh is one of the best-known New Age artists... Amarna Art - Akhenaton's vision: An Egyptian pharoh (1380-1362 BC), the predecessor of Tutankamen, and husband of Nefertiti, Akhenaton radically revised the Egyptian religious world by instituting a unique form of monotheism. His innovation temporarially ushered in a period of artistic freedom an innovention in Egypt known as Amarna Art Amenhotep IV ruled at the height of Egypt's empire. He is remembered for combining the hundreds of deities worshipped in ancient Egypt into one overarching deity -- Aton Ra, a sun deity. Amenhotep then changed his own name to "Akhenaton" -- or servant of Aton. His radical change in religion was a direct challenge to the priestly caste. Priests were chosen by status at birth, and were guaranteed incredible power as the spokesmen (and women) of the gods. When Akhenaton declared Aton-Ra as the supreme god, he also declared that he himself was the sole spokesman of Aton-Ra. The priests suddenly found themselves out of favor, out of power, and effectively out of a job. They were not happy. Akhenaton, on the other hand, had effectively consolidated his power. The centralization of power, combined ...
http://wn.com/AMARNA_karunesh_Return_of_the_Rainswmv
EGYPT 32 -TELL-EL-AMARNA- Chain of Images Collection (by Egyptahotep)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 25 May 2012
In this video you can see the ruins of AKHENATON'S (and NEFERTITI) City. Also the Tombs (including AKHENATON'S Tomb) and the border Stelles.///// the three last Images are of El-ASHMUNEIN near of Tell-el-Amarna.
http://wn.com/EGYPT_32_-TELL-EL-AMARNA_Chain_of_Images_Collection_by_Egyptahotep
Rehousing the Abydos & Amarna Photographs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
In 2012 a project to re-house thousands of glass negatives taken at the temple of Sety I at Abydos and at Tell El-Amarna, in the 1920s and 30s, was completed. the work was funded by the generous contributions of EES members. for further information, please see www.ees.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Rehousing_the_Abydos_Amarna_Photographs
khalouni nabki (Version complete) by Djilali amarna (Groupe Amarna)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/khalouni_nabki_Version_complete_by_Djilali_amarna_Groupe_Amarna
EES Excavations at Amarna Part 1: John Pendlebury
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:14
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Among the many treasures kept in the Egypt Exploration Society's Lucy Gura Archive is the 'film record' of excavations at Tell el-Amarna, which was made over the course of three seasons from 1930 to 1933. The excerpts used here were selected for what they show of the character of the expedition Director, John Pendlebury, and his love of athletic competition and play-acting. For further information on the film please see the following recently published article: 'The "Film Record of the Egypt Exploration Society's Excavations at Tell-El-Amarna"' KMT vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall 2010), 45-53. www.kmtjournal.com The footage is also accompanied by the voices of Julia Samson and Margaret Drower both of whom worked with Pendlebury at Amarna. Their reminiscences were recorded by Rosalind Janssen during the 1990s and digitized recently as part of the Society's Oral History Project. The Society is very grateful to Mrs Janssen for her generosity in allowing the digital recordings to be added to the Society's archives, and for permission to use the sections included here. For further information about the EES and its archives or if you would like to support our ongoing work please visit www.ees.ac.uk
http://wn.com/EES_Excavations_at_Amarna_Part_1_John_Pendlebury
Deceiver - Amarna Reign (Atonement)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Song: Deceiver Band: Amarna Reign Album: Atonement Listen to this brutal band! Just found them and liked them very much! Enjoy You bury me in hills of sand lie by lie you took my hand the promises you made to me now bury me as grains of sand I'll rip the teeth from the beast I'll cut the tongue from this deceivers mouth break the grasp of false prophets hold Let you fall into your fear let you fall into your own doubt there's no way down, when you drug yourself to the bottom there's no way down, when you cast yourself as deceiver, deceiver, deceiver, deceiver If you were who you said you were, you would already know this you would be here now and the things you had done would speak for themselves Your blindfold is a mirror you see nothing but yourself to damn the ones that fight for you ignore their screams and cries for help so welcome to the desert this is the nightmare you've created No way down, when you've drug us down to the bottom no way down, when you cast yourself down in to the ground If you were who you said you were, you would already know this you would be here now and the things you had done would speak for themselves so reach a hand and grab ahold to lives you've shattered from lies you've told so reach a hand and grab ahold this is your last chance to now grab ahold Reach a hand and grab ahold
http://wn.com/Deceiver_Amarna_Reign_Atonement
Fred Stross and The Mansoor Amarna Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
Fred Stross, a long-time Visiting Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Stross retired from a research career with the Shell Development Company in 1970, only to take up a second career in his retirement. He was a guest of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division. An analytical chemist with a BS in Chemical Engineering and a Ph.D. in Chemistry, Stross became interested in applying chemical methods to the study of archaeological artifacts. After retirement, he became a Research Associate with the University of California, Berkeley, Department of Anthropology and a consultant for UC Berkeley's RH Lowie Museum and the Berkeley University Art Museum. He began working with Professor Robert Fleming Heizer in the University of California, Berkeley's Department of Anthropology. Heizer was a distinguished archaeologist who studied Native American peoples of the western United States. Shortly after, he also began working with Frank Asaro in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Nuclear Chemistry Division, who was applying chemical analysis methods including neutron activation analysis to the problem of determining where archaeological artifacts were made, as well as sometimes checking on their authenticity. For more than three decades, Stross worked with Asaro and others on artifacts from various cultures and ages. His most famous work may be his participation in the study of the origin of two Egyptian quartzite statues, the Colossi of Memnon, in a ...
http://wn.com/Fred_Stross_and_The_Mansoor_Amarna_Part_1
Amarna Reign - Drones (2011 NEW SONG WITH LYRICS)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Amarna Reign - Drones 2011 Lyrics- I have no remorse for the weak who will fall when I speak while you're chasing your dreams I'll defile your sleep Down to the ground while I'm still on my feet know the last breath you take will be gasps of defeat Breathe deep Inhale my words you can't deny all the screams you've heard Breathe Deep Inhale my words You're just a pawn You're just a drone You are a fake You are the face of death Were their lives not worth enough Could you even Look me in the eye You claim to be a hero a protector to the weak but you're just as evil A pointless death in silence It's at your hand you dwell in sadness a tattered flag that cries out for violence The anti to a world pursue a selfish dream exploit a righteous hope for ill intents unseen You are the fear unseen I have no remorse No regrets for the blood I shed I have no remorse for the dead To ignore and stand silence will advocate this wrath and violence Words Unsaid To bite your tongue creating paths for the blood to run No one is innocent
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Drones_2011_NEW_SONG_WITH_LYRICS
Amarna Reign: Sacrifice [HQ] (New Song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
This is the 1st track off of Amarna Reign's brand new album titled Storms, I've been listening to these guys for a while now so I've been anticipating this release \m/ www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Sacrifice_HQ_New_Song
THE MYSTERY OF THE MANSOOR AMARNA COLLECTION
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Inside the depths of a Beverly Hills bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and Archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the Mansoor family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the Mansoor collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead. Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 40's, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extend that today quite many Egyptologists, Art Historians or Museums are convinced - sometimes without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery Would the Mansoor Amarna collection be subjected to the same curse than Akhenaton? Who really was this visionary pharaoh who commit the crime to believe in one and only God? From the USA to Egypt via France, Italy, Britain and Germany, "The investigative documentary" will travel across the globe to museums such as the Boston Fine Arts Museum, the Egyptian Museum in ...
http://wn.com/THE_MYSTERY_OF_THE_MANSOOR_AMARNA_COLLECTION
![Amarna Reign - The Fight (Isn't Over) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121114034113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cPpnRdwS9l0/default.jpg "Amarna Reign - The Fight (Isn't Over) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
Amarna Reign - The Fight (Isn't Over) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
This is Metalcore band Amarna Reign's 2nd video off of their new EP "Atonement", out now! I do not own this at all, It belongs to Amarna Reign.
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_The_Fight_Isn't_Over_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Amarna Reign | Black Christmas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com LIKE AND COMMENT!!
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_|_Black_Christmas
The Ancient City of Tella-Amarna in Ruins. Akhenaton, Nefertiti City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
The Ancient City of Tella-Amarna in Ruins. Akhenaton and Nefertiti lived in and built this city. Today it lies in ruins, and is slowly being restored. The temples and complexes here were abandoned long ago.
http://wn.com/The_Ancient_City_of_Tella-Amarna_in_Ruins_Akhenaton,_Nefertiti_City
The Louvre behind the Mansoor Amarna Collection
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
The Video is from the Mansoor Amarna Collection exhibit at The San Francisco State University in the 90s. Christiane Desroches Noblecourt is a French Egyptologist. She is the author of many books on Egyptian art and history and is also known for her role in the preservation of the Nubian temples from flooding caused by the Aswan Dam. She is a strong supporter of the Mansoor Amarna Collection.
http://wn.com/The_Louvre_behind_the_Mansoor_Amarna_Collection
![Amarna Reign: Masks [HQ] (New Song)](http://web.archive.org./web/20121114034113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i1erlI14Jhs/default.jpg "Amarna Reign: Masks [HQ] (New Song)")
Amarna Reign: Masks [HQ] (New Song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
6th track off of Amarna Reign's brand new album titled Storms, I've been listening to these guys for a while now so I've been anticipating this release \m/ www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Masks_HQ_New_Song
![Amarna Reign: Walls [HQ] (New Song)](http://web.archive.org./web/20121114034113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pAgRwq-KLjw/default.jpg "Amarna Reign: Walls [HQ] (New Song)")
Amarna Reign: Walls [HQ] (New Song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
9th track off of Amarna Reign's brand new album titled Storms, I've been listening to these guys for a while now so I've been anticipating this release \m/ www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Walls_HQ_New_Song
![Amarna Reign Halloween [Halloween Song]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121114034113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dhTXkcHl5p4/default.jpg "Amarna Reign Halloween [Halloween Song]")
Amarna Reign Halloween [Halloween Song]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Amarna Reign's Halloween Song. check them out at: www.myspace.com enjoy.... I added only the intro part to the song from Nightmare Before Christmas, and the clapping at the end, Amarna Reign get ALL Credit for this song...
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Halloween_Halloween_Song_
Amarna Reign - Deceiver
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Live performance of the song "Deceiver" Shot @ the Sunset Hall in Fort Wayne.
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Deceiver
![Amarna Reign - Black Christmas [New Version 2010]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121114034113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0A9YWekJ8KM/default.jpg "Amarna Reign - Black Christmas [New Version 2010]")
Amarna Reign - Black Christmas [New Version 2010]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
New version of Black Christmas up on their Facebook and ITunes! Check it out!!! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Black_Christmas_New_Version_2010_
Amarna Reign-Black Christmas video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Im just adding some good music on here. I couldn't find a Black Christmas video, so I added one myself. NOTE: I do not own the music. Enjoy! Anyone have a song that they can't find here? Tell Me and I'll Put One Up Of It!
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign-Black_Christmas_video
Amarna Reign Atonement Letting Go
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/Amarna_Reign_Atonement_Letting_Go
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| Amarna El-Amarna, incorrectly Tel el-Amarna |
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|---|---|
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|
 Amarna
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| Coordinates: 27°39′42″N 30°54′20″E / 27.66167°N 30.90556°E / 27.66167; 30.90556 | |
| Country |  Egypt |
| Governorate | Minya Governorate |
| Time zone | EST (UTC+2) |
Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna or incorrectly as Tel el-Amarna; see below) (Arabic: العمارنة al-‘amārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly–established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards.[1] The name for the city employed by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten (or Akhetaton – transliterations vary) in English transliteration. Akhetaten means "Horizon of the Aten."[2]
The area is located on the east bank of the Nile River in the modern Egyptian province of Minya, some 58 km (36 mi) south of the city of al-Minya, 312 km (194 mi) south of the Egyptian capital Cairo and 402 km (250 mi) north of Luxor.[3] The site of Amarna includes several modern villages, chief of which are el-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south.
The area was also occupied during later Roman and early Christian times; excavations to the south of the city have found several structures from this period.[4]
Contents |
Naming issues[link]
The frequent designation "Tel el-Amarna" for the city is inaccurate; nowhere do the ancient remains constitute a mound of eroded architecture that would warrant the description of a "Tell" (Arabic: "hill"), so common elsewhere in the region.
The city of Akhetaten[link]
The area of the city was effectively a virgin–site, and it was in this city that the Akhetaten described as the Aten's
"..the seat of the First Occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it."
It may be that the Royal Wadi's resemblance to the hieroglyph for horizon showed that this was the place to found the city.
The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to the Aten. Construction started in or around Year 5 of his reign (1346 BC) and was probably completed by Year 9 (1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. To speed up construction of the city most of the buildings were constructed out of mud-brick, and white washed. The most important buildings were faced with local stone.[5]
It is the only ancient Egyptian city which preserves great details of its internal plan, in large part because the city was abandoned after the death of Akhenaten. The city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to Horemheb indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign,[6] if only as a source for building material elsewhere. Once it was abandoned it remained uninhabited until Roman settlement[4] began along the edge of the Nile. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient Egyptian cities it actually is. Akhetaten was hastily constructed and covered an area of approximately 8 miles (13 km) of territory on the east bank of the Nile River; on the west bank, land was set aside to provide crops for the city's population.[2] The entire city was encircled with a total of 14 boundary stelae detailing Akhenaten's conditions for the establishment of this new capital city of Egypt.[2]
The earliest dated stelae from Akhenaten's new city is known to be Boundary stelae K which is dated to Year 5, IV Peret (or month 8), day 13 of Akhenaten's reign.[7] (Most of the original 14 boundary stelas have been badly eroded). It preserves an account of Akhenaten's foundation of this city. The document records the pharaoh's wish to have several temples of the Aten to be erected here, for several royal tombs to be created in the eastern hills of Akhetaten for himself, his chief wife Nefertiti and his eldest daughter Meritaten as well as his explicit command that when he was dead, he would be brought back to Akhetaten for burial.[8] Boundary stela K introduces a description of the events that were being celebrated at Akhetaten:
| “ | His Majesty mounted a great chariot of electrum, like the Aten when He rises on the horizon and fills the land with His love, and took a goodly road to Akhetaten, the place of origin, which [the Aten] had created for Himself that he might be happy therein. It was His son Wa'enre (ie. Akhenaten) who founded it for Him as His monument when His Father commanded him to make it. Heaven was joyful, the earth was glad every heart was filled with delight when they beheld him.[9] | ” |
This text then goes on to state that Akhenaten made a great oblation to the god Aten "and this is the theme [of the occasion] which is illustrated in the lunettes of the stelae where he stands with his queen and eldest daughter before an altar heaped with offerings under the Aten, while it shines upon him rejuvenating his body with its rays."[9]
Site and plan[link]
Located on the east bank of the Nile, the ruins of the city are laid out roughly north to south along a 'Royal Road', now referred to as 'Sikhet es-Sultan'.[10][11] The Royal residences are generally to the north, in what is known as the North City, with a central administration and religious area and the south of the city is made up of residential suburbs.
North City[link]
Main article: North City, Amarna
Located within the North City area is the Northern Palace, the main residence of the Royal Family. Between this and the central city, the Northern Suburb was initially a prosperous area with large houses, but the house size decreased and became poorer the further from the road they were.[11]
Central City[link]
Most of the important ceremonial and administrative buildings were located in the central city. Here the Great Temple of the Aten and the Small Aten Temple were used for religious functions and between these the Great Royal Palace and Royal Residence were the ceremonial residence of the King and Royal Family, and were linked by a bridge or ramp.[12] Located behind the Royal Residence was the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh, where the Amarna Letters were found.[13]
This area was probably the first area to be completed, and had at least 2 phases of construction.[10]
Southern suburbs[link]
To the south of the city was the area now referred to as the Southern Suburbs. It contained the estates of many of the city's powerful nobles, including Nakhtpaaten (Chief Minister), Ranefer (General), Panehesy (High Priest of the Aten) and Ramose (Master of Horses). This area also held the studio of the sculptor Thutmose, where the famous bust of Nefertiti was found in 1912.[14]
Further to the south of the city was Kom el-Nana, an enclosure, usually referred to as a sun-shade, and was probably built as a sun-temple.,[15] and then the Maru-Aten, which was palace or sun-temple originally thought to have been constructed for Akhenaten's queen Kiya, but on her death her name and images were altered to those of Meritaten, his daughter.[16]
City outskirts[link]
Surrounding the city and marking its extent, the Boundary Stelae (each a rectangle of carved rock on the cliffs on both sides of the Nile) describe the founding of the city and are a primary source of information about the city.[17]
Away from the city Akhenaten's a Royal necropolis was started in a narrow valley to the east of the city, hidden in the cliffs. Only one tomb was completed, and was used by a unnamed Royal Wife, and Akhenaten's tomb was hastily used to hold him and likely Meketaten, his second daughter.[18]
In the cliffs to the north and south of the Royal Wadi, the nobles of the city constructed their Tombs.
Amarna art-style[link]
Main article: Amarna art
The Amarna art-style is unique among the Egyptian world for its more realistic depiction of its subjects, instead of the strict idealistic formalism universal in Egyptian art up until that point, as well as for depicting many informal scenes such as the royal family playing with their children. Although the worship of Aten (often referred to as the Amarna heresy) was completely suppressed, the artistic legacy had a more lasting impact. The art broke with a number of important long-established Egyptian conventions. These included intimate portrayals of affection within the royal family, and the abandonment of portraying women as lighter coloured than men. The art also has a realism that sometimes borders on caricature.
Rediscovery and excavation[link]
The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by Claude Sicard, a French Jesuit priest who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by Napoleon's corps de savants in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which was subsequently published in Description de l'Égypte between 1821 and 1830.[19]
After this European exploration continued in 1824 when Sir John Gardiner Wilkinson explored and mapped the city remains. The copyist Robert Hay and his surveyor G. Laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in the British Library, where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway.[20]
The Prussian expedition led by Richard Lepsius visited the site in 1843 and 1845, and recorded the visible monuments and topography of Amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, using drawings and paper squeezes. The results were ultimately published in Denkmäler aus Ægypten und Æthiopien between 1849 to 1913, including an improved map of the city.[19] Despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved Denkmäler plates formed the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the Boundary Stelae for the rest of the century. The records made by these early explorers teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later destroyed or otherwise lost.
In 1887 a local woman digging for sebakh uncovered a cache of over 300 cuneiform tablets (now commonly known as the Amarna Letters).[21] These tablets recorded select diplomatic correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominantly written in Akkadian, the lingua franca commonly used during the Late Bronze Age of the Ancient Near East for such communication. This discovery led to the recognition of the importance of the site, and lead to a further increase in exploration.[22]
In 1891 and 1892 Alessandro Barsanti 'discovered' and cleared the king's tomb (although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880).[23] Around the same time Sir Flinders Petrie worked for one season at Amarna, working independently of the Egypt Exploration Fund. He excavated primarily in the Central City, investigating the Great Temple of the Aten, the Great Official Palace, the King's House, the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh and several private houses. Although frequently amounting to little more than a sondage, Petrie's excavations revealed additional cuneiform tablets, the remains of several glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded faience, glass and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps (including Mycenaean sherds).[22] By publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, Petrie was able to stimulate further interest in the site's potential.
The copyist and artist Norman de Garis Davies published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna from 1903 to 1908. These books were republished by the EES in 2006.
In the early years of the 20th century (1907 to 1914) the Deutsche Orientgesellschaft expedition, led by Ludwig Borchardt, excavated extensively throughout the North and South suburbs of the city. The famous bust of Nefertiti, now in Berlin's Ägyptisches Museum, was discovered amongst other sculptural artefacts in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose. The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 terminated the German excavations.
From 1921 to 1936 an Egypt Exploration Society expedition returned to excavation at Amarna under the direction of T.E. Peet, Sir Leonard Woolley, Henri Frankfort, Stephen Glanville[24] and John Pendlebury. The renewed investigations was focused on religious and royal structures.
During the 1960s the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities) undertook a number of excavations at Amarna.
Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of Barry Kemp (Reader in Egyptology, University of Cambridge, England) under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Society.[6][25] In 1980 A separate expedition led by Geoffrey Martin described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb, this work was published in 2 volumes by the EES.
In 2007, the continuing EES exploration discovered a cemetery of private individuals, close to the southern tombs of the Nobles.[26]
See also[link]
Notes and references[link]
References[link]
- ^ "The Official Website of the Amarna Project". http://www.amarnaproject.com/. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ a b c David (1998), p. 125
- ^ "Google Maps Satellite image". Google. http://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=27.649016,30.908833&spn=0.056566,0.077248&z=14. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ a b "Middle Egypt Survey Project 2006". Amarna Project. 2006. http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/middle_egypt/2006.shtml. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
- ^ Grundon (2007), p.89
- ^ a b "Excavating Amarna". Archaeology.org. 2006-09-27. http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/kemp.html. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
- ^ Aldred (1988), p.47
- ^ Aldred (1998), pp. 47–50
- ^ a b Aldred (1998), p.48
- ^ a b Waterson (1999), p.81
- ^ a b Grundon (2007), p.92
- ^ Waterson (1999), p.82
- ^ Moran (1992), p.xiv
- ^ Waterson (1999), p.138
- ^ "Kom El-Nana". http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/komelnana/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
- ^ Eyma (2003), p.53
- ^ "Boundary Stelae". http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/boundary_stelae/index.shtml. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
- ^ "Royal Tomb". http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
- ^ a b "Mapping Amarna". http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ "The Robert Hay Drawings in the British Library". http://www.astene.org.uk/associated_events_societies/hay.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ "Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets". http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/budge.html. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ a b Grundon (2007), pp. 90–91
- ^ "Royal Tomb". The Amarna Project. http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Grundon(2007), p.71
- ^ "Fieldwork- Tell El-Armana". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080424101113/http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ John Hayes-Fisher (2008-01-25). "Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city". BBC Timewatch. news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Bibliography[link]
- Redford, Donald (1984). Akhenaten : The Heretic King. Princeton.
- David, Rosalie (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Facts on File Inc..
- Moran, William L. (1992). The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4251-4.
- Aldred, Cyril (1988). Akhenaten, King of Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
- Grundon, Imogen (2007). The Rash Adventurer, A Life of John Pendlebury. London: Libri.
- de Garis Davies, Norman (1903-1908). The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part 1-6. London: EES.
- Martin, G.T. (1974, 1989). The Royal Tomb at el-'Amarna, 2 vols. London: EES.
- Aayko Eyma ed., A Delta-Man in Yebu, Universal-Publishers. 2003
- Waterson, Barbara (1999). Amarna: Ancient Egypt's Age of Revolution.
- Richard S. Hess, Amarna Personal Names (Winona Lake, IN, 1996) (Dissertations of the American Schools of Oriental Research - DASOR, 9).
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amarna |
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Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Amarna. |
- The University of Cambridge's Amarna Project
- Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
- M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection
| Preceded by Thebes |
Capital of Egypt (Akhetaten) c. 1353 BC – c. 1332 BC |
Succeeded by Thebes |
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Coordinates: 27°39′42″N 30°54′20″E / 27.66167°N 30.90556°E / 27.66167; 30.90556
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- For the rugby league footballer and coach, see John Pendlebury (rugby league)
| John Pendlebury | |
|---|---|
| 250px JDS Pendlebury |
|
| Born | 12 October 1904 (1904-10-12) London |
| Died | 22 May 1941 (1941-05-23) (aged 36) Heraklion |
| Nationality |  United Kingdom |
| Fields | Archaeology |
| Institutions | British School of Archaeology at Athens, Knossos |
| Alma mater | Winchester College, Cambridge University |
| Known for | Environmental studies at Knossos while Curator there |
| Influences | Arthur Evans |
| Influenced | All archaeologists and historians of ancient Crete |
| Spouse | Hilda (White) Pendlebury |
John Devitt Stringfellow Pendlebury (12 October 1904 – 22 May 1941) was a British archaeologist who worked for British intelligence during World War II. He was killed during the Battle of Crete.
Contents |
Early life[link]
John Pendlebury was born in London, the eldest son of Herbert S Pendlebury and Lilian D Devitt. At the age of eight he blinded himself in one eye with a pencil. After education at Winchester College (1918-1923), he obtained scholarships to Pembroke College, Cambridge where he was awarded a 1st class Classical Tripos in 1927. Despite his disability, he also shone as a sportsman, with an athletics blue and competing internationally as a high jumper.[1]
The archaeologist[link]
In his last school vacation (1923) Pendlebury travelled to Greece for the first time; he visited the excavations at Mycenae and developed a love of Greece and deep interest in archaeology. On leaving university in 1927 he won the Cambridge University scholarship to the British School of Archaeology at Athens. Until then he had been unable to decide between Egyptian and Greek archaeology, he decided to do both and studied Egyptian artefacts found in Greece. While in Athens he met another archaeology student called Hilda White and they married in 1928.
The climatic differences between Greece and Egypt made it possible to excavate in both countries each year and late in 1928 Pendlebury started excavating at Tell el-Amarna in Egypt. In 1929 he was appointed by Arthur Evans curator of the archaeological site at Knossos in central Crete. The job came with the Taverna, situated on the edge of the site this house provided accommodation for the married couple and a centre for social activities amongst the archaeologists.
Pendlebury was one of the early archaeologists who engaged in environmental reconstruction of the Bronze Age; for example, as C. Michael Hogan notes, Pendlebury first deduced that the settlement at Knossos on Crete appears to have been overpopulated at its Bronze Age peak based upon deforestation practises. [2]
Pendlebury was Director of Excavations at Tell el-Amarna from 1930 to 1936 and continued as Curator at Knossos until 1934. From 1936 he directed excavations on Mount Dikti in eastern Crete and continued there until the war was imminent.[3][4][5]
War service[link]
Patrick Leigh Fermor said:[6]
... [Pendlebury] got to know the island inside out. ... He spent days above the clouds and walked over 1,000 miles in a single archaeological season. His companions were shepherds and mountain villagers. He knew all their dialects...."
Manolaki Akoumianos, a Cretan and one of the workers at Knossos, said:
...[he] knew the whole island like his own hand, spoke Greek like a true Cretan, could make up mantinadas all night long, and could drink any Cretan under the table.[7]
Anticipating the coming war and strategic nature of Crete, Pendlebury eventually succeeded in convincing the British military authorities of the value of his unique knowledge. They sent him back to England for military training, and in May 1940 he returned to Heraklion (then called by its Italian/Venetian name - Candia) as British Vice Consul, but his job title did not hide from most of the diplomatic community the nature of his duties. He immediately set-to working up his outline plans: improving the reconnaissance (routes, hiding places, water sources and chiefly sounding out the local clan chiefs like Antonios Gregorakis and Manoli Bandouvas. Turkey had relinquished control over Crete only 43 years before and these kapetanios would be the key to harnessing the Cretan fighting spirit. In October, on Italy's attempted invasion of Greece, Pendlebury became liaison officer between British troops and Cretan military authority.
By the time Germany had occupied mainland Greece in April 1941 Pendlebury had laid his plans, unfortunately they could not include the Cretan division of the Greek army which was captured on the mainland. The invasion of Crete started on 20 May 1941, Pendlebury was in the Heraklion area where it started with heavy bombing followed by troops dropped by parachute. The enemy forced an entry into Heraklion but were driven out by regular Greek and British troops and by islanders now armed with assorted weapons.
On 21 May 1941, when German troops took over Heraklion, Pendlebury slipped away with his Cretan friends heading for Krousonas the village of Kapetanios Satanas, which was some 15km to the southwest. They had the intention of launching a counter attack, but on the way there Pendlebury left the vehicle to open fire on some German troops, who fired back. Some Stukas came over and Pendlebury was shot in the chest. Aristeia Drossoulakis took him into her nearby cottage and he was laid on a bed. The cottage was overrun and a German doctor treated him chivalrously, dressing his wounds; he was later given an injection.[8]
The next day Pendlebury had been changed into a clean shirt. The German were setting up a gun position nearby and a fresh party of paratroopers came by. They found Pendlebury who had lost his identity discs and was wearing a Greek shirt. As he was out of uniform and could not prove that he was a soldier, he was put against a wall outside the cottage and shot through the head and the body. [8]
He was buried nearby, later being reburied 1km outside the western gate of Heraklion. He now lies in the cemetery (Grave reference 10.E.13) at Souda Bay maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Work by Pendlebury[link]
- 1930 Aegyptiaca. A Catalogue of Egyptian objects in the Aegean area. Cambridge University Press.
- 1933 A handbook to the palace of Minos at Knossos. London: Macmillan.
- 1933 A guide to the stratigraphical museum in the Palace at Knossos (3 vols). London: British School of Art [?Archaeology] at Athens.
- 1935 Tell el-Amarna. London : Lovat Dickson & Thompson.
- 1939 The archaeology of Crete : an introduction. London: Methuen’s Handbooks of Archaeology.
- 1948 John Pendlebury in Crete. Cambridge: University Press. (Published privately after Pendlebury's death – with appreciations by Nicholas Hammond and Tom Dunbabin).
Further reading[link]
- Imogen Grundon - The Rash Adventurer: The Life of John Pendlebury (London: Libri, 2007)
- Anthony Beevor - Crete, the Battle and the Resistance (includes info about Pendlebury's wartime exploits)
References[link]
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. (2004)
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Cydonia, The Modern Antiquarian, 23 Jan. 2008
- ^ Powell, Dilys. the Villa Ariadne. (1973), London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-17770-5.
- ^ Swansea University (Classics)
- ^ British School at Athens
- ^ Leigh Fermor, Patrick. J Pendlebury and the Battle of Crete. The Spectator p57-58. (20 October 2001) in Patrick Leigh Fermor (ed Artemis Cooper). Words of Mercury London: John Murray. (2003) ISBN 0-7195-6105-1
- ^ Quotation by Alan Wace.
- ^ a b Nicholas Hammond, from chapter "John Pendlebury" in John Pendlebury in Crete. Cambridge: University Press (1948).
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pendlebury, John |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 12 October 1904 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 22 May 1941 |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pendlebury
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
