Name	Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Native name	伊犁哈萨克自治州ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ۋىلايىتىىله قازاق اۆتونومىيالى وبلىسى
Settlement type	Sub-Provincial Autonomous Prefecture
Total type
Translit lang1	Chinese
Translit lang1 type2	Pinyin
Translit lang1 info2	Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
Map caption	Ili prefecture (red) in Xinjiang province (orange) and China
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Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	China
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Xinjiang
Seat type	City seat
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Population density km2	auto
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Timezone	China Standard
Utc offset	+8
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Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (, Kazakh: ىله قازاق اۆتونومىيالى وبلىسى, Іле Қазақ аутономиялық облысы, İle Qazaq awtonomïyalıq oblısı, Uyghur: ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ۋىلايىتى, Ili Qazaq aptonom wilayiti, Ili Ķazaķ aptonom vilayiti), in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China.

Geography and coordinates

Area: 273,200 km²

Population: 3,880,000 (2000)

Capital: Ghulja (Yining City)

Geographic coordinates: 79º50'30″ - 84º56'50″ East, 42º14'16″ - 44º50'30″ North

The Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture is west of Mongolia, south of Russia and east of Kazakhstan. Its foreign boundary is 2,000 km. (The Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture interrupts the border with Kazakhstan for several km.)

The upper course of the Ili River and that of Irtysh (Ertix) flow through the prefecture.

Subdivisions

As a Sub-provincial Autonomous Prefecture, Ili's primary subdivisions include Tacheng (Qoqek, 塔城地区) and Altay (阿勒泰地区) Prefectures, both to the Northeast of the capital. Ili also directly controls 2 county-level cities, 7 counties, and 1 autonomous county. (see Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Levels).

! #	! Name	! Hanzi	! Hanyu Pinyin	Uyghur language>Uyghur ()	! Uyghur Latin ()	! Population (2003 est.)	! Area (km²)	! Density (/km²)
1	Yining City	伊宁市	Yīníng Shì	غۇلجا شەھىرى	Ghulja Shehiri	430,000	629	684
2		奎屯市	Kuítún Shì	كۈيتۇن شەھىرى	Küytun Shehiri	300,000	1,171	256
3	Yining County	伊宁县	Yīníng Xiàn	غۇلجا ناھىيىسى	Ghulja Nahiyisi	360,000	4,486	80
4	Huocheng County	霍城县	Huòchéng Xiàn	قورغاس ناھىيىسى	Qorghas Nahiyisi	360,000	5,466	66
5	Gongliu County	巩留县	Gǒngliú Xiàn	توققۇزتارا ناھىيىسى	Toqquztara Nahiyisi	160,000	4,124	39
6	Xinyuan County	新源县	Xīnyuán Xiàn	كۈنەس ناھىيىسى	Künes Nahiyisi	300,000	7,583	40
7	Zhaosu County	昭苏县	Zhāosū Xiàn	موڭغۇلكۈرە ناھىيىسى	Mongghulküre Nahiyisi	160,000	10,465	15
8	Tekes County	特克斯县	Tèkèsī Xiàn	تېكەس ناھىيىسى	Tékes Nahiyisi	160,000	8,080	20
9	Nilka County	尼勒克县	Nílèkè Xiàn	نىلقا ناھىيسى	Nilqa Nahiyisi	160,000	10,130	16
10	Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County	察布查尔锡伯自治县	Chábùchá'ěr Xībó Zìzhìxiàn	ئاپتونوم يېزىسى چاپچال شىبە	Chapchal Shibe Aptonom Nahiyisi	170,000	4,489	38

Geographically, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture can be divided into two parts. Altay Prefecture and Tarbagatay Prefectures, together with the city of Kuitun, occupy most of the Dzungarian Basin in northern Xinjiang, north of the Borohoro Range. The rest of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is located entirely within the Ili River Basin, between Borohoro and the main range of Tian Shan. This latter region is exactly coterminous with the historical area that in the past was often called by Russians and Westerners as ''Kulja'' or ''Kuldja'' (see, e.g. 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article on ''Kulja'') or ''Ili''.

History

Pre-Qing

Before the Qin Dynasty, Ili was occupied by the Ussuns, a tributary of the Hun. The Ussuns were driven away in the 6th century A.D. by the northern Xiongnu, who established Western Turk Khanate in 552. Later the Kulja territory became a dependency of Dzungaria. During the Tang Dynasty, the khanate was Anxi ''Daduhufu'' (安西大都护府) of the Tang Empire.

The Uyghurs, and in the 12th century the Kara-Khitai, took possession of it in turn. Genghis Khan conquered Kulja in the 13th century, and the Mongol Khans resided in the valley of the Ili. It is supposed that the Oirats conquered it at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.

Qing Dynasty

The Oirats, or more precisely Dzungars, controlled both Dzungaria and the Ili Basin it until 1755 as Zunghar Khanate, when the Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty under Emperor Qianlong annexed it. Having defeated Dzungars in the Dzunagrian and Ili Basins, as well as the Ishāqī khojas in Kashgaria, the Qing court decided to make the Ili basin the main base of their control in Xinjiang.

In the 1760s, the Qing built nine fortified towns (九城) in the Ili Basin:

Kürä Shahr 宁远城 惠宁城 塔勒奇城 瞻德城 广仁城 拱宸城 熙春城 绥定城

Original Chinese name !! Hanzi !! Turkic (Uyghur) name !! Modern name of the location !! Notes
Huiyuan Cheng	惠远城	|	Huiyuan town (惠远镇)	Was the residence of the Ili Governor General until 1866, and also known as ''New Kulja'', ''Manchu Kulja'', or ''Ili'' at the time.
Ningyuan Cheng	|	Kulja (Ghulja)	Yining City(伊宁)	Also was known as ''Old Kulja'' or ''Taranchi Kulja''
Huining Cheng	|	Bayandai	Bayandai township (巴彦岱镇) within Yining City, some 10 to 18 km to the west of the Yining center city
Taleqi Cheng	|	Tarchi	Within Huocheng County(霍城县)
Zhande Cheng	|	Chaghan Usu	Qingshuihe town (清水河镇) in Huocheng County, some 60–70 km NW of Yining
Guangren Cheng	|	Ukurborosuk	Lucaogou town (芦草沟镇) in Huocheng County, NE of Qingshuihe
Gongchen Cheng	|	Khorgos	In Huocheng County; was county seat of Huocheng County until 1966
Xichun Cheng	|	Khara Bulaq	Area commonly referred to as Chengpanzi (城盘子) in the Hanbin village (汉宾乡) within Yining City, a few km west of the city center
Shuiding	Suiding Cheng	|	Ukharliq	County seat of Huocheng County since 1966, some 40 km NW of Yining. Renamed Shuiding town (水定镇) in 1965	Governor's residence 1883-1912, when it became known as ''New/Manchu/Chinese Kulja''

Huiyuan Cheng, as the seat of the Ili Governor General (), who was the chief commander of the Qing troops in entire Xinjiang, became the administrative capital of the region. It was provided with a large penal establishment and strong garrison. This city was called ''New Kulja'', ''Manhcu Kulja'', ''Chinese Kulja'', or ''Ili'' by the Russians and Westerners, to distinguish it from Nigyuan/Yining, known as ''Old Kulja'' or ''Taranchi Kulja''.

The first Ili Governor General was Ming Rui (明瑞). The Qing tradition, not broken until the days of Zuo Zongtang in the 1870s, was to only appoint Manchus as officials in Xinjiang.

During the insurrection of 1864 the Dungans and the Taranchis formed here the Taranchi Sultanate. Huiyuan (Manchu Kulja) was the last Qing fortress in the Ili Valley to fall to the rebels. The insurgent Dungans massacred most of Manchu Kulja's inhabitants; Governor General Mingsioi (Ming Xü) (明绪) assembled his family and staff in his mansion, and blew it up, dying under its ruins.

The sultanate led to the occupation of the Ili basin (''Kulja'', in contemporary Western terms) by the Russians in 1871. Ten years later the territory was restored to China, and its boundary with Russia was assigned in accordance to the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

After Chinese authority was restored, the "Manchu Kuldja" was rebuilt, now as the city of Suiding (today's' Shuiding), some 8 km north of the old Huiyuan site.

On January 7, 1912, Yang Cuanxu (杨缵绪) of Ili occupied Huiyuan (惠远城) and shot the last Qing Governor General of Ili, Zhi Rui (志锐).

Republic of China

In July 1945, Chingil, Bole and Quanxi (精河、博乐、温泉) of Ili were made into a new autonomous prefecture now not part of Ili: Bortala.

People's Republic

In 1949, Ili was made a special area (专区) of Xinjiang, with one city and 9 counties, and was upgraded to a city in 1952. On November 27, 1954, the Ili Autonomous Prefecture was established to include the prefectures of Ili, Altay, and Tacheng. The Ili Prefecture was abolished in 1955. Its 1 city and 9 counties are now under the direct control of the autonomous prefecture.

Demographics

Han: 45.2%

Kazakhs: 25.4%

Uyghurs: 15.9%

Hui: 8.3%

Mongols: 1.69%

Xibe: 0.83%

Transport

Road

Railways

Air

Border crossings

Ili Kazak's 8 functioning ports of entry are:

With Kazakhstan

* Aqimbek (阿黑木别克) of Altay Prefecture

* Bakhtu (巴克图), 17 km from Tacheng; another primary point or port

* Dulat (都拉塔), in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County: under Ili

* Jeminay (吉木乃) of Altay Prefecture；another primary point or port (国家一类口岸)

* Khorgas (霍尔果斯), in Huocheng County; under Ili; a primary Chinese "national" border crossing point or port of entry (国家一类口岸)

* Muzart (木扎尔特), in Zhaosu County: directly controlled by Ili; another primary point or port

With Mongolia

* Khiziltaw (红山嘴) of Altay Prefecture

* Taskhin (塔克什肯) of Altay Prefecture

Sources

Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, ISBN 1402177623. (Chapters XIV-XVI describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal).

External links

Official site (in Simplified Chinese)

Subdivision info (in Simplified Chinese)

A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI "CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER", China Heritage Project, The Australian National University. ISSN 1833-8461. No. 3, September 2005. (Talks about Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Museum in Yining).

Category:Altai Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang Category:Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China Category:States and territories established in 1954

ca:Prefectura autònoma d'Ili Kazakh da:Ili de:Ili et:Ili Kasahhi autonoomne ringkond es:Prefectura autónoma kazaja de Ili eu:Ili Kazakhstandar Prefektura autonomoa fr:Préfecture autonome kazakh d'Ili ko:이리 카자흐 자치주 kk:Іле Қазақ аутономиялық облысы nl:Kazachse Autonome Prefectuur Ili ja:イリ・カザフ自治州 no:Ili pl:Ili (prefektura autonomiczna) ru:Или-Казахский автономный округ sv:Ili tr:İli Kazak Özerk İli uk:Ілі-Казахська автономна область ug:ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ۋىلايىتى vi:Ili zh:伊犁哈萨克自治州

In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union's titular nations, a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China (PRC). These areas are recognized in the PRC's constitution and are nominally given a number of rights not accorded to other administrative divisions. The actual degree of autonomy of such regions is questioned. This is because their authority rests with the Constitution and the Law on Regional Autonomy, requiring leaders to seek prior approval from the National People's Congress (NPC) to pass legislation. This is not true for other provinces, which can pass legislation without such prior approval. For this reason, it has been contended that Autonomous regions are in fact "less autonomous."

The PRC's autonomous regions may be found in the first (or top) to third levels of its national administrative divisions thus:

自治州 自治县 >自治旗

Level		province (1)	[[Autonomous regions of China">Chinese language
align="right"	province (1)	[[Autonomous regions of China	自治区	zìzhìqū
align="right"	prefecture (2)	Autonomous prefectures of China	|	zìzhìzhōu	30
rowspan="2" align="right"	county (3)	Autonomous counties of China	|	zìzhìxiàn	117
	|	zìzhìqí	3

Although not named as autonomous areas, some third-level settlements and areas that are identified as county-level cities and county-level districts enjoy the same autonomy as autonomous areas. At the fourth ("township") level, 1 ethnic sumu (the Evenk Ethnic Sumu) and over 270 ethnic townships also exist, but are not considered to be autonomous and do not enjoy the laws pertaining to the larger ethnic autonomous areas.

As these autonomous areas were created by the PRC, they are not recognised by the Republic of China on Taiwan which ruled Mainland China before the PRC's creation.

Nomenclature

The names of most of the PRC's autonomous areas are made from linking together:

the name of a geographical area;

the name or names of the predominant ethnic minority or minorities;

the word "Autonomous";

a type of administrative division.

For instance: {| style=text-align:center |- style="font-size:90%; text-align=left;" !width=50px| Level !! Geographical area !! + !! Ethnic name/s !! + !! "Autonomous" !! + !! Admin. division !! = !style=text-align:left| Result |- | 1 || Guangxi || || Zhuang || || Autonomous || || Region || |align=left| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region |- | 2 || Dehong || || Dai & Jingpo || || Autonomous || || Prefecture || |align=left| Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture |- | 3 || Shizhu || || Tujia || || Autonomous || || County || |align=left| Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County |- | 3 || Evenk || || Evenks || || Autonomous || || Banner || |align=left| Evenk Autonomous Banner |} In the Chinese name of the administrative area, the nationality name is always suffixed with -族 ("nationality"), unless both of the following conditions apply: the division is found in Xinjiang (or is Xinjiang); the nationality name consists of more than one syllable. This distinction is not reflected in translation into English.

Some autonomous areas have more than one specified minority, which tend to be listed in the name of the prefecture, creating rather long names. Two autonomous counties simply use "Various Nationalities" in their names as placeholders, rather than listing out all of their designated ethnicities:

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width="90%" |- ! Full name !! Geographical !! Nationality !! Administrative |- | Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture || Enshi || Tujia and Miao || Autonomous Prefecture |- | Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County || Shuangjiang || Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai || Autonomous County |- | Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County || Longlin || Various Nationalities (Miao, Yi and Gelao) || Autonomous County |- | Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County || Longsheng || Various Nationalities (Dong, Yao, Miao) || Autonomous County |}

A few autonomous areas break the regular nomenclature pattern, because the name of the nationality is already contained within the geographical name, or because there is no geographical name:

Inner Mongolia — — —

Full name !! Geographical !! Nationality !! Administrative
Tibet Autonomous Region	Tibet	Tibetan people>Tibetan)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	|	Ethnic Mongols in China>Mongol)	Autonomous Region
Dongxiang Autonomous County	|	Dongxiang people>Dongxiang	Autonomous County
Evenki Autonomous Banner	|	Evenks	Autonomous Banner
Oroqin Autonomous Banner	|	Oroqin	Autonomous Banner

Legal basis

Autonomous regions, prefectures, counties, and banners are covered under Section 6 of Chapter 3 (Articles 111-122) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and with more detail under the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy (《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》). The constitution states that the head of government of each autonomous areas must be of the ethnic group as specified by the autonomous area (Tibetan, Uyghur, etc). The constitution also guarantees a range of rights including: independence of finance, independence of economic planning, independence of arts, science and culture, organization of local police, and use of local language. In addition, the head of government of each autonomous region is known as a "chairman", unlike provinces, where they are known as "governors".

Demographics

Of the five autonomous regions, only Tibet has an absolute majority (>50%) of the designated ethnic group, namely, the Tibetans. Xinjiang has a plurality (<50%) of the designated ethnic group, the Uyghurs, though this is disputed by Uyghur independence advocates, who claim that the Han Chinese population in Xinjiang has been severely understated. The remaining 3 autonomous regions have absolute majorities of Han Chinese, the majority ethnicity of China.

History

Autonomous regions, prefectures, counties, and banners were established after communist takeover, following Soviet practice. At first, the nomenclature of these autonomous areas were somewhat confused, with autonomous regions appearing at the province, prefecture, county, and township levels. Eventually the nomenclature was standardized to the conventions used today.

The first autonomous region to be established was Inner Mongolia, created within communist-held territory in 1947, two years before the establishment of the People's Republic. Xinjiang was converted from a province to an autonomous region in 1955. Guangxi and Ningxia followed in 1957, and Tibet Autonomous Region was formally established in 1965.

References

Category:Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China Category:Autonomous country subdivisions

bg:Автономни региони в КНР de:Autonome Verwaltungseinheiten Chinas et:Hiina autonoomsed haldusüksused nl:Autonome gebieden van China pt:Áreas autónomas da China ru:Автономные районы КНР zh:民族自治地方

Rikard Nyström (1884-1943) was a Swedish missionary. He served with the Mission Union of Sweden in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang).

External links

Mission and Change in Eastern Turkestan (English translation of select chapters of ''Mission och revolution i Centralasien'')

Bibliography

''Notes about the Tungan people'', 1937

''The unrest in Eastern Turkestan'', 1935

Category:1884 births Category:1943 deaths Category:Swedish Christian missionaries Category:Christian missionaries in China Category:Christian missionaries in Central Asia

{|align="right" |

name	John Törnquist
birth date	17 November 1876
birth place	Lima Parish, Kopparberg County, Sweden
death date	1937
spouse	Ellen Törnquist nee Rosén
parents	}}

|- |} John Törnquist (17 November 1876–1937) was a Swedish missionary. He served with the Swedish Missionary Society in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang).

Törnquist first arrived in Eastern Turkestan on 24 September 1904 and married Ellen Rosén on 15 May 1906. They lost their daughter, Ester Karin, age 1, in Kashgar on 6 January 1911.

Törnquist was the longest serving missionary of the Swedish Missionary Society in Chinese Turkestan. For long periods he was the only one in the field working specifically among the Chinese. The Xinjiang missionaries from Sweden who worked among Chinese weren't very many. Most of them worked among the Uyghurs. Albert Andersson and his wife worked among the Chinese from 1903 to 1912, Carl Persson in the 1920s, Ellen Törnquist from 1905 to 1923, Sigrid Larsson during the late 1920s. John Törnquist served from 1904 to 1937.

In 1924 John Törnquist wrote the following to Mr. Nyren, the Mission Director: "Of the 35 missionaries that have been working here so far, only three men and one woman have been fluent in the Chinese language. Out of the 22 years that the Chinese Mission has been in existence, I have been the only missionary to the Chinese for ten years."

Missionary life was not easy, but Törnquist was completely devoted to serving God, he is quoted as saying in 1919 to a group of young people in Sweden: "If I were to start my life all over again, I would have no greater ambition than to be a missionary."

And in 1935, two years before his death, he writes in his diary on the way out to East Turkestan: "If God the Father suddenly spoke to me in a human voice and said, 'You have 30 years to live on earth, provided you stay in Europe. If, however, you prefer to go to Asia, you will only have ten years', I would then gladly accept the ten years and continue on my journey to the field."

Tornquist also wrote many pieces of poetry.

Bibliography

''John Törnquist, Från Kaschgar till Jerusalem, Svenska Missionsförbundets, Förlag, Stokcholm.''

''John Törnquist, Genom vildmarker och sagoländer , Stockholm, 1928''

''John Törnquist, Kashgar, Stockholm: Svenska Missionsförbundets Förlag, 1926''

''John Törnquist, Missionen i Ostturkestan''

See also

Mission and Change in Eastern Turkestan (English Translation of select chapters of ''Mission och revolution i Centralasien'')

Category:1876 births Category:1937 deaths Category:Swedish Christian missionaries Category:Christian missionaries in China Category:Christian missionaries in Central Asia Category:Swedish poets

no:John Törnquist sv:John Törnquist