An RSS feed icon, commonly used to indicate the Web feed for a podcast

Short video reports introducing a company and its services, or a technological breakthrough within a company.

A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod, as podcasts are often listened to on portable media players.

A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributor's server as a web feed, and the listener or viewer employs special client application software, known as a podcatcher, that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the user's computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content.^[1][2] In this way it is contrasted to webcasting (Internet streaming).

As discussed by Richard Berry, podcasting is both a converged medium bringing together audio, the web and portable media player, and a disruptive technology that has caused some in the radio business to reconsider some established practices and preconceptions about audiences, consumption, production and distribution.^[3] This idea of disruptiveness is largely because no one person owns the technology; it is free to listen and create content, which departs from the traditional model of 'gate-kept' media and production tools.^[4] It is very much a horizontal media form: producers are consumers and consumers become producers and engage in conversations with each other.^[5]

Name[link]

The term "podcasting" was first mentioned by Ben Hammersley in The Guardian newspaper in a February 2004 article, along with other proposed names for the new medium.^[6][7] It is a portmanteau of the words "pod"— from iPod —and "broadcasting".^[8] Despite the etymology, the content can be accessed using any computer that can play media files and not just portable music players.^[9] Use of the term "podcast" predates the addition of native support for podcasting to the iPod, or to Apple's iTunes software.^[10] To avoid a term suggestive of "iPod", some use the term netcast instead of podcast, such as the TWiT.tv podcaster Leo Laporte^[11] (though the older^[12][13][14] term is also used in the broader sense of any internet-delivered realtime media transmission).

History[link]

This section requires expansion.

Many individuals and groups including Dawn and Drew of The Dawn and Drew Show, Kris and Betsy Smith of Croncast and Dan Klass of The Bitterest Pill contributed to the early emergence and popularity of podcasts.^[15] Former MTV VJ Adam Curry is credited with coming up with the idea to automate the delivery and syncing of textual content to portable audio players.^[16] The first application to make this process feasible was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer and Ray Slakinski. Since the 1930s there have been radio talk shows and news programs. Today, through the evolution of the internet capabilities, along with cheaper hardware and software, audio podcasts are doing what was historically done through radio broadcast stations.^[17]

In June 2005, Apple released iTunes 4.9 with native support for podcasts. While this made receiving podcasts more convenient, it effectively ended advancement of the podcast medium by independent developers. To add to the cooling factor, Apple issued Cease and Desist orders to many podcast application developers and service providers for using the term "iPod" or "Pod" in the name of their product.

Trademark applications[link]

February 10, 2005, Shae Spencer Management LLC of Fairport, New York filed a trademark application to register podcast for an "online prerecorded radio program over the internet". On September 9, 2005, the United States Patent and Trademark Office rejected the application, citing Wikipedia's podcast entry as describing the history of the term. The company amended their application in March 2006, but the USPTO rejected the amended application as not sufficiently differentiated from the original. In November 2006, the application was marked as abandoned.^[18]

As of September 20, 2005, known trademarks that attempted to capitalize on podcast include: GodCast, Podcast Realty, GuidePod, Pod-Casting, MyPod, Podvertiser, Podango, ePodcast, PodCabin, Podcaster, PodcastPeople, PodShop, PodKitchen, Podgram, GodPod and Podcast.^[19] By February 2007, there had been 24 attempts to register trademarks containing the word "PODCAST" in United States, but only "PODCAST READY" from Podcast Ready, Inc. was approved.^[20]

Apple trademark protections[link]

On September 26, 2006, it was reported that Apple started to crack down on businesses using the acronym "POD", in product and company names. Apple sent a cease and desist letter that week to Podcast Ready, Inc., which markets an application known as "myPodder".^[21] Lawyers for Apple contended that the term "pod" has been used by the public to refer to Apple's music player so extensively that it falls under Apple's trademark cover.^[22] It was speculated that such activity was part of a bigger campaign for Apple to expand the scope of its existing iPod trademark, which included trademarking "IPODCAST", "IPOD", and "POD".^[23] On November 16, 2006, the Apple Trademark Department stated that Apple does not object to third party usage of "the generic term" "podcast" to refer to podcasting services and that Apple does not license the term. However, no statement was made whether Apple believes they hold rights to it.^[24]

Variants[link]

Video podcasts[link]

A video podcast on the Crab Nebula by NASA

A video podcast (sometimes shortened to vodcast) includes video clips. Web television series are often distributed as video podcasts.

On 1 January 2004 Steve Garfield launches his video blog^[25] and declares that 2004 would be the year of the video blog.^[26][27] On 1 November 2004 Steve Garfield launches Steve Garfield's VideoPodcast^[28] to test distribution of RSS video enclosures with a video blog.^[29][30] On October 1, 2005 Terra: The Nature of Our World launched making it the first Natural History video podcast. It is produced in conjunction with the MSU MFA Program in Science & Natural History Filmmaking at the Montana State University – Bozeman, Filmmakers for Conservation, and PBS.^[31] On October 14, 2005 Steve Jobs introduced the new "iPod with video" at the Keynote speech of Macworld 2005. The Video podcasts Tiki Bar TV and Rocketboom are mentioned, and Jobs shows a brief clip of Tiki Bar TV to the audience. The image of Kevin Gamble, one of the co-creators of Tiki Bar TV, is featured on Apple's homepage for a month next to U2's Bono. On June 8, 2006, the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, launched her video podcast via the Chancellor's website, making her the first head of government to issue a regular video podcast.^[32] On December 16, 2006, Time magazine named its Person of the Year as "You", referring to independent content creators on the web and video podcasters in particular. Crash Test Kitchen, a video podcast begun in April 2005 by home cooks Waz and Lenny, was featured in the magazine as an example of this phenomenon. The magazine itself was a distinctive issue that featured a flexible mirror on the cover. On April 13, 2007, the British panel game Have I Got News for You started to broadcast a vodcast called Have I Got News for You: The Inevitable Internet Spin-off. The first HIGNFY vodcast was presented by Jeremy Clarkson. May 10, 2007, Feed Me Bubbe featured in The Wall Street Journal by Jessica E. Vascellaro who wrote an article, discussing "Feed Me Bubbe" that was distributed by The AP Datastream ("Using Youtube for posterity," May 10, 2007) Another British panel game, QI, also announced that it would create a vodcast, starting in Series E. However, this was changed into a set of "Quickies", not downloadable and only viewable from the BBC website.^[33] On November 25, 2007, Neil Fairbrother was featured in the Sunday Observer's Courvoisier Future 500 for creating pod3.tv, a web TV channel that creates and distributes TV shows as video podcasts.

Enhanced podcasts[link]

An enhanced podcast can display images simultaneously with audio. These can contain chapter markers, hyperlinks, and artwork; all of which is synced to a specific program or device. When an enhanced podcast is played within its specific program or device, all the appropriate information should be displayed at the same time and in the same window, making it easier to display materials. Enhanced podcasting is considered to be a very practical way to present information. This new technological phenomenon is becoming more prominent in schools, universities and businesses; as it is an efficient way to present school and university lectures, slide shows, video clips, and other presentation materials of the like.

Podcast novels[link]

A podcast novel (also known as a serialized audiobook or podcast audiobook) is a literary format that combines the concepts of a podcast and an audiobook. Like a traditional novel, a podcast novel is a work of long literary fiction; however, this form of novel is recorded into episodes that are delivered online over a period of time and in the end available as a complete work for download. The episodes may be delivered automatically via RSS, through a web site, blog, or other syndication method. These files are either listened to directly on a user's computer or loaded onto a portable media device to be listened to later.

The types of novels that are podcasted vary from new works from new authors that have never been printed,^[34][35] to well established authors that have been around for years^{[citation needed]}, to classic works of literature that have been in print for over a century.^[36][37] In the same style as an audiobook, podcast novels may be elaborately narrated with separate voice actors for each character and sound effects, similar to a radio play. Other podcast novels have a single narrator reading the text of the story with little or no sound effects.

Podcast novels are distributed over the Internet, commonly on a weblog. Podcast novels are released in episodes on a regular schedule (e.g. once a week) or irregularly as each episode is released when completed, and can either be downloaded manually from a website or blog, be delivered automatically via RSS, or other method of syndication. Ultimately, a serialized podcast novel becomes a completed audiobook.^[38]

Podcast novelists use giving away a free podcast version of their book as a form of promotion.^[39] Some novelists have even secured publishing contracts to have their novels printed.^[34][35] Podcast novelists have commented that podcasting their novels lets them build audiences even if they cannot get a publisher to buy their books. These audiences then make it easier to secure a printing deal with a publisher at a later date. These podcast novelists also claim the exposure that releasing a free podcast gains them makes up for the fact that they are giving away their work for free.^[40]

Uses[link]

Communities use collaborative podcasts to support multiple contributors podcasting through generally simplified processes, and without having to host their own individual feeds. A community podcast can also allow members of the community (related to the podcast topic) to contribute to the podcast in many different ways. This method was first used for a series of podcasts hosted by the Regional Educational Technology Center at Fordham University in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Free hosting services[link]

• Archive.org
• Cadpost
• PodOmatic
• Poderato
• SoundCloud

See also[link]

• List of podcatchers
• MP3 blog
• Oggcast
• Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty
• Screencast
• User-generated content
• Web television

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (March 2012)

External links[link]

Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the "Podcast" article dated 2005-12-05, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)

More spoken articles

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Podcasting

Look up podcast in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Creative Commons Podcasting Legal Guide
• iTunes Podcast Tech Spec
• Podcatcher List for Windows, Macintosh and Linux Computer Systems
• Open Source Podcast software for Joomla
• A Podcast Primer: article with theoretical/category overview of Podcasting
• An open-education guide to Podcasting, taught to university staff at Edinburgh Napier University

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (August 2011)

Lisa Ann
Lisa Ann attending the AVN Awards Show at the Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada on January 8, 2010
Born	Lisa Ann Corpora (1972-05-09) May 9, 1972 (age 40) Easton, Pennsylvania, USA[1]
Other names	Zina Sunshine[2] Leesa[1], The Queen of Porn
Ethnicity	Italian American
Height	1.58 m (5 ft 2 in)[1]
Weight	110 lb (50 kg)[1]
No. of adult films	289
Website
http://www.thelisaann.com

Lisa Ann (born May 9, 1972) is an American pornographic actress .

Career[link]

Lisa Ann was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. She began erotic dancing in 1990 to pay her way through school to become a certified dental assistant.^[3]

In July 1993, she became an adult actress, but quit in 1997 due to an AIDS scare.^[3] She spent several years touring as a feature dancer at strip clubs around the country, before returning to the sex industry as an agent, and later also as a performer.^[3][4][5] Her talent agency, Clear Talent Management, was formed in November 2006,^[3] and was later renamed Lisa Ann's Talent Management.^[6] Her first comeback movie was released on February 2, 2006.

In 2007, Lisa Ann's Talent Management merged with Seymore Butts' Lighthouse Agency.^[7][8]

Lisa Ann as Serra Paylin at the AVN Expo, Las Vegas, Nevada on January 8, 2010

On October 2, 2008, Lisa Ann was confirmed to star in Who's Nailin' Paylin?^[9] parodying 2008 Republican Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin. The movie, produced by Larry Flynt's Hustler Video, portrays Lisa Ann in sex scenes with other female porn stars parodying well-known female political figures, such as Hillary Clinton (played by veteran porn star Nina Hartley) and Condoleezza Rice (played by Jada Fire). This movie was released on election day November 4, 2008.

On October 31, 2008 Hustler announced that Lisa Ann was going to star in Obama is Nailin' Paylin a scene that continued on the adventures of Lisa as Sarah Paylin except this time Barack Obama would be lampooned as well.^[9] The scene is only available through their Hustler members website and on the Blu-ray release of the movie. It is not available on the DVD release.^[10] This "bonus scene" was released on election eve November 3, 2008. It was announced in March 2009 that Hustler plans to produce a sequel to Who's Nailin' Paylin? with Lisa Ann reprising her role as "Serra Paylin". The movie was released on August 26, 2009 and titled "Letterman is Nailin Palin."^[11][12]

She reprised her role as "Serra Paylin" in a cameo appearance in Eminem's music video "We Made You"^[13] where she was cast at the director Joseph Kahn's suggestion.^[8] After some encouragement from porn actor friend C.J. Wright, Lisa Ann made her directorial debut with the interracial movie, Hung XXX, released on September 2009 by Justin Slayer International.^[14]

In December 2009, it was announced that Lisa Ann had signed on to be the spokeswoman for RealTouch, a mechanised artificial vagina produced by AEBN.^[15]

In March 2010, Lisa Ann appeared in a Public Service Announcement for the Free Speech Coalition on the topic of internet piracy of adult content, directed by Michael Whiteacre.^[16][17] The spot, entitled the "FSC All-Star Anti-Piracy PSA,"^[18] found Lisa Ann in the company of adult performers such as Julie Meadows, Kimberly Kane, Ron Jeremy, and Wicked Pictures contract stars Alektra Blue and Kaylani Lei.

Along with Nikki Benz and Sean Michaels, Lisa Ann was chosen to host the XRCO Awards in April 2010. She stated "XRCO was the first event I ever attended in the industry, to now be hosting, momentous!".^[19]

In 2011, CNBC included her on a list it called "The Dirty Dozen", comprising the 12 most popular pornography stars.^[20] CNBC reported that the star had first been popular in the 1990s, but had retired as a pornographic actress in 1997 to become an agent. Lisa Ann's on-screen career was revived in 2008 by her parody portrayals of Palin.

Awards[link]

• 2006 XRCO Award – Best Comeback
• 2009 AVN Award – MILF/Cougar Performer of the Year^[21]
• 2009 AVN Hall of Fame inductee^[21]
• 2010 XBIZ Award Nominee – Porn Star Website of the Year^[22]
• 2010 XRCO Award – MILF Of The Year^[23]
• 2010 F.A.M.E. Award – Favorite MILF^[24]
• 2011 XBIZ Award – MILF Performer of the Year^[25]
• 2011 Urban X Award – Best Milf Performer^[26]

Nominations:

• 2010 AVN - Best Actress
• 2011 AVN - Best Porn Star Website
• 2011 AVN - MILF/Cougar Performer of the Year
• 2011 AVN - Best All/Girl Group Sex Scene - FemmeCore
• 2011 AVN - Best Oral Sex Scene - Massive Facials 2^[27]
• 2012 AVN - Crossover Star of the Year
• 2012 AVN - Best Porn Star Website

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lisa Ann

Pornography portal

• Official website
• Lisa Ann on Twitter
• Hustler's interview with Lisa Ann
• Lisa Ann at the Internet Movie Database
• Lisa Ann at the Internet Adult Film Database
• Lisa Ann at the Adult Film Database

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

Black Sun Empire is the a trio of Dutch disc jockeys and drum & bass music producers. The group consists of Rene Verdult and brothers Milan and Micha Heyboer.

Based out of Utrecht, Netherlands, they started making Drum & Bass in 1995 when they turned to the likes of artists such as Photek, LTJ Bukem, and Ed Rush. After having a few releases on smaller record labels, they managed to get the attention of bigger producers like DJ Trace, currently known for his DSCI4 record label. They have three labels of their own; Black Sun Empire Recordings, oBSEssions and Shadows of the Empire. The group's name comes from the Black Sun Crime Syndicate, which appeared in the Star Wars novel Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire.

One of their tracks ("Arrakis") was featured in the E³ 2006 trailer of the game EVE Online titled "No Other Destiny".

While the trio's music is usually defined as darkstep or neurofunk, Black Sun Empire have more recently incorporated dubstep into their productions.

Discography[link]

12" Vinyl Records[link]

• PIRUH001 – Skin Deep / Voltage(12") (01/01/2000)
• PIRUH003 - The Silent/Bombrun(12") (01/01/2001)
• DSCI4EP01 - Mutationz EP (EP) (01/09/2001)
• DSCI4LP001 - 23 degrees from vertical (LP) (01/10/2001)
• PEN007 - Telekinetic remix(12") (10/07/2002)
• DSCI4EP02 - Smoke EP(EP) (01/10/2002)
• NRV005 - Recharger remix(12") (04/10/2002)
• AND005 - Vessel/Fragment(12") (02/11/2002)
• BSE001 - The Rat/B'Negative(12") (28/11/2002)
• BSE002 - The Sun/Epilogue(12") (28/01/2003)
• BSE003 - Epilogue VIP/The Pursuit(12") (25/03/2003)
• BSE004 - Stone Faces/Ai(12") (14/05/2003)
• CITRUS009 - Unicorn MF remix/Skin Deep remix(12") (10/07/2003)
• TPT005 - Gunseller(12") (03/09/2003)
• BSE005 - Scorned/Ai VIP(12") (17/09/2003)
• BSESAM001 - The Sun VIP/Boris the Blade(12") (01/04/2004)
• BSELP001 - Driving Insane(LP) (01/05/2004)
• BSECD001 - Driving Insane + mix (CD) (01/05/2004)
• RL005 - Release Me(12") (25/06/2004)
• BSE006 - Insiders/Hydroflash(12") (13/09/2004)
• OBSE001 - Sahara/Cryogenic(bse remix)(12") (01/11/2004)
• ILL004 - B'Negative remix/Soulshaker remix(12") (10/11/2004)
• OBSE002 - Centerpod/Stranded(12") (01/01/2005)
• SOTE001 - Hyper Sun / Cold Crysis(12") (16/03/2009)
• SOTE002 - The Invasion / Dyneema(12") (01/05/2009)

LP / CD Releases[link]

• BSELP001 Driving Insane (2004)
• BSELP002 Cruel & Unusual (2005)
• BSELP003 Endangered Species (2007)
• BSELP005 Lights & Wires (2010)

External links[link]

• Official Site
• Black Sun Empire on Myspace
• EVE Online trailer (Windows Media Player) featuring Black Sun Empire
• Black Sun Empire discography at Discogs
• Black Sun Empire at rolldabeats

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