In spiritual terminology, piety is a virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently, it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion or to spirituality, or often, a combination of both. A common element in most conceptions of piety is humility.

Etymology

The word piety comes from the Latin word ''pietas'', the noun form of the adjective ''pius'' (which means "devout" or "good"). Pietas in traditional Latin usage expressed a complex, highly valued Roman virtue; a man with ''pietas'' respected his responsibilities to other people, gods and entities (such as the state), and understood his place in society with respect to others. That doesn't mean others will understand it. In its strictest sense it was the sort of love a son ought to have for his father.

The Latin term in turn may derive from "Piodasses", an ancient Greek transliteration of the Indic Prakrit term "Piyadasi" (), meaning "beloved of the Gods", a term by which the Indian Maurya Emperor Ashoka the Great referred to himself in the Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BC).

Use

Piety in modern English usage can refer to a way to win the favor or forgiveness of God. According to some, this type of piety does not necessarily require the spiritual piety, while others refrain from distinguishing the two.

It is also used by others to refer only to external signs that result from the spiritual aspect of piety. That is, according to some, if one is "truly" pious (in the spiritual sense), the natural and inevitable result of it will be religious piety. By this definition, then, piety can be either genuine, in that it springs from spiritual piety, or false, in that it is an attempt to exhibit the signs of piety for their own sake, or for some other reason (such as propitiation or public esteem).

In Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism, piety is one of the Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Piety can be demonstrated by position or state of mind, such as prayer. The best known gestures demonstrating piety are kneeling in Christianity and bowing down to pray in Islam.

See also

Plato's dialogue Euthyphro, in which Socrates seeks a definition of piety.

pietas, the Roman virtue

filial piety, a Confucian virtue

Pietà statue

Pietism in Christianity

Puritan

References

Category:Personality traits Category:Religious behaviour and experience Category:Spirituality

ar:تقوى de:Frömmigkeit es:Piedad eo:Pieco fr:Piété it:Pietà (teologia) nl:Vroomheid simple:Piety sk:Pietny sv:Fromhet yi:ערליכקייט

Coordinates	39°46′5.88″N86°9′29.52″N
name	Sheikh Hamza Yusuf
birth name	Mark Hanson
birth place	Walla Walla, Washington, United States
residence	Northern California, United States
occupation	Islamic scholar, teacher
religion	Sunni Islam (Sufism)
spouse	Liliana (Umm Yahya) Hanson
website	Sandala.org
footnotes	}}

Hamza Yusuf Hanson is an Islamic scholar, teacher, and co-founder of Zaytuna College in Berkeley, California, United States. He is an American convert to Islam, and is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.

Biography

Hamza Yusuf was born in Washington State and raised in Northern California. In 1977, he became Muslim and subsequently traveled to the Muslim world and studied for ten years in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, as well as North and West Africa. Hamza Yusuf is a co-founder of Zaytuna College, located in Berkeley, California. He is an advisor to Stanford University's Program in Islamic Studies and the Center for Islamic Studies at Berkeley's Graduate Theological Union. He also serves as a member of the board of advisors of George Russell's One Nation, a national philanthropic initiative that promotes pluralism and inclusion in America. In addition, he serves as vice-president for the Global Center for Guidance and Renewal, which was founded and is currently presided over by Abdallah Bin Bayyah, one of the top jurists and masters of Islamic sciences in the world.

Hamza Yusuf has promoted Islamic sciences and classical teaching methodologies throughout the world. He has also been an advocate for social justice, peace, and conviviality among peoples and places. For several years, he has argued that the "them versus us" problem is fundamentally flawed, as he considers himself one of "them" as well as one of "us."

Hamza Yusuf has served as an advisor to many organizations, leaders, and heads of state. He has been an innovator in modern Islamic education, founding the highly imitated Deen Intensives, and with Shaykh Ibrahim Osi-Efa, he started the first Rihla program in England, which has been running for over fifteen years. Dozens of young Muslims who were influenced by his call to reviving traditional Islamic studies in the West went to the Muslim lands in the nineties and early part of the current decade to study, many of who are now teachers in their own right.

With Eissa Bougari, Hamza Yusuf initiated a media challenge to the Arab world that resulted in a highly successful cultural religious program that he hosted for three years and was one of the most watched programs in the Arab world during Ramadan. Cambridge Media Studies stated that this program had a profound influence on subsequent religious programming in the Arab world. He has also been interviewed on BBC several times and was the subject of a BBC documentary segment ''The Faces of Islam'', ushering in the new millennium, as it aired at 11:30pm on Dec. 31st 1999.

Hamza Yusuf has been an outspoken critic of American foreign policy as well as Islamic extremist responses to those policies. He has drawn criticism from both the extreme right in the West and Muslim extremists in the East.

He founded the Zaytuna Institute in 1996, which has established an international reputation for presenting a classical picture of Islam in the West and which is dedicated to the revival of traditional study methods and the sciences of Islam. Hamza Yusuf currently resides in Northern California with his wife and five children.

Hamza Yusuf has also authored several encyclopedia articles and research papers. His published books include The Burda (2003), Purification of the Heart (2004), The Content of Character (2004), The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi (2007), Agenda to Change our Condition (2007), and Walking on Water (2010). Forthcoming are The Prayer of the Oppressed, and The Helpful Guide.

Hamza Yusuf is the first American lecturer to teach in Morocco's prestigious and oldest university, the University of Al-Karaouine in Fes. He is married and has five children, all boys.

Academics

Critical reception

The British newspaper ''The Guardian'' called him "one of the West's most influential Muslim scholars." Jordan's Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre placed him on its list of the top 50 most influential Muslims in the world. The magazine Egypt Today described him as a kind of theological rock star, "the Elvis Presley of western Muslims." Recently, Hamza Yusuf was ranked as "the Western world's most influential Islamic scholar" by The 500 Most Influential Muslims, edited by John Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, (2009).

Publications

Books Authored

The Burda The Burda (2003)

Purification of the Heart: Signs, Symptoms and Cures of the Spiritual Diseases of the Heart (2004)

The Content of Character (2004)

The State We Are In: Identity, Terror, and the Law of Jihad (contributing Author), (2006)

The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi (2007)

Agenda to Change our Condition co-authored with Imam Zaid Shakir(2007)

Walk on Water: The wisdom of Jesus Walk on Water: The wisdom of Jesus (2010)

Educating your Child in Modern Times

Books with Foreword or note

Instruction of the Student: The Method of Learning

The Prophetic Invocations By Mostafa Al-Badawi

Books Edited

Submission Faith and Beauty Submission Faith and Beauty, The Religion of Islam

Papers

Zaytuna Seasons Journal

Caesarean Moon Births

Climbing Mount Purgatorio

See also

Zaytuna College

Zaid Shakir

References

External links

Websites

Sandala.org - Official website of Shaykh Hamza Yusuf

Zaytuna.org - Zaytuna College

Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:American people of Greek descent Category:Islamic studies scholars Category:Muslim reformers Category:Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy Category:San Jose State University alumni Category:American Sunni Muslims Category:People from Hayward, California Category:People from Walla Walla, Washington Category:American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam

ar:حمزة يوسف bn:শেখ হামজা ইউসুফ fr:Hamza Yusuf ms:Hamza Yusuf ur:حمزہ یوسف

Coordinates	39°46′5.88″N86°9′29.52″N
name	John Scofield
landscape	yes
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	December 26, 1951 Dayton, Ohio, United States
genre	Jazz, jazz fusion
instrument	Guitar
occupation	Musician, songwriter
associated acts	Miles Davis, Medeski Martin & Wood
label	EmArcy Records, Verve, Blue Note, Gramavision, Enja
years active	1970s-Present
website	www.johnscofield.com
notable instruments	Ibanez Artstar AS200 }}

John Scofield (born December 26, 1951, Dayton, Ohio), often referred to as "Sco," is an American jazz guitarist and composer, who has played and collaborated with Miles Davis, Dave Liebman, Joe Henderson, Charles Mingus, Joey Defrancesco, Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, Bill Frisell, Pat Martino, Mavis Staples, Phil Lesh, Billy Cobham, Medeski Martin & Wood, George Duke, Jaco Pastorius, John Mayer, and many other well known artists. At ease in the bebop idiom, Scofield is also well versed in jazz fusion, funk, blues, soul, and other forms of modern American music.

Biography

Early in his life, Scofield's family left Ohio and relocated to the small, then mostly rural location of Wilton, Connecticut; it was here that he discovered his interest in music.

Educated at the Berklee College of Music, Scofield eventually left school to record with Chet Baker and Gerry Mulligan. He joined the Billy Cobham/George Duke Band soon after and spent two years playing, recording and touring with them. Scofield recorded with Charles Mingus in 1976, and replaced Pat Metheny in Gary Burton's quartet. In autumn 1976 he signed a contract with Enja Records, and he released his first album, ''John Scofield'', in 1977. Around this time, he toured and recorded with Pianist Hal Galper, first on his own solo album ''Rough House'' in 1978, and Galper's album ''Ivory Forest'' (1980), where he is heard playing a solo rendition of Thelonious Monk's "Monk's Mood". In 1979 he formed a trio with his mentor Steve Swallow and Adam Nussbaum which, with drummer Bill Stewart replacing Nussbaum, has become the signature group of Scofield's career. In 1982, he joined Miles Davis, with whom he remained for three and a half years. He contributed tunes and guitar work to three Davis recordings, ''Star People'', ''You're under Arrest'' and ''Decoy''.

While still with Davis, he released the first of his Gramavision recordings ''Electric Outlet'' (1984). ''Still Warm'' (1985) followed after he left Davis's group. At the end of the Davis tenure, he started what is now referred to as his Blue Matter Band - with Dennis Chambers on drums, Gary Grainger on bass and at times either Robert Aries or Jim Beard on keyboards - releasing ''Blue Matter'', ''Loud Jazz'' and ''Pick Hits Live''.

At the beginning of the 1990s, he formed his quartet that included Joe Lovano with whom he recorded several important albums for Blue Note Records. ''Time on My Hands'' (1990), with Lovano, Charlie Haden and Jack DeJohnette, showcased Scofield's guitar and Mingus-influenced writing. Bill Stewart subsequently became the group's drummer, and played on ''Meant To Be'' (1991) and ''What We Do'' (1993). In 1992, Scofield released ''Grace Under Pressure'', featuring fellow guitarist Bill Frisell, with Charlie Haden on bass and Joey Baron on drums. Stewart rejoined with Scofield and bassist Steve Swallow for the 1994 collaboration with Pat Metheny, ''I Can See Your House from Here''.

Towards the end of his tenure with Blue Note, Scofield returned to a more funk and soul jazz-oriented sound, a direction which has dominated much of his subsequent output. In 1994 and 1995, Scofield formed a core group that included organist/pianist Larry Goldings, bassist Dennis Irwin, and alternately drummers, Bill Stewart and Idris Muhammad. The group toured extensively, and the albums ''Hand Jive'' and ''Groove Elation'' feature this funk/groove/soul dimension in Scofield's music, bringing in tenor saxophonist Eddie Harris, percussionist Don Alias, trumpeter Randy Brecker, and others. He recorded the acclaimed 1997 album ''A Go Go'' with the avant garde jazz trio Medeski Martin & Wood. Also during this period, his relationship began with British composer Mark-Anthony Turnage. First as a soloist on Turnage's ''Blood on the Floor: Elegy for Andy'', the two paired up to create ''Scorched'', Turnage's orchestrations of Scofield compositions largely form the Blue Matter period. ''Scorched'', a recording available on Deutsche Grammophon, debuted in Frankfurt, Germany.

He released ''Überjam'' in 2002 and ''Up All Night'' in 2004, two albums on which he experiments with drum n bass and other modern rhythms. John Scofield has also worked and recorded in Europe with nu-fusionist Bugge Wesseltoft New Conception of Jazz in 2001/2 and 2006. Late 2004 saw the release of ''EnRoute: John Scofield Trio LIVE'', which features the jazz trio of John Scofield, the venerable Steve Swallow on bass and Bill Stewart on drums. It was recorded live at The Blue Note in NYC in December 2003. The next year, he released ''That's What I Say - JS plays the music of Ray Charles'' - Scofield with an all-star guest studded collection of Ray Charles material. This led to a series of performances with Mavis Staples, Gary Versace on organ, John Benitez on bass, and Steve Hass on drums.

After sitting in for two engagements in December (3rd & 4th) of 2005 with Phil Lesh and Friends, Scofield has since played numerous shows with the band. Most recently, on June 3 at Mountain Jam, which took place in Hunter, NY the first weekend of June 2007.

On September 26, 2006 he released ''Out Louder'', his second collaborative effort album with avant garde jazz trio Medeski Martin & Wood. The group, known collectively as MSMW toured extensively worldwide in 2006 and 2007, with sporadic engagements planned in the future. Scofield also performs as a duo with John Medeski - aptly named The Johns and another groove trio with Scofield, Medeski and drummer Adam Deitch.

September 18, 2007 saw ''This Meets That'' released on EmArcy Records - Universal Music's jazz label, a record featuring his trio with Steve Swallow and Bill Stewart. This time John added a horn section to expand the sound of his trio.

Never one to follow an expected path, in recent years Scofield launched a personal search for musical inspiration beyond the standard 12 bar blues and found it in "old time gospel music - the closest relative to and inspiration for the R& B.” His 2009 release ''Piety Street'' with bass legend George Porter, Jr. and singer/keyboardist Jon Cleary. The collaboration heard on the 2010 release ''54'' had its origins back in the 90's when Vince Mendoza asked John Scofield to play on his first album. John has since been featured on two of Vince’s records and his guitar sound and improvisational skills work well within Vince’s concept. When Mendoza assumed directorship of The Metropole Orchestra, he and Scofield decided to collaborate again with a primary focus on Mendoza’s arrangements of Scofield compositions as performed with The Metropole Orchestra.

In a return to Scofieldesque "straight ahead" jazz, he went to the studio in January 2011 with pianist/organist Larry Goldings, bassist Scott Colley and drummer Brian Blade, laying the tracks for a ballads album scheduled for a May 2011 release on EmArcy Records.

In April 2010, Scofield was named an Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.

Scofield is currently serving as an adjunct faculty member in the Jazz Department at New York University's Steinhardt School of Education.

He married Susan Scofield in 1978. They are the parents of music producer Jean Scofield (b. 1981) and writer Evan Scofield (b. 1987).

Equipment

Scofield endorses Ibanez guitars. His signature guitar, the JSM100, is based on his longtime stage and recording guitar, a 1981 Ibanez AS200 which he believes to be one of the best semi-acoustics ever built. He gets his tone by running a Pro Co RAT through either a Vox AC30 or Mesa Boogie amplifier. Some of his effects include an Ibanez CS9 Analog Chorus, a Line 6 FM4 Filter Modeler, and a Line 6 DL4 Delay Modeler. Some of his additional effects include a DigiTech XP100 Whammy/Wah, a Boss EQ Pedal, a Boss Loop Station, and a Boomerang phrase sampler pedal. John Scofield uses Dunlop Delrin 2 mm picks.

Discography

As leader & co-leader

''John Scofield Live'' (1977) - Enja Records

''John Scofield aka East Meets West'' (1977) - Trio Records/Black-Hawk Records, Bellophon Records

''Rough House'' (1978) - Enja Records

''Who's Who?'' (1979) - Arista/Novus

''Bar Talk'' (1980) - Jive/Novus

''Out Like a Light'' (1981) - Enja Records

''Shinola'' (1981) - Enja Records

''Electric Outlet'' (1984) - Gramavision

''Still Warm'' (1985) - Gramavision

''Blue Matter'' (1986) - Gramavision

''Loud Jazz'' (1987) - Gramavision

''Pick Hits Live'' (1987) - Gramavision

''Flat Out'' (1989) - Gramavision

''Time on My Hands'' (1990) - Blue Note

''Meant To Be'' (1991) - Blue Note

''Grace Under Pressure'' (1992) - Blue Note

''What We Do'' (1993) - Blue Note

''I Can See Your House From Here'' (1994) - w/Pat Metheny - Blue Note

''Hand Jive'' (1994) - Blue Note

''Groove Elation'' (1995) - Blue Note

''Quiet'' (1996) - Verve

''A Go Go'' with Medeski Martin & Wood(1998) - Verve

''Bump'' (2000) - Verve

''Works For Me'' (2001) - Verve

''Überjam'' (2002) - Verve

''Oh!'' (2003) - as ScoLoHoFo - Blue Note

''Up All Night'' (2003) - Verve

''Scorched'' (2004) - w/Mark-Anthony Turnage - DG Deutsche Grammophon

''EnRoute: John Scofield Trio LIVE'' (2004) - Verve

''That's What I Say: John Scofield Plays the Music of Ray Charles'' (2005) - Verve

''Saudades'' (2006) - as Trio Beyond - ECM

''Out Louder'' (2006) - as Medeski Scofield Martin & Wood - Indirecto

''This Meets That'' (2007) - Emarcy Records

''Piety Street'' (2009) - Emarcy Records

''54'' (2010) - w/Vince Mendoza & The Metropole Orkestra - Emarcy Records

''A Moment's Peace'' (2011) - Emarcy Records

Compilations

''Best of John Scofield'' (1989) - Blue Note

''Slo Sco:The Best of the Ballads'' (1990) - Gramavision

''Liquid Fire: The Best of John Scofield'' (1994) - Gramavision

''Steady Groovin': The Blue Note Groove Sides'' (2000) - Blue Note

As a sideman

With Teodross Avery

''My Generation'' (1996) - Impulse!

With Billy Cobham

''A Funky Thide of Sings'' (1975) - Atlantic

''Life & Times'' (1976) - Wounded Bird Records

With Joe Beck & Larry Coryell

''Tributaries'' (1978) - Arista Novus

With the George Adams-Don Pullen Quartet

''Live at Montmartre'' (Timeless, 1985)

With Miles Davis

''You're Under Arrest'' (1985) - Columbia

''Decoy'' (1984) - Sony Music

''Star People'' (1983) - Sony Music

'''With John Ellis:

''One Foot In The Swamp'' (2005) - Hyena

With David Friesen

''Two for the Show'' (1994) - ITM Pacific

With Bill Goodwin

''Solar Energy'' (1981) - Omni Sound Jazz

With Jon Gordon

''Possibilities'' (2000) - Double-Time

With Herbie Hancock

''The New Standard'' (1995) - Verve

With Jimmy Haslip

''A R C'' (1993) - UMG

With Roy Haynes

''Love Letters'' (2003) - Columbia

With Joe Henderson

''So Near, So Far (Musings for Miles)'' (1993) - Verve

''Porgy & Bess'' (1997) - Verve

With Ron Holloway

''Struttin''' (1995) - Milestone Records

With Marc Johnson

''Shades of Jade'' (2005) - ECM

''Second Sight'' (1987) - ECM

''Bass Desires'' (1986) - ECM

With Lee Konitz

''Rhapsody II'' (1993) - Evidence

With Manhattan Jazz Quintet

''Manhattan Blues'' (1990) – Sweet Basil

With Gary Marks

''Gathering'' (1974) - Arewea Records

With Charles Mingus

''Three of Four Shades of Blue'' (1977) - Collectables Records

With Gerry Mulligan and Chet Baker

''Carnegie Hall Concert'' (1974) - CTI Records

With John Patitucci

''Now'' (1998) - Concord Jazz

With Phil Lesh and Friends ''Live at the Warfield'' (2006) - With Dizzy Gillespie

''Rhythmstick'' (1990)

With Harvie Swartz

''In a Different Light'' (1990) - Blue Moon

'''With Tommy Smith:

''Blue Smith'' (1999) - Linn Records

With Gary Thomas

''By Any Means Necessary'' (1989) - JMT

With Mark Antony Turnage

''Blood On The Floor (album)'' (1998) - Decca Records

With Bugge Wesseltoft

''New Conception Of Jazz Live'' (2003) - Jazzland

With Lenny White

''Present Tense'' (1995) - Hip Bop

With Jack DeJohnette

''Music for the Fifth World'' (1992) - Capitol

With Keller Williams

''Dream'' (2007) - SCI Fidelity Records

References

External links

Official site

Verve Records: John Scofield Bio

Video Interview (11/2004)

Interview (01/2003)

Interview (03/2002)

Interview (05/2000)

John Scofield guitar tab

Interview from honesttune.com

Category:American jazz guitarists Category:Jazz-funk guitarists Category:Jazz fusion guitarists Category:Post-bop guitarists Category:Lead guitarists Category:American jazz composers Category:Miles Davis Category:Berklee College of Music alumni Category:New York University faculty Category:People from Wilton, Connecticut Category:People from Connecticut Category:People from Dayton, Ohio Category:1951 births Category:Living people

da:John Scofield de:John Scofield es:John Scofield fr:John Scofield it:John Scofield he:ג'ון סקופילד nl:John Scofield ja:ジョン・スコフィールド (音楽家) no:John Scofield pl:John Scofield pt:John Scofield sr:Џон Скофилд fi:John Scofield sv:John Scofield tr:John Scofield

Ahmed Ali (1910 in New Delhi – 14 January 1994 in Karachi) was an Indian (later Pakistani) novelist, poet, critic, translator, diplomat and scholar, who was responsible for writing ''Twilight in Delhi''. Born in Delhi, India, he was involved in progressive literary movements as a young man. Professor Ahmed Ali was educated at Aligarh and Lucknow universities, standing first-class and first in the order of merit in both B.A. (Honours), 1930 and M.A. English, 1931. He taught at leading Indian universities including Lucknow and Allahabad from 1932–46 and joined the Bengal Senior Educational Service as professor and head of the English Department at Presidency College, Calcutta (1944–47). Ali was the BBC's Representative and Director in India during 1942–44. During partition, he was the British Council Visiting Professor to the University of China in Nanking as appointed by the British government of India. When he tried to return to India after partition in 1948, K.P.S Menon (then India's Ambassador to China) did not let him and he was forced to move to Pakistan.

Therefore he moved to Karachi in 1948, a city that he was never fond of. Later, he was appointed Director of Foreign Publicity, Government of Pakistan. At the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, he joined the Pakistan Foreign Service in 1950. The first file he received was marked 'China' and when he opened it; it was blank. He went to China as Pakistan's first envoy and established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic in 1951.

Literary career

Ahmed Ali started his literary career at a young age and became cofounder of the All-India Progressive Writers' Movement and Association with the publication of ''Angare'' in 1932, a collection of short stories by four young friends, which was later banned by the British Government of India in March 1933. Shortly afterward Ali and Mahmud-uz-Zaffar announced the formation of a "League of Progressive Authors", which was later to expand and become the All-India Progressive Writers' Association. Ali presented his paper "Art ka Taraqqi-Pasand Nazariya" (A Progressive View of Art) in its inaugural Conference in 1936. A pioneer of the modem Urdu short story, Ali's works include collections of short stories: "Angare" (Flames), 1934; ''Hamari Gali'' (Our Lane), 1940; ''Qaid Khana'' (The Prison-house), 1942; and ''Maut Se Pehle'' (Before Death), 1945.

Ahmed Ali achieved international fame with his novel ''Twilight in Delhi'', which was first published by The Hogarth Press in London in 1940.

Additional and personal information

Ali was a Distinguished Visiting Professor of Humanities at Michigan State University in 1975, Fulbright Visiting Professor of History at Western Kentucky University and Fulbright Visiting Professor of English at Southern Illinois University in 1978–79.

He was made an Honorary Citizen by the State of Nebraska in 1979. He was Visiting Professor at the University of Karachi during 1977–79, which later conferred on him an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature in 1993.

During the 1950s Ahmed Ali worked for the Pakistan Foreign Service, establishing embassies in Morocco and China.

External links

Online Quran includes the Qur'an translation by Ahmed Ali.

References

Category:1910 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Pakistani writers Category:Pakistani scholars Category:Pakistani educators Category:Allahabad University faculty Category:Qur'an translators Category:People from Delhi Category:University of Lucknow alumni Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni Category:University of Calcutta faculty Category:Indian novelists Category:Islamic fiction writers Category:Pakistani diplomats Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the People's Republic of China

ro:Ahmed Ali