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- 2004 Summer Olympics
- Acts of the Apostles
- Ad Halom
- Adobe
- Air pollution
- Al-Ramla
- Alexander Jannaeus
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- Alon Hazan
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- Ar'arat an-Naqab
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- Arab music
- Arabah
- Arabic language
- Arad, Israel
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- Ark of the Covenant
- Aryeh Azulai
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- Avraham Abba Leifer
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- Bnei Darom
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Ad Halom
Coordinates: 31°46′00″N 34°39′58″E / 31.7666667°N 34.66611°E / 31.7666667; 34.66611
Ad Halom (Hebrew: עַד הֲלוֹם) is a site at the eastern entrance to the city of Ashdod, Israel.
Ad Halom (lit. "up to here") refers to the northernmost point reached by the Egyptian army in Operation Pleshet, one of the battles of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
On May 29, 1948, Israel had dispatched four Avia S-199 aircraft, flown by Lou Lenart, Ezer Weizman, Modi Alon and Eddie Cohen, to attack the Egyptians between the Arab village of Isdud and the bridge over the Lachish River. Cohen, a Machal pilot from South Africa, was shot down by anti-aircraft fire, becoming the first casualty of the fledgling IAF. The Givati Brigade blew up the bridge and defended the river bank from a pillbox during Operation Barak. The Egyptian Army later took up positions at the site, which saw two battles in mid-1948.
The Egyptian forces were later defeated in Operation Yoav; The pillbox and defensive wall remain as memorials of the events.
wn.com/Ad_Halom -
Andalusia
Andalusia (English /ˌændəˈluːʒə/, /ˌændəˈluːziə/; Spanish: Andalucía [andaluˈθi.a] or [andaluˈsi.a]) is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities in Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville. Its capital is the city of Seville (Spanish: Sevilla).
Andalusia is in the south of the Iberian peninsula, immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar, which separates Spain from Morocco, and the Atlantic Ocean. The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar.
Andalusia has three major geographic subregions. In the north, the mountainous Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central. South of that, one can distinguish Upper Andalusia, generally the Baetic System, from Lower Andalusia with its Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir.
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Arabah
The Arabah (Hebrew: הָעֲרָבָה, HaArava, lit. "desolate and dry area"; Arabic: وادي عربة, Wādī ʻAraba), also known as Aravah, is a section of the Jordan Rift Valley running in a north-south orientation between the southern end of the Sea of Galilee (as the Jordan river valley) down to the Dead Sea and continuing further south where it ends at the Gulf of Aqaba. It includes most of the border between Israel to the west and Jordan to the east. Many modern geographers no longer acknowledge the northern section, between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee to be part of the Arabah, but in antiquity up to the early 20th century this full expanse of Rift Valley was all considered part of the Arabah.
The hottest, southern stretch of the Arabah is 166 km (103 mi) in length from the Gulf of Aqaba to the southern shore of the Dead Sea. Topographically, the region is divided into three sections. From the Gulf of Aqaba northward, the land gradually rises over a distance of 77 km (48 mi), and reaches a height of 230 m (750 ft) above sea level, which represents the watershed divide between the Dead Sea and Red Sea. From this crest, the land slopes gently northward over the next 74 km (46 mi) to a point 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the Dead Sea. In the last section, the Arabah drops steeply to the Dead Sea, which at 417 m (1,368 ft) below sea level, is the lowest point on earth (and historically falling).
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Ashdod
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד
(audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel, and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).
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Ashdod Marina
Blue Marina in Ashdod is one of the newest marinas in Israel.[citation needed] It is located close to the city center in the middle of beach zone. The marina has berths for nearly 550 crafts. The surrounding area is being developed and will have hotels, restaurants, artificial lakes, and promenades.
The Blue Marina is a center of for sea sports as well. There are surfing, sailing, and diving schools located onsite.
Number of berths: 4.
Coordinates: 31°47′41″N 34°37′41″E / 31.79472°N 34.62806°E / 31.79472; 34.62806
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Ashdod Sand Dune
Ashdod Nitzanim Sand Dune Park is a psammosere ecosystem located close to the city of Ashdod on the Israeli Coastal Plain near the Mediterranean sea. It is located south of Tel Aviv and represents the landscape on which most of modern-day Israel was constructed on by pioneers following various Aliyah's and the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.
Until a number of decades ago, sand dunes dominated the coast of Israel with 462 square kilometers of sand dunes of which over three-quarters were south of Tel Aviv. Over the last few decades the dunes have made way for cities, industrial areas and power plants, and the dune landscape has gradually disappeared. Thus, one of the most characteristic and important aspects of the Israeli landscape is rapidly vanishing.
The largest remnant of Israel's coastal sand dunes is located between Ashdod and Ashkelon. This is the only part of the landscape that still retains its shifting sands with its attendant animal and plant life and marks of bygone civilizations.
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Ashkelon
Ashkelon (also Ashqelon and Ascalon; Hebrew: אַשְׁקְלוֹן (audio) (help·info); Arabic: عسقلان (ˁAsqalān); Latin: Ascalonia; Akkadian: Isqalluna) is a coastal city in the South District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Tel Aviv, and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the border with the Gaza Strip. The ancient seaport of Ashkelon dates back to the Neolithic Age. In the course of its history, it has been ruled by the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Persians, the Egyptians and the Crusaders, until it was destroyed by the Mamluks in 1270. The Arab village of al-Majdal (Arabic: المجدل, Hebrew: אל-מג'דל, מגדל), was established nearby in the 16th century, under Ottoman's own rule.
In 1918, Ashkelon became part of the British Mandate for Palestine. In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Majdal was the forward position of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force based in Gaza. The village was occupied by Israeli forces on November 5, 1948, by which time most of the Arab population of 11,000 had been forced to leave. In 2010, the population of Ashkelon was 112,900.
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Bahía Blanca
Bahía Blanca is a city located in the south-west of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Atlantic Ocean, and seat of government of Bahía Blanca Partido. It has a population of 301,572 inhabitants according to the 2010 census [INDEC]. It is the main city in the larger Greater Bahía Blanca urban agglomeration.
The city has an important sea port with a depth of 45 feet (15 mt), kept constant upstream almost all along the length of the bay, where the Naposta Stream drains.
Bahía Blanca means "White Bay". The name is due to the typical colour of the salt covering the soils surrounding the shores. The bay (which is actually an estuary) was seen by Ferdinand Magellan during the first circumnavigation around the world on the orders of Charles I of Spain, in 1520, looking for a canal connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean all along the coasts of South America.
The city was founded as a fortress on 11 April 1828 by Colonel Ramón Estomba under the orders of Brigadier-General and subsequent Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, being named Fortaleza Protectora Argentina (Argentine Protective Fortress), intended to protect dwellers and their cattle from native rustling, and also to protect the coast from the Brazilian navy, which had landed in the area the previous year. It was visited by Charles Darwin during his travels through South America in September 1833. The fortress was attacked by malones (incursions of nomadic aboriginals on horseback) several times, most notably in 1859 by 3,000 Calfucurá warriors. It became commercially important after the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway linked the town to the city of Buenos Aires in 1885. As a result, the transport of grain from the Pampas was much facilitated.
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Bat Yam
Bat Yam (Hebrew: בַּת יָם (audio) (help·info)) is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv. Part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, in the Tel Aviv District, the city is home to 130,000 people.
Bat Yam was established in 1926 as Bayit VaGan (Hebrew: בית וגן; House and Garden). During the 1929 Palestine riots, the town was attacked by Palestinian fighters from Jaffa and was evacuated by British Authorities. In 1930, it was re-settled. In 1936, it was granted local council status and renamed Bat Yam. By 1945, 2,000 Jews were living in Bat Yam. According to the Jewish National Fund, in 1947 it had a population of 4,000.
Following the United Nations vote in favour of a partition plan on November 29, 1947 and the subsequent civil war, inhabitants of both Bat Yam and Jaffa complained on violent incidents, including sniping. On May 13, 1948, Jaffa surrendered to Jewish forces.
In the years following Israel's creation, Bat Yam grew dramatically due to mass immigration and gained city status in 1958. A small Hasidic enclave of Bobover Hasidim, known as Kiryat Bobov, was established in 1959. The city gained a sizeable community of Jews from Turkey (est. 23% of the population). Bat Yam again experienced a period of rapid growth in the early 1980s to the late 1990s with the mass immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union, and Ethiopia. There is also a fairly large Arab community in Bat Yam, both Muslim and Christian many of whom relocated from Jaffa. The vast majority of Vietnamese-Israelis or Vietnamese people of Israeli origin, live in Bat Yam.
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Batumi
Batumi (Georgian: ბათუმი) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. Sometimes considered Georgia's second capital, with a population of 180,000 (2008 census), Batumi serves as an important port and a commercial center. It is situated in a subtropical zone, rich in agricultural produce such as citrus fruit and tea. While industries of the city include shipbuilding, food processing, and light manufacturing, most of its economy revolves around tourism.
Batumi is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called Bathus or Bathys – derived from the Greek phrase bathus limen or bathys limin meaning "deep harbour". Under Hadrian (r. 117–138 AD), it was converted into a fortified Roman port later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the times of Justinian I (r. 527–565). Garrisoned by the Roman-Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs who did not hold it; in the 9th century it formed part of the Bagratid monarchy of Tao-Klarjeti and at the close of the 10th century of the unified kingdom of Georgia which succeeded it.
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Beersheba
Beersheba (/bɪərˈʃiːbə/; officially Be'er Sheva; Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע [bəʔe̞rˈʃe̞va]; Greek: Βηρσαβεε; Latin: Bersabee; Arabic: بئر السبع, Bi'r as-Sab` (info); Turkish: Birüssebi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 194,300.
Beersheba grew in importance in the 19th century, when the Ottoman Turks built a regional police station there. The Battle of Beersheba was part of a wider British offensive in World War I aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from Gaza to Beersheba. In 1947, Bir Seb'a (Arabic: بيئر شيبع), as it was known, was envisioned as part of the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the declaration of Israel's independence, the Egyptian army amassed its forces in Beersheba as a strategic and logistical base. In October 1948, the city was conquered by the Israel Defense Forces.
Beersheba has grown considerably since then. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated from Arab countries after 1948, and has been significantly boosted since 1990 by immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. With the influx of Russian immigrants, chess became a major sport in Beersheba. The city is now Israel's national chess center, home to more chess grandmasters than any city in the world.
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Beit Shemesh
Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ,; Greek: Βαιθσαμύς; Latin: Bethsames) is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 80,600 in 2010. The history of Beit Shemesh goes back to pre-biblical times. The modern city of Beit Shemesh was founded in 1950.
The ancient city of Beit Shemesh ("house of the sun" or "temple of the sun" in Hebrew) was originally named after the Canaanite sun-goddess Shemesh, who was worshipped there in antiquity. The ruins of the ancient biblical city can still be seen in the tell of Beit Shemesh, located near the modern city.
Several important and unique archaeological discoveries have been made in recent digs at the tel. The most ancient iron workshop in the world was discovered here in 2003. The only remnants of a fortified city with an advanced water system, from the time of the early Kingdom of Judah was found here. The bones of animals found in the 12th-11th centuries BCE layer indicate a diet typical of the Israelites who inhabited the hill country in this period. These together with the pottery finds indicate the cultural influences on the inhabitants of this border town. However, it is not possible to determine their specific ethnic identity, which could be Canaanite, Philistine or Israelite.
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Bnei Brak
Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) (Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְרַק (audio) (help·info), Bəne βəraq) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of Orthodox Judaism.
Bnei Brak covers an area of 709 hectares. According to figures of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the population was 154,400, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. Bnei Brak is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities in Israel.
Bnei Brak takes its name from the ancient Biblical city of Beneberak, preserved in the name of the Palestinian village of Ibn Ibraq ("Son of Ibraq/Barak") which was located 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) to the south of where Bnei Barak was founded in 1924.
Bnei Brak was founded as an agricultural village by Yitzchok Gerstenkorn and a group of Polish chasidim. Due to a lack of land many of the founders turned to other occupations and the village began to develop an urban character. Arye Mordechai Rabinowicz, formerly rabbi of Kurów in Poland, was the first rabbi. He was succeeded by Rabbi Yosef Kalisz, a scion of the Vurker dynasty. The town was set up as a religious settlement from the outset, as is evident from this description of the pioneers: "Their souls were revived by the fact that they merited what their predecessors had not. What particularly revived their weary souls in the mornings and toward evening, when they would gather in the beis medrash situated in a special shack which was built immediately upon the arrival of the very first settlers, for tefilla betzibbur (communal prayer) three times a day, for the Daf Yomi shiur, and a Gemara shiur and an additional one in Mishnayos and the Shulchan Oruch."bnei brak was once mentioned in a mishnah
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Bnei Darom
Bnei Darom (Hebrew: בְּנֵי דָּרוֹם, lit. Sons of the South) is a religious moshav shitufi in central Israel. Located near the Mediterranean coast, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Yavne Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 400.
Bnei Darom was established in 1949 by members of the gar'in group Netivot Kfar Darom who had been forced out of Kibbutz Kfar Darom in the Gaza Strip when it was occupied by the Egyptian Army during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. They were joined by another gar'in group, Morasha from the United States, though most of its members were not prepared for the kibbutz-style life in moshav shitufi and left, some of them to form Beit Hazon. Originally affiliated with Hapoel HaMizrachi, it joined the Religious Kibbutz Movement as a moshav shitufi in 2007.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Dimona
Dimona (Hebrew: דִּימוֹנָה) is an Israeli city in the Negev desert, 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the south of Beersheba and 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Dead Sea above the Arava valley in the Southern District of Israel. Its population at the end of 2007 was 33,600.
The city's name is derived from a biblical town, mentioned in Joshua 15:21-22.
Dimona was one of the development towns created in the 1950s under the leadership of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. Dimona itself was conceived in 1953, and settled in 1955, mostly by new immigrants from Northern Africa, who also constructed the city's houses. The emblem of Dimona (as a local council), adopted 2 March 1961, appeared on a stamp issued on 24 March 1965.
When the Israeli nuclear program started later that decade, a location not far from the city was chosen for the Negev Nuclear Research Center due to its relative isolation in the desert and availability of housing.
In spite of a gradual decrease during the 1980s, the city's population began to grow once again with the beginning of the Russian immigration in the 1990s. Currently, Dimona is the third largest city in the Negev, with the population of 33,900.[citation needed]
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Eilat
Eilat (Hebrew: אֵילַת, Arabic: إيلات (audio) (help·info)) is Israel's southernmost city, a busy port as well as a popular resort, located at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on the Gulf of Aqaba. Home to 46,600 people, the city is part of the Southern Negev Desert, at the southern end of the Arava. The city is adjacent to the Egyptian village of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Saudi Arabia to the south-east, across the gulf. Eilat's arid desert climate and low humidity is moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages up to 360 sunny days a year. The city's beaches, nightlife and desert landscapes make it a popular destination for domestic and international tourism.
The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft) above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."
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Elam
Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province, as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam is a transcription from Biblical Hebrew, corresponding to the Sumerian elam(a), the Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the ancient near east. In classical literature, Elam was more often referred to as Susiana, a name derived from its capital, Susa.
Situated just to the east of Mesopotamia, Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Mesopotamian history where writing was used slightly earlier. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire, especially during the Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally treated as an isolate language.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gan HaDarom
Gan HaDarom (Hebrew: גַּן הַדָּרוֹם, lit. Garden of the South) is a moshav in southern Israel. Located on the coastal plain near Ashdod, it falls under the jurisdiction of Gederot Regional Council.
The moshav was founded in 1953 by refugees from Iraq on Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. The first settlers in Gan HaDarom lived in a ma'abara in neighboring Gan Yavne until the infrastructure was complete for permanent habitation. In 1957-8, twenty new houses were built, and 15 families who arrived from Poland moved into them.
Today the moshav is home to 118 families. Most residents make their living not by farming, but rather they work in nearby cities Ashdod and Yavneh. The minority who work in agriculture mainly cultivate cows, chickens, fruit trees, avocado trees, and other flora.
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Gan Yavne
Gan Yavne (Hebrew: גַּן יַבְנֶה) is a town in central Israel, located adjacent to the city of Ashdod. Gan Yavne was founded in 1931 and achieved local council status in 1950. It lies east of the Tel-Aviv–Ashkelon highway, and is bordered to the west by Ashdod, to the north by Gederot Regional Council, and to the east and south by Be'er Tuvia Regional Council. In 2011, Gan Yavne had a population of 22,000.
Gan Yavne was established in 1931 by the “Achuza Aleph” Company founded by several Jewish families from Russia and Poland, who had settled temporarily in the United States. The inspiration for its name “Gan Yavne”, comes from its proximity to the historical Yavne. In the 1950s, Gan-Yavne absorbed Yemenite immigrants from the “Magic Carpet” operation, and in the 1960’s – immigrants from North Africa and Kurdistan. Over the years they were joined by thousands of residents from all over the country, among them new immigrants from Tunisia and the former Soviet Union.
Since 2008, Gan Yavne has been the target of four rocket attacks from Gaza.
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Gaza
Gaza (Arabic: غزة Ġazzah, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈɣazːa]), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories. Inhabited since at least the 15th-century BCE, Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history. The Philistines made it a part of their pentapolis after the Ancient Egyptians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the Romans and later the Byzantines, Gaza experienced relative peace and its port flourished. In 635 CE, it became the first city in Palestine to be conquered by the Rashidun army and quickly developed into a centre of Islamic law. However, by the time the Crusaders invaded the city in the late 11th-century, it was in ruins. In later centuries, Gaza experienced several hardships—from Mongol raids to floods and locusts, reducing it to a village by the 16th-century when it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of Ottoman rule, the Ridwan dynasty controlled Gaza and under them the city went through an age of great commerce and peace.
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Gedera
Gedera, or Gdera (Hebrew: גְּדֵרָה) is a town in the Center District of Israel. It is located 13 kilometers south of Rehovot.In 2009, Gedera had a population of 21,500.
Gedera is mentioned in the Book of Chronicles I 4:23 and the Book of Joshua 15:36 as a town in the territory of Judah. Its identification with the site of modern Gedera was proposed by Guérin in the 19th century, but was dismissed as "impossible" by Albright who preferred to identify it with al-Judeira. Biblical Gedera is now identified with Khirbet Judraya, 1km south of Bayt Nattif.
Tel Qatra, which lies at the northern edge of Gedera, is usually identified with Kedron, a place fortified by the Seleucids against the Hasmonaeans (1 Macc. 15:39-41, 16:9). It has also been identified with Gedrus, a large village in the time of Eusebius (fourth century). Eusebius identified Gedrus with biblical Gedor, which is a name also appearing on the Madaba map, but several other sites for Gedor have been proposed..
Tell Qatra was occupied from the Middle Bronze Age to at least the early Islamic period. Sometime between then and the Medieval period, settlement moved to the southern foot of the tell, where the Arab village of Qatra existed until 1948. Its peak was in the Byzantine period, when the tell had at least one large public building.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Hadera
Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה, Ḥadera; Arabic: الخضيرة, Al-Ḫuḍayraḧ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel approximately 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 kilometers (4 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city has a population of 80,200 which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union.
Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. It was declared a city in 1952. With an area of jurisdiction of 53,000 dunams.
Several projects are under way to improve the quality of life in Hadera, including regenerating the city center, constructing a hi-tech business park, and building the world's largest desalination plant.
Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Eastern European immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from Christian effendi Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Palestine by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, meaning "green" in reference to the wild weeds which covered the marshes on which the town is built.
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Haifa
Haifa (Hebrew: חֵיפָה, Hebrew pronunciation: [χeiˈfä], Ḥefa; Arabic: حيفا Ḥayfā) is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area. Haifa is a mixed city: 90% are Jews, more than a quarter of whom are immigrants from the former Soviet Union, while 10% are Arabs, predominantly of the Christian religion. It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the history of settlement at the site spans more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the centuries, the city has changed hands: It has been conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the city has been governed by the Haifa Municipality.
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Haifa District
Haifa District (Hebrew: מחוז חיפה, Mehoz Ḥeifa; Arabic: منطقة حيفا) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of six administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 (299.3 mi2).
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2005, the population of the district stood at 858,000, of which 71.27% are Jewish, 18.81% are Arab Muslims, 1.78% are Arab Christians, 2.52% are Druze, and 4.9% are "not classified by religion", and grew at an average annual rate of 0.8%.
Coordinates: 32°35′N 35°00′E / 32.583°N 35°E / 32.583; 35
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Herzliya
Herzliya (Hebrew: הֶרְצְלִיָּה) is a city in the central coast of Israel, at the western part of the Tel Aviv District. It has a population of 87,000 residents. Named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism, Herzliya covers an area of 26 km². At its western municipal boundaries is Herzliya Pituah, one of Israel's most affluent districts, home to ambassadors, foreign diplomats and businessmen.
Herzliya, named after Theodor (Benyamin Zeev) Herzl, was founded in 1924 as a semi-cooperative farming community (moshava) with a mixed population of new immigrants and veteran residents. In the 1920s, the father and grandfather of Tal Brody helped build the country's first airfield in Herzliya. After the establishment of the state in 1948, large numbers of immigrants settled there. In 1960, when the population reached 25,000, Herzliya was declared a city.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, residents of Herzliya are among the wealthiest in Israel. In 2003–2005, average monthly salaries were NIS 8,211, or about NIS 1,500 above average in a survey of Israel's 15 largest cities. However, there is a large gap between the city's seven working class neighborhoods, among them Yad Tisha, Neve Yisrael and Neve Amal, and upscale Herzliya Pituah. The population is older than that of other cities in the Sharon region: 18% are under 14 years old, compared to a national average of 27.5%.
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Holon
Holon (Hebrew: חוֹלוֹן (audio) (help·info)) is a city on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv, Israel. Holon is part of the metropolitan Gush Dan area. In 2009, it had a population of 184,700. Holon has the second-largest industrial zone in Israel, after Haifa.[citation needed]
The name of the city comes from the Hebrew word holon, meaning "(little) sand". The name Holon also appears in the Bible: "And Holon with its suburbs, and Debir with its suburbs" (Book of Joshua, 21:15).
Holon was founded on sand dunes six kilometers from Tel Aviv in 1935. The Łódzia textile factory was established there by Jewish immigrants from Łódź, Poland, along with many other industrial enterprises. In the early months of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Holon was on the front line, with constant shooting taking place on the border with the village of Tel A-Rish to its northwest—a suburb of Arab Jaffa—and clashes also in the direction of the town of Yazur to the east. An attack by the Holon-based Haganah militia units on Tel A-Rish was repulsed with considerable losses. After the establishment of the state, Holon expanded to include Tel A-Rish (renamed "Tel Giborim", "The Mound of the Heroes") and the orange groves of Yazur.
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Hura
Hura (Hebrew: חוּרָה, חוּרָא, Arabic: حورة) is a Bedouin village in the South District of Israel. It is located near Beersheba and beside the town Meitar. The village was established in 1990, and was declared a local council in 1996.
In Hura lives people called "Hurer" Its population is 16,600 (2009 census), and its jurisdiction is 6,646 dunams.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Jerusalem District
The Jerusalem District (Hebrew: מחוז ירושלים; Arabic: منطقة القدس) is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 910,300 is 67.8% Jewish and 30.6% Arab. A fifth (21%) of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, which includes both East and West Jerusalem.
The majority of Arabs in the Jerusalem District are Palestinians, eligible for citizenship under Israeli law, but non-citizens by collective choice. The minority are Israeli Arabs living in Abu Ghosh, Beit Safafa and East Jerusalem, where Israeli Arab professionals have settled since the late 1970s, mainly for the provision of legal and other services to the local population. The non-Jewish population is 28.3% Muslims, 1.8% Christians and 1.4% unclassified by religion.
Coordinates: 31°45′N 35°00′E / 31.75°N 35°E / 31.75; 35
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Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba (Hebrew: כְּפַר סָבָא, lit. "Grandfather's Village"), officially Kfar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2009, Kfar Saba had a population of 83,600.
Kfar Saba (ancient Capharsaba) was an important settlement during the Second Temple period, and is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus, in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the North led by Antiochus (Antiquities, book 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba also appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. The settlement was probably named after a person called Sava, though this person's importance is not known.
Excavations on the site have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse. In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, and later into some form of industrial installation.
In 1596, the Arab village of Kafr Saba was inhabited by 42 Muslim families. In the 1870s it was described as "a mud village of moderate size with mud-ponds around it and good water in the wells of Neby Yemin, to the east." The Jewish town of Kfar Saba was established in 1898 on 7,500 dunams of land purchased from the Arab village. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem and London, attempts to sell plots to private individuals were unsuccessful, as the land was located in a desolate, neglected area far from any other Jewish settlement. The Ottoman pasha of Nablus, to whose governorate the land belonged, refused to give building permits, therefore the first settlers lived in huts made of clay and straw. They earned their living by growing almonds, grapes and olives. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya. Only in 1912 were permits given and the settlers moved to permanent housing.
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Kiryat Ata
Kiryat Ata (Hebrew: קִרְיַת אָתָא; also Qiryat Ata) is a city in the Haifa District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 50,700. It is also still known by its former name of Kfar Ata (Hebrew: כְּפַר עָטָּה).
Archeological surveys at Khirbet Sharta in the northeast part of the city revealed traces of habitation dating to the Bronze, Iron, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Mamluk eras.
In the early 20th century, the lands of the Arab village of Kofrita were purchased by a Warsaw religious foundation named "Avodat Israel" through intermediaries in the American Zion Commonwealth. Avodat Israel founded Kfar Ata in 1925, which was renamed Kiryat Ata in 1965 when the village was merged with adjacent Kiryat Binyamin. During the 1929 riots the town was attacked and abandoned. A year later the residents returned and rebuilt the community. The town was known for the Ata textile factory, established in 1934 by Erich Moller. In 1969, Kiryat Ata was declared a city.
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Kiryat Gat
Kiryat Gat (Hebrew: קִרְיַת גַּת, Arabic: كريات جات), is a city in the Southern District of Israel. It lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) south of Tel-Aviv, 43 kilometres (27 mi) north of Beersheba and 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Jerusalem. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 47,400.
Kiryat Gat is named for Gath, one of the five major cities of the Philistines. In Hebrew, "gat" means "press". In the 1950s, archaeologists found ruins at a nearby tell which were mistaken for the Philistine city of Gath. The real Gath was later discovered thirteen kilometers to the northeast at Tel es-Safi/Tel Gath. Gath was the hometown of the biblical giant Goliath the Gittite.
Kiryat Gat was established in 1955 as a development town by 18 families from Morocco. It was situated on land of the nearby village of Iraq al-Manshiyya, which was depopulated in 1948. The population rose from 4,400 inhabitants in 1958 to 17,000 in 1969, mostly Jewish immigrants from North Africa. The economy was initially based on processing the agricultural produce of the Lachish region, such as cotton and wool. In December 1972, Kiryat Gat's municipal status was upgraded and it became Israel's 31st city.
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Kiryat Malakhi
Kiryat Malakhi (Hebrew: קִרְיַת מַלְאָכִי, also Qiryat Malakhi or Kiryat Malachi) is a city council-governed municipality in Israel's Southern District, 17 kilometres (11 mi) from Ashkelon. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 20,600. Its jurisdiction is 4,632 dunams (~4.6 km²).
Kiryat Malakhi, literally "City of Angels", was established in 1951 as a ma'abara, or tent city, to house the masses of Jewish immigrants who arrived during the early days of the state, many of them part of the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. The name was chosen to honor the Jewish community of Los Angeles, California, which contributed much of the funding for its establishment. It later became one of several development towns in the Negev.
Moshe Katsav, later Israel's eighth president, was elected mayor in 1969 at the age of 24. His younger brother, Lior Katsav, was also mayor of Kiryat Malakhi, whilst Yosef Vanunu held the post from 1981 until the 1990s. The current mayor is Motti Malka.
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Knesset
The Knesset (Hebrew: הַכְּנֶסֶת [haˈkneset] ( listen); lit. the gathering or assembly; Arabic: الكنيست) is the unicameral legislature of Israel, located in Givat Ram, Jerusalem.
The legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the President and Prime Minister (although the latter is ceremonially appointed by the President), approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government. In addition, it also recommends a candidate for the State Comptroller to the President, who appoints someone to the post. It also has the power to waive the immunity of its members, remove the President and the State Comptroller from office, remove a Prime Minister convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude, and to dissolve itself and call new elections. The Prime Minister may dissolve the Knesset. However, until an election is completed, the Knesset maintains authority in its current composition.
Knesset members annually convene for plenary assemblies, or plenums, for two annual sittings of at least eight months' duration. The two sittings together form a session. The Knesset may be convened at any other time if thirty or more members demand this in writing or if the government requests. As well as approving or rejecting proposed legislation, the plenum also elects the Speaker and one or more Deputy Speakers.
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Kuseife
Kuseife (Hebrew: כְּסֵיפָה, Kseifa; Arabic: كسيفة) is a Bedouin town (local council) in the Southern District of Israel.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of Kuseife was 10,300 in December 2006. Kuseife's jurisdiction is 13,692 dunams (~13.7 km²).
Kuseife was founded in 1982 as part of a government project to settle Bedouins in permanent settlements.
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Lakhish River
Lakhish River (Hebrew: נחל לכיש, Naḥal Lakhish) is a river in Israel that flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the city of Ashdod. It is also known as Wadi Kabiba (inland section) and Wadi Sukhrir (Ashdod section) in Arabic.
The basin square is 1,020 km and the length is about 70 km. The river sources are in the southern West Bank and the stream often floods during the rainy season.
The river is polluted by industrial waste and sewage, due in part to its location separating the industrial zone and port from the rest of Ashdod. A rehabilitation program has been performed over the last years with mixed success.
Coordinates: 31°48′5.43″N 34°40′19.64″E / 31.8015083°N 34.6721222°E / 31.8015083; 34.6721222
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Lakiya
Lakiya, or Laqye (Hebrew: לָקִיָּה) is a Bedouin town (local council) in the Southern District of Israel.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of Lakiya was 7,600 in December 2004. Lakiya's jurisdiction is 5,600 dunams (5.6 km²).
Lakiya was founded in 1982 as part of a government project to settle Bedouins in permanent settlements.
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Lehavim
Lehavim (Hebrew: לְהָבִים) is a town in the Southern District of Israel, in the northern Negev desert. Founded in 1983, it is located 15 km north of Beersheba. In 2009, the population was 6,000.
Lehavim, originally called "Givat Lahav," covers an area of 2,525 dunams (2.5 km²). It is one of Beersheba's three satellite towns (the others two are Omer and Meitar). Most of the inhabitants commute to Beersheba for work. Lehavim is an upper-middle class community of detached homes surrounded by palm trees and gardens. The town has a library, a country club, kindergartens, a school, two synagogues, and a commercial center. Lehavim achieved municipal status in 1988.According to the CBS, Lehavim is one of the wealthiest municipalities in Israel, ranking 9 out of 10 on the socio-economic status of its citizens.
Lehavim is located near the intersection of Highway 40 (Beersheba–Tel Aviv) and Highway 31 (Arad–Rahat), known as the Lehavim Junction. The Lod–Beersheba railway line passes through this crossing. The Lehavim Railway Station, inaugurated in 2007 on the western side of Lehavim, as well as its proximity to Highway 6, have served as an economic catalyst.
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Lod
Lod (Hebrew: לוֹד; Arabic: الْلُدّ al-Ludd; Greco-Latin: Lydda, Diospolis) is a city 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv in the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2011, it had a population of 74,000.
The name is derived from the Biblical city of Lod. When al-Ludd, as it was known by its Arab inhabitants was captured by Israel, the Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled and the city was settled by Jewish immigrants, most of them refugees from Arab countries. Of the former Arab population, only 1,056 inhabitants remained. It is today known as Lod, its biblical name.
Israel's main international airport, Ben Gurion International Airport (previously known as Lydda Airport, RAF Lydda, and Lod Airport) is located on the outskirts of the city.
The Hebrew name Lod appears in the bible as a town of Benjamin, founded by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In the New Testament it appears as its Greek form, Lydda. The city also finds reference in an Islamic Hadith, as the location of the battlefield where 'Dajjal' (the Anti-Christ) will be slayed before the Day of Judgment.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (
i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
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Meitar
Meitar (Hebrew: מֵיתָר) is a small local council north-east of Beersheba, in Israel's Southern District. The town lies on Highway 60 just south of the Green Line on the southern edge of Mount Hebron, alongside the Yatir Forest. Meitar was founded in 1984.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population of Meitar was 6,200 at the end of 2009. Its area is 16,696 dunams (~16.7 km²). It is ranked very highly on the Israeli socio-economic scale, with a score of 9/10.
The area drew national attention during the Shai Dromi trial.
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Mitzpe Ramon
Mitzpe Ramon (Hebrew: מִצְפֵּה רָמוֹן, lit. Ramon Lookout) is a town in the Negev desert of southern Israel. It is situated on the northern ridge at an elevation of 860 meters (2,800 feet) overlooking a sizable erosion cirque known as the Ramon Crater. In 2009, Mitzpe Ramon had a population of 4,789.
Mitzpe Ramon was founded in 1951 as a camp for the workers building the road to Eilat. The town's first permanent residents, immigrants from North Africa and Romania, settled there in the 1960s, and it became the southernmost of the Negev's development towns. The mayor is Flora Shoshan, sister of former Israeli defense minister Amir Peretz and wife of the former mayor, Sami Shoshan.
Ramon Crater, known as a makhtesh, is 38 km long, 6 km wide and 450 meters deep. Mitzpe Ramon experiences hot, dry summers and cold winters. There are moderate to strong winds all year long, caused by its location above the crater, which make Mitzpe Ramon feel much colder than it really is. Snowfall occurs on average once in a couple of years.
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Nahariya
Nahariya (Hebrew: נַהֲרִיָּה) is the northernmost coastal city in Israel, with an estimated population of 51,200.
Nahariya, takes its name from the river - nahar in Hebrew - that bisects it.
A church from the Byzantine period, dedicated to St. Lazarus, was excavated in the 1970s. It was destroyed by fire, probably at the time of the Persian invasion in 614.
Nahariya was founded by German Jewish immigrants from the Fifth Aliyah in the 1930s. Construction of homes started in 1933, and the first two families permanently settled in Nahariya on February 10, 1935, which is now considered the official founding date of Nahariya.
Nahariya was intended to be an agricultural village, but the residents soon realized that agriculture was impractical and chose to focus on tourism, taking advantage of the natural surroundings and beaches. During the British Mandate of Palestine, many British officers coming from Khartoum stopped in Nahariya.
Nahariya became a development town in the 1950s after the nearby ma'abara was integrated. The town hence become a home to many Jewish refugees from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. During the 1990s, the city absorbed a significant number of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nahariya experienced a construction boom.
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Nazareth
Nazareth ( /ˈnæzərəθ/; Hebrew: נָצְרַת, Natzrat or Natzeret; Arabic: اَلنَّاصِرَة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel"; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, the majority of whom are Muslim. In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.
Nazareth is not mentioned in pre-Christian texts and appears in many different Greek forms in the New Testament. There is no consensus regarding the origin of the name. One theory holds that "Nazareth" is derived from the Hebrew noun ne·ṣer, נֵ֫צֶר, meaning branch.Ne·ṣer is not the common Hebrew word for "branch," but one understood as a messianic title based on a passage in the Book of Isaiah. Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, "watch, guard, keep." The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.
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Negev
The Negev (Hebrew: נֶּגֶב, Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ; Arabic: النقب al-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba (pop. 185,000), in the north. At its southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba and the resort city of Eilat. It contains several development towns, including Dimona, Arad and Mitzpe Ramon, as well as a number of small Bedouin cities, including Rahat and Tel as-Sabi. There are also several kibbutzim, including Revivim and Sde Boker; the latter became the home of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, after his retirement from politics.
The desert is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, whose faculties include the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research and the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, both located on the Midreshet Ben-Gurion campus adjacent to Sde Boker.
The origin of the word negev is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'. In the Bible the word Negev is also used for the direction 'south'. In Arabic, the Negev is known as al-Naqab, although it was created with the establishment of the Egypt-Palestine frontier in the 19th century and has no single traditional Arabic name. During the British Mandate it was called Beersheba sub-district.
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Netanya
Netanya (Hebrew: נְתַנְיָה, lit., "gift of God"), sometimes spelled Nathania, is a city in the Northern Centre District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is located 30 km (18.64 mi) north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km (34.80 mi) south of Haifa between the 'Poleg' stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the 'Avichail' stream in the north. Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early twentieth century.
Its 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) of beaches have made the city a very popular tourist resort. Today the city houses a notably large population of English-speaking immigrants from the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 183,200. An additional 150,000 people live in the local and regional councils within 10 kilometers from Netanya which serves as a regional center for them. The city mayor is Miriam Feirberg. The city is expected to reach a population of 350,000 by 2020.
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Netivot
Netivot (Hebrew: נְתִיבוֹת) is a city in the Southern District of Israel in Israel. At the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 26,700. It was founded in 1956 as a development town along with Sderot to the north, and Ofakim to the south. Netivot attracts a number of mainly Sephardi Jewish pilgrims, who come to pray at the tomb of Rabbi Yisrael Abuhatzeira, a Moroccan-born tzaddik and kabbalist known as the "Baba Sali" (died 1984) who is buried there.
According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.9% Jewish and other non-Arab, with no significant Arab population. There are 78 recent immigrants who are in their initial stages of absorption.
According to CBS, in 2001 there were 10,500 males and 10,600 females. The population of the city was spread out with 46.3% 19 years of age or younger, 16.2% between 20 and 29, 17.6% between 30 and 44, 10.4% from 45 to 59, 2.8% from 60 to 64, and 6.8% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.9%.
The city is ranked relatively low in the socioeconomic index (3 out of 10)
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Ofakim
Ofakim (Hebrew: אֳפָקִים), (lit. "horizons") is a city in southern Israel, 20 kilometers west of Beersheba. It was founded as a development town on April 19, 1955. In 2008, Ofakim had a population of 24,800. The mayor is Zvika Greengold.
Ofakim was established as a regional center for the rural communities in the area. The early residents were Jewish immigrants from North Africa and India.
In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.7% Jewish and other non-Arab, with no significant Arab population. There were 11,200 males and 11,800 females – 41.8% 19 years of age or younger, 14.5% between 20 and 29, 18.5% between 30 and 44, 12.5% from 45 to 59, 3.6% from 60 to 64, and 9.1% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 0.6%.
About 30 percent of the residents are ultra-Orthodox, many of them newly observant. Another 30 percent are immigrants, mostly from the former Soviet Union. The rest are descendants of the founding generation, immigrants from North Africa and India who arrived in the town in the 1950s and 1960s. Ofakim also has a small community of Ethiopian Jews.
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Operation Pleshet
Operation Pleshet (Hebrew: מִבְצָע פְּלֶשֶׁת, Mivtza Pleshet, lit. "Operation Philistia"), named for the geographical region where it took place, was an Israeli military operation during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was carried out from May 29 to June 3, 1948, in the Isdud/Ad Halom area of the southern front, against the Egyptian Army. The aim of the operation was to capture Isdud and stop the Egyptian advance northwards. While only the June 2–3 engagements are officially named Operation Pleshet, the events immediately preceding are historiographically joined with it.
The preceding events consisted of an aerial bombardment, followed by small-scale Israeli harassment of the Egyptian lines, and later a ground assault (Operation Pleshet). The original plan was to attack on June 1–2, but this was canceled due to an impending ceasefire, and re-attempted on June 2–3. The Israelis, under the Givati Brigade's umbrella command, attacked in two main forces: one from the north (3 companies) and one from the south (4 reinforced companies). The Israelis had little intelligence on their enemy and were forced to retreat. They failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties. However, following the operation, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards.
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Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה, IPA: [ˈpetaħ tiqˈva], "Opening of Hope") known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot"), is a city in the Center District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.59 mi) east of Tel Aviv.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the city's population stood at 209,600. The population density is approximately 5,800 inhabitants per square kilometre (15,000 /sq mi). Petah Tikva's jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km² or 15 sq mi).
The name of Petach Tikva was chosen by its founders in 1878 from the prophecy of Hosea (2:15), "And I will give her vineyards from thence, and the Valley of Achor for an opening of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt."
Petach Tikva's emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. The plow symbolizes Petach Tikva's origins as an agricultural settlement, the field symbolizes the drying of the Yarkon River swamps and cultivation of the land, and the orange tree symbolizes Petach Tikva's citrus industry, starting with the first tree planted by Rabbi Arye Leib Frumkin.
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Rahat
Rahat (Hebrew: רַהַט, Arabic: راهط) is a predominantly Bedouin city in the South District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 51,700. As such, it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world, and the only one in Israel to have city status.
Rahat was established in 1972, by the government of Israel, as a new settlement for Bedouins who lived in the surrounding area without permanent domicile. Until 1980, Rahat was part of the Bnei Shimon Regional Council and from then on (until 1994) it was a local council (administered by a private board until 1989). In 1994 it was recognized as a city—the first Bedouin city in Israel.
The city has a total of 33 neighborhoods. All but one of the neighborhoods consist entirely of separate Bedouin clans but one is a mixed-clan neighborhood. Between every neighborhood, there is a wadi. The city also has a market, public and commercial services, neighborhood parks, public areas, women's employment centers, children's play areas, and several mosques.
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Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.
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Ramla
Ramla (Hebrew: רַמְלָה Ramlāh; Arabic: الرملة ar-Ramlah, also Ramlah,Ramle, Remle and sometimes Rama), is a city in central Israel. The city is predominantly Jewish with a significant Arab minority. Ramla was founded circa 705–715 AD by the Umayyad Caliph Suleiman ibn Abed al-Malik after the Arab conquest of the region. Ramla lies along the route of the Via Maris, connecting old Cairo (Fustat) with Damascus, at the intersection of the roads connecting the port of Jaffa with Jerusalem.
It was conquered many times in the course of its history, by the Abbasids, the Ikhshidids, the Fatamids, the Seljuqs, the Crusaders, the Mameluks, the Turks, the British, and the Israelis. After an outbreak of the Black Death in 1347, which greatly reduced the population, an order of Franciscan monks established a presence in the city. Under Arab and Ottoman rule the city became an important trade center. Napoleon's French Army occupied it in 1799 on its way to Acre.
Most of the town's Arab residents were expelled or fled during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War while others remained in the town. The town was subsequently repopulated by Jewish immigrants. In 2001, 80% of the population were Jewish and 20% Arab (16% Muslim Arabs and 4% Christian Arabs).
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Rehovot
Rehovot (Hebrew: רְחוֹבוֹת) is a city in the Center District of Israel, about 20 km (12 mi) south of Tel Aviv. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 112,700. Rehovot's official website estimates the population at 114,000.
Rehovot was built on the site of Doron, a Jewish community that existed in the time of the Mishna. The site was also the location of Khirbet Duran, populated during the Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods. The city is named after a biblical town of the same name (Rehoboth in the KJV Bible), which stood at a different location, in the Negev Desert.[citation needed]
Rehovot was founded in 1890, in the coastal plain relatively sparsely settled by Arabs, by Polish Jews who wanted a township independent of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's aid and management. Israel Belkind, one of the original founders of the settlement, proposed the name Rehovot (lit. 'wide expanses') based on Genesis 26:22 : "And he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said: 'For now the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.'" The name was accepted. In 1908 they were joined by immigrants from Yemen, who settled in the city's Sha'arayim district. These early settlers planted vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves. They withstood agricultural failures, plant diseases, and marketing problems.
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Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion (Hebrew: רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן (audio) (help·info), lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
The city had a population of 228,200 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
The name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse: "First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem" (Hebrew: ראשון לציון הנה הינם, ולירושלים מבשר אתן) (Isaiah 41:27) and literally translates as "First to Zion".
Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31, 1882 by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkov, Ukraine (then the Russian Empire) headed by Zalman David Levontin. Reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres (337.91 ha) of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, part of the townland of the Arab village of Ayun Kara (literally ' fountain of the crier'). Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14, 1917. A stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed.
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Safed
Safed (Hebrew: צְפַת, Tzfat; Arabic: صفد, Safed, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Biblical: Ṣ'fath, ISO 259-3: Çpat),[dubious – discuss] is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of 900 metres (2,953 ft), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters. Since the sixteenth century, Safed has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias; since that time, the city has remained a center of Kabbalah, also known as Jewish mysticism.
Due to its beautiful setting surrounded by pine forests and its mild climate, Safed has become a summer holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors alike. It has a lot of historic tourist attractions for both religious and secular Jews, as well as foreign tourists.
According to the Book of Judges, the area where Safed is located was assigned to the Tribe of Naphtali. Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the Great Flood.
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Sde Uziyahu
Sde Uziyahu (Hebrew: שְׂדֵה עוֹזִיָּהוּ, lit. Uzziah Field) is a moshav in the South District of Israel, located near the city of Ashdod. It belongs to the Be'er Tuvia Regional Council.
Sde Uziyahu was founded in 1950 by Jewish refugees expelled from Libya from Libya. Originally named Ashdod D, Yad Shimshon and Uziyah, it was finally named after Uzziah of Judah (Uziyahu in Hebrew), who, according to the Bible, built cities in the current location of the moshav.
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Sderot
Sderot /sdɛˈʁɔt/ (Hebrew: שְדֵרוֹת) is a western Negev city in the Southern District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2011 the city had a total population of 24,000. The city has been an ongoing target of Qassam rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip for more than 10 years, almost every day.
Sderot is located less than a mile from Gaza (the closest point is 840 meters).The constant barrage of rocket attacks on the city has killed 13 Israelis[update], wounded dozens, caused millions of dollars in damage and profoundly disrupted daily life. The frequent air-raid sirens and explosions of incoming projectiles have caused severe psychological trauma. From mid-June 2007 to mid-February 2008, 771 rockets and 857 mortar bombs were fired at Sderot and the western Negev, an average of three or four each a day.
Sderot was founded in 1951 as a transit camp for Mizrahi Jewish refugees (including Kurdish, Morrocan and Persian) who had fled to Israel as part of the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. They lived in tents and shacks before permanent housing was completed for them in 1954. It was built on semi-arid lands, that was farm land associated with the Arab village of Najd which was located a few miles to the south of Sderot. In 1956, Sderot was recognized as a local council.
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Shtulim
Shtulim (Hebrew: שְׁתוּלִים) is a moshav in south-central Israel. Located near Ashdod, it falls under the jurisdiction of Be'er Tuvia Regional Council. In 2007 it had a population of 1,600.
The moshav was founded in 1950 by immigrants from Yemen. It took its name from a passage in the Book of Psalms.
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Sodom and Gomorrah
Sodom and Gomorrah ( /ˈsɒd.əm/; /ɡə.ˈmɔr.ə/) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and Deuterocanonical sources, as well as the Quran. According to the Torah, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah, Zeboim and Bela. These five cities, also known as the "cities of the plain", were situated on the Jordan river plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan. The Jordan river plain (which corresponds to area just north of the modern day Dead Sea) has been compared to the garden of Eden,[Gen.13:10] being a land well-watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock.
Divine judgment by Yahweh was then passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah along with two other neighboring cities that were completely consumed by fire and brimstone. Neighboring Zoar was the only city to be spared during that day of judgment.[Deut.29:23][Gen.10:19] In Christian and Islamic traditions, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of God's wrath.[Jude 1:7] Sodom and Gomorrah have been used as metaphors for vice and homosexuality viewed as a deviation. The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages, including the English word sodomy, used in so-called sodomy laws to describe a sexual "crime against nature" consisting of anal sex, either homosexual or heterosexual.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi). The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.
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Tel Aviv District
The Tel Aviv District (Hebrew: מחוז תל אביב; Arabic: منطقة تل أبيب) is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.2 million residents. It is 99.0% Jewish and 1.0% Arab (0.7% Muslim, 0.3% Christian)[citation needed].
The district's capital is Tel Aviv and the metropolitan area created by the Tel Aviv district and its neighboring cities is named Gush Dan.
Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.8°E / 32.083; 34.8
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Tel HaShomer
Tel HaShomer (Hebrew: תֵּל הַשּׁוֹמֵר, lit. Hill of the Guardsman) is a district in Gush Dan in central Israel. It is located east of Ramat Gan, and is bordered to the north by Kiryat Ono, to the east by Yehud, and to the south by Or Yehuda. A major Israel Defense Forces base and the Sheba Medical Center are located in Tel HaShomer.
Tel Litvinsky (later Tel Hashomer) was a moshava established in 1934 by Moshe and Emil Litvinsky in memory of their father Elhanan Litvinsky. The first inhabitants were Jewish immigrants from Germany and Poland. In 1936, it was noted for its high proportion of academics and doctors. During World War II, most of the village lands were expropriated for the construction of a British military base. The base was of strategic importance because it controlled the Jaffa–Lydda Airport road. It was also used to house Italian prisoners of war.
A Jewish attack on the base took place on November 29, 1947, when the Palmach stole explosives and 75 rifles. Towards of the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Arabs under the command of Hasan Salama began smuggling in arms and personnel disguised as laborers into the camp. The Haganah command saw this as a threat and on April 15, 1948, two companies for the 32nd and 33rd Battalions of the Alexandroni Brigade entered and captured the base. Arab forces counterattacked from al-Khayriyya, Kafr 'Ana, al-'Abbasiyya and Saqiya, but the Jewish forces reinforced and pushed them back to a small salient in the south of the camp, which was captured later in Operation Hametz. The Alexandroni Brigade lost three soldiers, which the Arab losses are estimated at about 50.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wuhan
Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn [wùxân] ( listen)) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the most populous city in Central China. It lies at the east of the Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Arising out of the conglomeration of three districts, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan was sometimes referred to as the "Chicago of China." It is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in 1927, has a population of 10,020,000 people (Census 2011), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area. In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek, as well as wartime capital in 1937.
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Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יד ושם ("Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority") is Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the Yad Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel's parliament.
The origin of the name is from a Biblical verse: "And to them will I give in my house and within my walls a memorial and a name (Yad Vashem) that shall not be cut off".
Located in the western region of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, Yad Vashem is a 180-dunam (180,000 m2) complex containing the Holocaust History Museum; memorial sites, such as the Children's Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance; The Museum of Holocaust Art; sculptures, outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, a synagogue, archives, a research institute, library, publishing house and an educational center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem honors non-Jews who saved Jews during the Holocaust, at personal risk, as the "Righteous among the Nations".
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Yavne
Yavne (Hebrew: יַבְנֶה) (Arabic: ياڨني يبنة, Yibnah) is a city in the Central District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 33,000.
Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern coastal plain, situated 20 km (12.43 mi) south of Jaffa, 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Ashdod, and 7 km (4.35 mi) east of the Mediterranean. Excavations were carried out on the ancient raised tel which developed on a natural kurkar hill. The tel was inhabited, possibly continuously, until the British Mandate period. During some periods, especially the Byzantine period, settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tel.
Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tel. Most of the burials are dated to the later Iron Age. One burial points to a late Bronze Age occupation.
The Bible refers to Yavne'el (Joshua 15:11) (sometimes transliterated as Jebneel), a border city between the tribal allotments of Judah and Dan. In Roman times, the city was known as Iamnia, also spelled Jamnia. It was bequeathed by King Herod upon his death to his sister Salome. Upon her death it passed to Caesar Augustus who managed it as a private imperial estate, a status it was to maintain for at least a century.
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Yeruham
Yeruham (Hebrew: יְרוּחָם, יְרוֹחַם, Yeroham) is a town (local council) in the Southern District of Israel, in the Negev desert. It covers 38,584 dunams (~38.6 km²) and had a population of 9,400 in 2006. It is named after the Biblical Jeroham. The mayor of Yeruham was Amram Mitzna but his term ended in early 2011, and he was succeeded by Michael Bitton of Kadima, who was elected mayor in November 2010.
For many years, Yeruham was economically depressed and suffered from image problems, but major efforts to improve the quality of life are under way.
Yeruham is the site of Tel Rahma, dating back to the 10th century BCE. On the outskirts of Yeruham is an ancient well, Be'er Rahma (באר רחמה). Some archeologists have identified it as the well where the biblical Hagar drew water for her son Ishmael.
Modern Yeruham was founded on January 9, 1951 as Kfar Yeruham (Hebrew: כְּפַר יְרֻחָם). It was one of Israel's first development towns, created to settle frontier areas in the early days of the state. It was located near the Large Makhtesh, an area thought at the time to be rich with natural resources.
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Zaporizhia
Zaporizhia (Ukrainian: Запорі́жжя, transcript. Zaporizhzhia or Zaporizhzhya), or Zaporozhye (Russian: Запоро́жье, transcript. Zaporozh'ye) [formerly Alexandrovsk (Russian: Александровск)] is a city in southeastern Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative center of the Zaporizhia Oblast (province). Currently the city is the sixth largest one in Ukraine and has population of 776,000 people (as of 2011).
Alexandrovsk was founded on the left bank of the Dnieper.
The city is located in southern Ukraine and occupies both banks of the river at present. The city area equals 334 km2. The height above sea level in the city equals 50 m.
In the middle of the city is situated a pearl of Ukraine – the island Khortytsia (size – 12 km x 2 km), which splits the river into two streams called the New and Old Dnieper. The New Dnieper stream has the width about 800 m, the old one – 200 m. There are several small rivers in the city, which enter the Dnieper: Sukha and Mokra Moskovka, Kushugum, Verkhnia Khortytsia.
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Alon Hazan
Alon Hazan (Hebrew: אלון חזן; born 14 September 1967) is a former Israeli footballer. Outside of football he is presently taking a degree in politics.
Hazan spent most of his playing career in Israel, but did spend 18 months with English side Watford, with whom he achieved two promotions - from Division Two to the Premier League. He turned home to Israel for personal reasons before he could play a part in the top tier of English football.
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Aryeh Azulai
Aryeh Azulai (Hebrew: אריה אזולאי, born 1933) was the third mayor of the city Ashdod in israel.
Born in Fes, Morocco, Azulai is a teacher by profession. He held a number of roles in the education system until he was elected as mayor of Ashdod in 1983. During his time as mayor his best known achievement was the foundation of the Ashdod Development Company and the Korin Maman Museum.
He was replaced as mayor by Zvi Zilker (who he had earlier succeeded) in 1989. Since 1993 he has been involved in the Jewish Agency.
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Avraham Abba Leifer
Avraham Abba Leifer (1918 – 7 January 1990) was the second Rebbe of the Pittsburg Hasidic dynasty and the instigator for the relocation of the Hasidut from its original location in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to the Israeli coastal city of Ashdod. He was widely known for his yiras Shamayim (fear of Heaven), humility and friendliness toward Jews of all backgrounds.
Avraham Abba Leifer was born in Krula, Hungary to Rabbi Yosef Leifer, the grandson of Rabbi Mordechai of Nadvorna and a direct descendant of Grand Rabbi Meir the Great of Premishlan, a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov. He was the oldest of four brothers; the others were Yissachar Ber, Mordechai and Yitzchak Eisik. Yitzchak Eisik died at the age of 11.
Before the First World War, Rabbi Yosef Leifer traveled to America to raise money to marry off his orphaned nieces. When he came to the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the local Hasidic community asked him to stay and serve as their spiritual leader. Rabbi Yosef agreed and brought over his entire family, naming himself the Pittsburger Rebbe. He served as Rebbe for more than four decades, until his death on 7 March 1966 (Shushan Purim 5726).
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Benny Morris
Benny Morris (Hebrew: בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948 in Ein HaHoresh, Israel) is professor of History in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Be'er Sheva, Israel. He is a key member of the group of Israeli historians known as the "New Historians".
Morris's work on the Arab-Israeli conflict and especially the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has won praise and criticism from both sides of the political divide. He is accused by some academics in Israel of only using Israeli and never Arab sources, creating an "unbalanced picture". Regarding himself as a Zionist, he writes, "I embarked upon the research not out of ideological commitment or political interest. I simply wanted to know what happened."
Morris was born in Kibbutz Ein HaHoresh, the son of Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom. His father, Ya'akov Morris, was an Israeli diplomat, historian, and poet. According to The New Yorker, Benny Morris "grew up in the heart of a left-wing pioneering atmosphere".
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David
David (Hebrew: דָּוִד, דָּוִיד, Modern David Tiberian Dāwîḏ; ISO 259-3 Dawid; Strong's Daveed; beloved; Arabic: داوود or داود Dāwūd) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and, according to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, an ancestor of Jesus. David is seen as a major Prophet in Islamic traditions. His life is conventionally dated to c. 1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC,[citation needed] and his reign over the United Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC.[citation needed] The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only sources of information on David, although the Tel Dan stele records "House of David", which some take as confirmation of the existence in the mid-9th century BC of a Judean royal dynasty called the "House of David".
David is very important to Jewish, Christian and Islamic doctrine and culture. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. Jewish tradition maintains that a direct descendant of David will be the Messiah. In Islam, he is known as Dawud, considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation. He is depicted as a righteous king, though not without faults, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
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David Noel Freedman
David Noel Freedman (May 22, 1922 - 8 April 2008), son of the writer David Freedman, was a biblical scholar, author, editor, archaeologist, and ordained Presbyterian minister (Th.B., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1944).
After earning a doctorate in Semitic Languages and Literature at the Johns Hopkins University in 1948, Freedman held a series of professorial and administrative positions at various theological institutions and universities.
As the general editor of several distinguished series, including the Anchor Bible Series (1956–2008), Eerdmans Critical Commentaries (2000–2008), and The Bible in Its World (2000–2008), and as the editor and author of numerous other award-winning volumes, including the Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (2000), Freedman has produced over three hundred and thirty scholarly books. Recent seminal works as an author include “The Unity of the Hebrew Bible” (1991), “Psalm 119: The Exaltation of Torah” (1999), “The Nine Commandments” (2000) and “What are the Dead Sea Scrolls and Why Do They Matter?” (2007). As editor of the “Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition” (1998), Freedman and his colleagues brought the world’s oldest complete Hebrew Bible to synagogues, churches, libraries and individuals around the world for the first time in history.
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Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon (Akkadian: Aššur-ahhe-iddina "Ashur has given a brother to me"; Aramaic: ܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܐܵܗܐܹ ܐܝܼܕܝܼܢܵܐ; Hebrew: אֵסַר חַדֹּן;Ancient Greek: Ασαραδδων;Latin: Asor Haddan), was a king of Assyria who reigned 681 – 669 BC. He was the youngest son of Sennacherib and the Aramean queen Naqi'a (Zakitu), Sennacherib's second wife.
When, despite being the youngest son, he was named successor by his father, his elder brothers tried to discredit him. Oracles had named Esarhaddon as the person to free the exiles and rebuild Babylon, the destruction of which by Sennacherib was felt to be sacrilegious. Esarhaddon remained crown prince, but was forced into exile at an unknown place beyond Hanilgalbat (Mitanni), that is, beyond the Euphrates, most likely somewhere in what is now southeastern Turkey.
Sennacherib was murdered in 681 BC, some[who?] claim at the instigation of Esarhaddon, though this seems hardly likely, as he was not in a situation to exploit unrest arising from the death of his father. The biblical account is that his brothers killed their father after the failed attempt to capture Jerusalem and fled (2 Kings 19:37). He returned to the capital of Nineveh in forced marches and defeated his rival brothers in six weeks of civil war. He was formally declared king in spring of 681 BC. His brothers fled the land, and their followers and families were put to death. In the same year he began the rebuilding of Babylon, including the well-known Esagila and the Ekur at Nippur (structures sometimes identified with Tower of Babel). The statues of the Babylonian gods were restored and returned to the city. In order not to appear too biased in favor of Babylonia, he ordered the reconstruction of the Assyrian sanctuary of Esharra in Ashur as well. Foreigners were forbidden to enter this temple. Both buildings were dedicated almost at the same date, in year two of his reign.
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Ethiopian eunuch
The Ethiopian eunuch is a figure in the New Testament of the Bible. The story of his conversion to Christianity is recounted in Acts 8.
Philip the Evangelist was told by an angel to go to the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and there he met the Ethiopian eunuch. He had been to Jerusalem to worship (Acts 8:27), and was returning home. The eunuch was sitting in his chariot reading the Book of Isaiah, and had come to Isaiah 53:7-8. Philip asked the Ethiopian, "Do you understand what you are reading?" He said he did not, and asked Philip to explain the text to him. Philip told him the good news about Jesus, and the Ethiopian asked to be baptized. They went down into some water and Philip baptized him.
In the King James Version, the Ethiopian says, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God" (verse 37), but this is omitted in most modern versions. Hubbard suggests that confession is "not supported in the better manuscripts," although the Ethiopian is still "one of the outstanding converts in Acts."
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Eyal Weizman
Eyal Weizman (born 1970 in Haifa) is an Israeli intellectual and architect. Involved in political theory through the case of Palestine, Weizman's most known theoretical work describes the acts of the Israeli army as founded upon the post-structuralist French philosophers and a reading of them. He also conducted research on behalf of B’tselem on the "planning aspects of the Israeli occupation of the West Bank".
He teaches at Goldsmith's college and the Architectural Association in London, where he lives and has created Goldsmith's round table, a think tank devoted into reinterpretations of political theory's existing bibliography projected to contemporary problematics about politics.
Weizman is the author of the book Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation, which has been translated into German, French, and Italian, and reviewed by The London Review of Books. He is co-author of À travers les murs: l'architecture de la nouvelle guerre urbaine. On a different topic, he has published Yellow Rhythms: A Roundabout for London.
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Haim Revivo
Haim Michael Revivo (Hebrew: חיים מיכאל רביבו; born February 22, 1972, in Ashdod) is a retired Israeli football player, and a businessman. He was especially famous for his free-kick goals and his entertaining celebrations after these goals.
Haim Revivo was born to a traditional Mizrahi Jewish family in Ashdod. He played football at Hapoel Ashdod until the age of 16 when he transferred to the youth system of Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda. Revivo liked that the club had no senior team and he would be a free agent once he reached 18. When he turned 19, Giora Spiegel brought him to Bnei Yehuda after both Hapoel Kfar Saba and Maccabi Petah Tikva turned him down. Revivo spent three seasons at Bnei Yehuda before transferring to city rivals, Hapoel.
When Reuven Atar requested to leave Maccabi Haifa for Hapoel Haifa, Ya'akov Shahar was quick to sign a replacement. He brought in Revivo, who was happy to join Haifa since he believed that from there he could get to a European club. In his first season with Haifa, Revivo led the league (along with Amir Turgeman) with 17 goals. In his second season, he wanted to move from the left side of the midfield to the center of the pitch. Then club manager, Giora Spiegel, was reluctant but in order to avoid a fight with his star, he released Alon Mizrahi. Revivo paid off dividends and was once again the league leading goal scorer. Haifa was quick to sell their star to Spanish club, Celta de Vigo.
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Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew: חסידות—Ḥasidut (IPA: [ħɑsiduθ]) in Sephardi Hebrew, Chasidus (IPA: [χɑsidus]) in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning "piety" (literally "loving kindness"), is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality and joy through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith. It was founded in 18th century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov as a reaction against overly legalistic Judaism. His example began the characteristic veneration of leadership in Hasidism as embodiments and intercessors of Divinity for the followers.[citation needed] Opposite to this, Hasidic teachings cherished the sincerity and concealed holiness of the unlettered common folk, and their equality with the scholarly elite. The emphasis on the Immanent Divine presence in everything gave new value to prayer and deeds of kindness, alongside Rabbinic supremacy of study, and replaced historical mystical (kabbalistic) and ethical (musar) asceticism and admonishment with optimism, encouragement, and daily fervour. This populist emotional revival accompanied the elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine Panentheism, through intellectual articulation of inner dimensions of mystical thought.
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Herod the Great
Herod (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos, Greek: Ἡρῴδης, Hērōdēs), also known as Herod the Great (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho), was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) and the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima. Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
The Romans made Herod's son Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (biblical Edom) from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the Roman emperor Augustus who then combined Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea into Iudaea province under rule of a prefect until 41. Herod's other son Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE – 39 CE.
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Hugo Winckler
Hugo Winckler (July 4, 1863, Gräfenhainichen, Saxony-Anhalt — April 19, 1913, Berlin) was a German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) at Boğazkale, Turkey.
Winckler was a student of the languages of the ancient Middle East. He wrote extensively on Assyrian cuneiform and the Old Testament, compiled a history of Babylonia and Assyrian that was published in 1891, and translated both the Code of Hammurabi and the Amarna letters. In 1904, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at the University of Berlin.
Winckler began excavations at Boğazkale in 1906 with support from the German Orient Society. His excavations revealed a stockpile of thousands of hardened clay tablets, many written in the hitherto unknown Hittite language, that allowed Winckler to draw a preliminary outline of Hittite history in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. Winckler continued excavations at the site until 1912, during which time his finds proved that the city was once the capital of a great empire.
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Ibn Khordadbeh
Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh (Persian: ابوالقاسم عبیدالله ابن خردادبه) (c. 820 – 912 CE), author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography, was a Persian geographer and bureaucrat of the 9th century. The son of a wealthy Persian family in northern Iran, he was appointed "Director of Posts and Intelligence" for the province of Djibal in northwestern Iran under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutammid (ruled 869–885 CE). In this capacity ibn Khordadbeh served as both postmaster general and the Caliph's personal spymaster in that vital province.
Around 846-847CE ibn Khordadbeh wrote Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik (The Book of Roads and Kingdoms) (with the second edition of the book being published in 885CE). In this work, ibn Khordadbeh described the various peoples and provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with maps, the book also includes descriptions of the land, people and culture of the Southern Asian coast as far as Brahamputra, The Andaman Islands, peninsular Malaysia and Java. The lands of Tang China, Unified Silla (Korea) and Japan are referenced within his work.
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Israelites
The Israelites (בני ישראל, Standard: Bnai Yisraʾel; Tiberian: Bnai Yiśrāʾēl; ISO 259-3: Bnai Yiśraˀel) were a Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BCE), later evolving into Jews and Samaritans of the classic period, inhabiting Judea and Samaria respectively. In Modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious community, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.
The word "Israelite" derives from the Biblical Hebrew word "Israel". Although most literary references to Israelites are located in the Hebrew Bible, there is also abundant non-biblical archaeological and historical evidence of ancient Israel and Judah. The ethnonym is attested as early as the 13th century BCE in an Egyptian inscription. The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra "to prevail over" or "to struggle/wrestle with", and el, "God, the divine". The eponymous biblical patriarch of the Israelites is Jacob, who wrestled with God who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel" because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed." (Genesis 32:24-32) According to the Hebrew Bible, Israelites were the "chosen people" of God. The name Hebrews is sometimes used synonymously with "Israelites". The Qurʾānic term is for Israelites is Banī Israʾīl (children of Israel).
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Josephus
Titus Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100), also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in 70.
His most important works were The Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94).The Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66–70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for an ostensibly Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity (See main article Josephus on Jesus).
Josephus introduces himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias, an ethnic Jew, a priest from Jerusalem" in his first book. He was the second-born son of Matthias and his wife, who was an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His older brother, his full-blooded sibling, was also called Matthias. The mother of Josephus was an aristocratic woman who descended from royalty and of the former ruling Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus’ paternal grandparents were Josephus and his wife, an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His paternal grandparents were distant relatives of each other, as they were both direct descendants of Simon Psellus. Josephus came from a wealthy, aristocratic family and through his father, he descended from the priestly order of the Jehoiarib, which was the first of the 24 orders of Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem. Through his father, Josephus was a descendant of the High Priest Jonathon. Jonathon may have been Alexander Jannaeus, the High Priest and Hasmonean ruler who governed Judea from 103 BC-76 BC. Born and raised in Jerusalem, Josephus was educated alongside his brother.
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Joshua
Joshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Yĕhôshúa‘; Greek: Ἰησοῦς, Arabic: يوشع بن نون Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn), is a figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel (Num 13-14) and in few passages as Moses's assistant. He is the central character in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses; his name was Hoshe'a the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Yehoshu'a (Joshua) (Numbers 13:16) the name by which he is commonly known; and he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus, and was probably the same age as Caleb, with whom he is occasionally associated.
He was one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. (Numbers 13:1-16) After the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated the land to the tribes. According to Biblical chronology, Joshua lived between 1500–1390 BCE, or sometime in the late Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29, Joshua died at the age of 110.
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Judas Maccabeus
Judah Maccabee (or Judas Maccabeus, also spelled Machabeus, or Maccabaeus, Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, Y'hudhah HamMakabi, Judah the Hammer) was a Kohen and a son of the Jewish priest Mattathias. He led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE) and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside Joshua, Gideon and David.
The Jewish feast of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the temple in Jerusalem in 165 BCE, after Judah Maccabee removed the pagan statuary.
Judah was the third son (Josephus) of Mattathias the Hasmonean, a Jewish priest from the village of Modiin. In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, John, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices. After Mattathias's death in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The First Book of Maccabees praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.
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Levi Eshkol
Levi Eshkol (help·info) (Hebrew: לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל, born Levi Shkolnik (Hebrew: לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק) 25 October 1895 – died 26 February 1969) served as the third Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death from a heart attack in 1969. He was the first Israeli Prime Minister to die in office.
Levi Eshkol (Shkolnik) was born in the village of Oratov, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now Orativ, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine). His mother (born as Dvora Krasnyansky) came from a Hasidic background and his father (Joseph Shkolnik) came from a family of Mitnagdim. Levi received a traditional education.
In 1914, he left for Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He was a leading member of the Judea Workers' Union in 1915–17 and volunteered for the Jewish Legion in World War I.
Eshkol joined Kibbutz Deganya Bet and married Rivka Maharshek. They divorced shortly after the birth of their daughter, Noa, in 1924. Eshkol's second wife was Elisheva Kaplan, with whom he had three daughters, Dvora, Ofra, and Tama.
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Manuel Herz
Manuel Herz is an architect with his own practice in Basel, Switzerland and Cologne, Germany.
"He was educated at the RWTH Aachen in Germany and at the Architectural Association in London. He has received numerous prizes and awards, published widely on Jewish architecture in Germany and has taught at the Bartlett School of Architecture in London and KTH Stockholm."
"He is the head of research and teaching at ETH Studio Basel: Contemporary City Institute and teaches at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design with Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron. Manuel has published extensively on issues of diaspora and architecture. Currently, he is researching on the topic of planning strategies of refugee camps and the dilemma of humanitarian action."
"He presented an academic paper at the Holcim Forum for Sustainable Construction 2007, which was organized by the Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction.
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Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
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Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī) also referred to as Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون, al-Filasṭīniyyūn), are descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries. Today, Palestinians are largely culturally and linguistically Arab. Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Israel. In this combined area, as of 2004, Palestinians constituted 49% of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.6 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2.3 million versus close to 500,000 Jewish Israeli citizens which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and 16.5% of the population of Israel proper as Arab citizens of Israel.
Throughout the aforementioned combined area, many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians, including more than a million in the Gaza Strip, three-quarters of a million in the West Bank,, and about a quarter of a million in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, making up what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half of these are stateless refugees lacking citizenship in any country. About 2.6 million of the diaspora population live in neighboring Jordan where they make up approximately half the population, 1.5 million live between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter of a million in Saudi Arabia, with Chile's half a million representing the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
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Philistines
The Philistines ( /ˈfɪlɨstiːnz/, /ˈfɪlɨstaɪnz/, /fɨˈlɪstɨnz/, or /fɨˈlɪstiːnz/;Hebrew: פְּלִשְׁתִּים, Plištim), Pleshet or Peleset, were an Indo-European people who appeared in the southern coastal area of Canaan at the beginning of the Iron Age (circa 1175 BC), most probably from the Aegean region. According to the Bible, they ruled the five city-states (the "Philistine Pentapolis") of Gaza, Askelon, Ashdod, Ekron and Gath, from the Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east. The Bible paints them as the Kingdom of Israel's most dangerous enemy. Originating somewhere in the Aegean, their population was around 25,000 in the 12th century BC, rising to a peak of 30,000 in the 11th century BC, of which the Aegean element was not more than half the total, and perhaps much less.
The etymology of the word into English is from Old French Philistin, from Classical Latin Philistinus found in the writings of Josephus, from Late Greek Philistinoi (Phylistiim in the Septuagint) found in the writings by Philo, from Hebrew Plištim, (e.g. 1 Samuel 17:36; 2 Samuel 1:20; Judges 14:3; Amos 1:8), "people of Plešt" ("Philistia"); cf. Akkadian Palastu, Egyptian Parusata.
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Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey ( /ˈpɒmpiː/) or Pompey the Great (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS; September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several military campaigns. Sulla addressed him by the cognomen Magnus (the Great), and he was awarded three triumphs.
Pompey joined his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus and his ally Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. The first triumvirate was validated by the marriage between Julia Caesar (daughter of Julius Caesar) and Pompey. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate.
Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Principate and Empire.
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Psamtik I
Psamtik I (also spelled Psammeticus or Psammetichus, in Greek: Ψαμμήτιχος), was the first of three kings of that name of the Saite, or Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt. His prenomen, Wah-Ib-Re, means "Constant [is the] Heart [of] Re." Historical references for the Dodecarchy and the rise of Psamtik I in power, establishing the Saitic Dynasty, are recorded in Herodotus Histories, Book II: 151-157. It is also known from cuneiform texts that twenty local princelings were appointed by Esarhaddon and confirmed by Assurbanipal to govern Egypt. Necho I, the father of Psammetichus by his Queen Istemabet, was the chief of these kinglets, but they seem to have been quite unable to hold the Egyptians to the hated Assyrians against the more sympathetic Nubians. The labyrinth built by Amenemhat III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt is ascribed by Herodotus to the Dodecarchy, or rule of 12, which must represent this combination of rulers. Psamtik was the son of Necho I who died in 664 BC when the Kushite king Tantamani tried unsuccessfully to seize control of lower Egypt from the Assyrian Empire. After his father's death, Psamtik managed to both unite all of Egypt and free her from Assyrian control within the first ten years of his reign.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Salome
Salome (Greek: Σαλωμη, Salōmē), the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matthew 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, gives her name and some detail about her family relations.
Her name in Hebrew is שלומית (Shlomiẗ, IPA: [ʃlomiθ]) and is derived from the root word ŠLM (שלם), meaning "peace".
Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the dance of the seven veils), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death.
A new ramification was added by Oscar Wilde, who in his play Salome portrayed her as something of a femme fatale. This last interpretation, made even more memorable by Richard Strauss's opera based on Wilde, is not consistent with Josephus's account; according to the Romanized Jewish historian, she lived long enough to marry twice and raise several children. Few literary accounts elaborate the biographical data given by Josephus.
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Sami Hadawi
Sami Hadawi (Arabic: سامي هداوي, March 6, 1904–April 22, 2004) was a Palestinian scholar and author. He is known for documenting the effects of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on the Arab population in Palestine and published statistics for individual villages prior to Israel's establishment. Hadawi worked as a land specialist until he was exiled from Jerusalem after a fierce battle in his neighborhood between Israeli and Jordanian forces. He continued to specialize in documenting Palestine's lands and published several books about the 1948 War and the Palestinian refugees.
Hadawi was born in Jerusalem to Arab Christian parents. His father was a soldier in the army of the Ottoman Empire and died in combat during World War I. In 1915, after his father's death, Hadawi's family moved to Amman. Three years later he worked as an unofficial interpreter for the British Army and then moved back to Palestine the year after to work as a clerk for the Land Registration Office.
His interest in the structure of Arab villages began with his job there and then his job at the Land Settlement Department from 1920-27. Hadawi eventually became an inspector and land value assessor from 1938-48 and was the major contributor to the Village Statistics 1945: A Classification of Land and Area Ownership in Palestine which was a land and population census of the Arab localities in the British Mandate of Palestine. He lived in his grandfather's home in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City until 1948. In 1948, he, his wife Nora and their two children built a home for themselves in Katamon. That same year they were forced to leave with the advance of Israeli forces.
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Samson
Samson, Shimshon (Hebrew: שמשון, Modern Shimshon Tiberian Šimšôn, meaning "man of the sun"); Shamshoun (Arabic: شمشون) or Sampson (Greek: Σαμψών) is the third to last of the Judges of the ancient Israelites mentioned in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) (Book of Judges chapters 13 to 16).
Samson was granted supernatural strength by God in order to combat his enemies and perform heroic feats such as wrestling a lion, slaying an entire army with only the jawbone of an ass, and destroying a pagan temple. Samson is believed to have been buried in Tel Tzora in Israel overlooking the Sorek valley. There reside two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoah’s altar (Judges 13:19-24). It is located between the cities of Zorah and Eshtaol.
Samson's activity takes place during a time when God was punishing the Israelites, by giving them "into the hand of the Philistines". The Angel of the Lord appears to Manoah, an Israelite from the tribe of Dan, in the city of Zorah, and to his wife, who had been unable to conceive. The Angel of the Lord proclaims that the couple will soon have a son who will begin to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines. The wife believed the Angel of the Lord, but her husband wasn't present, at first, and wanted the heavenly messenger to return, asking that he himself could also receive instruction about the child that was going to be born.
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Sargon II
Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kên "legitimate king", Arabic: سرجون' reigned 722 – 705 BC) was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC, and became the sole ruler of the kingdom of Babylonia in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V. It is not clear whether he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III or a usurper unrelated to the royal family. In his inscriptions, he styles himself as a new man, rarely referring to his predecessors; however he took the name Sharru-kinu ("true king"), after Sargon of Akkad — who had founded the first Semitic Empire in the region some 16 centuries earlier.Sargon is the Biblical form of the name.
Beset by difficulties at the beginning of his rule, Sargon II made a pact with the Babylonian king Marduk-apla-iddina II. He was able to free all temples, as well as the inhabitants of the towns of Assur and Harran from taxes. While Sargon was thus trying to gain support in Assyria, Marduk-apla-iddina II conquered Babylon with the help of the new Elamite king Ummanigash and was crowned king in 721 BC.
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Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples, or Peoples of the Sea, were a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty and especially during year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" (Egyptian n3 ḫ3s.wt n<.t> p3 ym) in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they invaded Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.
The Late Bronze Age in the Aegean was characterized by the raiding of migratory peoples and their subsequent resettlement. The identity of the Sea Peoples has remained enigmatic to modern scholars, who have only the scattered records of ancient civilizations and archaeological analysis to inform them. Evidence shows that the identities and motives of these peoples were not unknown to the Egyptians. In fact, many had been subordinate to the Egyptians or in a diplomatic relationship with them for at least as long as the few centuries covered by the records.
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Sennacherib
Sennacherib (pronounced /səˈnækərɪb/; Akkadian: Sîn-ahhī-erība "Sîn has replaced (lost) brothers for me") was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 – 681 BC).
As the crown prince, Sennacherib was placed in charge of the Assyrian Empire while his father, Sargon II, was on campaign. Unlike his predecessors, Sennacherib's reign was not largely marked by military campaigns, but mainly by architectural renovations, constructions, and expansions. After the violent death of his father, Sennacherib encountered numerous problems in establishing his power and faced threats to his domain. However, he was able to overcome these power struggles and ultimately carry out his building projects. During his reign, he moved the empire's capital from his father's newly-constructed city of Dur-Sharrukin to the old city and former capital of Nineveh. It is considered striking that Sennacherib not only left his father's city, but also doesn’t name him in any official inscription during his reign.
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Siamun
Neterkheperre or Netjerkheperre-setepenamun Siamun was the sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. He built extensively in Lower Egypt for a king of the Third Intermediate Period and is regarded as one of the most powerful rulers of this Dynasty after Psusennes I. Siamun's prenomen, Netjerkheperre-Setepenamun, means "Like a God is The Manifestation of Re, Chosen of Amun" while his name means 'son of Amun.'
Siamun was erroneously credited with a reign of only 9 Years by Manetho, a figure which is now universally amended to 19 Years by all scholars on the basis of a Year 17 the first month of Shemu day [lost] inscription in fragment 3B, lines 3-5 dated to pharaoh Siamun from the Karnak Priestly Annals. It records the induction of Hori, son of Nespaneferhor into the Priesthood at Karnak. This date was a lunar Tepi Shemu feast day. Based on the calculation of this lunar Tepi Shemu feast, Year 17 of Siamun has been shown by the German Egyptologist Rolf Krauss to be equivalent to 970 BC. Hence, Siamun would have taken the throne about 16 years earlier in 986 BC. A stela dated to Siamun's Year 16 records a land-sale between some minor priests of Ptah at Memphis.
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Valery Panov
Valery Panov (born 12 March 1938) is a Soviet-born Israeli dancer and choreographer.
Valery Panov was born in 1938 in Vitebsk, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. He studied in the choreographic school named for Agripinna Vaganova in Leningrad. Today it’s The Academy of Russian Ballet. He went on to the Moscow Ballet School, and the Leningrad Ballet School, graduating in 1957.
He danced with the Maly Ballet in Leningrad (1957–64), where he created roles in Lopukhov's Ballad of Love (1959), in Davitashvili's Daphnis and Chloe (1960) and Bolero (1960), and in Boyarsky's Petrushka (1961), Orpheus (title role, 1962), and The Lady and the Hooligan (1962). In 1964 he joined the Kirov, where he remained until 1972. There he created roles in Jacobson's Land of Miracles (1967), Vinogradov's Gorianka (1968), Sergeyev's Hamlet (title role, 1970), and Kasatkina's and Vasiliov's Creation of the World (1971).
Although one of the greatest dancers in Russia, for political reasons Panov came to international attention when, in 1972, he and his second wife, the Kirov ballerina Galina Ragozina, applied for exit visas to Israel. The Panovs were expelled from the Kirov, imprisoned briefly and forbidden from taking class for two years.
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Vespasian
Vespasian (Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 17 November 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Although he attained the standard succession of public offices, holding the consulship in AD 51, Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and subjugating Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of AD 66.
While Vespasian was preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became Emperor in April AD 69. In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared Emperor by the Roman Senate.
wn.com/Vespasian -
Walid Khalidi
Walid Khalidi (Arabic: وليد خالدي, born 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University-educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the Palestinian exodus. He is General Secretary and co-founder of the Institute for Palestine Studies, established in Beirut in December 1963 as an independent research and publishing center focusing on the Palestine problem and the Arab–Israeli conflict.
Khalidi's first teaching post was at Oxford, a position he resigned in 1956 in protest at the British invasion of Suez. He was Professor of Political Studies at the American University of Beirut until 1982 and thereafter a research fellow at the Harvard Center for International Affairs. He has also taught at Princeton University.
Khalidi was co-founder of the Royal Scientific Society of Amman. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Khalidi graduated with a B.A. from the University of London in 1945, then studied at the University of Oxford, gaining an M.Litt. in 1951. Under his guidance the Institute of Palestine Studies produced a long series of monographs in English and Arabic and several important translations of Hebrew texts into Arabic: 'The History of the Haganah', David Ben-Gurion and Shertok's diaries—texts that still await translation into English. He has also produced ground-breaking work on the fall of Haifa and Deir Yassin. His best known works are Before their diaspora, a photographic essay on Palestinian society prior to 1948 and All that remains, the encyclopedic collection of village histories which he edited.
wn.com/Walid_Khalidi -
Yehiel Lasri
Dr Yehiel Lasri (Hebrew: יחיאל לסרי; born 21 August 1957) is an Israeli physician and politician who currently serves as mayor of Ashdod. He previously served as a member of the Knesset for the Centre Party, Lev and Likud.
Lasri was born in Morocco and made aliyah to Israel in 1963 when his family moved to Ashdod. He completed medical studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in 1982. During the military service he filled a variety of medical positions in the Israeli Navy until becoming the surgeon-general of the navy with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
As an internal medicine specialist, he served as deputy director of the department of internal medicine at the Kaplan Hospital. He specialized in treating AIDS as served as the Director of the hospital's Aids Institute. Away from his job, he was amongst the founders of the Israeli Andalusia Orchestra and a director on its board.
He was elected to Ashdod city council on the New Ashdod list. For the 1999 Knesset elections he was placed ninth on the Centre Party list. Although the party won only six seats, Lasri entered the Knesset on 28 March 2001 as a replacement for Yitzhak Mordechai. On 6 November 2002 he and Roni Milo left the party and established the Lev faction, which immediately merged into Likud.
wn.com/Yehiel_Lasri -
Zvi Zilker
Zvi Zilker (Hebrew: צבי צילקר, Tzvi Tzilker, born 1933) the second mayor of the city of Ashdod in Israel.
Zilker was born in Berlin and immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1935 with his parents. Between 1963 and 1969, he was a member of the regional council and then city engineer of Ashdod. In 1969, he was elected for the first time to be mayor of the city, became Ashdod's second mayor. Although he left office in 1983 when he was succeeded by Aryeh Azulay, he became mayor for a second time in 1989 and retained the position until he lost to Yechiel Lasri in 2008 municipal elections.
wn.com/Zvi_Zilker
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Ashdod אשדוד
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
One video about the beautiful city Ashdod in Israel where I live! The film is in HEBREW!
http://wn.com/Ashdod_אשדוד
One video about the beautiful city Ashdod in Israel where I live! The film is in HEBREW!
Tour in Ashdod, israel.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
This video was uploaded from an Android phone. (Motorola Droid Razr XT910 on a sunny day)
http://wn.com/Tour_in_Ashdod,_israel
This video was uploaded from an Android phone. (Motorola Droid Razr XT910 on a sunny day)
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 2581
- author: CrocodileFromVenus
כיפת ברזל אשדוד ישראל Iron Dome System Ashdod Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
My father and I drove by the Iron dome that is stationed here in Ashdod, I managed to catch one of the many Sirens and countermeasures on camera. I have a few others if anyone is interested in seeing them just comment I'll upload them.
http://wn.com/כיפת_ברזל_אשדוד_ישראל_Iron_Dome_System_Ashdod_Israel
My father and I drove by the Iron dome that is stationed here in Ashdod, I managed to catch one of the many Sirens and countermeasures on camera. I have a few others if anyone is interested in seeing them just comment I'll upload them.
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 74429
- author: thexdesertxeagle
Ashdod Meeting 28/05/12 !!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Meeting Ashdod 2012 ! Like that video and sub !!!! Song's: Afrojack Ft. Eva Simons - Take over Control (Drumsound & Bassline Smith Remix) Knife Party - Rage Valley
http://wn.com/Ashdod_Meeting_28_05_12_!!
Meeting Ashdod 2012 ! Like that video and sub !!!! Song's: Afrojack Ft. Eva Simons - Take over Control (Drumsound & Bassline Smith Remix) Knife Party - Rage Valley
- published: 29 May 2012
- views: 2441
- author: Victor Bourman
Grad Missile Attack On Ashdod Israel From Gaza, March 10th, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
America and Israel have benefited from the protection and blessings of God's 'invisible hand' throughout their existence. Yet, the people turn their back on Him. Can this last? God have mercy on our souls in the tempestuous days to come... www.SpiritOfTruthBlog.com
http://wn.com/Grad_Missile_Attack_On_Ashdod_Israel_From_Gaza,_March_10th,_2012
America and Israel have benefited from the protection and blessings of God's 'invisible hand' throughout their existence. Yet, the people turn their back on Him. Can this last? God have mercy on our souls in the tempestuous days to come... www.SpiritOfTruthBlog.com
- published: 11 Mar 2012
- views: 54053
- author: TheSpiritOfTruth
The Sound of Terror_ 6 Rockets from Gaza Strike Ashdod.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
This is scarey shit to hear the rockets launch!
http://wn.com/The_Sound_of_Terror_6_Rockets_from_Gaza_Strike_Ashdod
This is scarey shit to hear the rockets launch!
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 37955
- author: TommyNgoLe
Rocket Fired From Gaza Hitting Ashdod, Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
A rocket fired from Gaza strikes the center of the Israeli city Ashdod, filmed by a local resident on November 16. The city has a population of over 200000, and has suffered countless barrages of rocket fire in the last several years. In response to the rocket attacks from Gaza, the IDF has launched a widespread campaign against terror targets in the Strip. The operation, called Pillar of Defense, has two main goals: to protect Israeli civilians and to cripple the terrorist infrastructure in Gaza. For live updates from the IDF: www.idfblog.com For more from the IDF: www.idfblog.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.idf.il
http://wn.com/Rocket_Fired_From_Gaza_Hitting_Ashdod,_Israel
A rocket fired from Gaza strikes the center of the Israeli city Ashdod, filmed by a local resident on November 16. The city has a population of over 200000, and has suffered countless barrages of rocket fire in the last several years. In response to the rocket attacks from Gaza, the IDF has launched a widespread campaign against terror targets in the Strip. The operation, called Pillar of Defense, has two main goals: to protect Israeli civilians and to cripple the terrorist infrastructure in Gaza. For live updates from the IDF: www.idfblog.com For more from the IDF: www.idfblog.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.idf.il
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 104741
- author: idfnadesk
11.15.2012 Hamas Grad Rocket's Launched To Ashdod In Israel. "Iron Dome" Terminating Them In The Air
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Hamas Grad Rocket's Launched To Ashdod In Israel And "Iron Dome" Terminating Them In The Air The Iron Dome is an israeli technology that every time when it recognizes missiles thrown to the city it sends missiles to the air to stop the enemies missiles
http://wn.com/11152012_Hamas_Grad_Rocket's_Launched_To_Ashdod_In_Israel_Iron_Dome_Terminating_Them_In_The_Air
Hamas Grad Rocket's Launched To Ashdod In Israel And "Iron Dome" Terminating Them In The Air The Iron Dome is an israeli technology that every time when it recognizes missiles thrown to the city it sends missiles to the air to stop the enemies missiles
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 6809
- author: orielmano
Siren and Explosions in Ashdod Following Gaza Rocket Bombing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
An overall total of 30 rockets fired just today from the Gaza Strip struck major population centers in southern Israel. More than 500000 Israelis are forced to stay in bomb shelters. Video taken by an Israeli resident of Ashdod City. For more from the IDF: www.idfblog.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.idf.il
http://wn.com/Siren_and_Explosions_in_Ashdod_Following_Gaza_Rocket_Bombing
An overall total of 30 rockets fired just today from the Gaza Strip struck major population centers in southern Israel. More than 500000 Israelis are forced to stay in bomb shelters. Video taken by an Israeli resident of Ashdod City. For more from the IDF: www.idfblog.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.idf.il
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 51548
- author: idfnadesk
אזעקה באשדוד 14.11.2012 יירוט כיפת ברזל | Alarm In Ashdod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
אזעקה באשדוד 14.11.2012 יירוט כיפת ברזל צילום: לורן אביסר מצטער על הצעקות של אחותי היא תמיד הורסת לי צילומים שעה: 20:31
http://wn.com/אזעקה_באשדוד_14112012_יירוט_כיפת_ברזל_|_Alarm_In_Ashdod
אזעקה באשדוד 14.11.2012 יירוט כיפת ברזל צילום: לורן אביסר מצטער על הצעקות של אחותי היא תמיד הורסת לי צילומים שעה: 20:31
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 50762
- author: GmodAndNews
Ashdod Jam 04/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Ashdod Sukkot Parkour & Freerunning Jam! Ashdod, Israel - 04/10/2012! There were a few rendering bugs (Black Parts) in the last part of the video, Sorry about that. And sorry for the bad quality guys, Nobody brought a normal camera. HAVE FUN! Music : 1st ) Digital Freq & Pyramyth - Space Craft 2nd ) Christina Aguilera - Your Body 3rd ) KillaGraham - Drop It\ I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC!
http://wn.com/Ashdod_Jam_04_10
Ashdod Sukkot Parkour & Freerunning Jam! Ashdod, Israel - 04/10/2012! There were a few rendering bugs (Black Parts) in the last part of the video, Sorry about that. And sorry for the bad quality guys, Nobody brought a normal camera. HAVE FUN! Music : 1st ) Digital Freq & Pyramyth - Space Craft 2nd ) Christina Aguilera - Your Body 3rd ) KillaGraham - Drop It\ I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC!
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 1826
- author: SagiCDO
war in Ashdod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Grad damages cars in Ashdod. There are wounded.
http://wn.com/war_in_Ashdod
Work in progress Ashdod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Work in progress Ashdod
http://wn.com/Work_in_progress_Ashdod
Haim vs rails ashdod city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Haim vs rails ashdod city Song: Asaf Avidan & the Mojos - Maybe you are
http://wn.com/Haim_vs_rails_ashdod_city
Haim vs rails ashdod city Song: Asaf Avidan & the Mojos - Maybe you are
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- views: 87
- author: Roman1234593
Bennett Under Fire in Ashdod: Topple Hamas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
www.israelnationalnews.com
http://wn.com/Bennett_Under_Fire_in_Ashdod_Topple_Hamas
Ashdod Residents Strong but Frustrated
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Ashdod_Residents_Strong_but_Frustrated
Siren in Israel,Ashdod/Early in the morning || אזעקה באשדוד.מבצע עמוד ענן
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
There is a new operation in Gaza called "Amood Anan" (In English "Pillar of Deffense"),like Cast Lead 2. We killed Ahmed Jabri,The chief or something like that of Hamas,they bombed us ALL night,and this morning,I manged to catch ONLY once the siren,but there were MUCH MUCH MORE!(11 sirens this morning) 4 people got killed in Kyriat Malahi and a BABY got wounded..Meanwhile in Gaza 120 militants are dead. We are currently bombing Gaza and Gaza is now covered with clouds of smoke and IAF are bombing bunkers with long-range Fajr 5 missiles,they have brought it upon themselves.
http://wn.com/Siren_in_Israel,Ashdod_Early_in_the_morning_||_אזעקה_באשדודמבצע_עמוד_ענן
There is a new operation in Gaza called "Amood Anan" (In English "Pillar of Deffense"),like Cast Lead 2. We killed Ahmed Jabri,The chief or something like that of Hamas,they bombed us ALL night,and this morning,I manged to catch ONLY once the siren,but there were MUCH MUCH MORE!(11 sirens this morning) 4 people got killed in Kyriat Malahi and a BABY got wounded..Meanwhile in Gaza 120 militants are dead. We are currently bombing Gaza and Gaza is now covered with clouds of smoke and IAF are bombing bunkers with long-range Fajr 5 missiles,they have brought it upon themselves.
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 2234
- author: CORNCAKE80
Françoise Atlan et l'Orchestre Andalou d'Ashdod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Françoise Atlan et l'Orchestre Andalou d'Ashdod à la résidence de l'ambassadeur de France en Israël. www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/Françoise_Atlan_et_l'Orchestre_Andalou_d'Ashdod
Françoise Atlan et l'Orchestre Andalou d'Ashdod à la résidence de l'ambassadeur de France en Israël. www.flickr.com
- published: 11 Jan 2012
- views: 1123
- author: Ambassade France
Ashdod Iron Dome - Jerusalem News Network
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Barry Segal and Vision for Israel take you into the center of Ashdod which has been suffering a bombardment of attacks from Hamas terrorists rockets.
http://wn.com/Ashdod_Iron_Dome_Jerusalem_News_Network
Barry Segal and Vision for Israel take you into the center of Ashdod which has been suffering a bombardment of attacks from Hamas terrorists rockets.
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 1807
- author: VisionforIsrael
Johnny Lever Show, Ashdod, Israel, Mumbai to Kolhapur, Kolhapur to Mumbai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
The King of Comedy, Johnny Lever performing in Ashdod, Israel. 04-10-2012.
http://wn.com/Johnny_Lever_Show,_Ashdod,_Israel,_Mumbai_to_Kolhapur,_Kolhapur_to_Mumbai
The King of Comedy, Johnny Lever performing in Ashdod, Israel. 04-10-2012.
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 909
- author: koletso
Missile hits at Chabad Center in Ashdod, Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Missile_hits_at_Chabad_Center_in_Ashdod,_Israel
Rocket Sirens and Explosions in Ashdod During Operation Pillar of Defense
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Time: Midday on the 19th November 2012 2 rocket sirens sound, one after another as a barrage of 6 rockets are fired at the Israeli city of Ashdod. 4 were intercepted by the Iron Dome missile defence shield whilst another 2 landed in open spaces. I took this video as the first siren began to sound and left my phone outside as I entered the neighbour's safety room.
http://wn.com/Rocket_Sirens_and_Explosions_in_Ashdod_During_Operation_Pillar_of_Defense
Time: Midday on the 19th November 2012 2 rocket sirens sound, one after another as a barrage of 6 rockets are fired at the Israeli city of Ashdod. 4 were intercepted by the Iron Dome missile defence shield whilst another 2 landed in open spaces. I took this video as the first siren began to sound and left my phone outside as I entered the neighbour's safety room.
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 975
- author: Edward Beaman
Daily Life in Ashdod - During a Code Red
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Daily_Life_in_Ashdod_During_a_Code_Red
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network
30 Dec 2012
London. UN-Arab League envoy to Damascus, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said that a diplomatic solution to the conflict in Syria seemed far away, adding that the country risked being slithering into ‘hell’ ... (ANI). For Zee News’s Updates, follow us on Twitter , Facebook, Google+, Pinterest. First Published ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / New York City Police Department
30 Dec 2012
A woman who told police she shoved a man to his death off a subway platform because she has hated Muslims since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the US and thought he was one was charged on Saturday with murder as a hate crime, prosecutors said ... Menendez, 31, was awaiting arraignment on the charge on Saturday evening, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown said. She faces 25 years to life in prison if convicted ... On Dec ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
28 Dec 2012
Galaxy Note 2 vs. iPhone 5. Do The Companies Have Their Game Plans Right?. Posted by Jay099 on December 28, 2012 02.15 pm 0. via. Mountain View at California seems to be a busy center now. Google is stepping up the gas on the march towards a holistic environment and experience for the consumers ... My Blog . My FB Page ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Signon San Diego
30 Dec 2012
Bahman left Moldova with the carpet and photos that now decorate her bedroom walls, in Ashdod, Israel. Ashdod is heavily populated by immigrants from the former Soviet Union ... In this July 6, 2012 photo, canned sardines are served at a family dinner at the home of Moldovan immigrant Puma Rotner in Ashdod, Israel - a city heavily populated by immigrants from the former Soviet Union....(size: 13.8Kb)
Fox News
30 Dec 2012
In this Feb. 6, 2012 photo, Russian-speaking Israeli immigrants train in a boxing club in Ashdod, a southern Israeli city heavily populated by immigrants from the former Soviet Union. (AP Photo/Oded Balilty)AP Photo/Oded Balilty)The Associated Press. In this Dec ... (AP Photo/Oded Balilty)The Associated Press. In this March ... 3, 2012 photo, acrobats wait in a dressing room before their show at L'Chaim, a Russian restaurant in Ashdod, Israel ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
Ha'aretz
28 Dec 2012
The Hamilton FX Olim Football League entered the second half of the season with an exciting round of matches. The main match saw first-place England FC playing third-place Ashdod at Ashdod's intimidating home pitch. A physical encounter ended with a surprising 1-0 victory for Ashdod ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
27 Dec 2012
(Source. Prime Minister's Office of Israel). 27 Dec 2012. Israel's ambassadors and consuls general serving throughout the world will discuss wide-ranging diplomatic and strategic issues at a conference to be held next week in Jerusalem.. (Communicated by the MFA Spokesperson) ... They will also visit high-tech production sites in the region, including the Ashkelon desalination plant and the Elta plant in Ashdod. distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 3.2Kb)
Stockhouse
27 Dec 2012
TSX.V. ADL. TORONTO, Dec. 27, 2012 /CNW/ - ADIRA ENERGY LTD. (TSXV. ADL) (OTCBB. ADENF) (FRANKFURT. AORLB8). Adira Energy Ltd ... Jeffrey E. Walter, Chief Executive Officer of Adira Energy stated ... About Adira Energy Ltd. Adira Energy Ltd ... These licenses are located respectively 10 km offshore between Netanya and Ashdod, 17 km offshore between Hadera and Netanya and adjacent to the coast between Ashkelon and Bat-Yam ... SOURCE. Adira Energy Ltd. ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Herald Tribune
27 Dec 2012
RAANANA, Israel - The charismatic new leader of Israel's Jewish religious right is siphoning a large chunk of votes from the prime minister's party, according to polls ahead of Jan. 22 elections, and if the trend continues, the high-tech millionaire and former commando could emerge as a powerful voice opposing Palestinian statehood. Enlarge ... 26, 2012 photo, Naftali Bennett, head of the Jewish Home party, speaks in Ashdod, Israel ... ---- ... ....(size: 11.0Kb)
noodls
24 Dec 2012
Maccabi Tel-Aviv Basketball Club (1995) Ltd) In a lopsided game, Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv destroyed Maccabi Yachad Habonim Ashdod, 104-72 at Nokia Arena in Week 10 of the Winner Sal League ... Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv defeated Maccabi Ashdod 104-72 in Week 10 of the Israeli Winner Sal League ... Maccabi's defense put a choke-hold on Ashdod, who did not score for the next four minutes....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
24 Dec 2012
The three Israeli civilian deaths came from one rocket that struck an apartment building in Kiryat Malachi near Ashdod around 8 a.m ... Ashdod. On November 17 at around 8 a.m., a rocket struck a private home in Ashdod while five people were there, badly damaging the house and wounding the mother ... Rockets struck Ashdod repeatedly during the fighting, including rockets that hit a residential area on November 16 and a store on November 20....(size: 21.0Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Dec 2012
Tweet ... "This accord is milestone in the relations between Israel and Spain and opens the doors for our firms and our experts to be able to cooperate and participate in this transformation that is under way in Israel in the infrastructure area," said the minister at a press conference in the port of Ashdod ... --IANS/EFE. rd. Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 3.2Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
24 Dec 2012
GAZA CITY -- Khader Bakr, a 19-year-old fisherman, was thrilled to hear that he could now fish up to six nautical miles from the coast, up from the three-mile limit Israel had had in place since 2009 ... But testing the waters late last month, Mr. Bakr apparently sailed out too far ... At least two other fishing boats were either fired upon or stopped, and their crew questioned, sometimes in the Israeli port of Ashdod, before being released ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
Stockhouse
24 Dec 2012
ADIRA SECURES OPTION TO ACQUIRE INTERESTS IN ADDITIONAL LICENSE IN SYRIAN ARC OIL TREND, OFFSHORE ISRAEL. TSX.V. ADL. TORONTO, Dec. 24, 2012 /CNW/ - ADIRA ENERGY LTD. (TSXV. ADL) (OTCBB. ADENF) (FRANKFURT. AORLB8). Adira Energy Ltd ... Jeffrey E ... About Adira Energy Ltd ... These licenses are located respectively 10 km offshore between Netanya and Ashdod, 9 km offshore between Hadera and Netanya and adjacent to the coast between Ashkelon and Bat-Yam ... ....(size: 8.3Kb)
Huffington Post
24 Dec 2012
JERUSALEM -- Dozens of Jews who claim to be the descendants of a lost biblical Jewish tribe emigrated to Israel on Monday from their village in northeastern India, celebrating their arrival after a five-year struggle to get in ... 20, 2012 ... Indian Jews recite the Tashlich prayer while facing the Mediterranean Sea in the southern Israeli city of Ashdod at sunset on the second day of Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, Thursday, Sept ... Like ... ....(size: 18.5Kb)
Ha'aretz
23 Dec 2012
A dubious penalty and a goal scored from a marginal offside position secured a win for Maccabi Tel Aviv against Maccabi Netanya last night, as Hapoel Tel Aviv could only manage a third consecutive draw, against Hapoel Haifa. ... Elsewhere, SC Ashdod continued its freefall with a 1-2 loss to Bnei Sakhnin, while Hapoel Ramat Gan - following on the back of its heroic 2-2 draw with Hapoel Tel Aviv last week - beat Bnei Yehuda 1-0 ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
| Ashdod | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |||
| • Hebrew | אַשְׁדּוֹד (help·info) |
||
| • ISO 259 | ʔašdod | ||
 |
|||
|
|||
 Ashdod
|
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| Coordinates: 31°48′0″N 34°39′0″E / 31.8°N 34.65°E / 31.8; 34.65Coordinates: 31°48′0″N 34°39′0″E / 31.8°N 34.65°E / 31.8; 34.65 | |||
| District | South | ||
| Founded | 1956 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | City (from 1968) | ||
| • Mayor | Yehiel Lasri | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2 or 18.240 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009)[1] | |||
| • Total | 207,800 | ||
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד (audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE,[2] making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.[3]
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel,[1] and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Antiquity[link]
The site of Ashdod in the Bronze Age and Iron Ages was at a tell just south of the modern city. It was excavated by archaeologists in nine seasons between 1962 and 1972. The effort the first few years was led by David Noel Freedman of the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and Moshe Dothan.[5][6] The remaining seasons were under Dothan and the Israel Antiquities Authority.[7]
Human settlement in Ashdod dates from the Paleolithic Age.[2] Ashdod is mentioned in documents written in Ugaritic, a language of ancient Canaan. At the end of the 13th century BCE the Sea Peoples conquered and destroyed Ashdod. By the beginning of the 12th century BCE, the Philistines, generally thought to have been one of the Sea Peoples, ruled the city. During their reign, the city prospered and was a member of the Philistine pentapolis,[8] which included Ashkelon, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza in addition to Ashdod.
In 950 BCE Ashdod was destroyed during Pharaoh Siamun's conquest of the region. The city was not rebuilt until at least 815 BCE. Around 715 BCE, it was conquered by Sargon II,[9] who destroyed the city and exiled its residents, including some Jews who were subsequently settled in Media and Elam.[10] Asdûdu led the revolt of Philistines, Judeans, Edomites, and Moabites against Assyria after expulsion of king Akhimeti, whom Sargon had installed instead of his brother Azuri. Gath (Gimtu) belonged to the kingdom of Ashdod at that time.[11]
An Assyrian general Tartan gained control of Ashdod in 711,[12][13] and forced the "usurper" Yamani to flee. Mitinti was king at the time of Sennacherib, and Akhimilki in the reign of Esarhaddon. Psamtik I of Egypt is reported to have besieged the great city Azotus for twenty-nine years (Herodotus, ii. 157); the biblical references to the remnant of Ashdod (Jeremiah 25:20; cf Zephaniah 2:4) are interpreted as allusions to this event.
The city absorbed another blow in 605 BCE, when Nebuchadnezzar conquered it.[3] In 539 BCE the city was rebuilt by the Persians, but was conquered in the wars of Alexander of Macedon.(Nehemiah 13:23)
In the Book of Nehemiah, the Ashdodites seem to represent the whole nation of the Philistines in the sixth century BCE,[14] the speech of Ashdod (which the younger generation of the Jews are described as adopting) would simply be the general Philistine dialect. Hugo Winckler explains the use of that name by the fact that Ashdod was the nearest of the Philistine cities to Jerusalem.[15]
Biblical references[link]
Upon Joshua's conquest of the Promised Land, Ashdod was alloted to the Tribe of Judah (Book of Joshua 15:46).
In I Samuel 6:17 Ashdod is mentioned among the principal Philistine cities. After capturing the Ark of the covenant from the Israelites, the Philistines took it to Ashdod and placed it in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate before the Ark; on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with boils; a plague of mice was sent over the land (1 Samuel 6:5).[16]
According to the Bible, during the 10th century BCE Ashdod became, along with all the kingdom of Philistia, a patronage area of the Kingdom of Israel under the control of King David.
The capture of the city by King Uzziah of Judah shortly after 815 BCE is mentioned within 2 Chronicles (26:6) and in the Book of Zechariah (9:6), speaking of the false Jews. In the Book of Isaiah (20:1), an Assyrian general named Tartan, sent by Sargon, gained control of Ashdod in 711.
In the Book of Nehemiah (13:23–24), some 5th century BCE residents of Jerusalem are said to have married women from Ashdod, and half of the children of these unions were reportedly unable to understand Hebrew; instead, they spoke "the language of Ashdod".
The 1st century CE Book of Acts (8:40) refers to Azotus (the Hellenistic name of Ashdod) as the place in which Philip the Evangelist reappeared after he converted the Ethiopian eunuch to Christianity.
Hellenistic period[link]
Further information: Ashdod-Sea
The city prospered as Αzotus (Άζωτος) under the Hellenistic rule, until the Hasmonean Revolt. During the rebellion Judas Maccabeus arrived at its gates, but did not conquer it. He left it for his brother Jonathan, who conquered it in 147 BCE and destroyed the Temple of Dagon.[17] According to Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews 13:15, volume 4), Alexander Jannæus possessed it. Pompey restored its independence by reconstructing its city walls, though it belonged to the dominion of Herod and Salome (Antiquities... 17:18, volume 9), and Vespasian had to later take it by force.
Despite its location four miles (6 km) from the coast, both Ptolemy and Josephus described it as a maritime city. This curious description may refer to Ashdod's control of a separate shore-edge harbor, called Azotus Paraliyus,[18] or Ashdod-Sea (Antiquities... 13:15, volume 4). The city's prominence continued until the 7th century, when a citadel was built in Azotus Paraliyus as a stronghold against the Byzantine navy. To the west of the wooded height on which the city stands, traces of the ancient harbor Kal'at Al Mina can still be seen.
Arab, Crusader and Mamluk periods[link]
Isdud came under Muslim rule in the seventh century. The geographer Ibn Khordadbeh referred to it as "Azdud," and described it as a postal station between al-Ramla and Gaza.[19] The Fatimids established a shore fortress and a village on the Tell of Ashdod.[citation needed]
Ottoman rule[link]
The location of the village on Via Maris enhanced the city's importance during the Ottoman rule. In 1596 CE, administrated by nahiya ("subdistrict") of Gaza under the liwa' ("district") of Gaza, the population of Ashdod numbered about 413.[20] The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, sesame and fruit crops, as well as goats and beehives.[21]
In the late nineteenth century, Isdud was described as a village spread across the eastern slope of a low hill, covered with gardens. A ruined khan stood southwest of the village. Its houses were one-storey high with walls and enclosures built of adobe brick. There were two main sources of water: a pond and a masonry well. Both were surrounded by groves of date-palm and fig-trees.[22]
At the beginning of the twentieth century the village was known as Esdūd, with a population of about 5,000, specializing in agriculture and trade.[23][verification needed]
British Mandate[link]
During the Mandatory period, Isdud had two elementary schools; one for boys which was opened in 1922, and one for girls which started in 1942. By the mid 1940-s the boy-school had 371 students, while the girl-school had 74.[24] Isdud held a Palestinian Arab population of 4,910 in 1945.[citation needed]
1948 War and the State of Israel[link]
The village of Isdud was occupied by the Egyptian army on May 29, 1948 and became the Egyptians' northernmost position during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. While the Israelis failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards.[25] Egyptian and Israeli forces clashed in the surrounding area, with the Egyptians being unable to hold the Ad Halom bridge over the Lachish River. Israeli forces surrounded the town during Operation Pleshet, and shelled and bombed it from the air.[26] Fearing encirclement, Egyptian forces retreated on October 28, 1948 and the majority of the residents fled. Those who remained were driven southwards by the Israel Defense Forces.[27][28] At the end of August, an Israeli military plane crashed and local Arab militias killed eight passengers.[dubious – discuss] Soldiers of the Givati brigade retaliated by shooting at least 10 villagers.[29][dubious – discuss] According to Khalidi, the site of the Arab village of Isdud is now covered in sand dunes.[citation needed]
In 1950, two moshavim, Sde Uziyahu and Shtulim, were established to the east of Isdud, on village land. Bnei Darom (in 1949) and Gan HaDarom (in 1953) were established north of Isdud, on village land.[30]
In 1953, surveyors and designers arrived at the desolate dunes near the mouth of Lakhish River to choose a site to build a new power station in the south of the country (eventually "Eshkol A"). Its workers lived in the regional settlements Rehovot and Gedera.[citation needed]
The modern city of Ashdod was founded in 1956 4 kilometers (2.5 mi). On May 1, 1956, then finance minister Levi Eshkol approved the establishment of the city of Ashdod. "Ashdod Company Ltd.", a daughter company of City-Builders Company Ltd., was created for that purpose by Oved Ben-Ami and Philipp Klutznick. The first settlers, twenty-two families of immigrants from Morocco arrived in November 1956,[31] and a group of immigrants from Egypt joined them. In July 1957, the government granted a 24 square kilometers concession, approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Tel Aviv, to the Ashdod Company Ltd., for building the modern city of Ashdod.[31] The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units: 2 units of 50 megawatt, and one unit of 45 megawatt (with sea water desalination capabilities).
The first local council was appointed in October 1959. Dov Gur was appointed the first local council head on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior.[32] The Magistrates' Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963. The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961. The port was inaugurated in November 1963, and was first utilized in November 1965, with the coming of the Swedish ship "Wiengelgad".[31]
Large-scale growth of the city began in 1991, with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia and infrastructure development. From 1990 to 2001 the city accepted more than 100,000 new inhabitants, a 150% growth.[33]
Urban planning[link]
The modern city of Ashdod city was built outside the historic settlement site, on virgin sands. The development followed a main development plan.[34] The planners divided the city into seventeen neighborhoods of ten to fifteen thousand people. Wide avenues between the neighborhoods make traffic flow relatively freely inside the city. Each neighborhood has access to its own commercial center, urban park, and health and education infrastructure. The original plan also called for a business and administrative center, built in the mid-1990s, when the city population grew rapidly more than doubling in ten years.[33]
Three industrial zones were placed adjacent to the port in the northern part of the city, taking into account the prevailing southern winds which take air pollution away from the city.[34] The plan had its problems, however, including asymmetric growth of upscale and poorer neighborhoods and the long-time lack of a main business and administrative center.[35]
The city was planned for a maximum of 250,000 inhabitants, and an additional area in the south was reserved for further development.[34] The southern border of the city was proclaimed a national nature reserve, Ashdod Nitzanim Sand Dune Park.
Climate[link]
Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. Humidity tends to be high year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March. In winter, temperatures seldom drop below 5 °C (41 °F) and are more likely to be in the region of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), while in summer the average is 27 °C (81 °F). The average annual rainfall is 510 millimeters.
| Climate data for Ashdod | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
24.89 (76.82) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.38 (57.88) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 127.9 (5.10) |
98.6 (3.93) |
61.4 (2.45) |
17.8 (.71) |
3.0 (.12) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2.3 (.09) |
19.0 (.76) |
69.8 (2.78) |
114.7 (4.57) |
514.5 (20.51) |
| Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[36][37] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Industry[link]
Ashdod is one of the most important industrial centers in Israel. All industrial activities in the city are located in northern areas such as the port area, the northern industrial zone, and around the Lachish River. The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel, handling about 60% of Israel's port cargo. It was mainly upgraded in recent years and will be able to provide berths for Panamax ships.[38][39] Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area which also is home to an Eshkol A power station and coal terminal.
The Northern industrial zone is located on Highway 41 and includes various industry including an oil refinery, which is one of only two in the country. The heavy industry zone located south of the Lachish River was once the main industrial center in Ashdod. Recently, however, leisure facilities have moved into the area. There is still some industry here, however, such as a Teva Pharmaceutical Industries plant, construction components producer Ashtrom, and Solbar a soybean oil producer. Ashdod is also home to Elta, a part of Israel Aircraft Industries where radar equipment, electronic warfare systems, and ELINT are developed.
Shopping[link]
Historically each neighborhood of Ashdod had its own commercial center. In 1990, however, when the mall shopping culture developed in Israel, the main commercial activity in Ashdod moved to malls. The first mall to open in Ashdod was the Forum Center in the industrial zone. Restaurants, bars and night clubs were opened in the area. Today, the Forum center is mainly used for offices. Lev Ashdod Mall, which opened in 1993, has been enlarged and upgraded since then.[40] Ashdod Mall, billed at the time as the city's largest shopping mall, has also been redesigned since its opening in 1995.[41] City Mall, Ashdod was opened in a combined building with the central bus station in 1996,[42] following the examples of the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The Sea Mall, a three-story mall near the government offices, has a climbing wall and movie theater. Star Center doubled in size in 2007.[43]
Transportation[link]
Ashdod is located on the historic Via Maris. Highway 4 was developed following this route along the southern sea shore of Israel; it serves as the main connection to the north, towards the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, and to the south, towards Ashkelon.Ad Halom junction was planned as the main entrance to the city from the east.[35] The junction was poorly planned and built, including a grade-level railway crossing less than 100 meters from the intersection with Highway 4 and a dangerous intersection with the nearby railway station's access road, and it suffered from heavy congestion.
An interchange was opened in 2009.[44] The interchange is intended to continue the freeway section of Highway 4 further south by removing the traffic light at this junction, and it also utilized grade separation with the railway.[45]
The other main road in the area is Highway 41 which served the city from the start of its modern history. This road runs from west to east towards Gedera and it is the main transport link to the port of Ashdod and the industrial zones, and connects to Highway 4 with an interchange.
Train[link]
Main article: Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station
The passenger railway connection to Ashdod opened in 1992[46] after the renovation of the historical railway to Egypt.[47] Ashdod railway station is on Israel Railways' Binyamina/Netanya – Tel Aviv – Ashkelon line and it is located near Ad Halom Junction. The station was upgraded in 2003[46] when a new terminal building was built. The station building is modern, but proper road access to it is was only organized on September 23, 2008, when a new road to the station was opened.[48]
There is also heavy freight traffic in the area. Port of Ashdod has its own railway spur line as well as a special terminal for potash brought from the Sodom area and exported abroad.
Buses[link]
A new central bus station opened in 1996. It serves as the terminus both for inter- and intracity lines. The central bus station is attached to the City Mall. Intercity bus lines connect the city with most population centers in central and southern Israel. Following is the list of bus companies serving routes at the central bus station:
| Company name | Major destinations |
|---|---|
| Egged | Jerusalem, a seasonal line to Eilat |
| Metropoline [49] | Be'er Sheva, Kiryat Gat, Sderot, Netivot |
| Connex[50] | Tel Aviv (CBS and Arlozorov Terminal), Bar Ilan University, Tel HaShomer, Rishon LeTziyon, Rehovot, Yavne, Ashkelon, Kiryat Mal'akhi, Gedera, Gan Yavne |
| Egged Ta'avura | Intracity service |
Due to the large Haredi population in Ashdod, many mehadrin lines connect the Haredi neighborhoods of Ashdod with other Haredi population centers, such as Bnei Brak, Jerusalem, Bet Shemesh, Modi'in Illit, Kiryat Gat, El'ad, Tzfat and other towns. The mehadrin lines are operated by Egged, Connex, Egged Ta'avura and Superbus, and do not use the central bus station.
The Egged Ta'avura company has been operating urban buses in Ashdod since 2007.[51][52] In addition, a share taxi service exists in Ashdod, operated by Moniyot HaIr.[53] Most share taxi lines coincide with intracity bus lines.
Cruise ships and yachts[link]
There is a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod. The traffic at this gateway is constantly growing, especially due to cruise ship activities. The other sea gateway is the newly opened Blue Marina.
Demographics[link]
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1961 | 4,600[54] |
| 1972 | 40,300 |
| 1983 | 65,700[55] |
| 1990 | 83,900 |
| 1995 | 125,820 |
| 1996 | 137,100 |
| 2000 | 174,224 |
| 2001 | 187,000 |
| 2003 | 192,200[56] |
| 2006 | 204,400 |
| 2008 | 209,200 |
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of about 204,400 at the end of 2006, making it the fifth largest city in Israel.[57] The annual population growth rate is 2.6% and the ratio of women to men is 1,046 to 1,000. The population age distribution was recorded as 19.7% under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is significantly younger than the Israeli average because of the large number of young couples living in the city. The city is ranked medium-low in socio-economic grading, with a rating of 4 out of 10. 56.1% of 12th grade students in Ashdod were eligible for matriculation certificates in 2000. The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4,821 compared to the national average of NIS 6,835.
Ashdod, like many Israeli cities, has seen much of its growth as the result of absorption of immigrants. The first major group to move to the city were Jews of Moroccan and Egyptian descent.[31] In the 1960s Ashdod accepted a large number of immigrants from Romania, followed by a large number from Georgia[31] in the 1970s. More than 60,000 Jews immigrated to Ashdod from the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Recent demographic figures suggest that about 32%[58] of the city's population are new immigrants, 85% of whom are originally from the former Soviet Union. During the 1990s the city absorbed a large number of Jews of Ethiopian descent, and in more recent years Ashdod has absorbed a large number of immigrants from France and from Argentina. Many of the 60,000 Marathi speaking Bene Israeli, from Maharashtra, India have also settled here. Approximately 100 American, British, and South African expatriates also live here. Ashdod also receives a significant amount of internal migration,[59] especially from the Gush Dan region.
Religion[link]
Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, over 30% of whom are religiously observant. Despite this, the city is generally secular, although most of the non-Jewish population is a result of mixed marriages. The large Haredi community of the city live mainly in Neighborhood 7 (Rova Zayin) which is specially dedicated for their needs with Talmud Torah, cheder, mikva and other religious institutions.[citation needed] About 100 families are affiliated with the Pittsburg Hasidic group, established here in 1969 by Grand Rabbi Avraham Abba Leifer and continued today by his son, Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer.[60]
Ashdod has many synagogues serving different streams of Judaism. The city is also home to the world's largest[61] Karaite community, about five thousand strong. There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.[62][63]
Government[link]
Ashdod was declared a city in 1968. The Ashdod City Council has twenty-five elected members, one of whom is the mayor. The mayor serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Ashdod, Yehiel Lasri, was last elected in 2008 after Zvi Zilker has been in office continuously since 1989.[64] Within the city council there are various factions representing different population groups. The headquarters of the Ashdod Municipality and the mayor's office are at city hall. This new municipal building is located in the main culture and business area.
Mayors and heads of council[link]
- Dov Gur (1959–61)
- Robert Hayim (1961–63[32])
- Avner Garin (1963–69)
- Zvi Zilker (1969–83)
- Aryeh Azulay (1983–89)
- Zvi Zilker (1989–2008)
- Yehiel Lasri (2008–)
Culture and art[link]
Ashdod is home to the Israeli Andalusian Orchestra which performs music originating in Andalusia, a blend of Western and Arabic music. The orchestra was awarded the Israel Prize in 2006.[65][66] The ACADMA conservatory, a professional educational institute for music and performance studies is based in Ashdod. Operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, the institute was established in 1966,[67] and serves as a home for 600 young musicians in different fields. The MonArt center is a performing arts center which has different art schools, studios and events. Theater and concerts are hosted in several cultural venues; the most important are performed at Yad LaBanim concert hall. A new 2,000-seat concert hall in the cultural center is in its final building stages.[68] The Korin Maman Museum has a permanent archeology exhibition called "Philistian World" as well as various changing art exhibitions.[69] Ashdod Museum of Art located in the MonArt center, has 13 exhibition halls.[70] In an architectural echo of the Louvre, the entrance to the museum is through a glass pyramid.[71] In 2003 the internal spaces of the museum were redesigned by the architects Eyal Weizman, Rafi Segal and Manuel Herz.
Sports[link]
Ashdod's football team, F.C. Ashdod represents the city in Ligat ha'Al, Israel's Premier League. The club is known for its successful soccer school. The city's top basketball team is Maccabi Ashdod. The men squad plays in First League, Israel's First tier league, and the women squad Maccabi Bnot Ashdod plays in top division.
Ashdod plays host to many national and international sporting tournaments, including the annual Ashdod International Chess Festival. The city has a cricket team,[72] a rarity in Israel. It is run and organized by citizens of Indian descent. Ashdod's beaches are a venue for water sports, like as windsurfing and Scuba diving. The Ashdod Marina offers yachting services.
Ashdod has produced several notable athletes:
- Vered Borochovsky[73] – 2000 Sydney Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics swimmer.
- Alon Hazan – international soccer player
- Haim Revivo – international soccer player
- Gocha Tzitziashvili[74] – 2003 Greco-Roman Wrestling World champion & 2004 Summer Olympics wrestler
Twin towns–Sister cities[link]
Ashdod is twinned with
Notable residents[link]
See also[link]
- Cities of the ancient Near East
- Short chronology timeline
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
References[link]
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- ^ a b M. Dotan (1990) (in Hebrew). Ashdod – Seven levels of excavations. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 91.
- ^ a b O.Kolani, B.Raanan, M.Brosh, S.Pipano (1990) (in Hebrew). Events calendar in Israel and Ashdod. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 79.
- ^ "Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles – Ashdod". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/108_0070.pdf. Retrieved April 14, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ M. Dothan and David Noel Freedman, Ashdod I, The First Season of Excavations 1962, Atiqot, vol. 7, Israel Antiquities Authority, 1967
- ^ David Noel Freedman, The Second Season at Ancient Ashdod, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 134–139, 1963
- ^ Moshe Dothan, Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969) (Iaa Reports) (v. 6), Israel Antiquities Authority, 2005, ISBN 965-406-178-3
- ^ B.Frenkel (1990) (in Hebrew). The Philistines. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 119.
- ^ Cogan, Mordechai (1993). "Judah under Assyrian Hegemony: A Reexamination of Imperialism and Religion". Journal of Biblical Literature (The Society of Biblical Literature) 112 (3): 403–414. DOI:10.2307/3267741. JSTOR 3267741
- ^ Price, Massoume (2001). "A brief history of Iranian Jews". Iran Chamber Society. http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/history_of_iranian_jews1.php. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ J. Kaplan (1990) (in Hebrew). Yamani stronghold in Ashdod-Sea. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 125.
- ^ Isaiah 20:1
- ^ H. Tadmor (1966). "Philistia under Assyrian Rule". The Biblical Archaeologist (The American Schools of Oriental Research) 29 (3): 86–102. DOI:10.2307/3211004. JSTOR 3211004
- ^ at 13:23,24.
- ^ Geschichte Israels. 1898. p. 224.
- ^ Harris JC (2006). "The plague of Ashdod". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 (3): 244–5. DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.244. PMID 16520427. http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/63/3/244. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ S.Shapira (1990) (in Hebrew). Battle of Ashdod (147BC). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 135.
- ^ S.Piphano (1990) (in Hebrew). Ashdod Sea in Byzantic period. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 143.
- ^ Khalidi, 1992, p.110.
- ^ A. Petersen (2005). The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule AD 600–1600. BAR International Series 1381. p. 133.
- ^ Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.110.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1881, p.409. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 110-111.
- ^ "Wellcome to Isdud". PalestineRemembered.com quote Benny Morris and Walid al-Halidi. http://www.palestineremembered.com/Gaza/Isdud/index.html. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Khalidi, 1992, p.111.
- ^ New York Times June 8, 1948
- ^ Yehudah Ṿalakh ... (2003) (in Hebrew). Battle Sites in the Land of Israel. Israel: Carta. p. 24. ISBN 965-220-494-3.
- ^ "From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare". International Middle East media Center. April 13, 2006. http://www.imemc.org/article/18022. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge Press 2004 pp.471
- ^ The Palestinian Nakba: 1948 by S.H. Abu Sitta. 2000, pg. 17
- ^ Khalidi, 1992, 112-13.
- ^ a b c d e R.Yaniv (1990) (in Hebrew). Ashdod. From repatriants settlement to the City. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 163.
- ^ a b R.Yaniv (1990) (in Hebrew). Head of the local council and the city. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 179.
- ^ a b "Data of population in the city of Ashdod" (in Hebrew) (Word). The Center for Research and Information, Knesset. April 17, 2001. http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/docs/m00121.rtf. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Development Plan for city of Ashdod" (PDF). The Society of Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. 2000. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071128094323/http://www.geocities.com/parkholot3/mitaar.pdf. (Hebrew)
- ^ a b J. Herz U. Fogel (1990) (in Hebrew). New lineation plan to the city of Ashdod. Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 29.
- ^ "Monthly Average of Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 2006. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. June 2011. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st01_03x.pdf.
- ^ "Precipitation" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 2006. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st01_04.pdf.
- ^ "Ashdod Port Development, Israel". Port Technology. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071123104544/http://www.port-technology.com/projects/ashdod/. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ "Eitan Port – A NIS 3 Billion Project Among Israel's Largest Infrastructure Projects". Ports and Railways Authority. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071227022828/http://www.israports.org.il/dev/yovel.asp. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ kenyonim.com. "Lev Ashdod Mall". http://www.kenyonim.com/mall.asp?mid=11. (Hebrew)
- ^ Ashdod News (December 1, 2005). "Ashdod Mall closed its gates". http://www.ashdodnews.co.il/economic_p2.asp?page_id=107&page_id_2=4286. Retrieved September 29, 2007. (Hebrew)
- ^ kenyonim.com. "City Mall, Ashdod". http://www.kenyonim.com/mall.asp?mid=58. (Hebrew)
- ^ "Filgar broaden Star Center cite in Ashdod" (Word). Debby Communications Ltd. 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071128094325/http://www.debby.co.il/uploads/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8+%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93.doc. Retrieved September 25, 2007. (Hebrew)
- ^ "Ad Halom interchange was opened". MYnet. May 26, 2009. http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3721041,00.html. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ "Government approved today (11/12/05) Minister of Finance and Minister of Transport proposal for a five-year plan for the design, development, paving, safety and maintenance of intercity roads, at a volume of NIS 19 billion" (Word). Israeli Ministries of Finance and Transport. December 11, 2005. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071128094325/http://www.mof.gov.il/beinle/press217.doc. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ a b "The duplication of section Pleshet jnct. – Ashdod, Ad Halom and upgrading of railway station Ashdod, Ad Halom". Raiway News Israel. May 30, 2004. http://www.railnewsil.com/follow-up/ashd-plesh/ashd-plesh_main.htm. Retrieved September 26, 2007. (Hebrew)
- ^ "General Information – Milestones". Israel Railways official cite. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071124142156/http://www.israrail.org.il/english/index.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Harush, Yair (September 24, 2008). "New Access Road to the Railway Station Opened". Mynet. http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3601272,00.html. Retrieved September 28, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ "Metropoline line maps". Metropoline. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081217065744/http://www.metropoline.com/map.asp. Retrieved November 27, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ A schematic map of Connex bus lines in the Ashdod area, Connex (Hebrew)
- ^ "List of intracity lines in Ashdod". Egged Ta'avura. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822090919/http://www.egged-taavura.co.il/p-62/. Retrieved November 23, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ "New lines of public transportation". Ashdod4u.com. September 19, 2005. http://www.ashdod4u.com/ArticlePrint.asp?ArticleID=4204. Retrieved November 26, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ "List of share taxi lines operated by Moniyot HaIr". Moniyot HaIr. http://www.taxi-city.co.il/?page=track. Retrieved November 27, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Israel in Figures, Population". http://www.cbs.gov.il/israel_in_figures/population.htm.
- ^ City Population. "The districts of Israel and all Israeli cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants". http://www.citypopulation.de/Israel.html.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library. "Latest Population Figures for Israel". http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/newpop.html#_ftnref3.
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics estimate as of the end of June 2006 (July 2005). "TABLE 3. – POPULATION(1) OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 1,000 RESIDENTS" (Excel). CBS. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.xls#G339. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Ashdod Municipality. "Absorption and immigration". http://www.ashdod.muni.il/htmls/english/Openning_eng.asp.
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Internal migration in Israel" (PDF). ISSN 0793-5382. http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/in_migration02/pdf/e_print.pdf.
- ^ "Overview of Pittsburgh: A Warm Hasidic Community in Ashdod, Israel". www.pittsburghdynasty.org. http://www.pittsburghdynasty.org/default.aspx. Retrieved February 2010.
- ^ Last Days Reporters. "7 Stages of the beginning of Judaism". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928042639/http://www.lastdaysreporter.com/beginning-judaism-relig.html.
- ^ Righteous Among the Nations, Norway. "Per Faye-Hansen". Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080129135119/http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous/bycountry/norway.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Bilateral Relations. "Per Faye-Hansen recognised as Righteous Among the Nations". Norway – the official cite in Israel. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107034252/http://www.norway.org.il/bilateral/culture/Faye-Hansen.htm. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Local council elections 2003 results. Haaretz (October 29, 2003). (Hebrew)
- ^ Barnea, Or (April 4, 2006). "Israel Prize awarded to Dvora Omer". Ynet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3236001,00.html. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
- ^ "Israel Prize Recipients 2006– Israeli Andalusit Orchestra" (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of Education. http://cms.education.gov.il/educationcms/units/prasisrael/tashsav/tizmoretandalusit/nimokyhsoftimandalusit.htm. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
- ^ Yannai, Bezalel (July 11, 2002). "Sounds from the South". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Sounds%20from%20the%20South. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
- ^ "Ashdod Concert Hall – Hagiva Metal Works Ltd". AceCad Software. http://www.acecadsoftware.com/case_studies,34,hagiva_metal_works_ltd_ashdod_concert_hall. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
- ^ "Ashdod Museum". ilMuseums.com. http://ilmuseums.com/museum_eng.asp?id=134. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ "Ashdod Museum of Art – Monart Centre". ilMuseums.com. http://ilmuseums.com/museum_eng.asp?id=217. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ Collins, Liat (September 18, 2008). "Ashdod has an artsy side". Jpost.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1221489071988&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
- ^ Kaplan, Reuven. "Cricket Revolution in Ashdod". Ashdod News. http://www.ashdodnews.co.il/sport_p2.asp?page_id=109&page_id_2=8596. Retrieved October 20, 2008. (Hebrew)
- ^ "Identity. Vered Borochovsky". The-sports.org. http://www.the-sports.org/swimming-borochovsky-vered-results-identity-s10-c2-b4-o92-w8402.html. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "Two world championships for Israeli athletes". Israel21c. http://www.israel21c.org/bin/en.jsp?enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enZone=Culture&enDispWho=Articles%5El526&enPage=BlankPage. Retrieved September 18, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Ashdod, jumelée à Bordeaux le 7décembre 1984" (in French). Official Bordeaux website. http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/portals/ebx.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=5344. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "Bahía Internacional Ciudades Hermanas" (in Spanish). Official Bahia Blanca website. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070902024234/http://www.bahiablanca.gov.ar/internacional/ciudadeshermanas.html. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "Städtepartnerschaften des Bezirks Spandau" (in German). Official Spandua website. http://www.berlin.de/ba-spandau/derbezirk/wissenswert/partnerstadt/. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "Tampa Sister Cities". Official site for the city of Tampa, Florida. http://www.tampagov.net/information_resources/miscellaneous_documents/archives/_sister_cities.asp. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
Bibliography[link]
- Conder, Claude Reignier and H.H. Kitchener (1881): The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. London:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. vol 2
- Hadawi, Sami (1970), Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
- Khalidi, Walid (1992), All That Remains, Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 0-88728-224-5
- Morris, Benny, (second edition 2004 third printing 2006) The Birth Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00967-7
- Nasser, Gamal Abdul (1955/1973): "Memoirs" in Journal of Palestine Studies
- " “Memoirs of the First Palestine War” in 2, no. 2 (Win. 73): 3-32, pdf-file, downloadable
- Petersen, Andrew (2002): A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) (Isdud, p. 155-158)
- Sharon, Moshe (1997), Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-10833-5, http://books.google.com/?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC (Isdud: p.124)
- Rudiger Schmitt, "Ashdod and the Material Remains of Domestic Cults in the Philistine Coastal Plain," in John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan (eds), Household and Family Religion in Antiquity (Malden, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, 2008) (The Ancient World: Comparative Histories), 159-170.
External links[link]
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Françoise Atlan is a French[1] singer, born in a Sephardic Jewish family in Narbonne (France) 27 July 1964. Her father was a counselor native of Béjaïa in Kabylia (Algeria) and her mother was a pianist and a lyrical singer.
Contents |
Musical learning[link]
Françoise Atlan started to learn piano with her mother at the age of six. In 1984 when finishing her musical learning at Saint-Étienne and Aix-en-Provence conservatoires, she obtained a piano graduate (gold medal) and a chamber music graduate (gilded silver medal). She learned musicology at Aix en Provence University where she succeed the Agrégation competitive examination for teachers. Then she worked at the same time voice techniques at Paris Opera school with Andréa Guiot.
Career[link]
Endowed with a natural voice developed in her early years, she sings "nawbas" which are usually reserved for male singers. She sings equally with the flamenco guitarist Juan Carmona or medieval European repertoire with the Ensemble Gilles Binchois or with the Boston Camerata . Welcomed with equal enthusiasm in Morocco (Fes, Rabat, Casablanca in 1994), in Switzerland (Montreux, Yverdon-les-Bains in 1993) and in France (Abbaye du Thoronet in 1993 for the Chants Sacrés de la Méditerranée, and in Arsenal de Metz for the Festival Transméditerranéen in 1994), and receiving warm applauses in Belgrade, Tokyo and Kyoto, she took part in the recording of the album Borboréo by the guitarist Juan Carmona. She also achieved success in the USA, Japan, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Great Britain, Morocco, Tunisia, ex-Yugoslavia, Israel, and continued her research on Mediterranean repertoires. as well in the ancient occidental or in the traditional Andalusian Arabic repertoires. Nowadays, Françoise Atlan chooses to live and work in Morocco particularly in Marrakesh .
As a member of the Choeur contemporain conducted by Roland Hayrabedian, Françoise Atlan distinguished herself in the vocal music of the composer Maurice Ohana, who entrusted her with the soloist part of his Cantigas, the recording of which obtained the French "Grand Prix de l'Académie Charles-Cros du disque" (1987). From 1987 to 1989, she was featured as first soloist in the vocal ensemble "Musicatreize", which specialised in contemporary music (Ohana, Ligeti, Nono).
Her debut album Romances Sefardies recorded in 1992 was met with great critical acclaim, whereas her second CD entitled Entre la Rose et le Jasmin received the "Diapason d'or" confereded by Diapason (magazine), a French classical music magazine in 1994. She sings either Sephardic romances from the North Africa and Andalusia Jewish communities in ladino, or the troubadour old laments in Occitan, even Andalusian Arabic melodies in Arabic.
Her work from 1990 to 1998 as a singer of the group Aksak, which played a repertoire of Turkish, Greek and Armenian songs, provided the opportunity to work in both Arab-Andalusian repertoire (with Mahmoud Guettat and Toufik Bestandij) and Judeo-Arab (with Cheikh Zekri) repertoire
Considered as one of the best performers of Sephardic romance, she is a singer who possesses a quality of voice that brings greater authenticity to the music. Her performances are the result of exhaustive musicological research, and she shows the highest respect for the established traditions of the genre. Her Jewish roots led Atlan to develop a passion for traditional music, and particularly music from the Mediterranean Basin. In the traditional singing approach rather style remains to be her main consideration, less than such mechanical effect repetition. In her mind, style is still the core of a musical work. In this context, she stands beyond the predefined traditions because her thorough knowledge of Andalusian tradition have enabled her to develop an unmistakable, highly expressive style which combines vocal technique and Sephardic sensibility - the rich heritage of the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.
The refinement of her interpretation reveals the different country shelter influences of the Jewish Spanish communities. The musical styles of Arabic, Muslim and Jewish communities were in past time deeply coloured with mutual influences intensifying their cohabitation. In orchester, those communities played side by side, so that only lyrics allowed to distinguish every group origin. These musics performed with long poignant nostalgic vocalises on a very slight background of strings and drums. All parts blow up in a tremendous festival of ornamented arabesques.
In 2001, Françoise Atlan was involved in the creation of the composer Florence Baschet work, Femmes, a commission from Radio France, with the participation of the Ensemble Fa under the direction of Dominique My. That same year, accompanied by the Armenian Ensemble Goussan, she offered a program of classical and traditional Armenian Music (5th to 19th century) at the Festival d'Ambronay.
Since 1998, she has been giving master classes in France (Centre de Musique Médiévale de Paris), in Switzerland: Geneva (Ateliers d'Ethnomusicologie) and Basel (Schola Cantorum) and in Morocco (Académie de Rabat) on a regular basis. Often as teacher, she is chosen to give lessons within the framework of dance and world music training course "La croisée des chemins", usually organized in July by "Ateliers d'Ethnomusicologie" Geneva.
Since 2003, Françoise Atlan notably performed on the best stages in the USA (Carnegie Hall, New York), Japan, Canada, Holland, Belgium, Norway, Israel, Italy, Spain, Corsica, Tunisia, Morocco, Switzerland, Great-Britain, Germany, Mexico
In October 2007, she introduced at the French Institute in Marrakesh the show "Andalussyiat, l'esprit de Grenade" (Andalusia, the spirit of Granada) where accompanying by Youssef Kassimi Jamal to the oud and Abdelmounaïm Jairi to the drums, she conveyed listeners in subtle poetic and musical travel through the three monotheist Andalusia: Jew, Christian and Muslim.
Since then, she has played in numerous countries and collaborated with various artists, include flamenco guitarist Juan Carmona and the Chemiranis Brothers.
Award[link]
In 1998, she was the winner of the "Prix Villa Médicis Hors les Murs" conferred by Ministry of Culture to French artists and rewarded with a grant schorlarship which enabled her to work for three years on the Arab-Andalusian repertoire of the Fez tradition, alongside Mohamed Briouel. Together, they recorded Nawba M'Cherqi, which includes a selection of Arab-Andalusian.
External links[link]
- (French) Françoise Atlan by the authors of Wiki Musique
- (French) Françoise Atlan - La mujer de Terha - Skyrock blog
- (French) Skyrock blog
- (French) Judeo arabe du Maroc Historique, description, dictionnaire francais/judeo arabe, proverbes et histoires en judeo arabe
- http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/downloads/files/francoiseatlan.mp3 Short clip of Atlan singing] (British Library website)
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Atlan, Francoise |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1964 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Françoise_Atlan
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2012) |
| Johnny Lever | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Born | John Prakasa Rao Janumala (1950-01-07) 7 January 1950 (age 62) Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India,  |
| Occupation | Actor, Comedian |
| Years active | 1984–present |
| Spouse | Sujatha Lever |
| Signature | 150px |
John Prakasa Rao Janumala, famously known as Johnny Lever born January 7, 1950 in Ossalapalle, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, is an Indian film actor and one of the most popular comedians in Hindi cinema.[1] He was born to Prakash Rao Janumala and Karunamma Janumala and brought up in Mumbai. He began his career in 1984, and has acted in more than 300 Bollywood films since. He has received 13 Filmfare Awards nominations in Best Comedian Category, and has won the award twice.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Johnny Lever, born in Andhra Pradesh and was brought up in Mumbai's King's Circle area (Dharavi). His mother tongue is Telugu.[2] Johnny studied in Andhra Telugu School till the seventh grade but couldn't study further because of financial problems in his family, after which he decided to leave school and started working different kinds of odd jobs, such as selling pens on the streets of Bombay by imitating Bollywood stars and dancing to the songs of Bollywood stars. He also spent his early ages in Yakutpura a old city of Hyderabad from where he learnt the unique style of comedy acting. He developed a passion for mimicry and stand-up comedy, inspired by watching comedians like Johnny Walker, Kishore Kumar and Mehmood in films and mimicry artists like Dinesh Hingoo and Nerella Venumadhav on stage, and thus decided to be a mimicry artist. To seek guidance and help regarding mimicry, he met his mentor Pratap Jani and mimicry artist Ram Kumar, who helped him and taught him the basics of mimicry.
Lever was also employed in Hindustan Lever's factory in Mumbai with his father. While working, he entertained his co-workers in the factory by imitating Elvis Presley. At one of the functions at his factory he was asked to perform and show his talent. His popularity among coworkers and officers of the factory by his performance earned him the nickname "Johnny Lever".
He started to perform in musical shows (orchestras) and after earning fame, joined the group of Kalyanji-Anandji, a legendary music direction duo. He did a lot of shows and world tours with them, one of his first big tours being with Amitabh Bachchan in 1982.
Since he became an instant hit at orchestras and was unable to find time, another comedian who substituted him by the name of Johnny Fever evolved. However, Fever's fame was short-lived as Raju Srivastav came to Mumbai during the same time and started filling gaps of Johnny Lever at orchestras.
During this period he learned a lot from his mentor Kalyanji, who was described by Lever as a great philosopher and a very humorous person. At one of his shows, actor Sunil Dutt noticed his talent and potential and offered him his first movie Dard Ka Rishta.
In the 1980s, he released his mimicry/comedy album, Hansee Ke Hungame, which became a hit in India and the world over, increasing his fame to another level. During this time period, he also did few commercials for Kachua chhap incense, directed by Shekhar Kapoor.
In 1986, he performed in a charity show called "Hope 86", in front of the whole Hindi film industry as a filler and was loved by audience. His talent was recognized, which resulted in producer Gul Anand offering him a film called Jalwa with Naseeruddin Shah. He is considered an influential Indian comedian who has been cited as inspiration by many other comics.
Career[link]
Audio career[link]
Johnny started his mass career by releasing an album where he mimicked various Bollywood stars and created a few famous characters in the process; Chela Ramani being one. Some famous sketches in the album included "Sky Lab", "Madrasi Anna Cricket", "Pathan in the bus", "Hijra Kabaddi" and "Chela Ramani".
Film career[link]
Lever got his first break in Indian cinema with the film Dard Ka Rishta, thanks to the late Sunil Dutt. Since then, he has acted in more than 350 films. After Dard Ka Rishta, he was seen in Jalwa with Naseerudin Shah, but his first major success came with Baazigar, and after that he was seen in almost every movie as a supporting actor/comedian. Despite being busy with his many movie roles, he continued to do live shows. One of his most memorable live performances was an impersonation of Michael Jackson at the 1999 Filmfare Awards. His most acclaimed performance was the character of "Babulal" in the film, Baazigar, directed by Abbas-Mustan. He is also remembered for some of his other famous characters, like "Chotta Chattri", "Aslam Bhai", etc. His performance in the film, Judaai and his famous dialogues in the movie, Abba Dabba Jabba are also unforgettable.[3]
His first Tamil feature film was Anbirkku Alavillai[4] produced by SIMPL (Shepherd India Media Pvt. Ltd.), released in 2011. He also had a special appearance in one Telugu feature film, Criminal directed by Bollywood director Mahesh Bhatt.
Television career[link]
Lever also appeared on Zee TV, in his own show, Johny Aala Re.[5] In 2007, he appeared as a judge on the stand-up reality show Comedy Circus.
He is also the president of CINTAA (Cine And T.V. Artist Association) which has its own television show called Superstars ka Jalwa on Star Plus. He is also the president of MAAM (Mimicry Artist Association Mumbai), and has done thousands of live shows all over the world. His younger brother, Jimmy Moses, is also a stand-up comedian and mimicry artist.[6]
Personal life[link]
Lever is a Born Again Christian and has given various testimonies regarding his relationship with Jesus.[7][8][9][10] He is married to Sujatha and has two children, a daughter Jamie and a son Jesse.[11] His brother Jimmy Moses is also a famous stand-up comic who has worked on The Great Indian Laughter Challenge and Comedy Circus.
Controversies[link]
In 1998, Lever was convicted and sentenced for disrespecting the Indian National Anthem, constitution and the flag at a private function hosted by Anees Ibrahim Kaskar.[12] However all charges against him were dropped and he was sent home within one day.
Filmography[link]
- Ek Nai Paheli (29 June 1984)
- Tum Par Hum Quarban (1985)
- Love 86 (14 February 1986) ...... Uttam
- Main Balwaan (28 November 1986)
- Jalwa (1987) ...... Muthu (The Masseur)
- Ghar Mein Ram Gali Mein Shyam (15 January 1988) ...... Srivastav's Servant
- Kasam (15 April 1988)
- Hatya (3 June 1988)
- Aakhri Adalat (10 June 1988) ...... Havaldar
- Hero Hiralal (21 October 1988)
- Tezaab (10 November 1988) ...... Kainchi
- Suryaa (10 February 1989)
- Ilaaka (12 May 1989)
- Mujrim (28 June 1989) ...... Shankar's PA
- Jaadugar (25 August 1989) ...... Nilkant
- Kala Bazar (6 October 1989) ...... Kutti Chai Walla
- Chaalbaaz (8 December 1989) ...... Special appearance as Johny Baba Tantrik
- Main Azaad Hoon (15 December 1989) ...... Protester (Uncredited)
- Kafan (1990)
- Khatarnak (1990)
- Kishen Kanhaiya (9 March 1990) ...... Lobo
- Bandh Darwaza (1 June 1990)
- Raeeszada (1991)
- Ajooba Kudrat Ka (1991)
- Vishnu Deva (15 February 1991) ...... Havaldar #1
- Narsimha (5 July 1991) ...... Tempo Dada
- Jungle Ka Beta (1992)
- Geet Milan Ke Gaate Rehenge (1992)
- Khiladi (5 January 1992) ...... Anna Pillai
- Humla (29 May 1992) ...... Shiva's Friend
- Chamatkar (8 July 1992) ...... Cricket Commentator
- Insaniyat Ke Devta 1993) ...... Muthuswamy
- Teri Payal Meree Geet (1993)
- Yugandhar (1993)
- Aansoo Bane Angaarey (1993)
- Anari (26 March 1993) ...... Bablu
- Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (16 April 1993)
- Anmol (27 August 1993) ...... Himself (Special appearance)
- Santan (12 November 1993) ...... Kalia
- Baazigar (12 November 1993) ...... Babulal
- Aulad Ke Dushman (3 December 1993) ...... Johny
- Bhagyawan (10 December 1993)
- Masti (1994)
- Mahakaal (1994)
- Zamane Se Kya Darna (14 January 1994)
- Kanoon (1 April 1994)
- Anjaam (22 April 1994) ...... Champa Chameli
- Saajan Ka Ghar (29 April 1994)
- Ekka Raja Rani (24 June 1994) ...... Guruji (Dancemaster)
- Juaari (8 July 1994)
- Prem Yog (23 August 1994)
- Main Khiladi Tu Anadi (23 September 1994) ...... Dhansukh
- Criminal (14 October 1994)
- Yaar Ghaddar (4 November 1994) ...... Police Inspector
- Mr Azad (23 December 1994)
- Inteqam Ke Sholey (1995)
- Dilbar (1995)
- Karan Arjun (13 January 1995) ...... Linghaiyya
- Criminal (4 August 1995)
- Rock Dancer (3 November 1995) ...... Police Inspector
- Ram Shastra (9 November 1995) ...... Reporter Raja
- Haqeeqat (29 December 1995) ...... Tony
- Jaan (17 May 1996) ...... Damru
- Himmatwar (14 June 1996)
- Hahakar (5 July 1996) ...... Chamcha
- Daraar (5 July 1996) ...... Hari
- Indian (July 1996) (Dubbed as Hindustani in Hindi).....PaneerSelvam (aka Subhar Lal in Hindi version)
- Bhishma (26 July 1996) ...... Natwar
- Sapoot (8 November 1996)
- Raja Hindustani (15 November 1996) ...... Balvant Singh
- Dushman Duniya Ka (22 November 1996)
- Jodidar (1997)
- Daayen (1997)
- Ghunghat (1997)
- Auzaar (28 February 1997) ...... Peter
- Judaai (28 February 1997) ...... Hiralal
- Kaalia (28 March 1997)
- Himalyaputra (4 April 1997) ...... Joe
- Agni Morcha (4 April 1997)
- Koyla (18 April 1997) ...... Shanker's Friend
- Do Aankhen Barah Haath (11 July 1997) ...... Rickshaw Walla
- Yes Boss (18 July 1997) ...... Madhav Advani, aka MAD
- Judge Mujrim (12 September 1997)
- Krishna Arjun (1 October 1997)
- Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (10 October 1997) ...... Bandaged patient on street
- Deewana Mastana (10 October 1997) ...... Ghafoor
- Ishq (28 November 1997) ...... Ranjit's brother-in-law
- Barsaat Ki Raat (1998)
- Yeh Aashiqui Meri (16 January 1998)
- Miss 420 (23 January 1998) ...... Tony Fernandes
- Ustadon Ke Ustad (20 March 1998)
- Aakrosh: Cyclone Of Anger (3 April 1998) ...... Gopi
- Keemat: They Are Back (10 April 1998) ...... Sub-Inspector Ultappan
- Aunty No. 1 (1 May 1998)
- Jiyaala (1 May 1998)
- Mard (15 May 1998)
- Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (22 May 1998) ...... Mahesh
- Achanak (12 June 1998) ...... Johny.
- Dulhe Raja (10 July 1998) ...... Bankhey (Hotel Manager)
- Kareeb (17 July 1998) ...... Bighe Laal
- Iski Topi Uske Sar (17 July 1998) ...... Gabbar Singh/Mogamba/John Lobo
- Barood (7 August 1998) ...... Presenter
- Tirchhi Topiwale (11 September 1998) ...... Kadak K. Pillay
- Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (16 October 1998) ...... Col. Almeida, Camp Manager
- Soldier (20 November 1998) ...... Mohan/Sohan
- Wajood (11 December 1998) ...... Inspector Rahim Khan
- Heeralal Pannalal (1999) ...... Heeralal (Double role)
- Ganga Ki Kasam (1999)
- Dulhan Banoo Mein Teri (1999)
- Benaam (1999) ...... Munna Mobile
- Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain (22 January 1999) ...... Sunny Goyal
- Daag-The Fire (12 February 1999) ...... Sundar
- Laawaris (5 March 1999) ...... Gaflet
- International Khiladi (26 March 1999) ...... Focus
- Anari No. 1 (9 April 1999) ...... Daler Mehndi
- Silsila Hai Pyar Ka (16 April 1999) ...... Johny
- Sirf Tum (11 June 1999) ...... Niranjan
- Baadshah (27 August 1999) ...... Ramlal
- Hello Brother (10 September 1999) ...... Havaldar Hatella
- Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain (24 September 1999) ...... Sattu
- Khoobsurat (26 November 1999) ...... Special appearance (song)
- Jaanwar (23 December 1999) ...... Bajrangi
- Krodh (2000) ...... Prem
- Jwalamukhi (2000)
- Annarth (2000)...Ben Bose
- Hadh Kar Di Aapne (2000) ...... Father/Son Lawyer Team
- Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa (2000) ...... Maggi
- Meri Jung Ka Elaan (2000)
- Beti No.1 (2000) ...... Mulayamchand 'Mullu'
- Kaali Topi Laal Rumaal (2000)
- Kunwara (2000) ...... Gopal
- Mela (7 January 2000) ...... Inspector Pakkad Singh
- Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai (14 January 2000) ...... Inspector Parab
- Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge (15 January 2000) ...... Tour Manager Chirkund
- Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (21 January 2000) ...... Pappu Junior
- Badal (11 February 2000) ...... Gulel Singh Rangoli
- Dil Hi Dil Mein (21 April 2000)
- Hum To Mohabbat Karega (26 May 2000) ...... Kutti
- Joru Ka Ghulam (16 June 2000) ...... Kanhaiya
- Deewane (11 August 2000) ...... Okay
- Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai (24 August 2000) ...... Chatterjee
- Fiza* (8 September 2000) ...... Laughing Club Comic
- Shikari* (6 October 2000) ...... Jafrani Sindhi Businessman
- Aaghaaz* (6 October 2000) ...... Rajni Deva
- Raju Chacha (20 December 2000) ...... Jaddu
- Farz (12 January 2001)
- Aashiq (26 January 2001)
- Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (9 March 2001) ...... Pappu Bhai
- Censor (6 April 2001) ...... Vikramjeet's First Assistant
- Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega (29 June 2001) ...... Aslam Bhai
- Lajja (31 August 2001)
- Nayak (7 September 2001) ...... TV Cameraman Topi
- Ajnabee (22 September 2001) ...... Banu Pradhan (B.P.)
- Dial 100 (5 October 2001)
- Asoka (26 October 2001) ...... Magadha Soldier
- Arjun Devaa (23 November 2001)
- Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (14 December 2001)
- Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa (21 December 2001) ...... Appu Khote
- Ankhiyon Se Goli Maare (2002) ...... Subramaniam
- Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa (18 January 2002)
- Yeh Mohabbat Hai (8 February 2002) ...... Jaggi
- Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge (22 February 2002) ...... Pakhandee Baba
- Angaar - The Fire (5 April 2002)
- Badmash No.1 (26 April 2002)
- Pyaar Diwana Hota Hai (26 April 2002) ...... Paresh Chaval (Painter)
- Awara Paagal Deewana (21 June 2002)...Chhota Chhatri
- Humraaz (5 July 2002) ...... Mr. Darshan
- Jaani Dushman 16 August 2002) ...... Parwana
- Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat (13 September 2002) ... Paajal
- Annarth (1 November 2002) .....Ben Bose, Music Director
- Kehta Hai Dil Baar Baar 15 November 2002 ..... Natwar
- Karz - The Burden of Truth (6 December 2002) ..... Juggi
- Chalo Ishq Ladaaye (27 December 2002)
- Kucch To Hai (24 January 2003) ..... Popatlal
- Khushi (7 February 2003)
- Kaash Aap Hamare Hote (14 February 2003) ..... Native Indian Black Face
- Indian Babu (7 March 2003)
- Kaise Kahoon Ke Pyaar Hai (9 May 2003)
- Andaaz (23 May 2003) ...... G. I. Joe
- Chalte Chalte (13 June 2003) ...... Nandu (The Roadside Drunk)
- Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon (27 June 2003) ...... Johnny
- Aisaa Kyon (8 August 2003)
- Koi Mil Gaya (8 August 2003) ...... Chelaram Sukhwani
- Market (12 September 2003)
- Janasheen (28 November 2003) ...... Johnny Chen
- God Only Knows! (16 January 2004) ...... Road Babe
- Hatya: The Murder (15 October 2004)
- Aabra Ka Daabra (24 December 2004)
- Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin (2005) ...... Chitra Gupta
- Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav (28 January 2005) ...... Yadav
- Khullam Khulla Pyaar Kare (29 April 2005) ...... Pashabhai
- Deewane Huye Paagal (25 November 2005) ...... Murgan
- Aisa Kyon Hota Hai? (17 February 2006)
- Banana Brothers (17 March 2006)
- Saawan... The Love Season (6 April 2006)....... Akhil Rao
- 36 China Town (5 May 2006) ...... KK
- Phir Hera Pheri (9 June 2006) ...... Munna
- Chashmebahadur (2006)
- Sandwich (2006)
- Fool n Final (2007) ...... Puttu Pilot
- Race (2008)
- Khallbali: Fun Unlimited (2008)
- Nidar - The Fearless (2008)
- Aap Jaisa Koi Nahin (2008)
- Mr Tikdambaaz (2008)
- Paying Guests (2008) ...... Ballu Ji
- All the Best: Fun Begins (2009)...... Tobu
- Aao Wish Karein (2009) ...... Hitchchock
- De Dana Dan (2009).......Kala Krishna Murari
- Dulha Mil Gaya (8 January 2010) ...... Krish
- Bhavnaon Ko Samjho (15 January 2010) ...... Vivaah Marriage Bureau
- Prem Kaa Game (26 February 2010) ...... Ramnik Chedda
- Khatta Meetha (23 July 2010) ......Anshuman
- Golmaal 3 (5 November 2010)
- Love Mein Ghum (Pakistani movie) (31 August 2011)
- Yamla Pagla Deewana (14 January 2011)
- Anbirkku Alavillai (scheduled for release in 2011)
- Masti Express (18 February 2011)
- Bin Bulaye Baraati (June 2011)
- Tell Me O Khuda (27 October 2011)
- Players (6 January 2012)
- Chaar Din Ki Chandni (9 March 2012)
- Housefull 2 (5 April 2012)
Playback singer[link]
- Chaalbaaz (8 December 1989)
- Ravan Raaj (23 June 1995)
- Achanak (12 June 1998)
- Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa (21 December 2001)
Awards[link]
- 1997: Star Screen Award for Best Comedian: Raja Hindustani
- 1998: Filmfare Best Comedian Award: Deewana Mastana
- 1999: Filmfare Best Comedian Award: Dulhe Raja
- 2002: Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role: Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Shyam Benegal; William Van Der Heide (12 June 2006). Bollywood Babylon: Interviews With Shyam Benegal. Berg. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-1-84520-405-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_3fi_o1JzY4C&pg=PA196. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Find Bollywood Actor Johnny Lever Filmography, Movies, Pictures and Videos". Jointscene.com. http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Bollywood/Johnny_Lever_/621. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Johnny Lever Filmography". Dishant.com. http://www.dishant.com/cast/Johny-Lever.html. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Johny Aala Re, Bollywood comedian Johnny Lever, Zee TV show on Sify Max". Sify.com. http://sify.com/johny/index.php. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
- ^ "Johnny Lever,Bollywood Johnny Lever,Johnny Lever Movies". Surfindia.com. 1950-01-07. http://www.surfindia.com/celebrities/bollywood/johnny-lever.html. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
- ^ "Johnny Lever - Testimony". YouTube. 2007-08-24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBp9abBHu0Y. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Bro. Johnny Lever Testimony". Video.google.com. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2349132879139512057. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Johnny Lever - Testimony". YouTube. 2008-12-22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1GsBy54kVA. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Johnny Lever". YouTube. 2009-07-24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fRT-LcOTGkHe. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
- ^ "Johnny Lever's kid is college fest fave". Hindustantimes.com. 2010-08-14. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Johnny-Lever-s-kid-is-college-fest-fave/Article1-586612.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
- ^ "Tribune article". Tribuneindia.com. http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98dec09/nation.htm#7. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Johnny Lever |
- Johnny Lever at the Internet Movie Database
- Johnny Lever on Zee TV
- Johnny Lever at MovieTalkies
- Johnny Lever at SurfIndia
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lever, Johnny |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 07 January 1950 |
| Place of birth | Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Wiki Summary
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד (audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel, and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).
