Woodford Bridge is a suburb (district) of north-east London, England in the London Borough of Redbridge. It includes Monkhams. It is on an old road between Chigwell and Leytonstone.

Its notable features include Claybury Asylum, a psychiatric hospital opened in 1893.

Woodford Bridge is served by London Buses routes 275 and W14. The 275 connects to Barkingside, Woodford Green, Highams Park and Walthamstow. The W14 connects to South Woodford, Snaresbrook, Wanstead, Leytonstone and Leyton.

Notable people

Joe Dever, author and games designer

Kate Williams, actress, resident during the making of the TV series Love Thy Neighbour

Bruce Hallam, Christian Minister, founder of Acts 17:17 "Market Ministries" and Showmin, two unique outreach ministries in Australia in 1994 and 2002 respectively. Bruce migrated to Australia in 1967 aged 15. Bruce is currently Pastor of the Church of Christ in Dalby, Queensland which suffered 5 floods in 3 weeks during December 2010 and January 2011.

Category:Districts of London Category:Districts of Redbridge

hi:वुडफ़र्ड ब्रिज

name	George J. Mitchell, Jr.
jr/sr1	United States Senator
state1	Maine
term start1	May 17, 1980
term end1	January 3, 1995
appointer1	Joseph E. Brennan
predecessor1	Edmund Muskie
successor1	Olympia Snowe
order2	17th United States Senate Majority Leader
term start2	January 3, 1989
term end2	January 3, 1995
deputy2	Alan Cranston (1989-1991)Wendell H. Ford (1991-1995)
predecessor2	Robert Byrd
successor2	Bob Dole
order3	2nd Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate
term start3	1987
term end3	1988
president3	John C. Stennis
leader3	Robert Byrd
predecessor3	Hubert Humphrey (1978)
successor3	Vacant
order4	United States Special Envoy for Middle East Peace
term start4	January 22, 2009
term end4	May 14, 2011
president4	Barack Obama
predecessor4	Post created
successor4	David Hale
order5	United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland
term start5	1995
term end5	2000
president5	Bill Clinton
predecessor5	(post created)
successor5	Richard N. Haass
order6	Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
term start6	1979
term end6	1980
nominator6	Jimmy Carter
predecessor6	(new seat)
successor6	Conrad Keefe Cyr
birth date	August 20, 1933
birth place	Waterville, Maine
party	Democratic
alma mater	Bowdoin CollegeGeorgetown University Law Center
profession	Lawyer
religion	Roman Catholic (Maronite Rite)
branch	United States Army Counterintelligence Corps
serviceyears	1954-1956
rank	}}

George John Mitchell, Jr., (born August 20, 1933) is the former U.S. Special Envoy for Middle East Peace under the Obama administration. A Democrat, Mitchell was a United States Senator who served as the Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. He was chairman of The Walt Disney Company from March 2004 until January 2007, and was chairman of the international law firm DLA Piper at the time of his appointment as special envoy. He was the Chancellor of Queen's University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and was the main investigator in the two Mitchell Reports on the Arab–Israeli conflict and the use of performance enhancing drugs in baseball.

Early life

Origins

Mitchell was born in Waterville, Maine. His father, George John Mitchell, Sr. (born Joseph Kilroy), was of ethnic Irish descent but was adopted by a Lebanese family since he was orphaned; he was a janitor at Colby College in Waterville, where Mitchell was raised. Mitchell's mother, Mary (née Saad), was a textile worker who emigrated to the United States in 1920 from Bkassine, Lebanon, at the age of eighteen. Because of his origin, Mitchell is recognized as a prominent Arab-American.

Mitchell was raised a Maronite Catholic and in his childhood served as an altar boy at St. Joseph's Maronite Church in Maine. Throughout junior high school and high school, Mitchell worked as a janitor. In a family of five children, all three of Mitchell's brothers were athletes and though a talented student, he found himself overshadowed by his brothers' athletic achievements as a child.

Education and military service

After having graduated from high school at the age of sixteen, Mitchell attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he worked several jobs and played on the basketball team. He graduated in 1954, intending to attend graduate school and then teach but instead served in the United States Army from 1954 to 1956, rising to First Lieutenant. In 1961, Mitchell received his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center by attending its part-time program at night. He has since received an honorary LL.D. from Bates College.

Political career

Early legal career

After having performed well academically at Georgetown, Mitchell served as a trial attorney for the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice in Washington from 1960 to 1962, and then as executive assistant to Senator Edmund S. Muskie from 1962 to 1965, where he first gained interest in the political world. Afterwards, Mitchell practiced law in Portland, Maine, from 1965 to 1977 and was assistant county attorney for Cumberland County, Maine in 1971.

From Judge to Senator

In 1974 Mitchell won the Democratic nomination for governor of Maine, defeating Joseph Brennan. He lost in the general election to independent candidate James B. Longley, but was appointed United States Attorney for Maine by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. Mitchell served in that capacity from 1977 to 1979 when he was appointed to the United States District Court for the District of Maine. Mitchell served as a federal judge until he was appointed to the United States Senate in May 1980 by the governor of Maine, Joseph Brennan, when Edmund Muskie resigned to become U.S. Secretary of State.

After having served out the remainder of Muskie's term, Mitchell was elected to his first full term in 1982 with approximately 61% of the vote against Congressman David Emery and rose quickly in the Senate Democratic leadership. He was elected as the chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee in 1984, helping the Democrats regain control of the Senate in 1986 with a net eight new seats and a 55-to-45 majority in the Senate. He served as Deputy President pro tempore in 1987–1988, because of the illness of President pro tempore John C. Stennis, and remains the only Senator other than Hubert Humphrey to have held that post.

In 1988 Mitchell was reelected with 81% of the vote, the largest margin of victory in a Senate election that year and the largest majority ever for a Senator from Maine.

Senate Majority Leader

Mitchell served as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. While in this role, Mitchell led the movement to reauthorize the Clean Air Act in 1990 and pass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Additionally, under his leadership, the Senate approved the North American Free Trade Agreement and the formation of the World Trade Organization.

In 1994, he turned down an appointment by President Bill Clinton to the United States Supreme Court, to replace the retiring Harry A. Blackmun so that he could continue helping with efforts in the Senate to pass significant health-care legislation. The seat ultimately went to Stephen Breyer. Nevertheless, Congress was not able to pass any significant health-care legislation at the time and Mitchell did not run for reelection in 1994.

Political leanings

For 1994, Mitchell's last year in the Senate, the American Conservative Union gave him a rating of 0.00 on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being most conservative. For the same year, the Americans for Democratic Action gave him a score of 90 on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being most liberal.

After the Senate

In the business world, Mitchell has served as a director of the Walt Disney Company; Federal Express Corporation; Xerox Corporation; Unilever; Staples, Inc.; Starwood Hotels and Resorts; and the Boston Red Sox baseball team. After leaving the Senate, Mitchell joined the Washington, D.C., law firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand; he later became the firm's chairman. He was criticized for lobbying on behalf of the firm's Big Tobacco clients. He is also senior counsel to Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau, Pachios, Orlick & Haley in Portland, Maine. He is Partner and Chairman of the Global Board of DLA Piper, US LLP, a global law firm.

In 2007, Mitchell joined fellow former Senate Majority Leaders Howard Baker, Bob Dole, and Tom Daschle to found the Bipartisan Policy Center, a non-profit think tank that works to develop policies suitable for bipartisan support.

Democratic politics

Mitchell was reportedly among those considered by Al Gore as a running mate for his 2000 presidential run. Gore, however, ultimately selected Joe Lieberman. Had Mitchell been nominated and the Democratic ticket won that year, he would have been the first Arab American to serve as the Vice President of the United States and just the second Vice President from Maine after Hannibal Hamlin. He also was mentioned in both 2000 and in 2004 as a potential Secretary of State for a Democratic administration, due to his role as Senate Leader and the Good Friday agreements.

Education

Since 2002, Mitchell has been a Senior Fellow and Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University's Center for International Conflict Resolution, where he works to help end or avert conflicts between nations. He was the Chancellor of the Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, until his resignation in April 2009, and namesake of the George J. Mitchell Scholarship, which sponsors graduate study for twelve Americans each year in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. He is the founder of the Mitchell Institute, in Portland, Maine, whose mission is to increase the likelihood that young people from every community in Maine will aspire to, pursue and achieve a college education. In 2007, he became a visiting Professor in Leeds Metropolitan University's School of Applied Global Ethics, and the University is developing a new Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution bearing his name.

Mitchell Report (Arab-Israeli conflict)

Mitchell led an American fact-finding commission initiated under President Bill Clinton in 2000 intended to find solutions for solving the situation between Israel and the Palestinians. Mitchell's report, published in 2001, stressed the need for Israel to halt the expansion of its settlements in the Palestinian territories and for the Palestinians to prevent violence. Interest in the report was renewed when Mitchell was named Special Envoy for Middle East Peace in 2009.

United Nations

He served as co-chairman (with Newt Gingrich) of the Congressionally mandated Task Force on the United Nations, which released its findings and recommendations on June 15, 2005 after having been formed that January.

World Justice Project

George J. Mitchell serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Northern Ireland peace process

Since 1995, he has been active in the Northern Ireland peace process, having served as the United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland under President Bill Clinton. Mitchell first led a commission that established the principles on non-violence to which all parties in Northern Ireland had to adhere and subsequently chaired the all-party peace negotiations, which led to the Belfast Peace Agreement signed on Good Friday 1998 (known since as the "Good Friday Agreement"). Mitchell's personal intervention with the parties was crucial to the success of the talks. He was succeeded as special envoy by Richard Haass.

For his involvement in the Northern Ireland peace negotiations, Mitchell was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom (on March 17, 1999) and the Liberty Medal (on July 4, 1998). Mitchell, in accepting the Liberty Medal, stated: "I believe there’s no such thing as a conflict that can’t be ended. They’re created and sustained by human beings. They can be ended by human beings. No matter how ancient the conflict, no matter how hateful, no matter how hurtful, peace can prevail."

Additionally, he was nominated for a Nobel Prize. For his services to the Northern Ireland peace process, in 1999 Mitchell was invested as an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE). As custom dictates, Mitchell cannot call himself "Sir George" as he is not a citizen of the United Kingdom or a Commonwealth of Nations country, and as a United States citizen can not accept a title of nobility.

Chairman of Disney

On March 4, 2004, Disney's board of directors, on which he had served since 1995, named him Michael Eisner's replacement as Chairman of the Board after 43% of the company's shares were voted against Eisner's reelection (35% was the minimum for disposal). Mitchell himself received a 24% negative vote, a fact that led dissident Disney shareholders Roy E. Disney and Stanley Gold to criticize the appointment of Mitchell, whom they saw as Eisner's puppet.

Having already served on the boards of such companies as Xerox, Starwood, Fedex, and Staples, Mitchell assumed his new role at a particularly tumultuous time in the company's history, needing to face such issues as Comcast's hostile takeover attempts and a possible split with Pixar. Mitchell played an important role in the selection of Robert A. Iger as Eisner's successor as CEO in 2005. On June 28, 2006, Disney announced that its board had elected one of its members, John Pepper, Jr., former CEO of Procter & Gamble, to replace Mitchell as chairman effective January 1, 2007.

Baseball's steroids investigation

In 2006, Mitchell was tapped by MLB Commissioner Bud Selig to lead an investigation into the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Major League Baseball players. The investigation largely derived from charges against Barry Bonds, and revelations in the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) trials of Victor Conte and Greg Anderson. Selig has said that revelations brought forth in the 2005 book ''Game of Shadows'' were, by way of calling attention to the issue, in part responsible for the league's decision to commission an independent investigation. To this day he is known to have held meetings with only two active players, Jason Giambi, who was ordered to meet Mitchell by Commissioner Selig in light of his public admissions on the issue, and one additional player whose name was initially not made public but was later revealed to be Frank Thomas. Mitchell did however hold extensive meetings with several known steroid dealers, club attendants, personal trainers, and others who had ties to all players named in the report. Even though the union that protects the players had pressured all but Giambi and Thomas into maintaining the culture of silence that had helped the drug problem remain a secret, there was plenty of other evidence against those named in his report.

Mitchell released a 409-page report of his findings on December 13, 2007. The report includes the names of 89 former and current players for whom it claims evidence of use of steroids or other prohibited substances exists. This list includes names of Most Valuable Players and All-Stars, such as Roger Clemens, Andy Pettitte, Miguel Tejada, Denny Neagle, Paul Lo Duca, David Justice, Barry Bonds, Eric Gagné, Todd Hundley, Randy Velarde, and Benito Santiago.

Mitchell was criticized for having a conflict of interest with the report as he was a director of the Boston Red Sox, especially because no prime Red Sox players were named in the report, despite the fact that Red Sox stars David Ortiz and Manny Ramirez were later found to have used performance enhancing substances during the 2003 season, as reported by the ''New York Times'' on July 30, 2009. Likewise, the report was commissioned by Selig, and no members of the Milwaukee Brewers, whom Selig once owned, appeared in the report. The ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Mitchell acknowledged that his "tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism". Mitchell responded to the concerns by stating that readers who examined the report closely "will not find any evidence of bias, of special treatment of the Red Sox".

Special Envoy for Middle East Peace

On January 22, 2009, President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed Mitchell as the administration's Special Envoy to the Arab-Israeli peace process, formally known as the "Special Envoy for Middle East Peace". The appointment was seen as an indication of the new Obama administration's increased focus on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The choice of Mitchell allowed Obama to demonstrate the seriousness and sincerity of his intentions regarding the peace process, without forcing him to immediately embark on a specific initiative before conditions were yet ripe. An analyst at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars said Mitchell's appointment "says to the world, 'I care about this issue; be patient with me.'" Abraham Foxman, the National Director of the Anti-Defamation League, has stated that, "Sen. Mitchell is fair. He’s been meticulously even-handed."

Within the first week of his appointment, Mitchell was dispatched to visit Israel, the West Bank, Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia for peace discussions in light of the 2008-09 Gaza War between Israel and the Gaza Strip, in which both sides had recently entered into unilateral ceasefires. Mitchell began his meetings in Cairo on January 27, and Obama said his visit was part of the President's campaign promise to listen to both sides of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and negotiate a peace deal. However, in a continuation of a George W. Bush administration policy, Mitchell did not plan to talk to Hamas, a group Israel and the US consider a terrorist organization, but instead focus on talks with the Palestinian National Authority. Mitchell first met with new Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in February 2009 and has met with many notable figures of the Middle East since. In 2010 he led the U.S. delegation to the Palestine Investment Conference.

On May 13, 2011, George Mitchell tendered his resignation from the post of Special Envoy to the Middle East.

Personal life

Mitchell was married for 26 years until he and his wife, Sally, divorced in 1987. They had a daughter, Andrea. In 1994 he became engaged to Heather MacLachlan, 35, a sports management consultant, whom he subsequently married in December 1994 and with whom he has a son, Andrew.

Mitchell was diagnosed with a "small, low grade, and localized" prostate cancer in 2007.

Books

''Great American Lighthouses'' (August 1989)

''World on Fire: Saving an Endangered Earth'' (January 1991)

''Not For America Alone: The Triumph of Democracy and The Fall of Communism'' (May 1997)

''Making Peace'' (April 1999 - 1st Edition, July 2000 - Updated)

See also

Sigma Nu LEADership learning program

Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates

References

Further reading

Gould, Alberta. ''George Mitchell: In Search of Peace''. Farmington, Maine: Heritage Pub., 1996

External links

Special Envoy for Middle East Peace at the U.S. Department of State

Profile: George Mitchell at ''BBC News'', 13 May 2011

Interview with George J. Mitchell by Don Nicoll, May 2, 2002 – summary sheet, transcript and audio link at Bates College Digital Library

Interview with George Mitchell

|colspan=8 |

U.S. Senate (General Election) |- !Year !Candidate !Party !Pct !Opponent !Party !Pct |-mithcell ||1982 |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |George Mitchell (inc.)¹ |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |Democratic |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |61% |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |Dave Emery |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |Republican |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |39% |- |1988 |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |George Mitchell (inc.) |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |Democratic |bgcolor=#B3D9FF |81% |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |Jasper Wyman |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |Republican |bgcolor=#FFB3B3 |19% |- ¹ Previously appointed to the office by then-Governor Joe Brennan in 1980 following the resignation of Ed Muskie to become Secretary of State

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:United States Senators from Maine Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Maine Category:United States district court judges appointed by Jimmy Carter Category:Northern Ireland peace process Category:Maine Democrats Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American politicians of Lebanese descent Category:American non-fiction environmental writers Category:American political writers Category:American businesspeople Category:Corporate executives Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Category:Bowdoin College alumni Category:Chancellors of Queen's University Belfast Category:American Maronites Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni Category:Bates College alumni Category:Private detectives and investigators Category:People from Waterville, Maine Category:Appointed United States Senators Category:United States Attorneys for the District of Maine Category:Obama Administration personnel Category:Democratic Party United States Senators

ar:جورج ميتشل cs:George J. Mitchell de:George J. Mitchell es:George J. Mitchell fr:George J. Mitchell ko:조지 J. 미첼 he:ג'ורג' מיטשל nl:George Mitchell ja:ジョージ・J・ミッチェル no:George J. Mitchell pl:George Mitchell ru:Митчелл, Джордж Джон sh:George J. Mitchell sv:George J. Mitchell tt:Джордж Митчелл

name	Vin Garbutt
background	solo_singer
birth name	Vincent Paul Garbutt
born	November 20, 1947
origin	South Bank, Middlesbrough
genre	Folk music
years active	1970s to present
notable instruments	Tin whistle }}

Vin Garbutt (born Vincent Paul Garbutt, 20 November 1947, in South Bank, Middlesbrough), though second generation Irish, is an English folk singer and songwriter. A significant part of his repertoire consists of protest songs covering topics such as "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland (''Troubles of Erin''), unemployment, and abortion.

Early life

He was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough, the son of an English father and an Irish mother. He discovered folk music while he was still at school, and began visiting and performing at the Rifle Club in Cannon Street, Middlesbrough. After leaving school he was encouraged to become an apprentice at the ICI Wilton chemical plant. During this period he often visited Ireland in search of his musical roots. At the age of 21, he threw caution to the winds and became a professional musician. Armed with the rich repertoire of songs he had amassed, he spent the first summer busking his way around the bars of Spain's Mediterranean coast, and on to Morocco via Gibraltar. It was then that he found he had a talent for songwriting.

Back in England in 1972 he recorded his first album for Bill Leader, ''The Valley of Tees''. This firmly established him as a singer and songwriter of well-crafted socially conscious, and environmentally aware songs.

Middle years

During 1999 Garbutt celebrated his 30th year as a professional performer. He spent the early part of the year on a world tour, playing extensively in the Far East, Australia and New Zealand. As soon as he got back to England he set off on his “Take It Easy after 30 Years on the Road” tour. To coincide with the tour he released his ''Word of Mouth'' CD, playing in various British venues to packed theatres. His rambling patter between the songs can take longer than the amount of time singing.

During 2001 Garbutt published the first collection of his songs, ''The Vin Garbutt Songbook''. The collection spans his career from "The Valley of Tees" written in 1971 to "The Troubles of Erin'" written in 1999. Shortly afterwards the companion CD was issued, Garbutt's first ever compilation CD and another world tour followed in 2004. A health check highlighted a minor health problem but in early 2005 whilst on a sabbatical trip to Spain Garbutt's condition deteriorated. On his return he was hospitalised and a repair made to one of his heart valves. He has since made a full recovery and is back on the road. In his recuperation period he worked on his album ''Persona … Grata'' which was launched at The Sage Gateshead on 6 October 2005.

Awards

In 2000, he was asked to present the "Best Folk Club" award, at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. In 2001 he won the "Best Live Act” award, and was also nominated for "Folk Singer of the Year" (with the award going to Norma Waterson). Later that year, he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Master of Arts by the University of Teesside. In 2007 he was nominated for "Best Live Act" again at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards, with the award going to Bellowhead.

Discography

{| |valign="top"|

''The Valley of Tees'' (1972)

''The Young Tin Whistle Pest (live)'' (1974)

''King Gooden'' (1976)

''Eston California'' (1977)

''Tossin' a Wobbler'' (1978)

|valign="top"|

''Little Innocents'' (1983)

''Shy Tot Pommy'' (1985)

''When The Tide Turns'' (1989)

''The By-Pass Syndrome'' (1991)

''Bandalised'' (1994)

|valign="top"|

''Plugged!'' (1995) [live - Red Lion Folk Club, Birmingham, UK.]

''When the Tide Turns Again'' (1998) [reissue of 1989 album with one additional track]

''Word Of Mouth'' (1999)

''The Vin Garbutt Songbook Vol 1'' (2003)

''Persona ... Grata'' (2005)

''Teesside Troubadour documentary & live DVD'' (2011)

|}

References

External links

The official Vin Garbutt website

Vin Garbutt's Myspace Page

Category:English folk singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English male singers Category:English buskers Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:People from South Bank Category:British people of Irish descent

nl:Vin Garbutt

In the English language, black sheep is an idiom used to describe an odd or disreputable member of a group, especially within a family. The term has typically been given negative implications, implying waywardness. It derived from the atypical and unwanted presence of other black individuals in flocks of white sheep.

The idiom is also found in other languages, e.g., French, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Portuguese, Bosnian, Greek, Turkish, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Czech, Slovak, Romanian and Polish. The same concept is illustrated in some other languages by the phrase "white crow": for example ''belaya vorona'' (белая ворона) in Russian and ''kalag-e sefid'' (کلاغ سفید) in Persian.

Idiomatic usage

The term originated from the occasional black sheep which are born into a flock of white sheep due to a genetic process of recessive traits. Black wool was considered commercially undesirable because it could not be dyed. In 18th and 19th century England, the black color of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil. In modern usage, the expression has lost some of its negative connotations, though the term is usually given to the member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof deemed undesirable by that group.

A variant form, "the red sheep of the family", was used by Jessica Mitford to describe herself, a communist in a family of aristocratic fascists.

Biological origin

In sheep, a white fleece is not albinism but a dominant gene that actively switches color production off, thus obscuring any other color that may be present. As a result, a black fleece in most sheep is recessive, so if a white ram and a white ewe are each heterozygous for black, in about 25% of cases they will produce a black lamb. In fact in most white sheep breeds only a few white sheep are heterozygous for black, so black lambs are usually much rarer than this. Some breeds of sheep (such as the Hebridean, Ouessant and Black Welsh Mountain) are normally black.

Other uses

In psychology, the ''black sheep effect'' refers to the tendency of a group to treat or evaluate members of one's own group who behave in a way such as to jeopardize the group's image, more harshly than similarly unlikable members of another group, while considering the former group as a whole to be superior to, or better or more deserving than the latter.

See also

Black swan theory

The Ugly Duckling

Scapegoat

Glossary of sheep husbandry: see entry for "black wool".

References

External links

Exploration of the etymology of the phrase "black sheep of the family."

Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Social psychology

de:Schwarzes Schaf es:Oveja negra fr:Mouton noir gl:Ovella negra it:Pecora nera pt:Ovelha negra ru:Белая ворона sv:Svart får