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Saint-Denis
Saint Denis Basilica
Paris and inner ring departments
Location within Île-de-France region  Saint-Denis
Administration
Country	France
Region	Île-de-France
Department	Seine-Saint-Denis
Arrondissement	Saint-Denis
Intercommunality	Plaine Commune
Mayor	Didier Paillard
Statistics
Land area1	12.36 km2 (4.77 sq mi)
Population2	105,749  (2009)
- Density	8,556 /km2 (22,160 /sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	93066/ 93200, 93210 (La Plaine)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Coordinates: 48°56′11″N 2°21′17″E / 48.9364°N 2.3547°E / 48.9364; 2.3547

Saint-Denis (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ dəni]) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.4 km (5.8 mi) from the centre of Paris. Saint-Denis is a subprefecture (French: sous-préfecture) of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, being the seat of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

Saint-Denis is home to the royal necropolis of the Basilica of Saint Denis and was also the location of the associated abbey. It is also home to France's national stadium, the Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.^{[citation needed]}

Saint-Denis is a formerly industrial suburb currently reconverting its economic base. Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called Dionysiens.^{[citation needed]}

Name[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Until the 3rd century, Saint-Denis was a large settlement called Catcolacus or Catculliacum, probably meaning "estate of Catullius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. About 250 CE, the first bishop of Paris, Saint Denis, was martyred on Montmartre hill and buried in Catolacus. Later,^[when?] his grave became a shrine and a pilgrimage center, with the building of the Abbey of Saint Denis, and the settlement was renamed^[when?] Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

In 1793, during the French Revolution, Saint-Denis was renamed Franciade in a gesture of rejection of religion. In 1803, however, under the Consulate of Napoléon Bonaparte, the city reverted to its former name of Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

History[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

During its history, Saint-Denis has been closely associated with the French royal house; starting from Dagobert I, almost every French king was buried in the Basilica.^{[citation needed]}

However, Saint-Denis is older than that. In the 2nd century, there was a Gallo-Roman village named Catolacus on the location that Saint-Denis occupies today. Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris and patron saint of France, was martyred in about 250 and buried in the cemetery of Catolacus. Denis' tomb quickly became a place of worship.^{[citation needed]}

Sainte Geneviève, around 475, had a small chapel erected on Denis' tomb, by then a popular destination for pilgrims.^{[citation needed]}

It was this chapel that Dagobert I had rebuilt and turned into a royal monastery. Dagobert granted many privileges to the monastery: independence from the bishop of Paris, the right to hold a market, and, most importantly, he was buried in Saint-Denis; a tradition which was followed by almost all his successors.

During the Middle Ages, because of the privileges granted by Dagobert, Saint-Denis grew very important. Merchants from all over Europe (and indeed from the Byzantine Empire) came to visit its market.^{[citation needed]}

In 1140, Abbot Suger, counselor to the King, granted further privileges to the citizens of Saint-Denis. He also started the works of enlargement of the basilica that still exists today, often cited as the first example of Gothic Architecture.^[1] The new church was consecrated in 1144.^{[citation needed]}

Saint-Denis suffered heavily in the Hundred Years' War; of its 10,000 citizens, only 3,000 remained after the war.^{[citation needed]}

Battle of Saint-Denis (1567)

Saint-Denis 1830

During the French Wars of Religion, the Battle of Saint-Denis was fought between Catholics and Protestants on 10 November 1567. The Protestants were defeated, but the Catholic commander Anne de Montmorency was killed. In 1590, the city surrendered to Henry IV, who converted to Catholicism in 1593 in the abbey of Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

King Louis XIV started several industries in Saint-Denis: weaving and spinning mills and dyehouses. His successor, Louis XV, whose daughter was a nun in the Carmelite convent, took a lively interest in the city: he added a chapel to the convent and also renovated the buildings of the royal abbey.^{[citation needed]}

Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur de Saint-Denis.

During the French Revolution, not only was the city renamed "Franciade" from 1793 to 1803, but the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed. The remains were removed from the tombs and thrown together; during the French Restoration, since they could not be sorted out anymore, they were reburied in a common ossuary.^{[citation needed]}

The last king to be interred in Saint-Denis was Louis XVIII. After France became a republic and an empire, Saint-Denis lost its association with royalty.^{[citation needed]}

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Saint-Denis, Saint-Ouen, and Aubervilliers. Saint-Denis received the north-western part of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

During the 19th century, Saint-Denis became increasingly industrialized. Transport was much improved: in 1824 the Canal Saint-Denis was constructed, linking the Canal de l'Ourcq in the northeast of Paris to the River Seine at the level of L'Île-Saint-Denis, and in 1843 the first railway reached Saint-Denis. By the end of the century, there were 80 factories in Saint-Denis.^{[citation needed]}

The presence of so many industries also gave rise to an important socialist movement. In 1892, Saint-Denis elected its first socialist administration, and by the 1920s, the city had acquired the nickname of la ville rouge, the red city. Until Jacques Doriot in 1934, all mayors of Saint-Denis were members of the Communist Party.^{[citation needed]}

During the Second World War, after the defeat of France, Saint-Denis was occupied by the Germans on 13 June 1940. There were several acts of sabotage and strikes, most notably on 14 April 1942 at the Hotchkiss factory. After an insurgency which started on 18 August 1944, Saint-Denis was liberated by General Leclerc on 27 August 1944.^{[citation needed]}

After the war, the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s hit the city, which was heavily dependent on its heavy industry.^{[citation needed]}

The Stade de France and the district of La Plaine

During the 1990s, however, the city started to grow again. The 1998 FIFA World Cup provided an enormous impulse; the main stadium for the tournament, the Stade de France, was built in Saint-Denis, along with many infrastructural improvements, such as the extension of the metro to Saint-Denis-Université.^{[citation needed]}

Rue Gabriel Péri, a pedestrian zone in Saint-Denis, in 2012.

Since 2000, Saint-Denis works together with seven neighbouring communes (Aubervilliers, Villetaneuse, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Épinay-sur-Seine, L'Île-Saint-Denis (since 2003), Stains (since 2003) and La Courneuve (since 2005) in Plaine Commune.^{[citation needed]}

In 2003, together with Paris, Saint-Denis hosted the second European Social Forum.

Heraldry[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• Motto : Saint Denys Montjoie !
• the arms of Saint-Denis are blazoned : Azure semé de lys Or (=France Ancient).

• 

  Arms of Saint-Denis

• 

  Arms on the front of the post office, rue de la République

Demographics[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Immigration[link]

Transport[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

RER B at La Plaine - Stade de France

Saint-Denis is served by four stations on Paris Métro Line 13: Carrefour Pleyel, Saint-Denis - Porte de Paris, Basilique de Saint-Denis (in the center of town, near the Saint Denis Basilica), and Saint-Denis – Université.^{[citation needed]}

Saint-Denis is also served by La Plaine – Stade de France station on Paris RER line B, which is the closest station to the Stade de France.^{[citation needed]}

Finally, Saint-Denis is also served by two stations on Paris RER line D: Stade de France – Saint-Denis and Saint-Denis. This last station, historically the only rail station in Saint-Denis before the arrivals of the Métro and the RER, serves also as an interchange station for the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line.^{[citation needed]}

Crime[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Saint-Denis is infamous in France for its crime rate. It has 350.71 criminal incidents per 1000 inhabitants, far higher than the national average (83 per 1000) and even higher than the crime rate of the Seine-Saint-Denis department (95.67 per 1000). Police efficiency has been reported as very low with only 19.82% of crimes solved by the police.^{[citation needed]}

Education[link]

Saint-Denis has 29 public écoles maternelles.^[2] Saint-Denis has 30 public écoles élémentaires, with one of those schools (École Élémentaire Maria Casarès) being an intercommunal school.^[3] Saint-Denis has eight public collèges.^[4] Saint-Denis has Lycée Bartholdi, Lycée Paul Éluard, Lycée Suger, and Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A.^[5]

Saint-Denis has one private elementary, middle, and high school (Ensemble scolaire Jean-Baptiste de La Salle et Notre-Dame de la Compassion) and one private middle and high school (Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent de Paul).^[4][5]

Personalities[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Points of interest[link]

• Musée Bouilhet-Christofle
• Basilica of St Denis
• Stade de France

Twin cities[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• INSEE

Paris portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saint-Denis

• City council website (French)
• Saint-Denis, a town in the Middle Ages

v t e  Communes in the Metropolitan Area of Paris Population over 2 million City of Paris Population over 100,000 Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Population over 75,000 Asnières-sur-Seine Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Population over 50,000 Antony Aubervilliers Le Blanc-Mesnil Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Population over 25,000 Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bobigny Bois-Colombes Brunoy Cachan Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Corbeil-Essonnes La Courneuve Draveil Élancourt Ermont Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay Houilles Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Massy Meaux Melun Meudon Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Plaisir Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Saint-Ouen Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres Population under 25,000 1,460 other communes

v t e Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Bagnolet Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Le Bourget Clichy-sous-Bois Coubron La Courneuve Drancy Dugny Épinay-sur-Seine Gagny Gournay-sur-Marne L'Île-Saint-Denis Les Lilas Livry-Gargan Montfermeil Montreuil Neuilly-Plaisance Neuilly-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Grand Noisy-le-Sec Pantin Les Pavillons-sous-Bois Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Le Pré-Saint-Gervais Le Raincy Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Denis Saint-Ouen Sevran Stains Tremblay-en-France Vaujours Villemomble Villepinte Villetaneuse

Roy Hargrove
Roy Hargrove at the North Sea, Rotterdam Photo: Bob Travis
Background information
Birth name	Roy Anthony Hargrove
Born	(1969-10-16) October 16, 1969 (age 42)
Origin	Waco, Texas, United States
Genres	Latin jazz Mainstream jazz Post bop Hard bop M-Base Soul
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Trumpet, flugelhorn
Years active	1987–present
Labels	Verve Records, Emarcy Records, RCA Novus
Associated acts	Crisol, D'Angelo, The RH Factor, Johnny Griffin, Joe Henderson, Wynton Marsalis, David "Fathead" Newman, Joshua Redman, Stanley Turrentine

Roy Anthony Hargrove (born October 16, 1969) is an American jazz trumpeter. He won worldwide notice after winning two Grammy Awards for differing types of music, in 1997, and in 2002. Hargrove has played primarily with jazz musicians with stellar careers, from Wynton Marsalis to Herbie Hancock.

Hargrove is the bandleader of the progressive group the RH Factor, which combines elements of jazz, funk, hip-hop, soul, and gospel music. Its members include Chalmers "Spanky" Alford, Pino Palladino, James Poyser, Jonathan Batiste and Bernard Wright.

Biography[link]

Hargrove was born October 16, 1969 in Waco, Texas, to parents who early in his childhood discovered his musical potential,^[1] and with lessons on the trumpet, was discovered as a potential jazz talent when trumpet player Wynton Marsalis visited his high school, Dallas's Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. One of his influences was saxophone player David "Fathead" Newman, who performed in Ray Charles' Band at Hargrove's junior high school.

Hargrove spent one year (1988–1989) studying at Boston's Berklee College of Music, but could more often be found in New York City jam sessions, and finally transferred to the New School, in New York. His first recording there was with the saxophonist Bobby Watson. Shortly afterwards he made a recording with Superblue featuring Watson, Mulgrew Miller, and Kenny Washington. In 1990 he released his first solo album, Diamond in the Rough, on the Novus/RCA label, along with four other albums.

Roy Hargrove at Aalener Jazzfest 2008

Between April 1991 and February 1993 Hargrove frequently joined the Arnold Strickland Trio at the French bistro restaurant Cuckoo's in NYC's Upper East Side. Several recordings of this time period reveal Roy at what is considered as his most provocative.^{[citation needed]}

In 1993 he was commissioned by the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, and wrote The Love Suite: In Mahogany. Hargrove won a Grammy Award in 1998 for the album Habana with the Afro-Cuban band he founded, "Crisol".^[1]

Hargrove moved on, recording Family in 1995, and then, experimenting with other musicians, as part of a trio, the album Parker's Mood, in 1995 with bassist Christian McBride and Stephen Scott on keyboards.

In 1994, still with Verve, he took the opportunity to record with some of the major jazz musicians on With the Tenors of Our Time, including Joe Henderson, Stanley Turrentine, Johnny Griffin, Joshua Redman, and Branford Marsalis.

Hargrove moved toward a jazz sound with a lot of groove and funk in it, performing and recording with nu soul singer D'Angelo, resulting in Voodoo in 2000.

In 2002, he collaborated with D'Angelo and other soul artists, Macy Gray, The Soultronics, and Nile Rodgers, on two tracks for Red Hot & Riot, a compilation CD in tribute to the music of afrobeat pioneer, Fela Kuti.

He acted as sideman for jazz pianist Shirley Horn, rapper Common, on the album Like Water for Chocolate in 2002, and the following year, singer Erykah Badu, Worldwide Underground. Nowadays he fronts a big band aptly named the "Roy Hargrove Big Band".

Discography[link]

As leader[link]

• 1989: Diamond in the Rough (Novus)
• 1990: Public Eye (Novus)
• 1991: Tokyo Sessions (Novus)
• 1992: The Vibe (Novus)
• 1993: Of Kindred Souls (Live) (Novus)
• 1994: With the Tenors of Our Time – The Roy Hargrove Quintet (Verve)
• 1994: Approaching Standards (Jive/Novus)
• 1995: Family (Verve)
• 1995: Parker's Mood – with Christian McBride (bass), and Stephen Scott (piano) (Verve)
• 1997: Habana – Crisol (Verve)
• 2000: Moment to Moment (Verve)
• 2003: Hard Groove – The RH Factor (Verve)
• 2004: Strength – The RH Factor (Verve)
• 2006: Distractions – The RH Factor (Verve)
• 2006: Nothing Serious – The Roy Hargrove Quintet (Verve)
• 2008: Earfood – The Roy Hargrove Quintet (Emarcy)
• 2009: Emergence – The Roy Hargrove Big Band (Emarcy)

As sideman[link]

• 1988: with Superblue: Superblue (Blue Note Records)^[2]
• 1993: with Bob Thiele Collective: Lion Hearted
• 1995: with Shirley Horn: The Main Ingredient (Verve)
• 1995: with Christian McBride: Gettin' To It
• 1995: with Jimmy Smith: Damn!
• 1996: with Jimmy Smith: Angel Eyes
• 2000: with Erykah Badu: Mama's Gun
• 2000: with D'Angelo: Voodoo
• 2000: with Common: Like Water for Chocolate
• 2001: with Roy Haynes: Birds of a Feather: A Tribute to Charlie Parker
• 2002: with Herbie Hancock and Michael Brecker: Directions in Music: Live At Massey Hall (Verve)
• 2003: with Erykah Badu: Worldwide Underground
• 2003: with Shirley Horn: May the Music Never End (Verve)
• 2006: with John Mayer: Continuum
• 2008: with John Beasley: Letter to Herbie
• 2010: with Angelique Kidjo: Samba Pa Ti on album Õÿö
• 2011: with Cyrille Aimée: Cyrille Aimée & Friends (Live at Smalls)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roy Hargrove

• Jazz Trumpet Solos featuring Roy Hargrove
• All About Jazz album review
• Verve Records featured music and Biography
• Vibe Magazine Review of Roy Hargrove's Hard Groove
• Emarcy Records Biography of Roy Hargrove

Suger of Saint-Denis on a medieval window

Suger (c. 1081 – 13 January 1151) was one of the last Frankish abbot-statesmen, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture.

Suger's family origins are unknown. Several times in his writings he suggests that his was a humble background, though this may just be a topos or convention of autobiographical writing. In 1091, at the age of ten, Suger was given as an oblate to the abbey of St. Denis, where he began his education. He trained at the priory of Saint-Denis de l'Estrée, and there first met the future king Louis VI of France. From 1104 to 1106, Suger attended another school, perhaps that attached to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. In 1106 he became secretary to the abbot of Saint-Denis. In the following year he became provost of Berneval in Normandy, and in 1109 of Toury. In 1118, Louis VI sent Suger to the court of Pope Gelasius II at Maguelonne (at Montpellier, Gulf of Lyon), and he lived from 1121 to 1122 at the court of Gelasius's successor, Calixtus II.

On his return from Maguelonne, Suger became abbot of St-Denis. Until 1127, he occupied himself at court mainly with the temporal affairs of the kingdom, while during the following decade he devoted himself to the reorganization and reform of St-Denis. In 1137, he accompanied the future king, Louis VII, into Aquitaine on the occasion of that prince's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, and during the Second Crusade served as one of the regents of the kingdom (1147–1149). He bitterly opposed the king's divorce, having himself advised the marriage. Although he disapproved of the Second Crusade, he himself, at the time of his death, had started preaching a new crusade.

Suger served as the friend and counsellor both of Louis VI and Louis VII. He urged the king to destroy the feudal bandits, was responsible for the royal tactics in dealing with the communal movements, and endeavoured to regularize the administration of justice. He left his abbey, which possessed considerable property, enriched and embellished by the construction of a new church built in the nascent Gothic style. Suger wrote extensively on the construction of the abbey in Liber de Rebus in Administratione sua Gestis, Libellus Alter de Consecratione Ecclesiae Sancti Dionysii, and Ordinatio. In the 1940s, the prominent art-historian Erwin Panofsky claimed that the theology of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite influenced the architectural style of the abbey of St. Denis, though later scholars have argued against such a simplistic link between philosophy and architectural form.^[1] Similarly the assumption by 19th century French authors that Suger was the 'designer' of St Denis (and hence the 'inventor' of Gothic architecture) have been almost entirely discounted by more recent scholars. Instead he is generally seen as having been a bold and imaginative patron who encouraged the work of an innovative (but now unknown) master mason.^[2][3]

Suger became the foremost historian of his time. He wrote a panegyric on Louis VI (Vita Ludovici regis), and collaborated in writing the perhaps more impartial history of Louis VII (Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici). In his Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis, and its supplement Libellus de consecratione ecclesiae S. Dionysii, he treats of the improvements he had made to St Denis, describes the treasure of the church, and gives an account of the rebuilding. Suger's works served to imbue the monks of St Denis with a taste for history and called forth a long series of quasi-official chronicles.^{[citation needed]}

A chalice once owned by Suger is now in the collections of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

References[link]

1. ^ For a summary of the 'arguments against' Panofsky's view, see Panofsky, Suger and St Denis, Peter Kidson, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 50, (1987), pp. 1–17
2. ^ Conrad Rudolph, Artistic Change at St Denis: Abbot Suger's Program and the Early Twelfth Century Controversy Over Art, Princeton, 1990
3. ^ Kibler et al (eds) Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 1995

• "Suger", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
• "Suger", The Middle Ages, A Concise Encyclopedia, H.R. Loyn Editor, 1989 (ISBN 0-500-27645-5)
• Abbot Suger of St. Denis: Church and State in Early Twelfth-Century France. Grant, Lindy. Essex, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1998. (ISBN 0-582-05150-9)
• The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture & the Medieval Concept of Order (Third Edition), Van Simson, Otto. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988. Bollingen Series XLVIII. (ISBN 0-691-09959-6)..

Further reading[link]

• Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis,. The Deeds of Louis the Fat. Translated with introduction and notes by Richard Cusimano and John Moorhead. Washington, DC : Catholic University of America Press,1992. (ISBN 0-8132-0758-4)
• Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis,. The Deeds of Louis the Fat. Translated by Jean Dunbabin (Free, but has no annotations)

La Fouine
Background information
Birth name	Laouni Mouhid
Born	(1981-12-25) 25 December 1981 (age 30) Trappes, Yvelines, France
Genres	Hip-Hop Gangsta rap R&B
Occupations	Rkkr/Singer
Years active	1996–present
Labels	Sony Music France Banlieue Sale Music
Associated acts	Amel Bent
Website	Official site

Laouni Mouhid, commonly known by his alias La Fouine (English: The Weasel) or Fouiskin (born December 25, 1981 in Trappes, Yvelines), is a French rapper of Moroccan origins from the city of Trappes, Yvelines in the Paris western suburbs. He is an established figure in French rap. La Fouine signed with Sony Records in 2003 and released his debut album, Bourré au son, in 2005. La Fouine released his second album, Aller-Retour, on March 12, 2007. The American beatmaker Focus produced four songs on the album. His most recent album, Mes Repères, was released on February 23, 2009 and is two times gold record in France. His new album, a double CD intitled "La Fouine Vs Laouni," released on February 14 for Valentine's Day, was inspired by the two sides of himself, through his career and experience of his daily life. The first one, La Fouine, a character he created to "entertain people, La Fouine is very cunning, materialistic, bad boy and so vulgar ... it's not really me" said the artist. The second one Laouni (his real name) talks about things he lived in his youth, so his rap is sincere and moving. The week of album's release, more than 25 621 copies were sold in France, a feat for a hip hop artist. He has also his own label "Banlieue Sale Music" and his own clothing line called "Street Swagg".

Discography[link]

• 2004: Planète Trappes Vol.2

(mixtape)

• 2005: Bourré au son
• 2006: Planète Trappes Vol.2 (mixtape)
• 2007: Aller-Retour
• 2008: Capitale Du Crime (mixtape)
• 2009: Mes Repères
• 2010: Capitale Du Crime Vol.2 (mixtape)
• 2011: La Fouine vs. Laouni
• 2011: Capitale Du Crime Vol.3 (mixtape)

Appearances[link]

La Fouine in Besançon in 2011

2000

• La Fouine : Ma génération in Rap.com compilation

2001

• La Fouine Feat MC Circulaire : Façon Fouiskin 2002 *La Fouine : Freestyle in Violences Urbaines mixtape
• La Fouine Feat Alibi Montana - C'est Pour Les Mecs D'en Bas in Mandat de dépot compilation

2003

• La Fouine : Staarflah la famille in Talents Fachés compilation
• La Fouine : Mon autobiographie in Mala, Ma zone mixtape

2005

• La Fouine : C'est pour les mecs d'en bas in West Rider 2 compilation
• La Fouine Feat Willy Denzei : My life
• La Fouine Feat Pat Seb - Let's shake the towels

2006

• La Fouine : Il en faut in Talents Fachés 3 compilation
• La Fouine Feat Jazz Malone : Non-Stop in Panam All Stars compilation
• La Fouine : Les barreaux in Phonographe compilation
• La Fouine Feat Chabodo : Levez haut les drapeaux
• La Fouine Feat. 2g68 : Koma Etilik 2007
• Manu Key Feat La Fouine : Responsable in Manu Key's album, Prolifique Vol.2
• Al Peco feat La Fouine - Apparitions
• Phil G Unit Feat La Fouine : Talents Gachés
• La Toxine Feat La Fouine : J'ai de l'amour pour mes cailles *Matchstick Feat La Fouine : Dignity in Shock Therapy album
• La Fouine Feat S.Kro & Mc Gam'1 - Luxembourg City

2008

• La Fouine : J'repense aux frères in Big Ballers vol.2 compilation *Grodash Feat La Fouine - Tenter sa chance sur le Street CD de Grodash, La vie de rêve
• La Fouine : Respect aux mothers Fouiskin Feat. Phil G
• La Fouine : Très agile, elle niche dans les greniers ou les dépendances Feat Willy Denzei

2009 *La Fouine : "Tous les mêmes" et "Du ferme" in "Mes repères"

• La Fouine : Played the role of "Ali K" in the movie District B13 Ultimatum

2010

• La Fouine "Krav Maga" et "Banlieue Sale" dans "Capitale Du Crime 2"

2010

• La Fouine Ft. The Game - "Caillera For Life"

Videography[link]

• 2004 : "Banlieue Ouest" feat. VF Gang
• 2005 : "Mon autobiographie"
• 2005 : "l'unité" feat. Jmi-sissoko
• 2005 : "Quelque chose de special" feat. Eilijah
• 2006 : "Etat des lieux"
• 2007 : "Reste en chien" feat. Booba
• 2007 : "Qui peut me stopper"
• 2007 : "Banlieue Sale" feat. Gued'1 et Kennedy
• 2007 : "On s'en bat les c******s"
• 2007 : "Responsable" feat. Manu Key
• 2008 : "Tombé pour elle" feat. Amel Bent
• 2008 : "Cherche la monnaie"
• 2008 : "Dignity" avec Matchstick
• 2008 : "Ca fait mal Remix" feat. Soprano & Sefyu
• 2008 : "Tous les memes"
• 2009 : "Du ferme"
• 2009 : "Moi hamdulah cava" feat. Canardo* 2009 : "Krav maga"
• 2009 : "Banlieue Sale Music" feat. Nessbeal* 2009 : "Krav maga Remix" feat. Canardo, Gued'1, Green, MLC
• 2010 : "Nés pour Briller" feat. Canardo, Green, MLC
• 2010 : "Mauvais Oeil" feat. Green
• 2010 : "Viser la victoire" feat. Admiral T & Médine
• 2010 : "Passe leur le salam" feat. Rohff
• 2010 : "Caillra for life" feat. Game
• 2011 : "Veni, Vidi, Vici"
• 2011 : "Nhar Sheitan Click"
• 2011 : "Papa"
• 2011 : "D'où L'on Vient"
• 2011 : "Toute la night"
• 2011 : "VNTM.com" feat. DJ Khaled
• 2011 : "Vécu" feat. Kamelancien
• 2011 : "J'arrive en balle" feat. Fababy
• 2011 : "Ben Laden"
• 2011 : "C'est bien de..." feat. Fababy
• 2011 : "C'est ça le thème"
• 2011 : "Rollin' Like A Boss" La Fouine featuring T-Pain & Mackenson

External links[link]

• La Fouine's official website
• La Fouine sur Inc'Rock Festival vidéo

Candy Dulfer
Candy Dulfer in 2009
Background information
Birth name	Candy Dulfer
Born	(1969-09-19) 19 September 1969 (age 42)
Origin	Amsterdam, Netherlands
Genres	Smooth jazz, funk, nu jazz
Occupations	Saxophonist
Instruments	Alto saxophone, vocals
Years active	1981–present
Labels	BMG, N-coded, Eagle Records, Heads Up[1]
Associated acts	Van Morrison, Prince, Rod Stewart
Website	www.candydulfer.nl

Candy Dulfer (born 19 September 1969) is a Dutch smooth jazz alto saxophonist who began playing at the age of six. She founded her band, Funky Stuff, when she was fourteen years old. Her debut album Saxuality (1990) received a Grammy Award nomination. Dulfer has released nine studio albums, two live albums, and one compilation album. She has performed and recorded songs with other notable musicians, such as her father Hans Dulfer, Prince, Dave Stewart, Van Morrison, and Maceo Parker. She hosts the Dutch television series Candy meets... (2007), in which she interviews fellow musicians.

Early life[link]

Candy Dulfer was born on 19 September 1969 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, as the daughter of saxophonist Hans Dulfer.^[2] She began playing the drums at the age of five.^[3] As a six-year-old she started to play the soprano saxophone.^[4] At the age of seven she switched to alto saxophone and later began playing in a local concert band Jeugd Doet Leven (English translation: "Youth Brings Life") in Zuiderwoude.^[3]

Dulfer played her first solo on stage with her father's band De Perikels ("The Perils").^[2] At the age of eleven, she made her first recordings for the album I Didn't Ask (1981) of De Perikels.^[3] In 1982, when she was twelve years old, she played as a member of Rosa King's Ladies Horn section at the North Sea Jazz Festival. According to Dulfer, King encouraged her to become a band leader herself. In 1984, at the age of fourteen, Dulfer started her own band Funky Stuff.^[2]

Musical career[link]

Candy Dulfer in 2006

Dulfer's band performed throughout the Netherlands and in 1987 was the opening act for two of Madonna's European concerts.^[2][3]

In 1988 Prince invited Dulfer on stage to play an improvised solo during one of his European shows.^[2] In 1989 Dulfer appeared in Prince's "Partyman" video.^[3]

Dulfer performed session work with Eurythmics guitarist and producer Dave Stewart and was a guest musician for Pink Floyd at the band's performance at Knebworth in 1990.^[5][6]

Dulfer's debut album, Saxuality, was released in 1990 and was nominated for a Grammy and certified gold for worldwide sales in excess of half a million. Her song "Lily Was Here" reached #11 on American the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Though Dulfer has had smooth jazz chart hits such as "For The Love Of You" and "Finsbury Park, Cafe 67".^{[citation needed]}

Dulfer was also the featured saxophonist on Van Morrison's A Night in San Francisco, an album in 1993,^[7] and performed with the Alan Parsons Project at the World Liberty Concert in 1995.

Dulfer collaborated with her father Hans Dulfer on the duet album Dulfer Dulfer in 2001.^[7]

In 2007, she released her ninth studio album Candy Store. The album reached a #2 position in Billboard's Top Contemporary Jazz charts.^[8] Her song Candy Store and the song "L.A. Citylights" reached the #1 position in Smooth Jazz National Airplay charts in the United States.^[9]

Dulfer is mostly a self taught musician except for some training in a concert band and a few months of music lessons.^[2]

In 2007 Candy Dulfer was the presenter and interviewer in Candy meets..., her own television program for public broadcaster NPS. In the series she met with Sheila E., Maceo Parker, Hans Dulfer, Van Morrison, Dave Stewart, and Mavis Staples.^[10]

Discography[link]

• Saxuality (1990)
• Sax-a-Go-Go (1993)
• Big Girl (1995)
• For the Love of You (1997)
• The Best of Candy Dulfer (1998)^[11]
• Girls Night Out (1999)
• What Does It Take (album) (1999)
• Dulfer Dulfer (2002)
• Right in My Soul (2003)
• Candy Store (2007)
• Funked Up & Chilled Out (2009)
• Crazy (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Candy Dulfer

• For the Love Of You
• Candy Dulfer (official website)
• Candy Dulfer on Myspace
• Candy Dulfer at the Internet Movie Database
• Candy Dulfer at Allmusic
• (Dutch) Candy meets...
• (Dutch) Candy meets Hans Dulfer at YouTube
• Candy Dulfer & Band - live concert video on Fabchannel.com
• Candy plays with Maceo Parker