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Monday, 17 December 2012
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belong common era
Falling - Common Era
Belong - Make Me Return
Hero of War - Common Era (cover)
Fly Away - Common Era (cover)
Belong - Perfect Life
Belong - Come See
Belong - Perfect Life
Belong - Never Came Close
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
Eighty-six..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1'); return false" style="display: block;" />
K-15 - A be ce

Common Era

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belong common era
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:09
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012

  • published: 15 Apr 2011
  • views: 6720
  • author: KvGroov
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/belong common era
Falling - Common Era
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:36
  • Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Our first song! Music and lyrics by Willem Ardui
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Falling - Common Era
Belong - Make Me Return
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:33
  • Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Belong -- Common Era / Kranky / krank155 / Released: 21 Mar 2011 boomkat.com Video: Standish Lawder- Corridor- 1970 All rights reserved to artists.
  • published: 09 May 2011
  • views: 18376
  • author: distillat
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Belong - Make Me Return
Hero of War - Common Era (cover)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:12
  • Updated: 04 Aug 2012
for our friend lukas his birthday. original song by Rise Against Floris Vermeulen: Rythm guitar Daan Torfs: Lead guitar Willem Ardui: Vocals, Violin
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Hero of War - Common Era (cover)
Fly Away - Common Era (cover)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:06
  • Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Fly Away by Lenny Kravitz Improvisation: Floris Vermeulen Chords: Daan Torfs
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Fly Away - Common Era (cover)
Belong - Perfect Life
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:19
  • Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Kranky 2011
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Belong - Perfect Life
Belong - Come See
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:26
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012
From the album "Common Era" 2011, video footage Berlin 1927
  • published: 17 Apr 2011
  • views: 7742
  • author: Possedee
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Belong - Come See
Belong - Perfect Life
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:50
  • Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Belong - Perfect Life
  • published: 08 Apr 2011
  • views: 15875
  • author: PissChaps
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Belong - Perfect Life
Belong - Never Came Close
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:13
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012
The best track from new album Common Era
  • published: 14 Mar 2011
  • views: 14743
  • author: kacperbobo
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Belong - Never Came Close
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:46
  • Updated: 15 Dec 2012
website: jenniferchung.com facebook facebook.com twitter: twitter.com tumblr: jenniferjchung.tumblr.com COPYRIGHT 2008 Music by Jennifer Chung & Johnny Yang Lyrics by: Jennifer Chung Don't you agree When they all say "Home is where the heart is." But do you see With every step that you take, You get further away From where the heart is. It's so easy to be blinded & caught up in the clouds where everything's in a haze Causing you to forget about the days, Of the common, simple, beautiful ways. I remember all the times that I had spent with my friends. Taking BART to San Francisco just for 350 cents. Talking, laughing, joking - didn't quite k now what was to come. Years of memories, irreplaceable fun. I remember telling mom that I'd make her proud one day. She would smile and knew exactly all the right things to say. Man, I miss her & can't wait till I get back to the bay. Back to the common, simple, beautiful ways. Isn't it nice, To simply know, There's somewhere you can go back to. So it's a big sacrifice Everytime that you decide You can't even if you want to. It's so easy to be blinded & caught up in the clouds where everything's in a haze Causing you to forget about the days, Of the common, simple, beautiful ways. I remember all the times that I had spent with my friends. Taking BART to San Francisco just for 350 cents. Talking, laughing, joking - didn't quite k now what was to come. Years of memories, irreplaceable fun. I remember telling mom that I'd make her proud ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/"Common, Simple, Beautiful" Original by Jennifer Chung
Eighty-six
  • Order:
  • Duration: 11:53
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012
An animation featuring a dream I had back in 2008. When I woke up, I wrote the details down so that I could do something with it in the future. 4 years later, here it is in the form of an animation. First a dream, then as words, and now as an animation with voices. I hope you enjoy this story, even if it is really cheesy lol This is the story of Eighty-six. ~SumikoOneeSan NOTE: CE means "Common Era" same as AD "After Death" *headphones are recommended *Please watch in high quality! *Special thanks to SubsonicFire for the 3D title! I appreciate it! =) *Special thanks to all the voice actors to voiced in this project =) -I should have waited a day to post this on 12/12/12 XD rest of the details are in the credits! DREAM Deprived of Rest; Emerge Among Machines ___________________________ Now I will answer questions in case if you ask: WHY WORK ON THIS AND NOT TW3TBE? -The reason why I worked on this rather than Tw3tbe was because I chose this story for a project. I decided to do my project as an animation, and thought that "Eighty-six" will work well. So I have been working on this for some time; in-consecutively. I also have been working on part 4 of Tw3tbe at the same time. Keep in mind, I DID NOT quit TW3TBE. WILL YOU CONTINUE 86? -Yes, Im planning to. I wasnt able to finish the entire story in this animation, so I will definitely finish it. There is only a few minutes left. But I have to focus on other things before I finish this story. When i do finish part 2, it will ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/Eighty-six
K-15 - A be ce
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:29
  • Updated: 15 Dec 2012

http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/K-15 - A be ce
ll cool j - round the way girl (1990 CE)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:41
  • Updated: 17 Dec 2012
From the album: Mama Said Knock You Out (1990) Following this, LL released Mama Said Knock You Out, generally leaning towards a tough street image. The record reestablished his reputation in the hip-hop community. It spawned three hit singles, "The Boomin' System," "Around the Way Girl," and the title track, which received special notice after LL Cool J's dynamic performance of it during an episode of MTV Unplugged. It was also featured in the film The Hard Way.
  • published: 28 Nov 2008
  • views: 354380
  • author: sethecx
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/ll cool j - round the way girl (1990 CE)
(3 of 7) Madonna Rising Pt. 3 - Star Motel
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:44
  • Updated: 08 Dec 2012
**Please note: To view parts 6 & 7, visit madonnabce.vodspot.tv **. MADONNA RISING Part 3 of 7. In this segment, Madonna and friend Rupert Everett continue their exploration of her early New York beginnings by visiting the Star Motel, one of the many seedy establishments she had lived in during her struggling time as a musician in the early 1980s. For more on Madonna's early beginnings in New York City before she became world-famous, check out my Madonna BCE vodspot site at madonnabce.vodspot.tv . Madonna BCE (as in Madonna: Before the Common Era), focuses primarily on her pre-fame days from 1978 though the release of her second album "Like A Virgin", which skyrocketed her to international stardom in 1985. Check out early interviews and live performances, documentary footage, fan-made slideshows/videos and listen to rare, early demos from the soon to be Material Girl.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121217232138/http://wn.com/(3 of 7) Madonna Rising Pt. 3 - Star Motel
  • belong common era...4:09
  • Falling - Common Era...3:36
  • Belong - Make Me Return...4:33
  • Hero of War - Common Era (cover)...2:12
  • Fly Away - Common Era (cover)...2:06
  • Belong - Perfect Life...4:19
  • Belong - Come See...5:26
  • Belong - Perfect Life...3:50
  • Belong - Never Came Close...4:13
  • "Common, Simple, Beautiful" Original by Jennifer Chung...4:46
  • Eighty-six...11:53
  • K-15 - A be ce...1:29
  • ll cool j - round the way girl (1990 CE)...3:41
  • (3 of 7) Madonna Rising Pt. 3 - Star Motel...7:44

  • published: 15 Apr 2011
  • views: 6720
  • author: KvGroov

4:09
be­long com­mon era
...
pub­lished: 15 Apr 2011
au­thor: Kv­Groov
3:36
Falling - Com­mon Era
Our first song! Music and lyrics by Willem Ardui...
pub­lished: 14 Mar 2012
4:33
Be­long - Make Me Re­turn
Be­long -- Com­mon Era / Kranky / krank155 / Re­leased: 21 Mar 2011 boomkat.​com Video: Stan­di...
pub­lished: 09 May 2011
au­thor: dis­til­lat
2:12
Hero of War - Com­mon Era (cover)
for our friend lukas his birth­day. orig­i­nal song by Rise Against Floris Ver­meulen: Rythm g...
pub­lished: 28 Mar 2012
2:06
Fly Away - Com­mon Era (cover)
Fly Away by Lenny Kravitz Im­pro­vi­sa­tion: Floris Ver­meulen Chords: Daan Torfs...
pub­lished: 17 Mar 2012
4:19
Be­long - Per­fect Life
Kranky 2011...
pub­lished: 10 Feb 2011
5:26
Be­long - Come See
From the album "Com­mon Era" 2011, video footage Berlin 1927...
pub­lished: 17 Apr 2011
au­thor: Possedee
3:50
Be­long - Per­fect Life
Be­long - Per­fect Life...
pub­lished: 08 Apr 2011
au­thor: Piss­Chaps
4:13
Be­long - Never Came Close
The best track from new album Com­mon Era...
pub­lished: 14 Mar 2011
au­thor: kacper­bobo
4:46
"Com­mon, Sim­ple, Beau­ti­ful" Orig­i­nal by Jen­nifer Chung
web­site: jenniferchung.​com face­book facebook.​com twit­ter: twitter.​com tum­blr: jen­nifer­jchu...
pub­lished: 07 Nov 2008
11:53
Eighty-six
An an­i­ma­tion fea­tur­ing a dream I had back in 2008. When I woke up, I wrote the de­tails dow...
pub­lished: 12 Dec 2012
au­thor: SumikoOneeSan
1:29
K-15 - A be ce
...
pub­lished: 17 Oct 2009
3:41
ll cool j - round the way girl (1990 CE)
From the album: Mama Said Knock You Out (1990) Fol­low­ing this, LL re­leased Mama Said Knock...
pub­lished: 28 Nov 2008
au­thor: sethecx
7:44
(3 of 7) Madon­na Ris­ing Pt. 3 - Star Motel
**Please note: To view parts 6 & 7, visit madonnabce.​vodspot.​tv **. MADON­NA RIS­ING Part 3 ...
pub­lished: 30 Jun 2009
Youtube results:
9:15
Cam­bo­dia: CITY OF THE GODS (1of6) [EN]
SIT­U­AT­ED be­tween India and China, South­east Asia has been the birth­place of sev­er­al cul­tur...
pub­lished: 01 Mar 2008
au­thor: Ah­mekKhmer
4:08
K-15 - Ispit
K-15 - Ispit...
pub­lished: 16 Nov 2008
9:41
Un­der­stand­ing Cal­en­dar No­ta­tion
Learn more: www.​khanacademy.​org Dif­fer­ence be­tween BC, BCE, AD and CE. A lit­tle bit about ...
pub­lished: 30 May 2011
au­thor: khanacade­my
5:35
(1 of 7) Madon­na Ris­ing Pt. 1 - The Music Build­ing
**Please note: To view parts 6 & 7, visit madonnabce.​vodspot.​tv **. MADON­NA RIS­ING Part 1 ...
pub­lished: 30 Jun 2009

Common Era (also Current Era[1] or Christian Era[2]), abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by 6th-century Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus, traditionally identified with Anno Domini (abbreviated AD).[3][4] Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the use of BCE, short for Before the Common Era (likewise with CE, also Before the Current Era or Before the Christian Era).[5] Neither designation uses a year zero,[6] and the two designations are numerically equivalent; thus "2012 CE" corresponds to "AD 2012" and "399 BCE" corresponds to "399 BC".

The expression "Common Era" can be found as early as 1708 in English,[7] and traced back to Latin usage among European Christians to 1615, as vulgaris aerae,[8] and to 1635 in English as Vulgar Era. At those times, the expressions were all used interchangeably with "Christian Era", and "vulgar" meant "not regal" rather than "crudely indecent". Use of the CE abbreviation was introduced by Jewish academics in the mid-19th century. Since the later 20th century, use of CE and BCE has been popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by publishers emphasizing secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians.

The Gregorian calendar, and the year-numbering system associated with it, is the calendar system with most widespread use in the world today. For decades, it has been the de facto global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.

The CE/BCE notation has been adopted by numerous authors and publishers wishing to be "neutral" or "sensitive to non-Christians"[9][10][11] because it does not explicitly make use of religious titles for Jesus, such as "Christ" and Domin- ("Lord"), which are used in the BC/AD notation, nor does it give implicit expression to the Christian creed that Jesus was the Christ.[9][12][13][14][15] Among the reasons given by those who oppose the use of Common Era notation is that it is selective as other aspects of the Western calendar have origins in various belief systems (e.g., Thursday is named for Thor),[16] and claims that its propagation is the result of secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness.[17][18][19]

Contents

History[link]

Origins[link]

The year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 to replace the Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[20] He attempted to number years from an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus,[20] although scholars today generally agree that he miscalculated by a small number of years.[21][22] Dionysius labeled the column of the Easter table in which he introduced the new era "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi."[23] Numbering years in this manner became more widespread with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before the supposed year of birth[24] of Jesus, and the practice of not using a year zero.[25] In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[26]

Use of the term "vulgar era"[link]

The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era"[27] to distinguish it from the regnal dating systems typically used in national law. The first use of the Latin equivalent (vulgaris aerae)[28] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler.[8] Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[29] and again in 1617.[30] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[31] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[32] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[33][34] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[35]

The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[36] In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[37] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[38]

The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[7] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[39] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[40] The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[41] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[42] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[43] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[44] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) used the terms "Christian, Vulgar or Common Era" interchangeably.[45]

The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[46][47] "the common era of the Mahometans",[48] "common era of the world",[49] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[50] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[51] "common era of the Nativity",[52] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[53]

An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Era Vulgaris was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[54]

History of the CE/BCE abbreviation[link]

Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often find it necessary to use the Gregorian Calendar as well.[55] Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".[56] As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years on the Western calendar.[57]

Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian, Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviation in his book, Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[58]

The ratio of usage of BCE to BC,[59] CE to AD,[60] Common Era to Anno Domini,[61] and Before Common Era to Before Christ[62] in books has changed dramatically between the years 1800 and 2008, particularly since 1980, with the CE-related variants becoming used more often.

Contemporary usage[link]

Some academics in the fields of theology, education and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.[63] The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, which is the leading publishing body of Jehovah's Witnesses, has been using CE and BCE exclusively in its publications (except in quotations) since The Watchtower of 15 April 1964.[64][65] However, in The Watchtower—Simplified English Edition, "the year ... before Christ" is used for dates before the common era; only "the year ..." is used for other dates.[66]

More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: The Smithsonian Institution prefers Common Era usage, though individual museums are not required to use it.[67] Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage.[68] Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News.[69]

In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing.[56] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[70] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[71] In June 2006, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision that would have included the designations BCE and CE as part of state law, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level.[72][73][74]

In 2002, the BCE/CE notation system was introduced into the school curriculum in the UK.[75] In 2011 in the UK, the BBC announced it would be using CE/BCE notation on its programmes and website, permitting usage of either notation.[76] Numerous British universities, museums, historians, and book retailers have either dropped BC and AD entirely or are using it alongside the BCE/CE notation.[77] Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[78] The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[79]

Rationale[link]

Support[link]

Historically, the use of CE in Jewish scholarship was motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD. Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins too, AD stands out as a particularly direct reference to Jesus as Lord.

Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.[80] Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan argued, "[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era."[81]

It has been noted that the label Anno Domini is arguably inaccurate; "scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before A.D. 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating."[82]

Opposition[link]

Some oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons. Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, removing reference to him in era notation is offensive to some Christians.[83] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations as "a reminder of the preeminence of Christ and His gospel in world history".[17] The Southern Baptist Convention has criticized the use of BCE and CE as being the result of "secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness" and encourages its members to "retain the traditional method of dating and avoid this revisionism".[17]

There are also secular concerns. English language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[84] The short lived French Revolutionary Calendar, for example, began with the first year of the First French Republic and rejected the seven day week (with its connections to Genesis) for a ten day week.

Astrobiologist Duncan Steel argues further that if one is going to replace BC/AD with BCE/CE then one should reject all aspects of the dating system (including time of day, days of the week and months of the year), as they all have origins related to pagan, astrological, Jewish, or Christian beliefs. He rejects secular arguments against Christian-based BC/AD as selective. Steel makes note of the consistency of the Quaker system (now rarely used), which removed all such references.[16][80]

Anthropologist Carol Delaney argues that the substitution of BC/AD to BCE/CE is merely a euphemism that conceals the political implications without modifying the actual source of contention.[85][86]

Raimon Panikkar contends that using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians, who do not necessarily consider the time period following the beginning of the calendar to be a "common era".[87]

Some critics assert that the use of identifiers which have common spellings is more ambiguous than the use of identifiers with divergent spellings. Both CE and BCE have in common the letters "CE", which is more likely to cause confusion, they claim, than identifiers with clearly different spelling.[80]

Internet reaction[link]

According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the history teacher Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservative wiki.[88] One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny the historical basis" of the dating system.[89]

Conventions in style guides[link]

The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[84] Thus, the current year is written as 2012 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2012 CE, or as AD 2012), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with full stops (e.g., "BCE" or "C.E.").[90] Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.[91]

The terms "Common Era", "Anno Domini", "Before the Common Era" and "Before Christ" in contemporary English can be applied to dates that rely on either the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar. Modern dates are understood in the Western world to be in the Gregorian calendar, but for older dates writers should specify the calendar used. Dates in the Gregorian calendar in the Western world have always used the era designated in English as Anno Domini or Common Era.

Similar conventions in other languages[link]

Several languages other than English also have both religious and non-religious ways of identifying the era used in dates. In some communist states during the Cold War period, usage of non-religious notation was mandated.

  • In Arabic, بعد الميلاد (After the Birth) corresponds to CE, while قبل الميلاد (Before the Birth) corresponds to BCE. The "Birth" referenced is that of Jesus. This system is in widespread use in all Arab countries, but is accompanied by the Hijri system. Dates are often given in both in that order. In Saudi Arabia, however, the Hijri System is predominant.
  • In the Chinese language, common era (公元, Gong yuan) has been predominantly used to refer to the western calendar without any religious connotation.
  • The German Democratic Republic introduced the convention of v. u. Z. (vor unserer Zeitrechnung, before our chronology) and u. Z. (unserer Zeitrechnung, of our chronology) instead of v. Chr. (vor Christus, before Christ) and n. Chr. (nach Christus/Christi Geburt, after Christ/the Nativity of Christ); the use of this convention was already prescribed in Nazi Germany.[92][93]
The use of these terms persists in contemporary German to some extent, differing regionally and ideologically. In Jewish contexts mostly "v. d. Z" ("vor der Zeitenwende") and "n. d. Z." ("nach der Zeitenwende") is used.
  • In Hungary, similarly to the Bulgarian case, i. e. (időszámításunk előtt, before our era) and i. sz. (időszámításunk szerint, according to our era) are still widely used instead of traditional Kr. e. (Krisztus előtt, Before Christ) and Kr. u. (Krisztus után, After Christ), which were unofficially reinstituted after the Communist period.
  • In Poland the only term generally used is naszej ery/przed naszą erą (of our era/before our era). The terms przed Chrystusem/po Chrystusie (before Christ/after Christ) are possible but nearly never used in contemporary Poland.
  • In Italy and other Latin countries, the use of "a.e.v." and "e.v.", meaning "Ante Era Vulgaris" and "Era Vulgaris" or "Era Volgare" (common era), is increasing.
  • In Angola, the abbreviations "E.C." ("Era Comum", Common Era) and "A.E.C." ("Antes da Era Comum", Before Common Era) is generally used.
  • In Romania, throughout most of the communist period, the preferred standard was to use the secularised î. e. n. (înaintea erei noastre, before our era) and e. n. (era noastră, our era). After the downfall of Communism and the 1989 revolution, the original convention using î. Hr. (înainte de Hristos, before Christ) and d. Hr. (după Hristos, after Christ) has become more widespread. Alternatively, î. Cr. and d. Cr. are used, mainly due to an alternative spelling of Hristos (Christ) as Cristos, the latter being preferred by the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches.
  • In Indonesia, the terms SM. (Sebelum Masehi, before Masehi, from Arabic word of Masih, referred to Jesus) and M. (Masehi, after Masehi) were generally used.
  • In Finland, the terms eKr. (ennen Kristusta, before Christ) and jKr. (jälkeen Kristuksen, after Christ) were largely used until the 1980s but have been mostly replaced during the last couple of decades with terms eaa. (ennen ajanlaskun alkua, before start of chronology) and jaa. (jälkeen ajanlaskun alun, after start of chronology).
  • In Swedish the terms f.kr. (före kristus, before Christ) and e.kr (efter kristus, after Christ) have traditionally been used. They have gradually been replaced by f.v.t and e.v.t (före/efter vår tidräkning, before/after our chronology) especially in scientific texts.
  • In Japan the calendar is referred to as (西暦, seireki), literally meaning as it is written, "west calendar," and sounding like, "Western calendar," which carries no religious connotation, aside from the fact that Christianity is a Western religion. "A.D.," and less commonly, "C.E.," are also occasionally seen, but the typical Japanese person would not know about the religious connotations or lack of in these terms.
  • In Spanish, EC (Era Común) is used for CE, while AEC (antes de la Era Común) is equivalent to BCE.[94]
  • In Welsh, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (Oed Crist) and CE (Oes Cyffredin); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, Cyn Crist) is used exclusively, as Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.[95]

See also[link]

Notes and references[link]

  1. ^ BBC Team (8 February 2005). "History of Judaism 63BCE–1086CE". BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Year 1: CE – What is nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity" 
  2. ^
  3. ^ "calendar, Gregorian". The Astronomical Almanac: Online!. United States Naval Observatory. 2010. http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#calendar-gregorian. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  4. ^ Doggett, L. E. (1992). "Calendars". In P. K. Seidelmann. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, California: University Science Books. p. 581. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. "The Gregorian calendar today serves as an international standard for civil use....Years are counted from the initial epoch defined by Dionysius Exiguus" 
  5. ^ "Controversy over the use of the"CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-12. 
  6. ^ Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601 standard do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however; whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of the Julian calendar for dates before 1582 CE.
  7. ^ a b first so-far-found use of common era in English (1708). Printed for H. Rhodes. 1708. http://books.google.com/books?id=D_wvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22common+era%22#v=onepage&q=%22common%20era%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  The History of the Works of the Learned. 10. London. January 1708. p. 513. 
  8. ^ a b "Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615)". http://www.worldcat.org/title/joannis-keppleri-eclogae-chronicae-ex-epistolis-doctissimorum-aliquot-virorum-suis-mutuis-quibus-examinantur-tempora-nobilissima-1-herodis-herodiadumque-2-baptismi-ministerii-christi-annorum-non-plus-2-14-3-passionis-mortis-et-resurrectionis-dn-n-iesu-christi-anno-aerae-nostrae-vulgaris-31-non-ut-vulgo-33-4-belli-iudaici-quo-funerata-fuit-cum-ierosolymis-templo-synagoga-iudaica-sublatumque-vetus-testamentum-inter-alia-commentarius-in-locum-epiphanii-obscurissimum-de-cyclo-veteri-iudaeorum/oclc/62188677. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Johannes Kepler (1615) (in Latin). Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum.. Francofurti : Tampach. "anno aerae nostrae vulgaris" 
  9. ^ a b Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). History of the World Christian Movement. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. xi. ISBN 0-567-08866-9. http://books.google.com/?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PR11&dq=before+%22common+era%22+christian. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research." 
  10. ^ Corrywright, Dominic; Morgan, Peggy (2006). Get Set for Religious Studies. Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7486-2032-6. http://books.google.com/?id=-VLt0uQrzXMC&pg=PA18&dq=before+common+era+christian+non-christian. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Also note where AD (from the Latin 'in the year of our Lord') and BC (before Christ) are used in datings, for although the numerical calculation of this system is now the international convention, the terminology used in religious studies is CE (common era) and BCE (before the common era), which are more neutrally descriptive terms" 
  11. ^ Andrew Herrmann (27 May 2006). "BCE date designation called more sensitive". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012132841/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060527/ai_n16436633. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians"" 
  12. ^ Anno Domini (which means in the year of the/our Lord)"Anno Domini". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anno%20domini. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord"  Translated as "in the year of (Our) Lord" in Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 782.
  13. ^ "Historical background of the use of "CE" and "BCE" to identify dates". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce_info1.htm#wce. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "According to David Barrett et al., editors of the "World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions – AD 30 to 2200," there are 19 major world religions which are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and many smaller ones. The vast majority do not recognize Yeshua of Nazareth as either God or Messiah. Expecting followers of other religions to imply this status for Yeshua can create ill feeling." 
  14. ^ Heustis, Reer R, Jr. (9 September 2007). "Common Era and the culture war". RenewAmerica. http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/heustis/070909. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "referred to as Year of our Lord, which is an unmistakable reference to the Lord Jesus Christ....Not every person believes that Jesus is the Lord, they argue, and therefore, he should not have to acknowledge Christ's Lordship...Make no mistake about it: Jesus Christ is not only the Lord of Christians – He is also the Lord of all." 
  15. ^ McKim, Donald K (1996). Common Era entry. ISBN 978-0-664-25511-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41&dq=common+era#v=onepage&q=common%20era&f=false. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  16. ^ a b Steel, Duncan (1999). Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar. John Wiley and Sons. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-471-29827-4. http://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 2011-05-18 
  17. ^ a b c "On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)". Southern Baptist Convention. June 2000. http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=298. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ’s life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story." 
  18. ^ "AD and BC become CE/BCE". 19 February 2002. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  19. ^ ""CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation". http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  20. ^ a b Pedersen, O. (1983). "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church". In Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.). The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican Observatory. p. 50. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  21. ^ Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, p. 579.
  22. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6. ISSN 9780-802837813. http://books.google.com/?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA686&dq=jesus+birth+year+before. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  23. ^ Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
  24. ^ Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
  25. ^ As noted in Zero#History, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the 12th century.
  26. ^ "General Chronology". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York. 1908. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  27. ^ from the Latin word vulgus, the common people, i.e. those who are not royalty. It is relatively recently the word vulgar has come to mean "crudely indecent". Common fractions are still often referred to as vulgar fractions, without any implication of crudeness.
  28. ^ In Latin, Common Era is written as Vulgaris Aerae. It also occasionally appears as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.
  29. ^ Kepler, Johann (1616). Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616). Plancus. http://books.google.com/books?id=0kElSQAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Kepler, Johann (1616). Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis.... Plancus. 
  30. ^ Kepler, Johannes; Fabricus, David (1617). Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617). sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus. http://books.google.com/books?id=5w47twAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch (1617). Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI].... Johannes Plancus. "Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX." 
    • Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
  31. ^ Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635). http://books.google.com/books?id=prP9cQAACAAJ&dq=vulgar+era. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Johann Kepler, Adriaan Vlacq (1635). Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633.... 
  32. ^ Clerc, Jean Le (1701). vulgar era in English (1701). http://books.google.com/?id=jakGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5-IA4&dq=%22vulgar+era%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  John LeClerc, ed. (1701). The Harmony of the Evangelists. London: Sam Buckley. p. 5. "Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6" 
  33. ^ Prideaux, Humphrey (1799 reprint). Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716). http://books.google.com/?id=1DQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&vq=vulgar&dq. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnation"  Humphrey Prideaux, D.D. (1716). "The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations". arXiv:(1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2) 1799 (1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2). "This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation.". 
  34. ^ Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. "Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vulgarera. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  35. ^ ), Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham; Newton, Sir Isaac; Falconer, Thomas (1796) [from the University of Michigan]. "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796). T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. http://books.google.com/?id=nK6IPj-Wk-kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22vulgar+era+of+the+NATIVITY%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Rev. Robert Walker, Isaac Newton, Thomas Falconer (1796). Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to .... London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies. p. 10. "Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years." 
  36. ^ "1584 Latin use of aerae christianae". http://www.worldcat.org/title/de-eucharistica-controuersia-capita-doctrinae-theologicae-de-quibus-mandatu-illustrissimi-principis-ac-domini-d-iohannis-casimiri-comites-palatini-ad-rhenum-ducis-bauariae-tutoris-administratoris-electoralis-palatinatus-octonis-publicis-disputationibus-quarum-prima-est-habita-4-apr-anno-aerae-christianae-1584-marco-beumlero-respondente-praeses-iohannes-iacobus-grynaeus-orthodoxae-fidei-rationem-interrogantibus-placide-reddidit-accessit-eiusdem-iohannis-iacobi-grynaeus-synopsis-orationis-quam-de-disputationis-euentu-congressione-nona-quae-indicit-in-15-aprilis-publice-habuit/oclc/123471534. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Grynaeus, Johann Jacob; Beumler, Marcus (1584) (in Latin) (Microform). De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit. (Editio tertia ed.). Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. OCLC 123471534. "4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584" 
  37. ^ "1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book – 1st usage found in English". http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculum-uranicum-anni-r-christian-1649-or-an-almanack-and-prognosication-for-the-year-of-our-lord-1649-being-the-first-from-bissextile-or-leap-year-and-from-the-creation-of-the-world-5598-wherein-is-contained-many-useful-pleasant-and-necessary-observations-and-predictions-calculated-according-to-art-for-the-meridian-and-latitude-of-the-ancient-borrough-town-of-stamford-in-lincolnshire-and-without-sensible-errour-may-serve-the-3-kingdoms-of-england-scotland-and-ireland/oclc/18533017. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  WING, Vincent (1649). Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. "anni æræ Christianæ, 1649" 
  38. ^ first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652). http://www.google.com/products?q=Ephemeris+year+Christian+era+1652. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers. 
  39. ^ Gregory, David; John Nicholson, John Morphew (1715). The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew. p. 252. http://books.google.com/?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA252&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22before+chrift%22++chriftian+common+era. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ"  Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
  40. ^ Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). 1759 use of common æra. Printed for C. Bathurst. http://books.google.com/?id=tn0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130&dq=%22Common+aEra%22+%22chrift%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.]. p. 130. "at which time they fixed that for their common era"  In this case, their refers to the Jews.
  41. ^ Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr; Hooper, William (1770). First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770). Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law. http://books.google.com/?id=gBETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22vulgar+Era%22+date:1-1800. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres. 2. London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane. pp. 105, 63. "in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)" 
  42. ^ MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "vulgar era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter). http://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228&dq=%22vulgar+era%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era" 
    MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "common era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul). http://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22common+era%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death." 
    George Gleig, ed. (1797). Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes). Edinburgh. v. 14 pt. 1 P. 
  43. ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 16–20. http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L4.HTM. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  44. ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 15–16. http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L3.HTM. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  45. ^ "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living.
  46. ^ Encyclopedia, Popular (1874). "common era of the Jews" (1874). http://books.google.com/?id=GMfyJ2PeD-cC&q=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760"  A. Whitelaw, ed. (1874). Conversations Lexicon. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207. 
  47. ^ "common era of the Jews" (1858). Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. http://books.google.com/?id=e6oCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology."  Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt. p. 176. 
  48. ^ Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). "common era of the Mahometans" (1856). http://books.google.com/?id=4WEBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22&q=%22common+era+of+the+Mahometans%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet."  Johannes von Gumpach (1856). Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar. Oxford University. p. 4. 
  49. ^ Jones, William (1801). "common era of the world" (1801). F. and C. Rivington. http://books.google.com/?id=bXIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA354&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Jones, William (1801). The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones. London: Rivington. 
  50. ^ Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON (1854). "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854). http://books.google.com/?id=6FKHIeUQ2J0C&pg=PA284&dq=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+rome%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 284. 
  51. ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). "common era of the Incarnation" (1833). A. & C. Black. http://books.google.com/?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA711&dq=%22common+era+of+the+incarnation%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. 1833. p. 711. 
  52. ^ Todd, James Henthorn (1864). "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864). Hodges, Smith & co.. http://books.google.com/?id=um44AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the+Nativity%22&q=%22common+era%22+%22of+the+Nativity%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord."  James Henthorn Todd (1864). St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University. pp. 495, 496, 497. 
  53. ^ "common era of the birth of Christ" (1812). printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne. 1812. http://books.google.com/?id=PGdCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR16&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22. Retrieved 2011-05-18.  Heneage Elsley (1812). Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition) (2nd ed.). London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne. xvi. 
  54. ^ "What is Thelema?". http://www.thelema101.com/calendar. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  55. ^
    Jews do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our L-rd," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).

    —Tracey R Rich, Judaism 101

  56. ^ a b Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). "Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times". Houston Chronicle. p. A–13. http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2005_3864650. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  57. ^ "Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions". Jewish Communities & Records. http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/plymouthinscriptions.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected." 
    [19 Sivan 5585 AM is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
  58. ^ The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Search for era in this book.. Moss & Brother. http://books.google.com/?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&pg=PA75&vq=era. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  59. ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=BC,BCE&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3. Retrieved 2012-02-26. 
  60. ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=century+AD,century+CE&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3. Retrieved 2012-02-26. 
  61. ^ Google Ngram Viewer. http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Anno+Domini%2CCommon+Era%2CChristian+Era%2CCurrent+Era%2Canno+domini&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3. Retrieved 2012-02-26. 
  62. ^ Google Ngram Viewer. http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Before+Christ%2CBefore+the+Common+Era%2CBefore+Common+Era%2CBefore+the+Christian+Era%2CBefore+the+Current+Era&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=3. Retrieved 2012-02-26. 
  63. ^ See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (current era) ... or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). "Style Guide". Archived from the original on 2007-06-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20070618004627/http://www.sha.org/publications/style_guide.htm#V-d. Retrieved 2011-05-18. . Whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach. American Anthropological Society (January 2003). "AAA Style Guide" (PDF). http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  64. ^ Watchtower Library 2009, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
  65. ^ BCE site:watchtower.org/ BC site:watchtower.org/ Also see, for example, comment "In this publication, instead of the traditional 'AD' and 'BC', the more accurate 'CE' (Common Era) and 'BCE' (before the Common Era) are used." in The Bible – God's Word or Man's?, p. 16 footnote, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
  66. ^ For example, see The Watchtower—Simplified English Edition, 15 May 2012, page 17
  67. ^ Smithsonian Institution. "World History Standards". Smithsonian Education. Archived from the original on 2006-09-06. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20070928000917/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/field_trips/standards/world_history_standards.html. Retrieved 2006-09-09. 
  68. ^
  69. ^ "Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual" (PDF). Maryland Church News. 1 April 2005. http://www.ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  70. ^ "AP: World History". http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  71. ^ "Jerusalem Timeline". History Channel. http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ;"Jerusalem: Biographies". History Channel. http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  72. ^ "State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy". Family Foundation of Kentucky. http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  73. ^ Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). "School board keeps traditional historic designations". Louisville Courier-Journal. http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  74. ^ "Kentucky Board of Education Report" (PDF). Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006. http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  75. ^ "AD and BC become CE/BCE". 9 February 2002. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  76. ^ "Reality check: has the BBC dropped the terms BC/AD?". 26 September 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/reality-check-with-polly-curtis/2011/sep/26/1. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  77. ^ "Government to save Year of our Lord from BBC's 'Common Era'". 2 October 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2044219/Government-save-Year-Lord-BBCs-Common-Era.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  78. ^ "Australia goes all PC with a ban on BC: Birth of Jesus to be removed as reference point for dates in school history books". 2 September 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2033225/Australia-goes-PC-ban-BC-Birth-Jesus-removed-reference-point-dates-school-history-books.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  79. ^ "AD/BC rock solid in curriculum". 21 October 2011. http://www.theage.com.au/national/adbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html. Retrieved 2012-03-04. 
  80. ^ a b c "Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history". ReligiousTolerance.com. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  81. ^ Annan, Kofi A., (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) (28 June 1999). "Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values". Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  82. ^ Doggett, L. (1992). "Calendars". In P. Kenneth Seidelmann. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 579. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. 
  83. ^ Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). "Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'". The Deseret News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact." 
  84. ^ a b Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E.. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2. http://books.google.com/?id=L2ChiO2yEZ0C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English%22+BCE&q. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don’t use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis." 
  85. ^ Delaney, Carol Lowery (2004). Investigating Culture: An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Blackwell Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 0-631-22237-5. http://books.google.com/?id=ETOrkt7DeN0C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=common+era+euphemism. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "I find CE a euphemism because the common era still begins with Christ's birth and,thus, conceals the political implications." 
  86. ^ Carol Lowery Delaney (1998). Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-691-07050-4. http://books.google.com/?id=x8woAhT3jKAC&pg=PA267&dq=%22common+era%22+euphemism. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  87. ^ Panikkar, Raimon (2004). Christophany: The Fullness of Man. Maryville, NY: Orbis Books. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-57075-564-4. http://books.google.com/?id=9-vYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Panikkar,+Raimon+(2004).+Christophany:+The+Fullness+of+Man.. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Here is an example of the incarnation's historical-sociological implications among those who feel themselves furthest from Christianity. In certain North American academic circles one can see a return-with repercussions elsewhere-to the most bigoted Christian colonialism, along with the good intention of overcoming it. It has been suggested that the terminology of the Western calendar, Christian in origin, be replaced by one that presumably would be neutral and universal. It is understandable that some would protest the use of A.D. (anno Domini), but by eliminating B.C. (before Christ) and substituting B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) scholars betray the depths of the cultural impact of the historico-Christian event. After all, Jesus was not born in the year 1. We select a single event but without any value judgment. To call our age "the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism." 
  88. ^ Simon, Stephanie (22 June 2007). "A conservative's answer to Wikipedia". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/19/nation/na-schlafly19. Retrieved 2011-05-18. 
  89. ^ Conservapedia Commandments at Conservapedia
  90. ^ "Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition". University of Chicago Press. 15th ed.: 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-09-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070909071543/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html. Retrieved 2011-05-18. "Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option." 
  91. ^ SBL Handbook of Style Society of Biblical Literature 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS - The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see §7.1.3.2.)"
  92. ^ See page 149 in Weiße Blätter issue May 1938
  93. ^ "GERMANY: Jewish Joke". 7 March 1938. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  94. ^ "Writing Dates in Spanish". http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  95. ^ "Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives". JISCMail. 19 October 2006. https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=welsh-termau-cymraeg;982a203b.0610. Retrieved 2012-02-29. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Common_Era

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Era volgare

http://cs.wn.com/Náš letopočet

http://es.wn.com/Era Común

http://ru.wn.com/Наша эра

http://nl.wn.com/Gangbare jaartelling

http://pt.wn.com/Era comum

http://fr.wn.com/Ère commune

http://de.wn.com/V. u. Z.




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Maulana Tariq Jameel
File:Maulana Tariq Jameel.jpeg
Born 1953
Era Modern era
Region Pakistan
School Sunni Hanafi
Notable ideas Basic principles and practices of Islam and Global brotherhood

Maulana Tariq Jameel (Urdu: مولانا طارق جمیل) (born 1953) is an Islamic scholar from Pakistan.[1] His native town is Tulambah near Mian Channu. His father was an agriculturist who belonged to the Muslim Rajputs community.[citation needed]

Tariq Jameel was born and raised in Mian Channu. In his childhood he lived a relatively modest life but religion was not a major part of his life and his family in particular. It wasn't until he pursued his M.B.B.S. in Lahore that his focus shifted towards Islam. After completing his Higher Secondary School education (a.k.a. F.Sc in some regions of Pakistan) in pre-medical (equivalent to A 'levels') from Government College, Lahore, he took admission in King Edward Medical College in Lahore. He intended to do his M.B.B.S., but he soon switched to Islamic education. He then went on to receive Islamic education from Jamia Arabia, Raiwind (near Lahore), Pakistan where he studied Quran, Hadith, Sharia, Tasawwuf, logic and Fiqh.[citation needed]

Contents

Transition towards Islam[link]

His proclivity towards Islam grew during hostel life in Lahore and can mainly be attributed to the group members of Tablighi Jamaat who he became friends with during his college life.[citation needed]

Rise to prominence[link]

He has a simple style of elaborating the purpose of human life and its creation and often uses scientific examples to support his argument. He has delivered lectures to all types of communities in the society with the attendees being doctors, engineers, professors, businessmen, landlords, government officials, TV/film artists, ministers/politicians and sports celebrities.[citation needed]

Islamic teachings[link]

Tariq Jameel’s lectures incorporate a wide range of issues of Islam and social concern. He especially emphasizes on self-purification, avoidance of violent ways, observance of Allah’s orders and to follow the Prophet [[Muhammad PBUH's sunnah. He is a staunch critic of moral degeneration, indecent practices and shamelessness.[citation needed]

References[link]

Maulana Tariq Jameel Latest Bayan

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Tariq_Jameel




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Jameel

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Vince McMahon
Born Vincent Kennedy McMahon
(1945-08-24) August 24, 1945 (age 66)
Pinehurst, North Carolina, United States
Other names Vince McMahon, Jr.
Alma mater East Carolina University
Occupation Chairman and CEO, WWE
Salary $1.1 million[1]
Net worth US$1.1 billion (2000)[2]
$700 million (2001)[3]
Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight 248 pounds (112 kg)[4]
Title Chairman (1980–present)
President (1980–1993)
CEO (1980–1993; 2009–present)
Spouse Linda McMahon (m. 1966) «start: (1966-08-26)»"Marriage: Linda McMahon to Vince McMahon" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Vince_McMahon)
Children Shane McMahon (born 1970)
Stephanie McMahon-Levesque (born 1976)
Parents Vincent James McMahon
Vicky H. Askew
Website
WWE Corporate Bio

Vincent Kennedy "Vince" McMahon (born August 24, 1945)[5] is an American professional wrestling promoter, announcer, commentator, film producer, actor and former occasional professional wrestler. McMahon is the Chairman, CEO and Chairman of the Executive Committee of professional wrestling promotion WWE. Upon acquiring World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), McMahon's WWE became the sole remaining major American professional wrestling promotion (until the national expansion of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Ring of Honor).

As an on-camera character, he can appear on all WWE brands (though the majority of the time, he appears on Raw). McMahon plays a character known by the ring name Mr. McMahon, based on his real life persona. In the world of WWE, he is a two-time world champion, having won the WWF Championship and ECW World Championship. He was also the winner of the 1999 Royal Rumble.

Vince is the husband of Linda McMahon, with whom he ran WWE from its establishment in 1980 until she resigned as the CEO in September 2009.[6]

Contents

Early life[link]

McMahon was born on August 24, 1945 in Pinehurst, North Carolina. McMahon's father, Vincent James McMahon, had left the family while McMahon was still a baby. McMahon did not meet his father until age 12. Vince spent the majority of his childhood living with his mother and a string of stepfathers.[7] According to an interview with Playboy, he attended and graduated, in 1964, from Fishburne Military School in Waynesboro, Virginia. McMahon claimed that one of his stepfathers, Leo Lupton, used to beat his mother and would attack him as well when he tried to protect her.[8] He said, "It is unfortunate that he died before I could kill him. I would have enjoyed that."[8] In his early life, McMahon also overcame dyslexia.[9][10]

Business career[link]

World Wide Wrestling Federation: 1971–79[link]

McMahon first met the promoter for Capitol Wrestling Corporation, his father Vincent J. McMahon's company, at the age of 12. At that point, McMahon became interested in following his father's professional wrestling footsteps and often accompanied him on trips to Madison Square Garden. McMahon also wanted to be a wrestler but his father would not let him, explaining that promoters did not appear on the show and should stay apart from their wrestlers.[citation needed]

In 1968, McMahon graduated from East Carolina University[11] with a business degree and after a nondescript career as a traveling salesman, he was eager to assume a managerial role in his father’s World Wide Wrestling Federation promotion (although the elder McMahon was not thrilled with the idea of his son entering the business).[citation needed] In 1969, McMahon made his debut as an in-ring announcer for the WWWF's All-Star Wrestling.[12] In 1971, he was assigned to a small territory in Maine, where he promoted his first card. He later became the play-by-play announcer for television matches after he replaced Ray Morgan in 1971, a role he would regularly maintain until November 1997.

Throughout the 1970s, McMahon became the prominent force in his father's company, and over the next decade, Vince assisted his father in tripling TV syndication.[citation needed] He pushed for the renaming of the company to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The young McMahon was also behind the Muhammad Ali versus Antonio Inoki match of 1976.[citation needed] In 1979, Vince purchased the Cape Cod Coliseum, where he promoted hockey games and concerts in addition to pro wrestling, as he began to prove that he was capable of running the WWF after his father’s retirement.[citation needed] By 1980, McMahon had become chairman of the company,[13] and Titan Sports was incorporated; in 1982, a 37-year old McMahon led Titan’s acquisition of the Capitol Wrestling Co. from his ailing father (who died in May 1984), as he and his wife Linda took control of the World Wrestling Federation.

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment: 1982–present[link]

1980s wrestling boom[link]

At the time of his purchase of the WWF, professional wrestling was a business run by regional offices. The various promoters shared an understanding that they would not invade each other’s territories, as this practice had gone on undeterred for decades.[citation needed] McMahon had a different vision of what the industry could become. In 1963, the WWF split from the National Wrestling Alliance, which was the governing body for all the regional territories across the country and as far away as Japan.

He began expanding the company nationally by promoting in areas outside of the company's Northeast U.S. stomping grounds and by signing talent from other companies, such as the American Wrestling Association (AWA). In 1984, he recruited Hulk Hogan to be the WWF’s charismatic new megastar, and the two quickly drew the ire of industry peers as the promotion began traveling and broadcasting into rival territories. Nevertheless, McMahon (who still also fronted as the WWF’s squeaky clean babyface announcer) created The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection by incorporating pop music stars into wrestling storylines. As a result, the WWF was able to expand its fanbase into a national mainstream audience as the promotion was featured heavily on MTV programming. On March 31, 1985, he promoted the first WrestleMania to be held at Madison Square Garden while airing on closed circuit TV throughout the U.S. WrestleMania was an undisputed success. As a result, the WWF thus stood head and shoulders above all its competition, and Hulk Hogan soon became a full-fledged pop-culture icon and child role model.[citation needed]

During the late 1980s, McMahon shaped the WWF into a unique sports entertainment brand that reached out to family audiences while attracting fans who had never before paid attention to pro wrestling. By directing his storylines towards highly-publicized supercards, McMahon initiated a brand-new revenue stream by promoting these events live on PPV television, a concept that would completely revolutionize event programming for all sports while catapulting the WWF into a multi-million dollar empire.[citation needed] In 1987, McMahon reportedly drew 93,173 fans to the Pontiac Silverdome (which was called the "biggest crowd in Sports entertainment history") for WrestleMania III, which featured the main event of Hulk Hogan versus André the Giant.[14]

1990s Attitude Era[link]

After several years struggling behind Ted Turner's World Championship Wrestling (WCW), McMahon cemented his place as the industry’s preeminent promoter in the late 1990s, when he initiated an entirely new brand strategy that would eventually return the WWF to prominence. Sensing a public shift towards a more hardened and cynical fan base, McMahon redirected storylines towards a more adult-oriented model. The concept became known as "WWF Attitude", and McMahon personally commenced the new era when he manipulated the WWF Championship away from Bret Hart at Survivor Series in what is now known as the "Montreal Screwjob."[15] From then on, McMahon, who for years had downplayed his ownership of the WWF and was thus better known as merely an affable announcer and foil to heel color commentators, immersed himself into WWF storylines as the evil “Mr. McMahon,” who later began a feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin, who challenged the boss’s authority. As a result, the WWF suddenly found itself back in the midst of national pop-culture, drawing millions of viewers for its weekly Monday Night Raw broadcasts, which ranked among the highest-rated shows on cable television.[14]

Other business dealings[link]

In the early 1980s, McMahon briefly promoted ice hockey in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. His Cape Cod Buccaneers played at the Cape Cod Coliseum and were founding members of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League, an AA circuit. Historically, the ACHL is considered a forgotten link between the rough and tumble loops of the 1970s like the NAHL, lampooned in the classic movie Slap Shot, and today's more credible East Coast Hockey League.[citation needed] In October 1999, McMahon led the WWF in an initial public offering of company stock. On March 23, 2001, he purchased the fading WCW for $5 million. Three days later, his “victory speech” was simulcast on both WWF Raw and WCW Nitro.

In 2000, McMahon again ventured outside the world of professional wrestling by launching the XFL. The league eventually began in February 2001 with McMahon making an appearance at the first game. The league, however, quickly folded after lack of publicity.[16] In the summer of 2003, McMahon acquired Extreme Championship Wrestling in bankruptcy court, leaving McMahon and the WWF as the only major wrestling promotion left in North America.

In 2010, McMahon announced plans to launch a brand new cable network by summer 2011.[17][18][19]

Professional wrestling[link]

Mr. McMahon is the on-screen character of Vince McMahon, with the gimmick of being an often egotistical and conniving boss. The character was spawned from the real-life hatred many wrestling fans had for McMahon following the Montreal Screwjob, at the 1997 Survivor Series.[15]

Several other gimmicks have become integral parts of McMahon's on-camera persona, such as his throaty exclamation of "You're fired!", and his "power walk"—an over-exaggerated strut toward the ring, swinging his arms and bobbing his head from side to side in a cocky manner. According to Jim Cornette, the power walk was inspired by one of McMahon's favorite wrestlers as a child, Dr. Jerry Graham. The Fabulous Moolah, however, claims in her autobiography that "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers was the inspiration for the walk.[20] McMahon has occasionally dropped his character performance upon real-life events affecting WWE, such as the death of Owen Hart at Over the Edge in 1999, the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the death of Chris Benoit.

United States Wrestling Association: 1993[link]

While the Mr. McMahon character marked the first time that McMahon had been portrayed as a villain in WWF, in 1993, McMahon was engaged in a feud with Jerry Lawler as part of a cross-promotion between the WWF and the United States Wrestling Association (USWA). As part of the angle, McMahon sent various WWF wrestlers to Memphis in order to dethrone Lawler as the "king of professional wrestling." This angle also proved to be the first time that McMahon would physically interject himself into matches, as he would occasionally trip Lawler or throw punches at him while seated at ringside. During the angle, McMahon was never directly acknowledged as the owner of the WWF (back in 1993, McMahon was only portrayed as the head announcer on television) and the feud between Lawler and McMahon was not acknowledged on WWF television, as the two continued to provide commentary together (along with Savage) for the television show Superstars. The feud between Lawler and McMahon would also help build towards Lawler's match against Hart at SummerSlam in 1993.[21] The peak of the angle came with Tatanka defeating Lawler to win the Unified World Championship with McMahon gloating at Lawler while wearing the championship belt.[22] This storyline came to an abrupt end when Lawler was accused of raping a young girl in Memphis, and he was dropped from the WWF. He returned shortly afterward, however, as the girl later stated that the rape accusations were lies.[23]

Montreal (1997)[link]

At Survivor Series in 1997, Bret Hart defended his WWF Championship against long-time rival Shawn Michaels in the main event. McMahon had previously opted to be a play-by-play announcer instead of acting as the owner on-screen. In the weeks heading into Survivor Series, McMahon had entered into a rivalry with Hart. During the match, Michaels applied Hart's own signature submission maneuver The Sharpshooter on Hart. Hart refused to submit. McMahon, however, got up and ordered the referee to ring the bell thus screwing Hart out of the title and making Michaels the champion. This incident was subsequently dubbed the "Montreal Screwjob".[15]

Stone Cold Steve Austin vs Mr. McMahon: 1997–1999[link]

In December 1997 on Raw is War, the night after D-Generation X: In Your House, McMahon talked about the behavior and attitude of Stone Cold Steve Austin, such as Austin having assaulted WWF Official Commissioner Slaughter, and how he has attacked WWF announcers such as Jim Ross and McMahon himself. Mr. McMahon demanded that Austin defend his Intercontinental championship against The Rock in a rematch. As in the previous match, Stone Cold used his pickup truck as a weapon against The Rock and the Nation of Domination gang. Austin decided to forfeit the title to The Rock but, instead, Austin gave The Rock a Stone Cold Stunner and knocked McMahon off the ring ropes.

On the March 30 episode of Raw is War, the night after Austin won the WWF Title at WrestleMania XIV, McMahon presented him with a new title belt and warned Austin that he did not approve of his rebellious nature. In April 1998, it appeared Austin and McMahon were going to battle out their differences in an actual match, but the match was declared a no contest when Dude Love made an appearance. This led to a match between Love and Austin at Unforgiven, where Mr. McMahon would sit at ringside during the title match. Dude Love won the match by disqualification when Austin hit McMahon with a chair. In a rematch at In Your House: Over The Edge for the WWF Championship, Austin managed to retain the title despite McMahon acting as the referee and his "Corporate Stooges" (Gerald Brisco and Pat Patterson) as timekeeper and ring announcer, respectively.

McMahon ordered the WWF Championship to be defended in a 14-man tournament named Deadly Games at Survivor Series in 1998. McMahon made sure that Mankind reached the finals because Mankind had visited McMahon in hospital after McMahon was sent to the hospital by the Undertaker and Kane.[24] He also awarded Mankind the WWF Hardcore Championship due to his status as a hardcore wrestling legend. Originally, McMahon was acting as he if he was helping out Mankind during the match. At one point, The Rock turned his attention to McMahon. McMahon turned on Mankind after a screwjob, however, as The Rock had caught Mankind in the Sharpshooter. Mankind had not submitted but McMahon ordered the referee to ring the bell, thus giving The Rock the WWF Championship. This was an homage to the "Montreal Screwjob" that occurred one year earlier.[24] McMahon referred to The Rock as the "Corporate Champion" thus forming the Corporation with his son Shane and The Rock.[25] At Rock Bottom: In Your House, Mankind defeated The Rock to win the WWF Championship after The Rock passed out to the Mandible Claw. McMahon, however, screwed Mankind once again by reversing the decision and returning the belt to his chosen champion, The Rock.[26] McMahon went on to participate in a "Corporate Rumble" on the January 11, 1999 episode of Raw as an unscheduled participant, but he was eliminated by Chyna.

McMahon restarted a long-running feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin when, in December 1998, he made Austin face the Undertaker in a Buried Alive match with the Royal Rumble qualification on the line. Austin defeated the Undertaker with help from Kane. McMahon had put up $100,000 to anyone who could eliminate Austin from the Royal Rumble match.[27] At Royal Rumble, with help from the Rock, McMahon won the match and earned a title match at WrestleMania XV against the WWF Champion The Rock. He turned down his spot, however, and WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels awarded it to Austin.[28] Austin decided to put his title shot on the line against McMahon so he could get a chance to fight Vince at In Your House: St. Valentine's Day Massacre in a steel cage match. During the match, Big Show—a future member of the Corporation—interrupted, making his WWF debut. He threw Austin through the side of the cage thus giving him the victory.[25][29]

The Corporation started a feud with The Undertaker's new faction the "Ministry of Darkness," which led to a storyline introducing McMahon's daughter Stephanie. Stephanie played an "innocent sweet girl" who was kidnapped by The Ministry twice. The first time she was kidnapped, she was found by Ken Shamrock on behalf of McMahon in a basement of the stadium. The second time she was kidnapped, The Undertaker attempted to marry her whilst she was forcefully tied to the Ministry's crucifix, but she was saved by Stone Cold Steve Austin. This angle saw a brief friendship develop between McMahon and Austin, cooling their long running feud. A previously unknown character was developed as a result called the "Higher Power", invented by Shane McMahon and The Undertaker. McMahon, however, was later revealed as the "Higher Power" on the June 7 episode of Raw, reigniting his feud with WWF Champion Austin. McMahon's son Shane merged the Corporation with Undertaker's Ministry of Darkness to form the Corporate Ministry. McMahon would become a member of the stable The Union which existed for a brief time, during May 1999. As a result of McMahon being the "Higher Power", Austin was given 50% shares of the WWF by Linda and Stephanie McMahon out of their kayfabe disgust at him.

At King of the Ring, Vince and Shane defeated Austin in a handicap ladder match to regain control of the WWF.[30] While CEO, Austin had scheduled a WWF Title match, to be shown on Raw after King Of The Ring. During the match, Austin defeated the Undertaker once again to become the WWF Champion. At Fully Loaded, Austin was again scheduled for a match against The Undertaker. If Austin lost, he would be banned from wrestling for the WWF Championship again; if he won, Vince McMahon would be banned from appearing on WWF TV. Austin defeated The Undertaker, and McMahon was banned from WWF TV.[31]

McMahon returned as a face in the fall of 1999 and won the WWF Championship in a match against Triple H, thanks to outside interference from Austin on the September 16 episode of SmackDown!. However He decided had to vacated the title during the following Monday's Raw is War because he is not allowed on WWF TV because of the stipulations of the Fully loaded 1999 contract he signed. However Steve Austin reinstated him in return for a WWF title shot. Over the next few months McMahon and Triple H feuded, with the linchpin of the feud being Triple H's storyline marriage to Stephanie McMahon. The feud culminated at Armageddon in 1999; McMahon faced Triple H in a No Holds Barred match which McMahon lost. Afterward, Stephanie turned on him.[32]

McMahon-Helmsley Era: 2000–01[link]

McMahon returned to WWF television on the March 13, 2000 episode of Raw is War helping The Rock win his WWF title shot back from the Big Show, He also attacked Shane McMahon and Triple H.[33] Two weeks later, McMahon and The Rock defeated Shane McMahon and The Big Show in a tag team match with help from special guest referee Mankind.[33] At WrestleMania 2000, Triple H defended the WWF Championship in a Fatal Four-Way Elimination match in which each competitor had a McMahon in his corner. Triple H had his wife Stephanie McMahon who was also the WWF Women's Champion in his corner, The Rock had Vince McMahon in his corner, Mick Foley had Linda McMahon in his corner, and Big Show had Shane in his corner. After Big Show and Foley were eliminated, Triple H and The Rock were left. Although Vince was in The Rock's corner, he turned on The Rock after hitting him with a chair turning heel for the first time since his feud with Steve Austin, which helped Triple H win the match and retain his title.[34] This would officially begin the McMahon-Helmsley Era.

At King of the Ring, McMahon, Shane, and WWF Champion Triple H took on the Brothers of Destruction (Undertaker and Kane) and The Rock in a six-man tag team match for the WWF Championship. The stipulation of this match was that whoever made the scoring pinfall would become the WWF Champion. McMahon was pinned by The Rock which gave Rock the WWF Championship and his team, the victory.[35] On the December 18 episode of Raw, McMahon faced Kurt Angle in a non-title match which was fought to no contest when Mick Foley interfered and attacked both men. After the match, both men beat Foley and McMahon fired him.[33] McMahon and Stephanie then aligned together against Shane. At WrestleMania X-Seven, McMahon lost to Shane after Linda—who had been emotionally abused to the point of a nervous breakdown; the breakdown left her helpless as Vince began a public extramarital affair with Trish Stratus; finally, she was heavily sedated, in the storyline—hit Vince with a low blow.[36][37] On the same night, McMahon formed an alliance with Stone Cold Steve Austin, helping him defeat The Rock to gain another WWF Championship. It also marked the second time he would screw the Rock over at WrestleMania. The two, along with Triple H, formed an alliance which saw Austin and Triple H and they put the Rock out of action after a kayfabe brutal assault and kayfabe suspension(this was done so the Rock could go and film The Scorpion King), Austin and Triple H held all three major WWF titles (Austin's WWF Championship, the Intercontinental Championship which Triple H won, and the Tag Team Championship) at the same time. The alliance was short lived, due to an injury to Triple H and a business venture by McMahon.

The Invasion: 2001–2005[link]

McMahon purchased long-time rival promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in March 2001 from AOL Time Warner and signed many wrestlers from the organization. This marked the beginning of the Invasion storyline, in which the former WCW wrestlers regularly fought matches against the WWF wrestlers. On the July 9, 2001 episode of Raw, some extremists as well as several former ECW wrestlers on the WWF roster, joined with the WCW wrestlers to form The Alliance. Stone Cold Steve Austin joined the Alliance, along with Shane and Stephanie McMahon. Vince McMahon led Team WWF. At Survivor Series, Team WWF defeated Team Alliance in a Survivor Series elimination match to pick up the victory for WWF and end the Invasion storyline.[38] Following the collapse of The Alliance, McMahon created the "Vince McMahon Kiss My Ass Club", also known as the "Mr. McMahon Kiss My Ass Club", which consisted of various WWE individuals being ordered to kiss his ass in the middle of the ring, usually with the threat of suspension or firing if they refused. The club was originally proclaimed closed by The Rock after McMahon was forced to kiss Rikishi's ass on an episode of SmackDown!;[39] however, the club segment has resurfaced several times over the years. The gimmick has also spawned its own Internet based cartoon entitled "Mr. McMahon's Kiss My Ass Club – The WWE's Most Valuable Asset." The cartoon series, produced by Animax Entertainment, debuted on WWE.com on November 22, 2006. The cartoon was later canceled as part of a settlement between WWE and Cartoon Network due to the show's similarities with Cartoon Network's show Assy McGee.[40] To date there have been 6 members and 5 who have escaped membership and they are: Stone Cold Steve Austin(saved himself), Trish Stratus(saved by The Rock), Zach Gowen(saved himself), Triple H(saved himself), & Marty Jannetty(saved by Shawn Michaels).

Kiss My Ass Club Members
# Members Date Joined Location Event Notes
1 William Regal 02001-11-19November 19, 2001 Charlotte, North Carolina WWE Raw Made Regal join to be rehired after he had previously joined The Alliance.[41]
2 Jim Ross 02001-11-26November 26, 2001 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma WWE Raw Was forced to join the club by The Undertaker after laughing at McMahon who Stone Cold Steve Austin just beat up after saving himself from membership.[42]
3 Shawn Michaels 02006-02-27February 27, 2006 Charlotte, North Carolina WWE Raw Was forced to join the club by Shane McMahon after Shane knocked him unconscious with a chair after Michaels saved Marty Jannetty from membership.[42]
4 Shane McMahon 02006-04-02April 2, 2006 Chicago, Illinois Wrestlemania 22 Was forced to join the club by Shawn Michaels after he over powered Shane who was trying to make Michaels rejoin the club.[41]
5 Mick Foley 02006-08-21August 21, 2006 Bridgeport, Connecticut WWE Raw Joined the club to save Melina's job, but she was actually tricking Foley and he was later fired by McMahon.[41]
6 Hornswoggle 02008-02-04February 4, 2008 Austin, Texas WWE Raw Was being forced to join to show loyalty to the McMahon family. The induction to the club was interrupted by Finlay and Hornswoggle bit McMahon's ass, but McMahon stated since Hornswoggle's lips came in contact he was a member.[41]
The Undertaker, McMahon, Brock Lesnar, and Sable on SmackDown!

In November 2001, Ric Flair returned to WWF after an eight year hiatus declaring himself the co-owner of the WWF, which infuriated McMahon. The two faced each other at the January 2002 Royal Rumble in a Street Fight which Flair won.[43] Due to their status as co-owners, McMahon became the owner of SmackDown! while Flair became the owner of Raw. However, on the June 10, 2002 episode of Raw, McMahon defeated Flair to end the rivalry and become the sole owner of WWE.[44]

On the February 13, 2003 episode of SmackDown!, McMahon tried to derail the return of Hulk Hogan after a five-month hiatus but was knocked out by Hogan and received an Atomic Legdrop.[45] At No Way Out, McMahon interfered in Hogan's match with The Rock. Hogan had originally won the match as he hit The Rock with an Atomic Legdrop but the lights went out. When the lights came back on, McMahon came to the ringside to distract Hogan. Sylvain Grenier, the referee, gave The Rock a chair, which he then hit Hogan with. He ended the match with a Rock Bottom to defeat Hogan.[46] This led to McMahon facing Hogan in a match at WrestleMania XIX, which McMahon lost in a Street Fight.[47] McMahon then banned Hogan from the ring but Hogan returned under the gimmick of "Mr. America". McMahon tried to prove that Mr. America was Hogan under a mask but failed at these attempts. Hogan later quit WWE and at which point McMahon claimed that he had discovered Mr. America was Hulk Hogan and "fired" him.[48]

McMahon asked his daughter Stephanie to resign as SmackDown! General Manager on the October 2, 2003 episode of SmackDown!. Stephanie, however, refused to resign and this set up an "I Quit" match between the two.[49] At No Mercy, McMahon defeated Stephanie in an "I Quit" match when Linda threw in the towel.[50] Later that night, he helped Brock Lesnar retain the WWE Championship against The Undertaker in a Biker Chain match.[51] This started a rivalry between McMahon and Undertaker. At Survivor Series, McMahon defeated Undertaker in a Buried Alive match with help from Kane.[52]

McMahon began a feud with Eric Bischoff in late 2005, when he decided that Bischoff was not doing a good job as General Manager of Raw. He started "The Trial of Eric Bischoff" where McMahon served as the judge. Bischoff ended up losing the trial; McMahon "fired" him, and put him in a garbage truck before it drove away. Bischoff stayed gone for months. Almost a year later on Raw in late 2006, Bischoff was brought out by McMahon's executive assistant Jonathan Coachman so that he could announce the completion of his book Controversy Creates Cash. Bischoff began blasting remarks at McMahon, saying that he was fired "unceremoniously" as the Raw General Manager, that there would be no McMahon if not for Bischoff's over-the-top rebellious ideas, and that D-Generation X was nothing but a rip off of the New World Order.

Feuds with D-Generation X and Donald Trump: 2005–07[link]

McMahon as the ECW World Champion in 2007

On the December 26, 2005 episode of Raw, Vince personally reviewed Bret Hart's DVD. Shawn Michaels came out and he also started talking about Hart. McMahon replied, "I screwed Bret Hart. Shawn, don't make me screw you".[15][53] At the 2006 Royal Rumble, when Michaels was among the final six remaining participants after eliminating Shelton Benjamin, McMahon's entrance theme music distracted Michaels, allowing Shane McMahon to eliminate him.[54] On the February 27, 2006 episode of Raw, Michaels was knocked unconscious by Shane. When Michaels' former Rockers tag team partner Marty Jannetty came to the rescue of Michaels, he was forced to join McMahon's "Kiss My Ass Club".[55] On the March 18 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event, Michaels faced Shane in a Street Fight. McMahon screwed Michaels while Shane had Michaels in the Sharpshooter. Michaels had not submitted, but McMahon ordered the referee to ring the bell, giving Shane the victory (another Montreal Screwjob reference).[15][56] At WrestleMania 22, Vince McMahon faced Michaels in a No Holds Barred match. Despite interference from the Spirit Squad and Shane, McMahon was unable to beat Michaels.[57] At Backlash, Vince McMahon and his son Shane defeated Michaels and "God" (characterized by a spotlight) in a No Holds Barred match.[58]

On the May 15, 2006 episode of Raw, Triple H hit Shane with a sledgehammer meant for Michaels.[59] The next week on Raw, Triple H had another chance to hit Michaels with the object but he instead whacked the Spirit Squad.[60] For a few weeks, McMahon ignored Michaels and began a rivalry with Triple H by forcing him to join "Kiss My Ass Club" (Triple H hit McMahon with a Pedigree instead of joining the club) and pitting him in a gauntlet handicap match against the Spirit Squad.[61][62] Michaels, however, saved Triple H and the two reformed D-Generation X (DX). This led to a feud between the McMahons and DX, throughout the following summer.[63] At SummerSlam in 2006, the McMahons lost to DX in a tag team match despite interference by Umaga, Big Show, Finlay, Mr. Kennedy, and William Regal.[64] The McMahons also allied themselves with the ECW World Champion Big Show.[63] At Unforgiven, the McMahons teamed up with The Big Show in a Hell in a Cell match to take on DX. Despite their 3-on-2 advantage, the McMahons lost again to DX thus ending the rivalry.[65]

In January 2007, McMahon started a feud with Donald Trump, which was featured on major media outlets. Originally Trump wanted to fight McMahon himself but they came to a deal: both men would pick a representative who would fight at WrestleMania 23 in a Hair vs. Hair match. The man whose representative lost the match would have his head shaved bald. After the contract signing on Raw, Trump pushed McMahon over the table in the ring onto his head after McMahon provoked Trump with several finger pokes to the shoulders. Later at a press conference, McMahon, during a photo opportunity, offered a shake of hands with Trump but retracted his hand as Trump put out his. McMahon went on to fiddle with Trump's tie and flick Trump's nose. This angered Trump as he then slapped McMahon across the face. McMahon was then restrained from retaliating by Trump's bodyguards and Bobby Lashley, Trump's representative.[66] At WrestleMania 23, McMahon's representative (Umaga) lost the match.[67] As a result, McMahon's hair was shaved bald by Trump and Lashley with the help of Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was the special guest referee of the "Battle of the Billionaires" match.[67]

McMahon then began a rivalry with Lashley over his ECW Championship. At Backlash, McMahon pinned Lashley in a 3-on-1 handicap match teaming up with his son Shane and Umaga to win the ECW Championship.[68][69] At Judgment Day, McMahon defended his ECW Championship against Lashley again in a 3-on-1 handicap match. Lashley won the match as he pinned Shane after a Dominator but McMahon said that he was still the champion because Lashley could only be champion if he could beat him.[70] McMahon finally lost the ECW Championship to Lashley at One Night Stand in a Street Fight despite interference by Shane and Umaga.[71]

Numerous incidents: 2007–09[link]

On June 11, 2007, WWE aired a segment at the end of Raw that featured McMahon entering a limousine moments before it exploded. The show went off-air shortly after, and WWE.com reported the angle within minutes as though it were a legitimate occurrence, proclaiming that McMahon was "presumed dead".[72] Although this was the fate of the fictional "Mr. McMahon" character, no harm came to the actual person, the "presumed death" of McMahon was part of a storyline.[73] WWE later acknowledged to CNBC that he was not truly dead.[74]

The June 25, 2007 episode of Raw was scheduled to be a three-hour memorial to "Mr. McMahon". However, due to the actual death of Chris Benoit, the show opened with McMahon standing in an empty arena, acknowledging that his reported death was only of his character as part of a storyline.[75] This was followed by a tribute to Benoit that filled the three-hour timeslot.[76] His last appearance on WWE television until August 6, 2007 was the next night on ECW on Sci Fi in which after acknowledging that a tribute to Benoit had aired the previous night, he announced that there would be no further mention of Benoit due to the circumstances becoming apparent, and that the ECW show would be dedicated to those that had been affected by the Benoit murders. On the August 6 show, McMahon said that he faked his death to see what people really thought of him, with Stephanie accused of faking mourning while checking her father's last will and testament to see how it would benefit her.

Vince McMahon commands Hornswoggle to join his "Kiss My Ass Club" in 2008

The "Mr. McMahon" character officially returned on the August 6 episode of Monday Night Raw. He talked about many subjects, including an investigation by the United States Congress and owing money to the IRS. McMahon also declared a battle royal to determine a new Raw General Manager, which was won by William Regal. At the end of Raw, Jonathan Coachman informed McMahon of a (storyline) paternity suit regarding an illegitimate long-lost child,[77] who was revealed in the following weeks as being a male member of the WWE roster. On the September 3 episode of Raw, McMahon appeared and was confronted by his family. They were interrupted by Mr. Kennedy who claimed to be McMahon's "illegitimate son", but he was also interrupted by a lawyer claiming Kennedy was not McMahon's son and that the real son would be revealed the following week on Raw.[78] His illegitimate son was finally revealed on September 10 on Raw to be Hornswoggle.[79] In February 2008, after months of "tough love" antics towards Hornswoggle, John "Bradshaw" Layfield revealed that Hornswoggle was not McMahon's son and that he was actually Finlay's son. It turned out that the scam was thought up by Shane, Stephanie and Linda McMahon, along with Finlay.

McMahon, at the Hall of Fame, introducing Stone Cold Steve Austin.

On the June 2 episode of Raw, McMahon announced that starting the following week, he would give away US$1,000,000 live on Raw. Fans were able to register online, and each week, randomly selected fans would receive a part of the $1,000,000. McMahon's Million Dollar Mania lasted just three weeks and was suspended after the 3-hour Draft episode of Raw on June 23. After giving away $500,000, explosions tore apart the Raw stage, which fell and collapsed on top of McMahon. On June 30, Shane addressed the WWE audience before Raw, informing the fans that his family had chosen to keep his father’s condition private. In addition, he also urged the WWE to stand together during what he described as a "turbulent time". The McMahons made several requests to the wrestlers for solidarity, before finally appointing Mike Adamle as the new general manager of Raw in order to restore order to the brand.

Return, feuds with Randy Orton and Bret Hart (2009–10)[link]

On the January 5, 2009, episode of Raw, Chris Jericho would tell Stephanie McMahon that McMahon would be returning to Raw soon.[80] The following week, Jericho was (kayfabe) fired from WWE by Stephanie. On January 19, 2009, episode of Raw, McMahon returned, as a face, and supported his daughter's decision on Jericho, but Stephanie would rehire him. Randy Orton would then come out and assault McMahon after harassing Stephanie. McMahon would return on the March 30 Raw with his son, Shane, and son-in-law Triple H to confront Orton. The night following WrestleMania XXV, McMahon appeared on Raw to announce that Orton would not be receive another championship opportunity at Backlash but would compete in a 6-man tag team match with his Legacy stablemates to face the team of Triple H, Shane McMahon and himself. Raw General Manager Vickie Guerrero would make the match for the WWE Championship. Orton then challenge McMahon to a match that night, which saw Legacy assault him, with Orton also hitting the RKO. After being assisted by Triple H, Shane and a returning Batista, McMahon announced that Batista would replace him in match at Backlash.

On the June 15 episode of Raw, McMahon announced that he had sold the Raw brand to businessman Donald Trump, though the following week, during the Trump is Raw show, McMahon would buy the brand back from Trump. On the June 29 episode of Raw, McMahon would announce that every week, a celebrity guest host would control Raw for the night. McMahon would then make appearances on the SmackDown brand, putting Theodore Long in probation for his actions.

On August 24, episode of Raw, McMahon had a birthday bash which was later interrupted by The Legacy, and competed in a 6-man tag team match with his long-time rival team DX, in which they won after the interference of John Cena. He continued to appear on SmackDown, making occasional matches and reminding Long that he is still on probation. On the November 16 episode of Raw McMahon was called out by guest host Roddy Piper, who wanted a match with McMahon that night in Madison Square Garden. McMahon would decline the challenge announce his "retirement" from in ring competition.[81]

On the January 4, 2010 episode of Raw, McMahon confronted special guest host Bret "The Hitman" Hart for the (televised) first time since the Montreal Screwjob at Survivor Series 1997, with the intention of burying the hatchet from the above mentioned Montreal Screwjob. The two appeared to finally bury the hatchet, but after shaking hands, Vince kicked Hart in the groin and left the arena to a loud chorus of boos and the crowd chanting "You screwed Bret! You screwed Bret!".[81] A match was then booked between the two at Wrestlemania XXVI, which saw Hart defeat McMahon in a No Holds Barred Lumberjack match. After WrestleMania it was announced that McMahon would no longer appear on WWE television as his character Mr. McMahon, making official his retirement from in-ring competition.[82] On the May 31 episode of Raw, McMahon returned to congratulate Hart on becoming the new Raw General Manager. On the June 22 episode of Raw, McMahon fired Hart for not dealing with NXT season one rookies, known as The Nexus. That same night he announced the new General Manager would be anonymous and make decisions via email, which would be read out by Michael Cole. The General Manager's first decision was McMahon to be the guest referee for a WWE Championship match that night between John Cena and Sheamus. The match was interrupted by The Nexus who then attacked McMahon.

Part-time appearances (2010–2011)[link]

McMahon made an appearance on the November 1 episode of Raw, where it was revealed that he had fallen into a coma because of the attack by The Nexus. During the segment, McMahon woke up from his coma and his doctor (played by Freddie Prinze, Jr.) told him what had happened since he had been in a coma. The segment ended with Stephanie McMahon waking up, dreaming the whole thing.

McMahon would return to the WWE on the February 7, 2011, episode of Raw, were he announced that the guest host for WrestleMania XXVII would be revealed the following week, with the person being The Rock. On the May 2 episode of Raw, McMahon appeared on a birthday celebration themed Raw to wish The Rock a happy birthday. On the June 6 episode of WWE Tough Enough, McMahon would announce the winner of the show with Stone Cold Steve Austin. McMahon would also make an appearance on the June 6 episode of Raw, being interrupted by R-Truth, The Miz, Alex Riley and John Cena. McMahon would make the main event of the night to be Cena and Riley going against Truth and Miz in a tag team match with Steve Austin as the guest referee.

McMahon returned on the July 4 episode of Raw as a heel, addressing the suspension of CM Punk following comments made by Punk the week before. Cena would convince McMahon to reinstate Punk and make the WWE Championship match at Money in the Bank official again. However, McMahon would tell Cena that if he were to lose the title at the pay-per-view, he would personally go to the ring and fire Cena. The following week on Raw, McMahon would try and get Punk to sign a new contract with the WWE, but Punk would tear the contract up, saying he is still leaving after his match at the pay-per-view.

At the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, McMahon told John Laurinaitis to end the match while Cena had Punk in the STF, trying to duplicate the Montreal Screwjob (otherwise known as the Chicago Screwjob), but Cena knocked out Laurinaitis before he could get to the bell. After Punk had defeated Cena, McMahon then ordered Alberto Del Rio, Raw's Money in the Bank ladder match winner to cash in and challenge Punk for the title. Del Rio got attacked by Punk before he could cash in. Punk then fled through the crowd with the WWE Championship.

At the end of the July 18, 2011 broadcast of Raw, Triple H returned on behalf of WWE's board of directors to relieve Mr. McMahon of his duties as WWE Chairman. This was followed by the announcement that he had been assigned to take over as Chief Operating Officer of WWE.[83]

McMahon returned on the October 10 broadcast of Raw, relieving Triple H of his duties of running Raw, due to the Board of Directors labeling Triple H as a financial catastrophe, and as a result of the no confidence vote by a majority of the WWE employees the previous week. He then declared that no member of his family could run Raw due to conflict of interest. He subsequently named John Laurinaitis as interim general manager.[84]

Other media[link]

In 2001, McMahon was interviewed by Playboy and performed an interview with his son Shane for the second issue of the magazine that year. In March 2006, (at age 60) McMahon was featured on the cover of Muscle & Fitness magazine. On August 22, 2006, a two-disc DVD set showcasing McMahon's career was released. The DVD is simply titled McMahon. The box art symbolizes the blurred reality between Vince McMahon the person and Mr. McMahon the character. McMahon features a profiling of the Mr. McMahon character, such as the rivalries with wrestlers, on-screen firings, and antics. In addition, the DVD features the profiling of Vince's business life, such as acquiring WCW and ECW and the demise of the XFL. McMahon's top nine matches of his professional wrestling career are also included in McMahon.

Personal life[link]

Family[link]

McMahon married Linda McMahon on August 26, 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. The two met in church when Linda was 13 and Vince was 16. At that time McMahon was known as Vince Lupton, using his stepfather's surname. They were introduced by Vince's mother, Vicky H. Lupton (now Vicky Askew). They have two children, Shane and Stephanie, both of whom have spent time in the WWF/E both onscreen and behind the scenes. Shane left the company as of January 1, 2010; while Stephanie continues to be active in a backstage role.

McMahon has six grandchildren: Declan James and Kenyon Jesse McMahon and a grandson born in 2010, sons of Shane and his wife Marissa; and Aurora Rose, Murphy Claire & Vaughn Evelyn Levesque, daughters of Stephanie and her husband Paul "Triple H" Levesque.[85]

Wealth[link]

McMahon has a $12 million penthouse in Manhattan, a $40 million mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut, a $20 million vacation home,[86] and a 47-foot sports yacht named Sexy Bitch.[86][87] Forbes has noted McMahon's wealth at 1.1 billion dollars, backing up the WWE's claim he is a billionaire for the year of 2001,[88][89] though he is reported to have since dropped off the list.[90]

Harassment allegations[link]

Rita Chatterton (ring name: "Rita Marie") was a former referee who is noted for her stint in the WWF in the 1980s. She is known for being the first ever female referee in the WWF, possibly in pro wrestling history.[91] Her times there, however, were shrouded in controversy, due to sexual harassment charges against owner McMahon. On April 3, 1992, Chatterton made an appearance on Geraldo Rivera's television show Now It Can Be Told alleging that on July 16, 1986 McMahon tried to force her to perform oral sex on him in his limousine and, after her rebuttal, subjected her to rape.[92]

On February 1, 2006, McMahon was accused of sexual harassment by a worker at a Boca Raton, Florida tanning bar.[93] At first, the charge appeared to be discredited because McMahon was in Miami for the 2006 Royal Rumble at the time. It was soon clarified that the alleged incident was reported to police on the day of the Rumble, but actually took place the day before.[94] On March 27, a Florida television station reported that no charges would be filed against McMahon as a result of the investigation.[citation needed]

Legal trial[link]

In 1993, he was indicted after a steroid controversy engulfed the promotion.[95] McMahon was put on trial in 1994, accused of distributing steroids to his wrestlers.[96] One former wrestler, Nailz, was called by the prosecution to testify against McMahon, stating that Vince encouraged him to start using steroids.[97] His wife Linda became CEO of the WWF during the trial. He was acquitted of all charges though he admitted to taking steroids himself in the 1980s. The prosecution made Hulk Hogan its star witness, however, when called to testify, Hogan stated that at no time did Vince McMahon ever sell steroids.

In wrestling[link]

McMahon as ECW World Champion.
  • Nicknames
    • "The Boss"
    • "The Chairman"
    • "The Genetic Jackhammer"
    • "The Higher Power"
    • "Vinnie Mac"

Championships and accomplishments[link]

Vince McMahon receiving his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Vince McMahon's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Notes[link]

  1. ^ "WWE 8-K 11/12/2010". World Wrestling Entertainment. November 12, 2010. http://ir.corporate.wwe.com/Cache/c10373502.html. Retrieved November 18, 2010. 
  2. ^ "Forbes 400 Richest in America 2000 – Vincent K. McMahon". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/54/2000/LIR.jhtml?passListId=54&passYear=2000&passListType=Person&datatype=Person&uniqueId=1ZS7. Retrieved July 13, 2010. 
  3. ^ "Dropoffs – Vince McMahon". Forbes. June 22, 2001. http://www.forbes.com/2001/06/22/billdropoffs_7.html. Retrieved March 25, 2011. 
  4. ^ http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/profiles/50/vince-mcmahon/
  5. ^ "IGN: Vince McMahon Biography". IGN.com. http://stars.ign.com/objects/915/915330_biography.html. Retrieved September 14, 2007. 
  6. ^ "WWE says CEO resigns, names chairman as new CEO". Reuters. September 16, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSBNG21201920090916. Retrieved April 15, 2010. 
  7. ^ "Vince McMahon Biography". SLAM! Sports. http://www.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/mcmahon-vince.html. 
  8. ^ a b "The parent's guide to WWF". Sunday Mirror. April 29, 2001. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071031064222/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20010429/ai_n14526973. Retrieved July 4, 2007. 
  9. ^ "Dyslexia TV Alumni". Dyslexia. http://www.dyslexia.tv/freethinkersu/alumni.htm. Retrieved September 15, 2008. 
  10. ^ "Famous Dyslexics". Dyslexia Mentor. http://www.dyslexiamentor.com/famousdyslexics.php. Retrieved September 15, 2008. 
  11. ^ Hornbaker, Tim (2007). National Wrestling Alliance: The Untold Story of the Monopoly That Strangled Pro Wrestling. ECW Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-55022-741-3. 
  12. ^ Kaelberer, Angie Peterson (2003). The McMahons: Vince McMahon and Family. Capstone Press. pp. 15. ISBN 0-7368-2143-0. 
  13. ^ "WWE Board of Directors". World Wrestling Entertainment. http://corporate.wwe.com/governance/board.jsp. Retrieved September 9, 2009. 
  14. ^ a b "Vince McMahon's biography". WWE Corporate. http://corporate.wwe.com/company/bios/vk_mcmahon.jsp. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  15. ^ a b c d e "Survivor Series 1997 main event (Montreal Screwjob)". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1997/mainevent/. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  16. ^ Boehlert, Eric (2001-05-11). "Why the XFL tanked". Salon.com. http://entertainment.salon.com/2001/05/11/xfl_demise/. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  17. ^ Vince McMahon: WWE Television Network to Launch By 2011, Wrestling, Inc., February 11, 2010
  18. ^ Details on WWE Network Plans, Inside Pulse Wrestling, February 22, 2010
  19. ^ New Details on the WWE Cable Network, When It May Launch and More, LordsofPain.net, May 7, 2010
  20. ^ Ellison, Lillian (2003). The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle. ReaganBooks. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-06-001258-8. 
  21. ^ "SummerSlam 1993 official results". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1993/. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  22. ^ Chavis, Chris. "Tatanka's Biography (Page 2)". Native Tatanka. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071226140653/http://www.nativetatanka.com/bio2.html. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  23. ^ "Jerry Lawler – FAQ". Wrestleview. http://www.wrestleview.com/faq/?article=jerrylawler. 
  24. ^ a b "Survivor Series 1998 main event". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1998/1998/. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  25. ^ a b "Corporation Profile". Online World of Wrestling. http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/c/corporation.html. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  26. ^ "Rock Bottom results". Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments. http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/miscppvs1990s.html#26. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  27. ^ "1999 Royal Rumble match". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/19881143/mainevent/. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  28. ^ Zimmerman, Christopher (January 25, 1999). "RAW is WAR recap". The Other Arena. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209100552/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1999/raw012599. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  29. ^ "St. Valentine's Day Massacre results". Online World of Wrestling. http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/stvalentinesdaymassacre.html. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  30. ^ "King of the Ring 1999 results". Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments. http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/kingring.html#1999. Retrieved January 16, 2008. 
  31. ^ "Fully Loaded 1999 results". Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments. http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/loaded.html#99. Retrieved January 16, 2008. 
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  53. ^ "Advantage Kane". WWE. December 26, 2005. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/12262005/. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  54. ^ "Royal Rumble 2006 results". Online World of Wrestling. http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/royalrumble06.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  55. ^ "Joining the Club". WWE.com. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/02272006/. Retrieved February 27, 2006. 
  56. ^ "Shane McMahon def. Shawn Michaels (Street Fight)". WWE. March 18, 2006. http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/march182006/matches/2220096/results/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  57. ^ "Shawn Michaels def. Mr. McMahon (No Holds Barred match)". WWE. April 2, 2006. http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wrestlemania22/matches/22203221/results/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  58. ^ "Mr. McMahon & Shane McMahon def. Shawn Michaels & "God"". WWE. April 30, 2006. http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2006/matches/22851061/results/. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  59. ^ Dee, Louie (May 15, 2006). "Money Shot". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/05152006/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  60. ^ Dee, Louie (May 22, 2006). "Apology Accepted?". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/05222006/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  61. ^ Dee, Louie (June 5, 2006). "Kiss this". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/06052006/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  62. ^ Williams III, Ed (June 12, 2006). "An extreme awakening makes Cena snap". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/06122006/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
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  64. ^ Hunt, Jen (August 20, 2006). "DX beats the odds". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2006/matches/29444901/results/. Retrieved January 18, 2008. 
  65. ^ Tello, Craig (September 17, 2006). "Billion-dollar embarr-ASS-ment". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/2006/matches/28817581/results/. Retrieved January 18, 2008. 
  66. ^ Louie Dee. "Billion-dollar breakdown at Trump Tower". WWE.com. http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wrestlemania23/exclusives/pressconference. Retrieved March 28, 2007. 
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  68. ^ Robinson, Bryan (April 29, 2007). "Hell freezes over in ECW". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/2007/matches/396065214/results/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  69. ^ "Mr. McMahon's first ECW Championship reign". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/history/ecwchampionship/042907mcmahon. Retrieved January 18, 2008. 
  70. ^ Robinson, Bryan (May 20, 2007). "The ecstasy ... and then the agony". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/2007/matches/41244021/results/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  71. ^ Robinson, Bryan (June 3, 2007). "ECW World Champion once again, demons exorcised". WWE. http://www.wwe.com/shows/onenightstand/history/2007/matches/4362508112/results/. Retrieved January 17, 2008. 
  72. ^ "McMahon Explosion Update". WWE. June 11, 2007. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070621115331/http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/mcmahonexplosionupdate. Retrieved June 11, 2007. 
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  74. ^ Darren Rovell (June 20, 2007). "WWE's McMahon "Death": I'm A Murder Suspect". CNBC.com. http://www.cnbc.com/id/19330600. Retrieved July 2, 2007. 
  75. ^ Alfonso A. Castillo (June 26, 2007). "WWE wrestler Chris Benoit and family found dead". Newsday.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070705113805/http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-usbenoit0626,0,4246396.story?coll=ny-top-headlines. Retrieved July 2, 2007. 
  76. ^ "Benoit Dead". WWE.com. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080105164617/http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/benoitdead. Retrieved June 25, 2007. 
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  82. ^ Report: Mr. McMahon Character Might Be Finished in WWE
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References[link]

  • Shaun Assael & Mike Mooneyham (2002). Sex, Lies and Headlocks: The Real Story of Vince McMahon and the World Wrestling Federation. Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-60690-5. 
Business positions
Preceded by
Vince McMahon, Sr.
Chairman of World Wrestling Entertainment
1980–present
Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
Linda McMahon
Chief Executive Officer of World Wrestling Entertainment
2009–present
Succeeded by
Incumbent
New creation President and CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment
1980–1993
Succeeded by
Linda McMahon

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Vince_McMahon

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://cs.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://es.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://ru.wn.com/Макмэн, Винс

http://nl.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://pt.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://pl.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://fr.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://de.wn.com/Vince McMahon

http://hi.wn.com/विन्स मैकमोहन




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