Cosmonaut Sergey Volkov works outside the International Space Station on August 3, 2011.

Stephen Robinson riding the robotic arm during STS-114, doing a first in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle.(Landmass in the backdrop is the Bari region of Somalia).

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside of a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere. The term most commonly applies to a spacewalk made outside a craft orbiting Earth (such as the International Space Station), but also has applied to lunar surface exploration (commonly known as moonwalks) performed by six pairs of American astronauts in the Apollo program from 1969 to 1972. On each of the last three of these missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. Astronauts also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab, the United States' first space station.

A "Stand-up" EVA (SEVA) is where the astronaut does not fully exit a spacecraft, but is completely reliant on the spacesuit for environmental support.^[1] Its name derives from the astronaut "standing up" in the open hatch, usually to film or assist a spacewalking astronaut.

EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an umbilical cable; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft), or untethered. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER). A SAFER is a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs, since the capability of returning to the spacecraft is essential.

Russia, the United States and China have demonstrated the capability to conduct an EVA.

Development history[link]

NASA planners invented the term extra-vehicular activity in the early 1960s for the Apollo program to land men on the Moon, because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect lunar material samples and deploy scientific experiments. To support this, and other Apollo objectives, the Gemini program was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-man Earth orbiting spacecraft. However, the Soviet Union was fiercely competitive in holding the early lead it had gained in manned spaceflight, so the Soviet Communist Party, led by Nikita Khrushchev, ordered the hasty conversion of its single-pilot Vostok capsule into a two- or three-person craft named Voskhod, in order to compete with Gemini and Apollo.^[2] The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before the first manned Gemini was launched.

The Soviets' avionics technology was not as advanced as that of the United States, so the Voskhod cabin could not have been left depressurized by an open hatch; otherwise the air-cooled electronics would have overheated. Therefore a spacewalking cosmonaut would have to enter and exit the spacecraft through an airlock. By contrast, the Gemini capsule's avionics were designed so the cabin could be exposed to the vacuum of space when one of two large hatches was opened, so no airlock was required, and both the spacewalking astronaut and his companion command pilot were in vacuum during the EVA. Due to the different designs of the spacecraft, the American and Soviet space programs define the duration of an EVA differently. The Soviet (now Russian) definition is the time when the outer airlock hatch is open and the cosmonaut is in a vacuum. An American EVA begins when the spacewalking astronaut has at least his head outside of the spacecraft.^[3]

As they had with the first satellite and first man in space, the Soviets again stunned the world on March 18, 1965 with the first EVA (commonly referred to as a "space walk") performed by Alexey Leonov from the Voskhod 2 spacecraft, for 12 minutes outside the spacecraft. Leonov had no means to control his motion other than pulling on his 50.7-foot (15.5 m) tether. After the flight, he claimed this was easy, but his space suit ballooned from its internal pressure against the vacuum of space, stiffening so much that he could not activate the shutter on his chest-mounted camera.^[3]

At the end of his space walk, the suit stiffening caused a more serious problem: Leonov had to re-enter the capsule through the inflatable cloth airlock, 3.96 feet (1.21 m) in diameter and 8.25 feet (2.51 m) long. After his spacewalk, he improperly entered the airlock head-first and got stuck sideways. He could not get back in without reducing the pressure in his suit, risking "the bends". This added another 12 minutes to his time in vacuum, and he was overheated by 1.8 °C (3.24 °F) from the exertion. It would be almost four years before the Soviets tried another EVA. They misrepresented to the press how difficult Leonov found it to work in weightlessness, and concealed the problems encountered until after the end of the Cold War.^[3]

Ed White performing the first American EVA

The first American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965 by Edward H. White, II from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes, on a 25-foot (7.6 m) tether. White was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well, but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft, but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim.^[3] However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching mechanism caused difficulties opening and closing the hatch, which delayed the start of the EVA and put White and his crewmate at risk of not getting back to Earth alive.^[4]

No EVAs were planned on the next three Gemini flights. The next EVA was planned to be made by David Scott on Gemini 8, but that mission had to be aborted due to a critical spacecraft malfunction before the EVA could be conducted. Astronauts on the next three Gemini flights (Eugene Cernan, Michael Collins and Richard Gordon), performed several EVAs, but none was able to successfully work for long periods outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating.

Finally, on November 13, 1966, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first to successfully work in space without tiring, on the Gemini 12 last flight. Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes, in addition to two stand-up EVAs in the spacecraft hatch for an additional 3 hours and 24 minutes. Aldrin's interest in scuba diving inspired the use of underwater EVA training to simulate weightlessness, which has been used ever since to allow astronauts to practice techniques of avoiding wasted muscle energy.

On January 16, 1969, the Soviet Union achieved the first EVA crew transfer from one spacecraft to another when Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov transferred from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4, which were docked together. This was the second Soviet EVA, and it would be almost another nine years before the Soviets performed their third.^[3]

Buzz Aldrin during Apollo 11's first Moon landing mission in 1969

The first EVA on the lunar surface was performed by Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 21, 1969 (UTC), after the Apollo 11 Moon landing. This first Moon walk lasted 2 hours, 36 minutes. A total of 15 Moon walks were performed by members of six Apollo crews, including Charles "Pete" Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Eugene "Gene" Cernan and Dr. Harrison "Jack" Schmitt. Cernan was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon.^[3]

The first EVA in deep space was made on August 5, 1971, by American Al Worden, to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the Apollo 15 Service Module on the return trip from the Moon. Worden was assisted by James Irwin, doing a standup EVA in the Command Module hatch. This was repeated by Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke on Apollo 16, and by Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt on Apollo 17.^[3]

The first EVA repairs of a spacecraft were made by Charles "Pete" Conrad, Joseph Kerwin and Paul J. Weitz on May 26, June 7 and June 19, 1973, on the Skylab 2 mission. They rescued the functionality of the launch-damaged Skylab space station by freeing a stuck solar panel, deploying a solar heating shield, and freeing a stuck circuit breaker relay. The Skylab 2 crew made three EVAs, and a total of ten EVAs were made by the three Skylab crews.^[3] They found that activities in weightlessness required about 2 1/2 times the duration as on Earth because many astronauts suffered spacesickness early in their flights.^[5]

After Skylab, no more EVAs were made by the United States until the advent of the Space Shuttle program in the early 1980s. In this period, the Soviets resumed EVAs, making four from the Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 space stations between December 20, 1977, and July 30, 1982.^[3]

When the United States resumed EVAs on April 7, 1983, astronauts started using an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) for self-contained life support independent of the spacecraft. Also, for the first time, American astronauts used an airlock to enter and exit the spacecraft like the Soviets. Accordingly, the American definition of EVA start time was redefined to when the astronaut switches the EMU to battery power.^{[citation needed]}

The first EVA by a woman was performed by the soviet cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya on July 25, 1984. She performed a space walk lasting 3 hours 35 minutes outside the Salyut 7 space station.

Milestones[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)

Capability milestones[link]

• The first metalwork in open space consisting in works of welding, brazing and metal spraying were conducted by cosmonauts Svetlana Savitskaya and Vladimir Dzhanibekov of the Soviet Union on July 25, 1984. To perform these activities a specially designed URI multipurpose tool was used during a 3 hr, 30 min EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station.^[6][7][8]

• The first untethered spacewalk was made by American Bruce McCandless II on February 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B, utilizing the Manned Maneuvering Unit. He was subsequently joined by Robert L. Stewart during the 5 hour 55 minute spacewalk. Such a self-contained spacewalk was first attempted by Eugene Cernan in 1966 on Gemini 9A, but Cernan could not reach the maneuvering unit without tiring.

• The first three-person EVA was performed on May 13, 1992, as the third EVA of STS-49, the maiden flight of Endeavour.^[9] Pierre Thuot, Richard Hieb, and Thomas Akers conducted the EVA to hand-capture and repair a non-functional Intelsat VI-F3 satellite.

• The first EVA to perform an in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle was by American Steve Robinson on August 3, 2005, during "Return to Flight" mission STS-114. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers from Discovery's heat shield, after engineers determined there was a small chance they could affect the shuttle upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while Discovery was docked to the International Space Station.

• The longest EVA as of 2007, was 8 hours and 56 minutes, performed by Susan J. Helms and James S. Voss on March 11, 2001.^[10]

Untethered U.S. astronaut Bruce McCandless uses a manned maneuvering unit

Capture of Intelsat VI in 1992 on STS-49. This hand-capture of a satellite is the only EVA to date to be performed by three astronauts.

Personal cumulative duration records[link]

• Russian Anatoly Solovyev holds both the record for most EVAs and for the greatest cumulative duration spent in EVA (16 EVAs; 82 hr and 22 min).
• Michael Lopez-Alegria holds the American record (10 EVAs; 67 hr and 40 min).
• Christer Fuglesang holds the European (non-Russian) record (5 EVAs; 31 hr and 55 min).^[10]

National, ethnic and gender firsts[link]

• The first woman to perform an EVA was Soviet Svetlana Savitskaya on July 25, 1984 while aboard the Salyut 7 space station. Her EVA lasted 3 hours and 35 minutes.
• The first American woman to perform an EVA was Kathryn D. Sullivan on October 11, 1984 during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-G.
• The first EVA by a non-Soviet, non-American was made on December 9, 1988 by Jean-Loup Chrétien of France during a three-week stay on the Mir space station.
• The first EVA by a Briton was on February 9, 1995 by Michael Foale (who carries dual British-American citizenship).
• The first EVA by a black African-American was on February 9, 1995 by Bernard A. Harris, Jr..
• The first EVA by an Australian-born person was on March 13, 2001 by Andy Thomas (although he is a naturalized US citizen).
• The first EVA by a Canadian was made on April 22, 2001 by Chris Hadfield. During his spacewalk, Hadfield installed the Canadarm2 onto the International Space Station.
• The first EVA by a Chinese astronaut was made on September 27, 2008 by Zhai Zhigang during Shenzhou 7 mission. The spacewalk, using a Feitian space suit, made China the third country to independently carry out an EVA.
• The first EVA by a Japanese astronaut was made on November 25, 1997 by Doi Takao during STS-87.
• The first EVA by a Scandinavian astronaut was made on December 12, 2006 by Christer Fuglesang.

File:China's first spacewalk.jpg Zhai Zhigang waving the Chinese flag while performing an EVA

International Space Station assembly EVA made during the STS-116 mission. Robert Curbeam (with red stripes) together with Christer Fuglesang over Cook Strait, New Zealand.

Anatoly Solovyev holds the world record for time spent during spacewalks: 82+ hours over 16 separate outings, seen here performing an EVA outside Mir Space Station in 1997

Commemoration[link]

The first spacewalk, that of the soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov was conmemorated in several eastern bloc stamps (see the stamps section in Alexey Leonov article). As the Soviet Union did not distribute diagrammes nor images of the Voskhod spacecraft at the time, the spaceship depiction in the stamps were purely fictional.

The US Post Office issued the Accomplishments in Space stamp in 1967. Along with astronaut Ed White, the issue depicts the Gemini IV spacecraft in orbit.

~ Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue of 1967 ~

~ Alexey Leonov on 1965 USSR 10 kopek stamp. ~

Designations[link]

NASA "spacewalkers" during the space shuttle program were designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4 (assiged to mission specialists for each mission, if applicable).^[11][12]

Camp-out procedure[link]

For EVAs from the International Space Station, NASA now routinely employs a camp out procedure to reduce the risk of decompression sickness.^[13] This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp out, astronauts sleep overnight prior to an EVA in the airlock, and lower the air pressure to 10.2 psi (70 kPa), compared to the normal station pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa).^[13] Spending a night at the lower air pressure helps flush nitrogen from the body, thereby preventing "the bends".^[14][15]

See also[link]

Spaceflight portal

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Extra-vehicular activity

• NASA JSC Oral History Project Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology PDF document.
• NASDA Online Space Notes^{[dead link]}
• Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit. Volume 1: System description - 1971 (PDF document)
• Apollo Extravehicular mobility unit. Volume 2: Operational procedures - 1971 (PDF document)
• Skylab Extravehicular Activity Development Report - 1974 (PDF document)
• Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit - 1986 (PDF document)
• NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book - 1993 (PDF document)
• Preparing for an American EVA on the ISS - 2006

v t e Space suits USSR / Russia SK-1 Berkut Yastreb Krechet-94 Strizh Sokol Orlan United States Navy Mark IV Gemini MOL Apollo/Skylab A7L Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit Launch Entry Suit (LES) Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) China Shenzhou IVA Haiying Feitian Developmental Mark III I-Suit Space activity suit Constellation Space Suit Components Hard Upper Torso (HUT) Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) Primary Life Support System (PLSS) Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG) Related topics Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) Astronaut Propulsion Unit Pressure suit

Lemon Jelly
Lemon Jelly, performing at De Montfort Hall on 13 August 2005
Background information
Origin	London, United Kingdom
Genres	Downtempo,[1] IDM, Electronica[1]
Years active	1998 – present (on hiatus)
Labels	Impotent Fury, XL Recordings
Website	www.lemonjelly.ky
Members
Fred Deakin Nick Franglen

Lemon Jelly is a British electronic music duo from London, formed in 1998. Since their inception, the band's line-up has included Fred Deakin and Nick Franglen. Lemon Jelly has been nominated for the Mercury Music Prize and BRIT Awards.

Fred Deakin and Nick Franglen briefly met in North London and became friends before going their separate ways. Deakin became a DJ and co-founded his very own Airside studios and Franglen became a studio programmer, before the two became reacquainted in 1998.

Lemon Jelly released three critically acclaimed EPs in 1998, 1999, and 2000 respectively, which secured them a record deal with Impotent Fury, a subsidiary of XL Recordings in 2000. The band subsequently released three full-length albums before going on hiatus in 2008.

History[link]

Origins (1998–2001)[link]

Fred Deakin and Nick Franglen grew up with the same group of friends, although the two weren't truly acquainted with one another.^[2] The two eventually became friends but went their separate ways not long after.^[3] Deakin moved to Edinburgh for 10 years and became a DJ and co-founder of Airside, a graphic arts company.^[2][3] Franglen gave up his job as a landscape gardener to become a studio programmer, who eventually would work with Primal Scream, Björk, and The Spice Girls.^[3][4] The two would periodically bump into each other at 23 Skidoo concerts.^[2] The two once again formed a friendship, and bonded over a mutual appreciation for rock music – Deakin cites XTC and A Certain Ratio as personal favorites – and eventually dance music.^[2]

The two began recording under name "Lemon Jelly", which according to Deakin comes from an incident when Franglen came into Deakin's kitchen and said "It smells like Lemon Jelly in here."^[2]

From 1998 to 2000, Franglen and Deakin released three limited-circulation EPs, The Bath (1998), The Yellow (1999), and The Midnight (2000), on their very own label, Impotent Fury.^[3] The EPs were a critical success,^[5] and led to the duo being signed to XL Recordings.^[3] Franglen and Deakin then collected their three limited-edition EPs into a widely-released album in 2000, Lemonjelly.ky.^[2][3]

After the release of the album, Lemon Jelly licensed songs for advertising and incidental music.^[5] Notably, music from In the Bath, "A Tune for Jack", was featured in an episode of CSI: Miami,^[6] and "The Staunton Lick", from The Yellow, was used during the final scene of the British sitcom Spaced.^[7]

[edit] Lost Horizons (2002–2004)

Their second album (and self-proclaimed first studio album), Lost Horizons, was released in 2002, and was another success. The album featured the singles "Space Walk" and "Nice Weather For Ducks" and was nominated for the 2003 Mercury Music Prize^[8] and a BRIT Award for the now defunct "Best Dance Act" category in 2004.^[9]

A number of their tracks have been used by the BBC and other British broadcasters for trailers and incidental music, including "Nice Weather for Ducks", featuring an impersonation of John Langstaff, and "Ramblin' Man".

In September 2007, "Space Walk" was used in an American advertisement, "Through the Eyes of a Cat", for Friskies cat food.

Also in September 2007 "Experiment No. 6" was used for a BBC trailer for a catch-up marathon of the hit TV show Heroes. More recently, the track "Space Walk" was used in the United States for a 2009 Cadillac television campaign.

"The Curse of Ka'Zar" was used in Turner Classic Movies' 31 Days of Oscar advertisements, played in a montage (occasionally aired with alternative music by Imogen Heap) used for filler and in information about the film about to air prior to its actual airing.

In 2003, the BBC announced that Lemon Jelly would be contributing to a remix album based on the music and sound effects of the television program Doctor Who as part of the 40th anniversary celebration of the series.^[10] This project was abandoned, however, owing partly to the announcement of the 2005 revival of the series.^[11]

[edit] '64–'95 (2005–2007)

Their most recent album, 2005's '64–'95, featured a sticker to warn listeners that "This is our new album. It's not like our old album." The title comes from the fact that each track features a single sample drawn from years between 1964 and 1995, incorporating each sample in a variety of different ways. It contains a track (Track 10 – "'64 – Go") featuring a vocal performance by William Shatner, with whom they collaborated for a track on his album Has Been. The album was complemented by the release of a DVD under the same title, with each of the album's audio tracks accompanied with colourful visuals executed mostly in 2D and 3D animation. Some of these visuals are progressive and would work as stand-alone music videos, while others are more repetitious, ever-changing variations of a given visual theme. The audio on the DVD is available as both standard stereo as well as 5.1 surround sound (5.1 audio mixed by Franglen and Dom Morley). The visuals were created by the Airside design studios. Telstraclear later sampled "'93 (Don't Stop Now)" in their 'Hello World' campaign of 2006.

In late 2005, Franglen did remixes of Coldcut's "Man in a Garage", and of the original The Sims 2 and its expansion pack The Sims 2: University Buy/Build Mode Soundtracks for another expansion pack for The Sims 2; The Sims 2 Nightlife. In 2006 Franglen produced Badly Drawn Boy's studio album Born in the U.K. and in 2007 Deakin released an eclectic three-volume mix album "The Triptych".

On hiatus (2008–present)[link]

The duo announced Lemon Jelly would be taking a hiatus as of 2008. Fred Deakin released the news on their forum, also stating that whilst there was a possibility the two would work together again, they would be pursuing solo careers for the time being. Nick Franglen stated on the forum that the two are still good friends and plan to work together again in the future. Their now updated website states that they are "Not dead, but sleeping."^[12]

In 2011 Deakin formed a collaboration with Robin Jones of The Beta Band, called Flashman, and released their debut album To The Victor – The Spoils!.

Style[link]

Live performances[link]

In 2003, Lemon Jelly performed a number of concerts around the UK. Instead of having a support act, Franglen and Deakin organized a giant game of Bingo, presided over by Death and played by members of the audience.^[13] Entrance to one of their shows was by wearing a limited edition red or yellow coloured t-shirt which was sent to you in the post, instead of a physical ticket. In other shows, support was provided by Don Partridge – a traditional one man band – whilst "Jelly Helpers" distributed sweets to the crowd. They also played a Saturday Morning gig named "Jelly Tots" as a charitable event for children. In between sets, classic British children's cartoons were played over a projection screen, and the event featured bouncy castles, clowns and hundreds of balloons. They have performed headlining sets at Glastonbury Festival, V Festival, Reading Festival and The Big Chill amongst others.

Visual arts[link]

Many of the bands releases and videos are designed by Fred Deakin's Airside studios.

Music videos[link]

The album '64–'95 was released simultaneously as a DVD featuring animated videos for each track.

Album artwork[link]

Their packaging is designed by Deakin's Airside studios. The bright colours and graphic elements, together with the Lemon Jelly typeface, contribute to the Lemon Jelly "brand". Their first three EPs were released on 10" vinyl in hand screenprinted sleeves and now trade on eBay for large sums of money. Other interesting sleeves included Soft/Rock, an unofficial release pressed on pale blue 7" vinyl in a denim sleeve that also contained a condom,^[14] and Rolled/Oats, another unofficial release pressed as a gold picture disc in a hessian bag.^[15]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

EPs[link]

• The Bath EP (1998)
• The Yellow EP (1999)
• The Midnight EP (2000)

Singles[link]

Notes

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lemon Jelly's Official Website
• Lemon Jelly at Musicbrainz
• XL Recordings
• '64 – '95 Album Review at UKEvents.net

Alexey Leonov Алексей Леонов
Soviet cosmonaut The first human to conduct a space walk
Nationality	Soviet, Russian
Status	Retired
Born	(1934-05-30) 30 May 1934 (age 78) Listvyanka, Kemerovo Oblast, USSR
Other occupation	Fighter pilot, Cosmonaut
Rank	Major General, Soviet Air Force
Time in space	7d 00h 32 m
Selection	Air Force Group 1
Total EVAs	1
Total EVA time	12 minutes
Missions	Voskhod 2, Soyuz 19/ASTP
Mission insignia
Awards

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (Russian: Алексе́й Архи́пович Лео́нов) (born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, Kemerovo Oblast, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut and Air Force Major General who, on 18 March 1965, became the first human to conduct a space walk.

Biography[link]

Leonov was one of the twenty Soviet Air Force pilots selected to be part of the first cosmonaut group in 1960. Like all the Soviet cosmonauts Leonov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His walk in space was originally to have taken place on the Vostok 11 mission, but this was cancelled, and the historic event happened on the Voskhod 2 flight instead. He was outside the spacecraft for 12 minutes and nine seconds on 18 March 1965, connected to the craft by a 5.35 meter tether. At the end of the spacewalk, Leonov's spacesuit had inflated in the vacuum of space to the point where he could not re-enter the airlock. He opened a valve to allow some of the suit's pressure to bleed off, and was barely able to get back inside the capsule. Leonov had spent some eighteen months undergoing intensive weightlessness training for the mission.

As of November 2011, Leonov is the last survivor of the five cosmonauts in the Voskhod program.

In 1968, Leonov was selected to be commander of a circumlunar Soyuz flight. However as all unmanned test flights of this project failed, and the Apollo 8 mission already given that step in the Space Race to the USA, the flight was canceled. He was also selected to be the first Soviet person to land on the Moon, aboard the LOK/N1 spacecraft. This project was also canceled. (Incidentally, the design required a risky spacewalk between lunar vehicles, something that contributed to his selection.) Leonov was to have been commander of the ill-fated 1971 Soyuz 11 mission to Salyut 1, the first manned space station, but his crew was replaced with the backup after the cosmonaut Valery Kubasov was suspected to have contracted tuberculosis.

Leonov was to have commanded the next mission to Salyut 1, but this was scrapped after the deaths of the Soyuz 11 crew members, and the space station was lost. The next two Salyuts (actually the military Almaz station) were lost at launch or failed soon after, and Leonov's crew stood by. By the time Salyut 4 reached orbit Leonov had been switched to a more prestigious project.

Leonov's second trip into space was similarly significant: he commanded the Soviet half of the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission -- Soyuz 19 -- the first joint space mission between the Soviet Union and the United States.

From 1976 to 1982, Leonov was the commander of the cosmonaut team ("Chief Cosmonaut"), and deputy director of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, where he oversaw crew training. He also edited the cosmonaut newsletter Neptune. He retired in 1991.

Leonov is an accomplished artist whose published books include albums of his artistic works and works he did in collaboration with his friend Andrei Sokolov. Leonov has taken colored pencils and paper into space, where he has sketched the Earth and drawn portraits of the Apollo astronauts who flew with him during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.^[1] Arthur C. Clarke wrote in his notes to 2010: Odyssey Two that, after a 1968 screening of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Leonov pointed out to him that the alignment of the Moon, Earth, and Sun shown in the opening is essentially the same as that in Leonov's 1967 painting Near the Moon, although the painting's diagonal framing of the scene was not replicated in the film. Clarke kept an autographed sketch of this painting -- which Leonov made after the screening, hanging on his office wall.^[2]

In 2001, he was a vice president of Moscow-based Alfa Bank and an advisor to the first deputy of the Board.^[3]

In 2004, Leonov and former American astronaut David Scott began work on a dual biography / history of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Titled Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race, it was published in 2006. Neil Armstrong and Tom Hanks both wrote introductions to the book.

Leonov was also a contributor to the 2007 book Into That Silent Sea by Colin Burgess and Francis French, which describes his life and career in space exploration.

Honours and awards[link]

• Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1965 and 1975)
• Title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
• Order For Merit to the Fatherland 4th class
• Order of Friendship
• Two Orders of Lenin
• Order of the Red Star
• Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR 3rd class
• Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
• Medals "For Impeccable Service" 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes
• State Prize of the USSR
• Lenin Komsomol Prize
• Honoured Master of Sport

Foreign awards:

• Hero of Socialist Labour (People's Republic of Bulgaria)
• Hero of Vietnam
• Order of Karl Marx (German Democratic Republic)
• Order of Georgi Dimitrov (People's Republic of Bulgaria)
• Order of the Banner of the Hungarian People's Republic
• Order of Merit 3rd class (Ukraine)

Legacy[link]

Alexey Leonov (right) shares a moment with Anton Shkaplerov (left) in October 2011.

• Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2010: Odyssey Two was dedicated to Leonov and Andrei Sakharov; the fictional spaceship Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov in the book was named after him.
• Leonov wore a Russian Poljot "FMWF Strela" watch (a transliteration of СТРЕЛА, which actually means "Arrow") chronograph during his historic first space walk.
• At an Apollo-Soyuz Test Project press conference, Leonov stated (in English) that, while in the United States for ASTP training, he wanted to visit Hollywood, because he had aspirations of being a movie star. (He then joked, "I don't want [to be a movie star]... Tom Stafford want!")
• Leonov, along with Rusty Schweickart, Vitaly Sevastyanov and Georgi Grechko established the Association of Space Explorers in 1984. Membership is open to all people who have flown in outer space.
• In the Star Trek novel Destiny: Gods of Night there is a ship named the U.S.S. Alexey Leonov, which sacrifices itself to save the planet Korvat from the Borg.

Stamps[link]

Alexey Leonov on 1965 USSR 10 kopek stamp.

1965

• Alexey Leonov on Soviet Union 1965 Stamp 10 kopeks
• Soviet Union 1965, 6 kopeks
• Soviet Union 1965 with Pavel Belyayev
• Albania 1965 twice 6 and 20, with Pavel Belyayev
• Albania 1965
• Bulgaria 1965 with Pavel Belyayev
• Bulgaria 1965 twice 2 (with Pavel Belyayev) and 20 st
• Cuba 1965, twice
• Czechoslovakia 1965 (twice):
• DDR 1965
• DDR 1965
• Hungary 1965
• Togo 1965
• Vietnam 1965

1966

• Bulgaria 1966 13 st, with Pavel Belyayev
• Ecuador 1966
• Mali 1966, twice
• Mauritania 1966, 200f
• Niger 1966

1967

• Soviet Union 1967 with Andrew Sokolov, series of three stamps, dedicated to the Day of Cosmonautics (Soviet Union stamp catalogue #3476-3478) was carried out in March 1967
• Soviet Union 1967 with Andrew Sokolov, series of five stamps called "Space Fiction" (Soviet Union stamp catalogue #3545-3549) saw the light in October 1967

1969:

• Mongolia 1969

1972

• Soviet Union 1972 with Andrew Sokolov, series of six stamps, dedicated to the 15 th anniversary of the space age (Soviet Union stamp catalogue #4162-4167) was out.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Leonov, Alexey Arkhipovich; Sokolov, Andrei Konstantinovich (1967). Zhdite nas, zvezdy: the stars are awaiting us. Moskva: Mol. Gvardiia. (Russian) (English) [1] [2]

Russian title: Ждите Нас, Звезды.

Text and captions in Russian and English; table of contents is in English.

Album of space art.

• Scott, David; Alexey Leonov (2006). Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race. with Christine Toomey. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-30866-3. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aleksei Leonov

• A video of his spacewalk
• The Voskhod 2 mission revisited
• Science fiction art by Leonov and Sokolov. Extensive gallery, with annotation. (Russian)
• "I could see Armstrong bouncing on the moon" – Alexey Leonov