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- 2nd millennium BC
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Arbore
Arbore is a commune located in Suceava County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Arbore, Bodnăreni and Clit.
Arbore is best known for its church, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. Its painted church was the first Moldavian painted church to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The monastery and the commune are named after the boyar Luca Arbore who built the church in 1503. The construction of the church was completed in about 5 months. Its exterior paintings date from 1541 and were made by Dragoş Coman. Painting the church took about 40 years.
The outside paintings on the western wall are the most well preserved, as opposed to those on the northern facade, which suffered extensive weather-related damage. This damage arose mostly because the church roof was plundered by marauding Cossack troops and melted in order to make bullets (the original roof was made of lead).
Due to its more modest dimensions, the inside of the church consists of only 3 chambers: pronaos, naos and altar. The burial chamber seen in other Moldavian churches (gropnita) is merged with the pronaos. It contains the tombs of hetman Luca Arbore and his family. The inside painting also includes two votive paintings, depicting hetman Arbore and his family offering the church to God through the intercession of Saint John the Baptist. The reason for having two (rather than one) votive paintings is not clear, although some speculate that they were necessary to depict all children in the boyar's numerous family (even so, some are still not included).
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Archduchy of Austria
The Archduchy of Austria (German: Erzherzogtum Österreich), one of the most important duchies within the Holy Roman Empire, was the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy and the predecessor of the Austrian Empire. Over nearly 700 years, it evolved from a margraviate to the centre of an empire.
With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy was centered in the Danube basin of the current Austrian federal state of Lower Austria and included most of what is now Upper Austria as well.
Located in the southeastern periphery of the Holy Roman Empire, it bordered on the Kingdom of Hungary beyond the Leitha river. In the south it was confined by the Duchy of Styria, with the border at the historic Semmering Pass, while in the north the Bohemian Forest and the Thaya river marked the border with Bohemia and Moravia. In the west the Upper Austrian part bordered on the Duchy of Bavaria, whereby the historic Innviertel belonged to the Bavarian dukes until the 1779 Treaty of Teschen, as well as on the Archbishopric of Salzburg in the Salzkammergut region.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (German: Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria-Hungary, whose proclamation was a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
The term "Austrian Empire" is also used for the Habsburg possessions before 1804, which had no official collective name, although Austria is more frequent; the term of Austria-Hungary has also been used.[citation needed]
The Austrian Empire was founded by the Habsburg monarch Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (who became Emperor Francis I of Austria), as a state comprising his personal lands within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
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Austrian Littoral
The Austrian Littoral (German: Österreichisches Küstenland, Italian: Litorale Austriaco, Slovene: Avstrijsko primorje, Croatian: Austrijsko primorje, Hungarian: Tengermellék) was established as a crown land (Kronland) of the Austrian Empire in 1849. In 1861 it was divided into the three crown lands of the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its suburbs, the Margraviate of Istria, and the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, which each had separate administrations and Landtag assemblies, but were all subject to a k.k. statholder at Trieste.
Trieste had strategic importance as Austria-Hungary's primary sea port and the coast of the Littoral was a resort destination, the Austrian Riviera. The region was a multi-national one with Italians, Slovenes, Croats, Germans and Friulians being the main ethnic groups. In 1910, it had an area of 7,969 square kilometres (3,077 sq mi) and a population of 894,287.
The territory of the medieval Patriarchate of Aquileia had gradually been conquered by the Republic of Venice (Domini di Terraferma) until the early 15th century. In the east, the Habsburg archdukes of Austria, based on the March of Carniola they held from 1335, had gained suzerainty over Istrian Pazin in 1374 and the port of Trieste in 1382. They also purchased Duino and Rijeka (Fiume) on the northern Adriatic coast in 1474, and inherited the Friulian lands of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500. In 1511 Emperor Maximilian I annexed the city of Gradisca from Venice.
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Baia
Baia (Hungarian: Moldvabánya; Latin: Civitas Moldaviae) is a commune in the Suceava County, Romania with a population of 6,793 (2002 census). It is composed of two villages, Baia and Bogata. Located on the Moldova River, it was one of the earliest urban settlements in Moldavia, originally inhabited by Germans. The Hungarian name literally means "The mine", but it's also possible that the Hungarian name was borowed from Romanian and not viceversa, since no mine was ever attested or discovered in the area. It is possible that it derives from the term "Bania" (from Ban, a political leader).
An earlier name of the settlement was Târgul Moldovei which literally means "Market of Moldavia", referring to the Moldova River. Its Hungarian name was Moldvabánya, "the Moldova mine". It also had a Latin name, Civitas Moldaviae which was found on an early seal of the city.
The earliest mention of the town was in Poland in 1335, when a certain merchant was mentioned by the name of "Alexa Moldaowicz" (i.e. Alexa from the Town of Moldavia) and the next was in 1345, when Baia is placed on a list of towns of the Franciscan missionaries.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia (Romanian: Basarabia; Russian: Бессарабия Bessarabiya, Ukrainian: Бессарабія Bessarabiya) is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.
In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812, and ensuing Peace of Bucharest, the eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia, an Ottoman vassal, was ceded to Imperial Russia and designated "Bessarabia". While this eastern part became the Governorate of Bessarabia, the western part of Moldavia united, in 1859, with Wallachia in what would become the Kingdom of Romania. For a short period between 1856 and 1878, two of the nine traditional counties of Bessarabia were also part of Moldavia and then Romania.
Three months after declaring its independence from Russia, in 1918, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic (shortly before the end of World War I); it united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia was occupied by the USSR in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. Subsequently, Romania joined the Axis Powers and recaptured it in 1941 and lost again in 1944. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border set along the Prut River was internationally recognised by the Paris Treaty that ended World War II. The core part of Bessarabia was joined with parts of the Moldavian ASSR (Transnistria) to form the Moldavian SSR. At the same time, smaller parts of Bessarabia, in the south (two traditional counties; Budjak) and north (half of one county), were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
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Boyany
Boiany (Ukrainian: Бояни, Romanian: Boian) is a village in the Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Novoselytsia Raion (district) close to Sadagura in the historic region of Bukovina.
It was the ancestral estate of Ion Neculce, chronicler of the history of the Principality of Moldavia in the 18th century.
According to legend, the village was founded by a forester raising oxen (Boi in Romanian) in a glade. In the Middle Ages, trade route linking Cernăuţi (now Chernivtsi) with Iaşi passed through the village. The village is first officially attested in a document dated April 8, 1528 by Petru Rareş, ruler of Moldavia. The Boian estate is given as a wedding gift to Ion Neculce's mother, Catrina Cantacuzino, together with Cernauca and 21 other villages. Upon Neculce's flight and exile in Russia, the estate was confiscated and given to another nobleman, but in 1720 Neculce was granted permission to return to Moldavia. He then proceeded to sue the new owner and managed to convince the court to return the Boian estate to him.
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Cahul
Cahul (Romanian pronunciation: [kaˈhul], Russian: Kagul/Кагул) is a city in southern Moldova. The city is the administrative center of Cahul District; it also administers one village, Cotihana. As of 1 January 2009, it has an estimated population of 39,400.
The city of Cahul is believed to have been inhabited for many centuries, although it has had a number of different names over the years – the name Scheia (Old Romanian for "Bulgarian") was recorded in 1502, and the name Frumoasa ("Beautiful" in Romanian) was recorded in 1716. The modern name was given to the settlement after the Battle of Kagul, which was fought nearby.
The city's location had made it a frequent battleground for a number of armies, with possession of frequently switching between countries such as Principality of Moldavia, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire.
The city was a part of the Moldavia before 1812, then Russia from 1812 to 1856, then again Moldavia/Romanian Principalities (1856–1878), then Russia again (1878–1918), then Romania again (1918–1940), then the Soviet Union (1940–1941), then again Romania, the Soviet Union again (1944–1991) and finally Moldova (1991 to the present).
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Cajvana
Cajvana is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. It was declared a town in 2004, together with other 7 localities in Suceava County. At the 2002 census, Cajvana had 7,263 inhabitants. The population increased to 8,851 people (2011 census). One village, Codru, is administered by the town.
Cajvana is known for its legendary oak tree, which dates from the time of Moldavian ruler Stephen the Great (1457-1504).
The town is located at a distance of 36 km away from Suceava, the county capital. Cajvana was severely affected by the European floods in 2005.
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Carpathian Ruthenia
Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine, or Zakarpattia (Rusyn and Ukrainian: Карпатська Русь, Karpats’ka Rus’; or Закарпаття, Zakarpattya; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia; Polish: Zakarpacie; German: Karpatenukraine) is a region in Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’), with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj and Košice kraj) and Poland's Lemkovyna.[citation needed]
It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited by Ukrainian, Rusyn, Lemko, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Bulgarian and Russian populations. It also has small Bogomil, Hutsul, Jewish, Romani, Szekler and Csango minorities.
The nomenclature of the region depends on geographic perspective and political point of view. Thus from a Hungarian, Slovak and Czech perspective the region is described as Sub-Carpathia, (i.e. below the Carpathians) while from a Ukrainian and Russian perspective it is referred to as Trans-Carpathia (on the other side of the Carpathian mountains). The use of Carpathian Ruthenia is an attempt to provide a neutral term.
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Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi (Ukrainian: Чернівці́, Ukrainian pronunciation: [t͡ʃerniu̯ˈt͡sʲi]; Romanian: Cernăuți, Romanian pronunciation: [t͡ʃernəˈut͡sʲ]; Russian: Черновцы́ Chernovtsy; Polish: Czerniowce; German and Yiddish: Czernowitz, טשערנאוויץ; see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut. Chernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) - the northern, Ukrainian part of the European historic region of Bukovina. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600.
Together with the city of Lviv, Chernivtsi is viewed at present to be a cultural center of western Ukraine. The city is also considered one of modern Ukraine's greatest cultural, educational and architectural centers. Historically in that role, Chernivtsi was even dubbed "Little Vienna," "Jerusalem upon the Prut", or the "European Alexandria."[citation needed] Chernivtsi is currently twinned with seven other cities around the world. The city is also a major point of railway and highway crossings in the region, and houses an international airport.
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Chełm
Chełm [xɛu̯m] (
listen) (Ukrainian: Холм, Russian: Холм, Kholm, both meaning a hill) is a city in eastern Poland with 67,702 inhabitants (2007). It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres from the border with Ukraine. Since 1999 located in the Lublin Voivodeship, previously the town was the capital of a separate voivodeship.
The city is of mostly industrial character, though it also houses numerous notable historical monuments and tourist attractions.
Chełm gives its name to the protected area known as Chełm Landscape Park, which lies to the north and east of the city.
The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Chełm date back to at least 9th century. The following century a Slavic fortified town was created there and initially served as a centre of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Slavic root helm or holm denoting a flat hill. In fact the town's centre is located atop of such hill called góra chełmska in modern times. However, there are also theories deriving the name from some Celtic root. In 981 the town, then inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of Buzhans, was made a part of Kievan Rus', along with the surrounding Cherven Towns. According to a local legend, it was Vladimir the Great to build the first stone castle there in 1001 following the Polish capture of Kiev in 1018 the region for a short time was made part of Poland, but returned under Kievan rule in 1031.
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Chornivka
Chornivka (Ukrainian: Чорнівка, Romanian: Cernăuca) is a village in the Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Novoselytsky Raion (district) in the historic region of Bukovina (Ukrainian: Буковина), approximately 22 km from the oblast capital, Chernivtsi.
The current estimated population is 2,340 (as of 2005).
As of 2005, the mayor was Gheorghe Bota.
Chornivka is home to the ancestral estate of the Hurmuzachi brothers, a well-known family of Romanian aristocrats, lawyers and historians from the 19th century. The mansion was transformed into a museum in October 1999.
In the 17th century, the estate had been in the possession of the family of Ion Neculce, a Moldavian chronicler. It had come into the family's possession by marriage, as a wedding gift to Neculce's mother. It was then passed on to one of Neculce's sisters.
The oldest church, built by the Hurmuzachi family, dates back to 1852.
Coordinates: 48°25′12″N 26°0′36″E / 48.42°N 26.01°E / 48.42; 26.01
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
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Czernowitz
Chernivtsi (Ukrainian: Чернівці́, Ukrainian pronunciation: [t͡ʃerniu̯ˈt͡sʲi]; Romanian: Cernăuți, Romanian pronunciation: [t͡ʃernəˈut͡sʲ]; Russian: Черновцы́ Chernovtsy; Polish: Czerniowce; German and Yiddish: Czernowitz, טשערנאוויץ; see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut. Chernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) - the northern, Ukrainian part of the European historic region of Bukovina. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600.
Together with the city of Lviv, Chernivtsi is viewed at present to be a cultural center of western Ukraine. The city is also considered one of modern Ukraine's greatest cultural, educational and architectural centers. Historically in that role, Chernivtsi was even dubbed "Little Vienna," "Jerusalem upon the Prut", or the "European Alexandria."[citation needed] Chernivtsi is currently twinned with seven other cities around the world. The city is also a major point of railway and highway crossings in the region, and houses an international airport.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
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Dniester
The Dniester (
/ˈniːstər/ NEES-tər;Romanian: Nistru, Ukrainian: Дністе́р translit. Dnister; Russian: Днестр) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The name Dniester derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper River also derives from the same Sarmatian Iranic meaning, "the river on the far side.") The older name, Tyras, is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.
In Russian, it is known as Днестр, translit. Dnestr, in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla and during antiquity, it was called Tyras in Latin and Danastris in Greek. Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the bulk of Moldova's territory from Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
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Dragomirna
The Dragomirna Monastery was built during the first three decades of the 17th century, 15 km from Suceava, in Mitocu Dragomirnei commune. It is the tallest medieval monastery in Bucovina and renowned in Orthodox architecture for its unique proportions and intricate details, mostly carved into stone. It lies among forested hills of fir and oak. The history of the monastery started in 1602, when the small church in the graveyard was built and dedicated to Saints Enoch, Elijah and John the Theologian. In 1609 the dedication of the larger church was made to the "Descent of the Holy Spirit".
Unlike other monasteries, there is no votive inscription at Dragomirna. The year in which it was built and the names of the founders were discovered only after study of the documents of the time. The founders were the same as for the small church in the graveyard, the scholar, artist and Metropolitan Anastasie Crimca; the high chancellor Lupu Stroici; and his brother the treasurer Simion Stroici. Born in Suceava as the son of merchant Ioan Crimca and of the princess Carstina, Anastasie Crimca became a monk at the Putna monastery when he was young. There Crimca built his reputation as a prelate, patriot, and scholar and, above all, as an artist, which was expressed through his whole life. He asccended to the highest ranks in the Orthodox Church and became, in 1608, the Metropolitan of Moldavia. During the summer of 1600, he took the oath of faith to Michael the Brave (also known as 'Mihai Viteazu), who entered the princely seat of Moldavia without fighting and succeeded in joining together the three Romanian lands for the first time.
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Drohobych Oblast
Drohobych Oblast (Ukrainian: Дрогобицька область, Drohobyts'ka oblast’), (December 4, 1939 – June 21, 1959) was an oblast in the Ukrainian SSR. It had a territory of 9.6 thousands of km³, and population of 853 thousand (as of 1956).
Drohobych Oblast was one of six oblasts (the other five are Lviv Oblast, Rivne Oblast, Stanislav (Ivano-Frankivsk) Oblast, Tarnopil (Ternopil) Oblast, and Volyn Oblast) established on the territory of West Ukraine following the 1939 invasion of Poland.
On November 27, 1939 eight powiats of Lwow voivodeship and two powiats of Stanislawow voivodeship were designated for the creation of Drohobych Oblast, establishment of which was confirmed on December 4, 1939.
On January 17, 1940 the oblast was split into 30 raions and five municipalities: Bircha (village), Boryslav (city), Vysotsko-Vyzhnye (village), Dobromyl (city), Drohobych (city), Dublyany (village), Zhydechuv (city), Zhuravno (village), Komarno (city), Krukenych (village), Lavochne (village), Lysko (city), Medenytsia (town), Medyka (village), Mostyska (city), Mykolaiv (city), Streliski Novi (town), Peremyshl (city), Pidbuzh (village), Rudky (city), Sambor (city), Skole (city), Stary Sambor (city), Strilky (village), Stryi (city), Sudova Vyshnya (city), Turka (city), Ustryki Dolni (town), Khodoriv (city), Khyriv (town). Municipalities were Boryslav, Drohobych, Peremyshl, Sambor, Stryi. On August 15, 1940 Boryslav Raion was liquidated. On November 11, 1940 couple of raions were re-designated: Vysotsko-Vyzhnye to Borynya (village) and Lavochne-Slavsko (village).
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Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie; French: Duché de Varsovie; German: Herzogtum Warschau; Russian: Варшавское герцогство, Varshavskoye gertsogstvo) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna.
The duchy is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in East Prussia.
The Duchy of Warsaw was officially created by French Emperor Napoleon I, as part of the Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the Partitions of Poland of late 18th century. Although it was created as a satellite state (and was only a duchy, rather than a kingdom), it was commonly hoped and believed that with time the nation would be able to regain its former status, not to mention its former borders.
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Frasin
Frasin is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. It was declared a town in 2004, together with other 7 localities in Suceava County. Frasin had a population of 6,532 according to 2002 census. The population dropped to 5,749 inhabitants (2011 census). The town administers three villages: Bucşoaia, Doroteia and Plutoniţa.
Frasin is located in the Obcinele Mari mountain area, on the banks of Moldova River. The town of Gura Humorului is only 7 km away. Frasin is connected to the Romanian national railway system and has a train station on Suceava–Vatra Dornei railway.
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Free City of Cracow
The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow) with its Territory (Polish: Wolne, Niepodległe i Ściśle Neutralne Miasto Kraków z Okręgiem), more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Krakowska, German: Republik Krakau), was a city-state created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and controlled by its three neighbours (Russia, Prussia, and Austria) until 1846, when in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising it was annexed by the Austrian Empire. It was a remnant of the Duchy of Warsaw partitioned between the three states in 1815.
The Free City was formally established on May 3, 1815. The statelet received an initial constitution in 1815, revised and expanded in 1818, establishing significant autonomy for the city. The Jagiellonian University could accept students from the partitioned territory of Poland. The Free City thus became a center of Polish political activity on the territories of partitioned Poland.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (
i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gorizia and Gradisca
The County of Gorizia and Gradisca (German: Graftschaft Görz und Gradisca; Italian: Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Slovene: Goriška in Gradiščanska grofija) was a Habsburg county in Central Europe, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia. It was named for its two major urban centers, Gorizia and Gradisca d'Isonzo.
The County of Gorizia became part of the Habsburg domains in AD 1500 when Count Leonhard died without heir. Habsburg suzerainty was interrupted briefly by the Venetians in 1508-1509. In 1647, the nearby town of Gradisca d'Isonzo was made its own county under the princes of Eggenberg. In 1754, Gradisca was re-unified with Gorizia creating the County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca / Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca).
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Halych
Halych (Ukrainian and Russian: Галич, German: Halytsch, Polish: Halicz, Lithuanian: Halyčas) is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The town gave its name to the historic province and kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local princes was moved to Lviv. In 1340-1772, the province included the Ruthenian Voivodeship.
Today Halych is a small city and is located right next to the former capital of the Galicia Kingdom although it preserved its former name. It also is the administrative center of the Halych Raion (district) of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province). It lies 26 km (16 mi) north of the oblast capital, Ivano-Frankivsk. Halych's population is estimated at 6,406.
The city's name, though spelled identically in modern East Slavic languages (Галич), is pronounced Halych in Ukrainian and Galich in Russian. The Russian transliteration should not be confused with the Russian town of Galich. In Polish the name is rendered Halicz; in the Yiddish language Helitsh or Heylitsh (העליטש); in Latin, Galic; in Hungarian, Halics.
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Hlyboka
Hlyboka (Ukrainian: Глибока, Romanian: Adâncata) is a town in the Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Hlybotsky Raion (district).
Coordinates: 48°5′N 25°56′E / 48.083°N 25.933°E / 48.083; 25.933
The current estimated population is around 9,800.
Before World War II, large parts of lands of Hlyboka were owned by Polish noble families: until 1892 by Prince Adam Sapieha, then by Bronislaw Skibniewski (1830-1904) and later by his son Aleksander Skibniewski (1868-1942).
Hlyboka is twinned with:
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Iași
Iași (Romanian pronunciation: [jaʃʲ]; also historically referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is one of the largest cities and a municipality in Romania. Located in the historical Moldavia region, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.
Known as The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iași is a symbol in Romanian history. The historian Nicolae Iorga said "There should be no Romanian who does not know of it". Still referred to as The Moldavian Capital, Iași is the seat of Iași County and the main economic centre of the Romanian region of Moldavia.
As of 2011, Iași itself has a population of 263,410 (the fourth most populous Romanian city), the metropolitan area is home to about 350,000 residents, while the population of the peri-urban area exceeds 500,000 residents. Home to the first Romanian university and to the first engineering school, it is the second largest university centre in the country and accommodates over 75,000 students in 5 public and 7 private universities. The social and cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National Theater (the oldest in Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic, the Opera House, the Tătărași Athenaeum, a famous Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central University Library (the oldest in Romania), the high quality cultural centres and festivals, an array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical monuments.
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Izmail Oblast
Izmail Oblast (Ukrainian: Ізмаїльська область, Izmail’s’ka oblast’) (August 7, 1940—February 15, 1954) was an oblast in the Ukrainian SSR. It had a territory of 12.4 thousand km².
The oblast was organized on August 7, 1940 on the territory, known as Budjak or southern Bessarabia, occupied by the Soviet Union from Romania. It was originally known as Akkerman Oblast (Ukrainian: Акерманська область, Akermans’ka oblast’) until December 1, 1940, i.e. before the oblast center was moved from Akkerman to Izmail. The oblast was administratively subdivided into 13 raions. On February 15, 1954, the oblast was liquidated, and its territory was included into Odessa Oblast.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania (now part of Romania), Carpatho Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia (except Istria), being in personal union with it, united under the Hungarian king. The kingdom existed for almost one thousand years (1000–1918 and 1920–1946) and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world.
The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official Latin documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.
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Kitsman
Kitsman (Ukrainian: Кіцмань, translit. Kitsman’, Romanian: Coţmani, German: Kotzman) is a city located in the Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Kitsman Raion, and is located at around 48°26′33″N 25°45′41″E / 48.4425°N 25.76139°E / 48.4425; 25.76139. The town is about 20 km (12.43 mi) northwest from Chernivtsi on the road to Zalishchyky.
The first historical mention of Kitsman is dated to 1413, which also appears on the city's crest. Codrii Cozminului, woods are situated between Siret and Prut valleys next to the town are named so, because they are traversed by the roads that connect Suceava, the Middle Ages' capital of the Principality of Moldavia, with what was then its a boundary town of Cozmin.
Remarkably, Kitsman is the birthplace of several nationally well-known musicians Volodymyr Ivasyuk and Ani Lorak.
Coordinates: 48°26.5′N 25°45.6′E / 48.4417°N 25.76°E / 48.4417; 25.76
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Krasnoyilsk
Krasnoyilsk (Ukrainian: Красноїльськ, Romanian: Crasna-Ilschi) is a town in the Storozhynetskyi Raion (district), of the Chernivtsi Oblast in the west of Ukraine.
Coordinates: 48°1′N 25°35′E / 48.017°N 25.583°E / 48.017; 25.583
Krasnoylsk is located 8 km from the Ukrainian border with Romania and according to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the town had 9,142 people [1], out of which almost all are Romanians.
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Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
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Lviv
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.
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Mikhalcha
Mikhalcha (Ukrainian: Міхалча, translit. Mikhalcha’, Romanian: Mihalcea, German: Mihalcze) is a town located in the Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Storozhynetskyi Raion to the southwest of Chernivtsi city.
Coordinates: 48°15′N 25°51′E / 48.25°N 25.85°E / 48.25; 25.85
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Milişăuţi
Milișăuți (called Emil Bodnăraș from 1976 to 1996) is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. It was declared a town in 2004, together with other 7 localities in Suceava County. The town administers three villages: Bădeuți, Gara and Lunca. Iaslovăţ village was also part of Milişăuţi until 2002, when it was split off to form a separate commune. At the 2002 census, Milişăuţi had 8,433 inhabitants. The town population decreased (especially because of the fact that Iaslovăţ became a separate commune) at 5,005 inhabitants (2011 census). Milişăuţi is located relatively close to the city of Rădăuți (8 km away).
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Moldoviţa
Moldoviţa is a commune located in Suceava County, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Argel, Demacuşa, Moldoviţa and Raşca.
Coordinates: 47°41′N 25°33′E / 47.683°N 25.55°E / 47.683; 25.55
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД listen (help·info)) was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.
The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR (including traffic police, firefighting, border guards and archives) but is better known for the activities of the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which eventually became the Committee for State Security (KGB). It conducted mass extrajudicial executions, ran the Gulag system of forced labor camps, suppressed underground resistance, conducted mass deportations of entire nationalities and Kulaks to unpopulated regions of the country, guarded state borders, conducted espionage and political assassinations abroad, was responsible for influencing foreign governments, and enforced Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries.
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Novoselytsia
Novoselytsia (Ukrainian: Новоселиця, Romanian: Noua Suliță pronounced [ˈnowa ˈsulit͡sə]) is a city in Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 8,400 (2001).
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Nowy Sącz
Nowy Sącz [ˈnɔvɨ ˈsɔnt͡ʂ] (known also by other names) is a town in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. It is the district capital of Nowy Sącz County, but is not included within the powiat.
The town has been known in German as Neu Sandez and in Hungarian as Újszandec. The Rusyn (Galician) name was Novyj Sanc. Its Yiddish names include צאנז (Tsanz) and נײ-סאנץ (Nay-Sants).
Other Polish noun forms:Nowego Sącza: “of Nowy Sącz”, w Nowym Sączu: “in Nowy Sącz”; adjective forms: nowosądeck-i/a/iego/iej/ie/ich and for the region sądeck-i/a/iego/iej/ie/ich.
Nowy Sącz is at the confluence of the Kamienica River into the Dunajec, about 20 km north of the Slovak border, in the Sądecka Valley (Kotlina Sądecka) at an altitude of 381 m (1,250.00 ft). It is surrounded by ranges of the eastern Outer Western Carpathian Mountains: Beskid Sądecki to the south, Beskid Wyspowy to the west, Beskid Niski to the southeast, and the foothills of Pogórze Rożnowskie to the north. The geological basis is Carpathian flysch – an undifferentiated grey-banded sandstone – with alluvial sediment from the Dunajec, Poprad, and Kamienica rivers in the valley basin. The climate is temperate, with an average annual rainfall of about 700 millimetres.
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Odessa Oblast
Odesa Oblast, also written as Odessa Oblast (Ukrainian: Одеська область, translit. Odes’ka oblast’; also referred to as Odeshchyna—Ukrainian: Одещина), (Greek: Οδησσός) is the southernmost and largest[clarification needed]oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Odessa.
The evidence of the earliest inhabitants in this area comes from the settlements and burial grounds of the Neolithic Gumelniţa, Cucuteni-Trypillian and Usatovo cultures, as well as tumuli and hoards of the Bronze Age Proto-Indo-Europeans. In the 1st millennium B.C. the Milesian Greeks built colonies along the North Black Sea Coast, including the towns of Olbia, Tyras, Niconium, Panticapaeum, and Chersonesus. The Greeks left behind painted vessels, ceramics, sculptures, inscriptions, arts and crafts that indicate the prosperity of their ancient civilisation.
The culture of Scythian tribes inhabiting the Black Sea littoral steppes is represented by finds from settlements and burial grounds. There are weapon items, bronze cauldrons, other utensils, adornments. By the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. the Sarmatians displaced the Scythians. In the 3rd–4th centuries A.D. the tribal alliance, represented by the items of Chernyakhov culture, was created. Since the middle of the first millennium the formation of Slavic people began. In the 9th century they were united into a state with Kiev as a centre. The Khazars, Polovtsy, Pechenegs were the Slavs' neighbours during the different times. The period of the 9th–14th centuries is reflected by the materials from the settlements and cities of Kievan Rus', Belgorod, Caffa-Theodosia, Berezan Island.
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Phanar
Fener is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn within the district of Fatih in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), Turkey. The streets in the area are full of historic wooden houses, churches, and synagogues dating from Byzantine and Ottoman eras. The area's name is a Turkish transliteration of the original Greek φανάρι (Classical: phanári, modern: fanári, "lantern"). It was so called for a column topped with a lantern which stood here in the Byzantine period.
After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Fener district was home to most of the Greeks who remained in the city. The Patriarch of Constantinople moved to the area as well and is still located there. As a result, "Phanar" (the traditional spelling) is often used as shorthand for the Ecumenical Patriarchate just as "Vatican" is used for the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Greek inhabitants of Fener were called "Phanariotes". Wealthy Phanariotes were appointed as governors over provinces in Turkish Europe, particularly as voivodes of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1711 and 1821.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rădăuţi
Rădăuţi (Romanian pronunciation: [rədəˈut͡sʲ]; German: Radautz; Hungarian: Radóc; Polish: Radowce; Ukrainian: Радівці, Radivtsi; Yiddish: ראַדעװיץ Radevits) is a city in Suceava County, Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. The city had a population of 27,759 inhabitants (2002 census) and decreased at 25,076 inhabitants (2011 census). Rădăuţi was declared a municipality in 1995, together with Fălticeni and Câmpulung Moldovenesc.
Rădăuţi is situated in Bucovina, northern Moldavia, on a plain between the Suceava and Suceviţa rivers, 37 km (23 mi) north from Suceava, at 375 m (410 yards) altitude. It is one of the oldest settlements in Moldavia, known since the 15th century. The towns of Siret, Solca, Milișăuți and Vicovu de Sus are located relatively close to the city, in the Rădăuţi urban area of influence.
At the 2002 census, 96.4% of inhabitants were ethnic Romanians, 1% Russians and Lipovans, 0.9% Roma, 0.7% Ukrainians and 0.6% Germans. 83.4% were Romanian Orthodox, 9.1% Pentecostal, 3.1% Roman Catholic, 0.9% stated they belonged to another religion, 0.8% were Greek-Catholic and 0.7% each Baptist and Lipovan Orthodox.
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Sadhora
Sadhora (Ukrainian: Садгора; Polish: Sadagóra; Romanian: Sădăgura; Yiddish: סאדיגורא Sadigora, also Sadiger) is now a microraion of Chernivtsi city, which is located 6km from the city center. Previously, it was an independent town.
During the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in Moldavia and Wallachia took measures to enhance the economic and monetary system in the principalities. Therefore, a mint was established in Sadagora by the adventurer baron Nicolaus Gartenberg, "Gartenberg" being a literal German translation of the Slavic Sadagóra, "garden mountain." Beginning in 1771, the coins that were minted at Sadhora displayed the coats of arms of both Moldavia and Wallachia on the same side.
Sadagóra had a significant Jewish community and it is important in the history of Hasidic Judaism. The Sadigura dynasty was a notable Hasidic dynasty.
Rabbi Yisroel Friedman the Ruzhiner Rebbe, moved to Sadagóra in 1842. In 1838 he had been accused of complicity in the death of two Jews accused of being informers and was imprisoned for two years by the Russian authorities. On his release he moved to Kishinev, then to Iaşi and other places before finally settling in Sadhora, Bukovina in 1842, where he re-established his Hasidic court in all its glory. His six sons all established Hasidic dynasties that include: Sadigura, Boyan, Chortkov, Husyatin and Bohush.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Solca
Solca is a town in Suceava County, Bukovina, Romania, with a population of 2,422 inhabitants (2011 census). Its name is derived from that of the river flowing through it, in turn derived from Slavic sol ("salt") – in reference to the area's salty springs.
Solca is the smallest town in Suceava County and one of the smallest towns in Romania. In 2002, Solca had 4,456 inhabitants and the town administered the village of Poieni-Solca. Following a local referendum held in August 2004, Poieni-Solca was split from the town of Solca in March 2007 and became a commune. Solca was left with around 2,500 inhabitants.
Solca is located in the central-eastern part of Suceava County, at the foot of the eastern part of Obcina Mare Mountains, in Solca-Cacica Depression. The town is situated at the border of Suceava Plateau and the Eastern Carpathians, at an average altitude of 522 metres. Solca river crosses the town. Solca is a place known for the beauty of the natural landscape and the high quality of its air.
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Soviet
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Storozhynets
Storozhynets (Ukrainian: Сторожинець, translit. Storozhynets’, see other names below) is a small city located in Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine, north of the border with Romania. It is the administrative center of Storozhynets Raion and is located approximately 20 km (12 mi) south-west of the oblast capital, Chernivtsi.
Storozhynets is located in the historic region of Bukovina, which has been governed by Moldavia (before 1774), the Austrian empire (1774–1918), Romania (1918–1940 and 1941–1944), the USSR (1940–1941 and 1944–1991) and Ukraine (since 1991).
Coordinates: 48°10′N 25°43′E / 48.167°N 25.717°E / 48.167; 25.717
Other names for the city include:
Storozhynets was first mentioned in 1448. The first inhabitants were the settlement of loggers. In 1774 Austria added Bukovina to its territories. It was marked with great changes as Austrians and Germans arrived en masse. There were schools with German, Romanian, and Ukrainian as their languages of instruction.
Since the second half of the XIX century, a rapid population growth began with the arrival of Jews to the city, as well as Hungarian and Romanian businessmen, legal and banking officials most of whom were Jews. In 1854 Storozhynets received the status of city. By the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, the city was populated mainly by Jews.
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Suceava
Suceava (Romanian pronunciation: [suˈt͡ʃe̯ava]; German: Suczawa, Polish: Suczawa, Ukrainian: Сучава, Yiddish: שאָץ [ʃɔts]) is the Suceava County seat in Bukovina, Moldavia region, in north-eastern Romania. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1388 to 1565.
Dimitrie Cantemir in his famous work Descriptio Moldavie gives the origin of the name as Hungarian: Szűcsvár, meaning city of furriers.
For nearly 200 years the city of Suceava was the capital of the Moldavian state and main residence of the Moldavian princes (between 1388 and 1565). The city was the capital of the lands of Stephen the Great, one of the pivotal figures in Romanian history, who died in Suceava in 1504. He built a church every time he defeated an enemy army. During the rule of Alexandru Lăpuşneanu, the seat was moved to Iaşi in 1565. Michael the Brave captured the city in 1600 during the Moldavian Magnate Wars in attempt to unite Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, but he was defeated the same year and Suceava failed to become the capital again.
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Suceviţa
Sucevița is a commune in Suceava County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Sucevița and Voievodeasa.
Sucevița Monastery is located in the commune.
Coordinates: 47°47′N 25°43′E / 47.783°N 25.717°E / 47.783; 25.717
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Ternopil
Ternopil (Ukrainian: Тернопіль, translit. Ternopil’, Polish: Tarnopol, German: Tarnopol Russian: Тернополь, translit. Ternopol’), is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical region of Galicia. It is served by Ternopil Airport.
In 2010, the population was 218,641.
The city is the administrative center of the Ternopil Oblast (province), as well of the surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. However, Ternopil is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.
The city was founded in 1540 by Jan Amor Tarnowski as a Polish military stronghold and a castle. In 1544 the Ternopil Castle was constructed and repelled its first Tatar attacks. In 1548 Ternopil was granted city rights by king Sigismund I of Poland. In 1567 the city passed to the Ostrogski family. In 1575 it was plundered by Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian: Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка, Українська РСР; Russian: Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Украинская ССР; See Name section) or Soviet Ukraine was a sovereign Soviet Socialist state (Article 68, Constitution of Ukraine 1978) and one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union lasting from its inception in 1922 (the Ukrainian SSR was formally established in 1919) to the breakup in 1991.
Although the Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations formed after the end of World War II, it practically had no say in its foreign affairs, which was tightly controlled by Moscow authorities. Upon the Soviet Union's dissolution and perestroika, the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state of Ukraine, although Ukraine's new constitution was only ratified on June 28, 1996.
Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 and the addition of formerly Russian Crimea in 1954. From the start, the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic's capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev, which remained the capital of newly-independent Ukraine.
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USSR
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Vashkivtsi
Vashkivtsi (Ukrainian: Вашківці; Romanian: Văşcăuţi; German: Waschkautz; Russian: Вашковцы) is a city in Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 5,987 (2001).
Coordinates: 48°23′N 25°31′E / 48.383°N 25.517°E / 48.383; 25.517
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Vatra Dornei
Vatra Dornei (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌvatra ˈdornej]; German: Dorna Watra, Hungarian: Dornavátra) is a city and a spa and ski resort in Suceava County, Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. The population of the city is 13,404 inhabitants (2011 census). The city administers three villages: Argestru, Roşu and Todireni. Vatra Dornei was declared a municipality in 2000. It is the newest and the smallest municipality in Suceava County.
Vatra Dornei is located in north east Romania, in the south-western part of Suceava County, 105 km away from Suceava, the capital of the county. The city of Câmpulung Moldovenesc is 40 km away, the city of Bistrița 85 km away and the town of Broșteni 52 km away. Vatra Dornei is at the confluence of Bistrița River and Dorna River, in Dorna Depression. Because of its mountain surroundings, the city is a spa and ski resort, one of the oldest resorts in Romania. Vatra Dornei is connected to the Romanian national railway system and has two train stations, Vatra Dornei and Vatra Dornei Băi, both historical monuments. The European route E58 crosses the city.
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Vyzhnytsia
Vyzhnytsia (Ukrainian: Вижниця, German: Wischnitza or Wiznitz, Romanian: Vijniţa, Russian: Вижница, translit. Vizhnitsia, Yiddish: וויזשניץ Vizhnitz) is a town located on the Cheremosh River in the Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Vyzhnytsia Raion.
Coordinates: 48°15′N 25°11.5′E / 48.25°N 25.1917°E / 48.25; 25.1917
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (Romanian: Țara Românească pronounced [ˈt͡sara romɨˈne̯askə] or Valahia pronounced [vaˈlahi.a]; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Cyrillic: Цѣра Румѫнѣскъ / Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is sometimes referred to as Muntenia (Greater Wallachia), through identification with the larger of its two traditional sections; the smaller being Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I, after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voievod Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1415, Wallachia accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century, albeit with brief periods of Russian occupation between 1768 and 1854. In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia (as United Principalities), to form the basis of the modern state of Romania, with Transylvania joining 59 years later (1918) to form the new Kingdom of Romania which was first established 1881.
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Zamość
Zamość ([ˈzamɔɕt͡ɕ]; Ukrainian: Замостя Zamostia) is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the south-western part of Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), about 90 km (55.92 mi) from Lublin, 247 km (153.48 mi) from Warsaw and 60 km (37.28 mi) from the border with Ukraine. About 20 kilometres from the town is the Roztocze National Park.
Before the outbreak of World War II, more than 12,500 Jews lived in Zamosc, accounting for 43 percent of its population. The current Jewish population is 3.
The historical city centre was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List (in 1992) as a result of the decision taken during the sixteenth ordinary session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, from 7 to 14 December 1992.
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Zastavna
Zastavna (Ukrainian: Заставна) is a city in Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine. The city is the administrative center of Zastavna Raion. Population is 8,866 (2001).
Coordinates: 48°31′N 25°51′E / 48.517°N 25.85°E / 48.517; 25.85
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Bastarnae
The Bastarnae or Basternae (Ancient Greek: Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι) were an ancient Germanic tribe, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river (corresponding to the modern Republic of Moldova and western part of southern Ukraine). A branch of the Bastarnae, called the Peucini by Greco-Roman writers, occupied the region north of the Danube river delta.
Although possibly Celtic-speaking in 179 BC, the Bastarnae probably were Germanic in language and culture during the 1st century AD, but appear to have become assimilated by their neighbouring Sarmatians by the 3rd century.[original research?] Like the latter, they were probably semi-nomadic.[original research?] It has not yet been possible to identify specific Bastarnae archaeological sites.
The Peucini branch of the Bastarnae first came into conflict with the Romans in the 1st century BC, when they resisted, ultimately unsuccessfully, Roman expansion into Moesia, the region on the southern bank of the Danube. Although probably on friendly terms with the Romans in the early 1st century, there is little evidence of the Peucini until ca. 180, when they are recorded as participating in an invasion of Roman territory in alliance with Sarmatian and Dacian elements. In the mid 3rd century, the Bastarnae were part of a Gothic-led grand coalition of lower Danube tribes which inflicted immense damage on the Balkan provinces of the Roman empire in a series of massive invasions. Large numbers of Bastarnae were resettled within the empire in the late 3rd century.
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Belarusians
Belarusians (Belarusian: беларусы, biełarusy, Russian: белорусы, byelorusy) are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. There are over 8 million people who associate themselves with the Belarusian nationality today.
Belarusians also form minorities in neighboring Poland (especially in the Podlaskie Voivodeship), Russia and Lithuania. At the beginning of 20th century Belarusians constituted a majority in the regions around Smolensk.[citation needed]
Noticeable numbers have emigrated to the United States, Brazil and Canada in the early 20th century. During Soviet times, many Belarusians were deported or migrated to various regions of the USSR, including Siberia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
Since the breakup of the USSR several hundred thousand have emigrated to the European Union, United States, Canada and Russia.
The most spoken language in Belarus is Russian, principally spoken by 72% of the population, while the other official language, Belarusian, is only used by 11.9% in every day life. Statistical data shows that Belarusian is fluently communicated, read and written by 29.4%, while 52.5% of the population can communicate and read in Belarusian. Belarusian is a language of the Eastern Slavic group.
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Bukovina Germans
The Bukovina Germans were a German ethnic group who lived from about 1780 to the 1940s in Bukovina, part of present-day western Ukraine and northeastern Romania. They were a minority group (approximately 21 percent of the population in the 1910 census, with more Jews than Christians) until the Holocaust and the resettlement of the Christian population into the German Reich under the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1940.
In 1774–1775 the Habsburgs annexed northwestern Moldavia (predominantly inhabited by Romanians—85.33 percent—with smaller numbers of Hutzuls, Ruthenians, Armenians, Poles and Jews). Since then, the region has been known as Bukovina (or Buchenland). From 1774 to 1786, settlement of German craftsmen and farmers in existing villages increased. They came from Szepes (Upper Hungary), Banat, Galicia (Protestants), the Rhine Palatinate and the Baden and Hesse principalities, and from impoverished regions of the Bohemian Forest. Population growth and a shortage of land led to the establishment of daughter settlements in Galicia, Bessarabia and the Dobruja.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
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Croat
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Peru, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which has been influenced by a number of other neighbouring cultures through the ages. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean where, at the same time, Croats have made their own contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic with minor groups of Protestants, Muslims, Orthodox, Jews and secular non religious atheists and agnostics. Their language is Croatian.
Croatia is the nation state of the Croats, while in the adjacent Bosnia and Herzegovina they are one of the three constituent peoples alongside Bosniaks and Serbs.
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Dacians
The Dacians ([pronunciation?]; Latin: Daci, Ancient Greek: Δάκοι Dakoi, Δάοι Daoi, Δάκες "Dakes"; Medieval Greek Δάκαι Dákai[citation needed]) were an Indo-European people, very close or part of the Thracians.[citation needed] Dacians were the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area in and around the Carpathian Mountains and east of there to the Black Sea). This area includes the present-day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as parts of Sarmatia (mostly in eastern Ukraine), Moesia (Eastern Serbia, Northern Bulgaria), Slovakia and Poland. They spoke the Dacian language, believed to have been closely related to Thracian, but were culturally influenced by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4th century BC.
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Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars ( /ˈævɑrz/) were a Turkic people from the steppes of Central Asia, and later they became a confederation of Eurasian tribes of mixed origin. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid-sixth century AD, when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Their state was the Avar Khaganate. The rule of their country over much of the Pannonian Plain persisted until the early 9th century.
The origin of the Eurasian Avars is unclear. Information about origins is derived primarily from the works of Byzantine historians Menander Protector and Theophylact Simocatta. John of Ephesus used the term "those, who are called "Avars," because of their long hair." The confusion is compounded by the fact that many clans carried a particular name because they believed it to be prestigious, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin or reputation.[citation needed] Such a case has been seen repeatedly for many nomadic confederacies.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Hungarian people
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (Hungarian: magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 14-15 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011). About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 1918-1920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbour countries, especially Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada and Australia. Unlike the Hungarians living on the former territory of pre-1918-20 Kingdom of Hungary, only some of the ethnic Hungarians in other areas preserve the Hungarian language and traditions. The Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székely, the Csángó, the Palóc, and the Jassic people.
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns.Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Most authorities suppose that it may have been a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Hutsul
Hutsuls (Ukrainian: Гуцули, singular Гуцул; alternatively spelled Huculs, Huzuls, Hutzuls, Gutsuls, Guculs, Guzuls, or Gutzuls; Polish: Hucuł, plural Huculi, Hucułowie) are an ethno-cultural group of Ukrainian highlanders who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, the northern extremity of Romania (in the areas of Bukovina and Maramureş).
There are different versions for the origins of the name Hutsul. An explanation is that it comes from the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hoţ - "thief", hoţul - "the thief"). Other explanations place their origins in the Slavic kochul - "wanderer","migrant", in reference to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and even to the name of the Moravian Grand Duke Hetsyla.
Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between the south-east of those inhabited by the Boykos, down to the northern part of the Romanian segment of the Carpathians. There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of Hutsuls. According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of White Croats, Slavic tribe that inhabited area from 4th until 12th century or Slavic tribe Ulichs, that had to leave their previous homes near the Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs. Hutsuls identify themselves as a part of Ukrainian ethnos, having at the same time their local identity as a sub-ethnos.
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Hutzul
Hutsuls (Ukrainian: Гуцули, singular Гуцул; alternatively spelled Huculs, Huzuls, Hutzuls, Gutsuls, Guculs, Guzuls, or Gutzuls; Polish: Hucuł, plural Huculi, Hucułowie) are an ethno-cultural group of Ukrainian highlanders who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, the northern extremity of Romania (in the areas of Bukovina and Maramureş).
There are different versions for the origins of the name Hutsul. An explanation is that it comes from the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hoţ - "thief", hoţul - "the thief"). Other explanations place their origins in the Slavic kochul - "wanderer","migrant", in reference to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and even to the name of the Moravian Grand Duke Hetsyla.
Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between the south-east of those inhabited by the Boykos, down to the northern part of the Romanian segment of the Carpathians. There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of Hutsuls. According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of White Croats, Slavic tribe that inhabited area from 4th until 12th century or Slavic tribe Ulichs, that had to leave their previous homes near the Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs. Hutsuls identify themselves as a part of Ukrainian ethnos, having at the same time their local identity as a sub-ethnos.
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Iancu Flondor
Iancu Flondor (August 3, 1865, Storozhynets – October 19, 1924) was an Austro-Hungarian-born ethnic Romanian activist who advocated Bukovina's unifion with the Kingdom of Romania.
He was born in the town of Storozhynets (Romanian: Storojineṭ) in Northern Bukovina (now in Ukraine). His parents were Gheorghe Flondor (1828–1892) and Isabella von Dobrowolski-Buchental (?–1890). Married to Elena de Zotta, he fathered three sons: Şerban (b. 1900), Neagoe (b. 1901), and Mircea (b. 1903).
During the winter of 1918, Flondor clashed with his rival Aurel Onciul over the political future of Bukovina, a dispute which culminated in the November request by Flondor for an intervention by the Romanian Army into what had become a chaotic Bukovina.
He died in Cernăuṭi (now Chernivtsi), and was buried in Storojineṭ.
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Italian people
Italians (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group native of Southern Europe that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.
In 2012, in addition to the 60 million Italians in Italy and 3,000 in San Marino, Italian-speaking, autonomous groups are found in neighboring countries: about 500,000 in Switzerland, a large, but undefined population in France (Nice, Corsica), and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria. If regarded as an ethnic group, they constitute one of the world's largest.
Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, about 4 and half million Italian citizens and over 70 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, Australia and parts of Europe.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Kharkov Governorate
Kharkov Governorate (Russian: Харьковское наместничество, after renaming back: Ха́рьковская губе́рния) or Kharkiv Governorate was a governorate of the Russian Empire originally founded in 1780. It succeeded the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (Слободско-Украинской губернии) before (1765–1780). It was officially known as the Kharkov Viceroyalty (Харьковским наместничеством) during the period 1780–1796 and renamed back to Kharkov Governorate in 1835.
During the Civil War, on June 25, 1919, the whiteguards created military Kharkiv Oblast of the Armed Forces of South Russia (Харьковская область (ВСЮР)). On December 12, 1919 the Oblast was disestablished giving its place back to the Kharkov Governorate (1919–1923).
The administrative unit was initially preserved in early years of Soviet Ukraine (from 1922 a constituent republic of the USSR) with some territorial changes.
During the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929 (whereby most of the uyezds were transformed into raions), in 1925, the Kharkov Governorate was abolished and a part of it became subordinate to the capital (Kharkov) of the Ukrainian SSR until 1932 (Kharkov stopped being the capital of Ukraine in 1934, when the Soviet authorities moved the capital to Kiev).
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Michael the Brave
Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazu(l) pronounced [miˈhaj viˈte̯azu(l)] or Mihai Bravu pronounced [miˈhaj ˈbravu], Hungarian: Vitéz Mihály; 1558 – August 9, 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), of Transylvania (1599–1600), and of Moldavia (1600). He ruled all three principalities in a personal union for a short period of time.
During his reign, which coincided with the Long War, these three principalities forming the territory of present-day Romania and the Republic of Moldova were ruled for the first time by a single Romanian leader, although the personal union lasted for less than six months. He is regarded as one of Romania's greatest national heroes.
His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years a war with the Ottomans began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the Battle of Călugăreni, considered one of the most important battles of his reign. Although the Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle, Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and wait for aid from his allies, Prince Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania and Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. The war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this only lasted for a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 15 [O.S. April 3] 1894, – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
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Paris peace treaty
The Paris Peace Conference (29 July to 15 October 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on 10 February 1947. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France) negotiated the details of treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland (see the List of countries involved in World War II).
The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to reassume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.
The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of war reparations, commitment to minority rights and territorial adjustments including the end of the Italian Colonial Empire in Africa and changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Slovak, Romanian–Hungarian, Soviet–Romanian, Bulgarian–Romanian, French–Italian and Soviet–Finnish frontiers.
The political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting."
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Petre Dumitrescu
Petre Dumitrescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈpetre dumiˈtresku]; 18 February 1882 – 15 January 1950) was a Romanian general during World War II, who led the Romanian Third Army on its campaign against the Red Army in the eastern front.
Dumitrescu was born in Dobridor, Dolj. He began his military training at the Artillery and Engineers Officers' School in 1901, graduating in 1903 with the rank of second lieutenant. Dumitrescu was promoted to lieutenant in 1906 and, five years later, to captain. That year, he was admitted into the Military Academy at Bucharest, graduating in 1913.
When World War I started, Dumitrescu was a major. Following the war, he climbed higher and higher in the military hierarchy, become a lieutenant colonel in 1920, a brigadier in 1930 and a major general in 1937. Between 1937 and the beginning of World War II, Dumitrescu served as a military attaché in both Paris and Brussels. After returning to Romania from these postings, he was given command of the First Army.
However, on March 25, 1941, he was made commander of the Third Army, a post which he would hold for the duration of the war. Dumitrescu July 5, 1941 attacked northern Bukovina and took Cernăuţi (Chernivtsi), reclaiming territory occupied by Soviet troops since June 28, 1940. He then crossed the Prut to recover northern Bessarabia. The German Eleventh Army covered Dumitrescu's right flank while he advanced towards the Dnister. At that point his army and the German 11th army switched places, with Italians continuing advancement over the Dniester towards the Southern Bug river, and Dumitrescu remaining on recovered Romanian territory. In September of that year, Dumitrescu repulsed a Soviet attempt to cross the Dniestr in the east, behind the Eleventh Army.
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Phanariotes
Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek:Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek (including Hellenized Romanian and Albanian) families residing in Phanar (Φανάρι, modern Fener), the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople, where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated.
For all their cosmopolitanism and often Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Hellenism; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga "We are a race completely Hellenic".
Phanariots emerged as a class of moneyed ethnically Greek merchants (they commonly claimed noble Byzantine descent) in the latter half of the 16th century and went on to exercise great influence in the administration in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century. They tended to build their houses in the Phanar quarter in order to be close to the court of the Patriarch, who under the Ottoman millet system was recognized as both the spiritual and secular head (millet-bashi) of all the Orthodox subjects (the Rum Millet, or the “Roman nation”) of the Empire (except those Orthodox under the spiritual care of the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Peć), often acting as archontes of the Ecumenical See; thus they came to dominate the administration of the Patriarchate frequently intervening in the selection of hierarchs, including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
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Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
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Polish people
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
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Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a reconstructed prehistoric language of Eurasia.
Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the linguistic reconstruction, along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics. Linguistic reconstruction is fraught with significant uncertainties and room for speculation. According to some archaeologists, PIE speakers cannot be assumed to have been a single, identifiable people or tribe, but were a group of loosely related populations ancestral to the later, still partially prehistoric, Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. This view is held especially by archaeologists who posit an original homeland of vast extent and immense time depth. However, this view is not shared by linguists, as proto-languages generally occupy small geographical areas over a very limited time span, and are generally spoken by close-knit communities such as a single small tribe.
The Proto-Indo-Europeans in this sense likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly the 4th millennium BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BC) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BC), and suggest alternative location hypotheses.
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Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.
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Romanians
The Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania.
The Romanian people are a nation in the meaning of ethnos (Romanian: etnie), defined by the sense of sharing a common Romanian culture, descent, and having Romanian as mother tongue, as well as by citizenship or by being subjects to the same country. The Romanian citizenship law legislated in March 1991 establishes the rights of second and third generation descendants of Romanian citizens to obtain a Romanian citizenship, if they speak fluent Romanian and are able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge in Romanian history and culture. 89.4 percent of Romania's people declared themselves as Romanians at the 2002 Romanian Census.
In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries.
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Rumanization
Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century. The term particularly refers to Romanian government policy in several periods toward the Hungarian minority in Romania as well as the Ukrainian minority in Bukovina or Bessarabia.
At the end of World War I, Transylvania, at the time a territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire, was occupied by the Romanian army. Shortly before, the Romanian National Council (representing the majoritary Romanian population) and representatives of the German population had taken the decision of unifying the province with Romania. The decision was contested by the Hungarian minority. The Treaty of Trianon established the Romanian border with the new Hungarian state. However, Transylvania had a large Hungarian minority, of 25.5% according to the 1920 census. A portion of them fled to Hungary after the union; however, most of them remained in Romania and in the 1930s their number increased to 26.7% of the whole Transylvanian population. While Romania included large national minorities, the 1923 Constitution declared the country to be a nation-state, following the French model which was popular in many European nations at that time.
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Ruthenians
The name Ruthenian (Ukrainian: Русини, Руські, Rusyns, Rus') is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used. Initially, it was the ethnonym used for the East Slavic peoples who lived in Rus'. Later it was used predominantly for Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism in the mid nineteenth-century, the term went out of use, first in eastern and central Ukraine, and later in western Ukraine.[citation needed] In western Ukraine (namely Carpathian Ruthenia), and among some émigré populations outside of Ukraine, its use has been retained on a small scale (see Pannonian Rusyns).
Originally, the term Rusyn was an ethnonym applied to the eastern Slavic-speaking ethnic group who inhabited the cultural and ethnic region of Rus' (Русь); often written through its Latin variant Ruthenia.
The names "Ruthenians" or "Ruthenes" were the Latin terms referring to Slavic Orthodox people (those who spoke the Ruthenian language) living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They inhabited the area that is now Belarus, Ukraine and Western Russia (area around Bryansk, Smolensk, Velizh and Vyazma). It was also the ethnonym used by the Ukrainian kozaks to describe themselves.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs live mainly in Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form significant minorities in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in Romania, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There is also a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German-speaking countries, including Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1.8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%). Outside Europe, there are significant Serbian communities in the United States (198,000 Serbian plus additional 326,000 "Yugoslav" nationals),Canada (72,690 in 2006) and Australia (95,000 in 2006).
The Serbs are a Slavic people, specifically of the South Slavic subgroup, which has its origins in the 6th and 7th century communities developed in Southeastern Europe (see Great Migration). Slav raids on Eastern Roman territory are mentioned in 518, and by the 580s they had conquered large areas referred to as Sclavinia (transl. Slavdom, from Sklavenoi – Σκλαυηνοι, the early South Slavic tribe which is eponymous to the current ethnic and linguistic Indo-European people). In 649, Constantine III relocates conquered Slavs "from the Vardar" to Gordoservon (Serb habitat). Among communities part in the Serb ethnogenesis are the Romanized Paleo-Balkan tribes of Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, Celts, Greek colonies and Romans.
wn.com/Serbs -
Settler
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land. However, Canadian First Nations people often refer to all non-natives as "settler peoples", or "settler populations".[citation needed]
In almost every real historical case, settlers live on land which previously belonged to long-established peoples, known as indigenous people (often called "natives", "Aborigines" or, in the Americas, "Indians"). This land is usually settled against the wishes of the indigenes, and then controlled, defended and expanded by force, or it is bought or leased from indigenous people on terms highly favourable to the settlers, sometimes under a treaty (e.g. the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand). In some cases (such as Australia), the legal ownership of some lands is contested much later by indigenous people, who seek or claim traditional usage, land rights, native title and related forms of ownership or partial control.
wn.com/Settler -
Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 5,050,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.
The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.
Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.
wn.com/Slovaks -
Slovenes
The Slovenes, Slovene people, Slovenians, or Slovenian people (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka), living primarily in Slovenia in South-Central Europe, are the northernmost South Slavic people. The language the Slovenes speak is Slovene, a South Slavic language with significant similarities to the West Slavic languages. Recognised Slovene minorities are present in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, and there are significant Slovene expatriate communities in the United States and Canada, the European countries, Argentina, and Australia.
Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (2,007,711 est. 2008). There are autochthonous Slovene minorities in northeastern parts of Italy (estimated at 83,000 – 100,000), southern Austria (24,855), Croatia (13,200) and Hungary (3,180). Slovenes are recognized as national minorities in all four countries with which Slovenia shares a land border (Austria, Croatia, Hungary and Italy).
wn.com/Slovenes -
Thraco-Roman
The terms Thraco-Roman (or the more specific Daco-Roman) refer to the culture and language of the Thracian (including Dacian) peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Empire and ultimately fell under the Roman and Latin sphere of influence.
The term was coined in 1901 by Ovid Densusianu, who used it to describe the "oldest epoch of the creation of the Romanian language", when the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkans between the 4th and 6th centuries, having its own peculiarities, had evolved into what is known as Proto-Romanian. By extension, historians started to use the term to mean the time period of the history of the Romanian people until the 6th century, which witnessed the cultural and linguistic Romanisation of many Daco-Thracian tribes. The territory where this process took place, consensually agreed to be near the Jireček Line is characterized as having two main peculiarities:
wn.com/Thraco-Roman -
Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
wn.com/Ukrainians -
Vlachs
Vlach ( /ˈvlɑːk/ or /ˈvlæk/) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. English variations on the name include: Wallachians, Walla, Wlachs, Wallachs, Vlahs, Olahs or Ulahs. Groups that have historically been called Vlachs include: modern-day Romanians or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians or Macedo-Romanians, Morlachs, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians. Since the creation of the Romanian state, the term in English has mostly been used for those living outside Romania.
The Vlachs, which would develop into the modern Romanian ethnicity, do not become tangible before the High Middle Ages in Kedrenos (11th century), and their prehistory during the Migration period is a matter of scholarly speculation but according to the linguists and to many scholars, the existence of the present Eastern Romance languages prove the survival of the Thraco-Romans in the low-Danube basin during the Migration period and the Vlachs are all being well considered descendants of Romanised peoples of the area (incl. Thracians, Dacians and Illyrians).
wn.com/Vlachs -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
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Bukovina (Clubovina Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Bukovina (Clubovina Mix)
http://wn.com/Bukovina_Clubovina_Mix
Discover Bukovina in Romania with Celendo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:41
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
General Presentation of Romania and afterwards Discover Golden Bukovina in Romania. You must see these magical places, unique in the world....the Sistine Chapel of the East, Renaissance Chef d'Oeuvres...come to see...
http://wn.com/Discover_Bukovina_in_Romania_with_Celendo
General Presentation of Romania and afterwards Discover Golden Bukovina in Romania. You must see these magical places, unique in the world....the Sistine Chapel of the East, Renaissance Chef d'Oeuvres...come to see...
- published: 20 Dec 2010
- views: 7588
- author: celenco
Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
!!DONT 4GET TO SUBSCRIBE ON MY YOUTUBE PAGE!! Facebook: www.facebook.com Join The Club!! Download it www.4shared.com
http://wn.com/Bukovina
!!DONT 4GET TO SUBSCRIBE ON MY YOUTUBE PAGE!! Facebook: www.facebook.com Join The Club!! Download it www.4shared.com
- published: 10 Dec 2008
- views: 22853
- author: DjHugoB
Dans din Bucovina / Bukovinai tanc / Dance from Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
"Dans din Bucovina / Bukovinai tanc / Dance from Bukovina" performed by Ökrös Együttes (Hungary). Romanian traditional folk dance melody ("Trilișești" - Lads' dance) from Moldova, Bucovina area. ******** © 2009 Internet Presentation FRB Consulting Inc.
http://wn.com/Dans_din_Bucovina_Bukovinai_tanc_Dance_from_Bukovina
"Dans din Bucovina / Bukovinai tanc / Dance from Bukovina" performed by Ökrös Együttes (Hungary). Romanian traditional folk dance melody ("Trilișești" - Lads' dance) from Moldova, Bucovina area. ******** © 2009 Internet Presentation FRB Consulting Inc.
- published: 07 Jan 2009
- views: 18679
- author: Fabr1s
Bucovina plai cu flori / Bukovina, field with flowers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Bucovina is a Romanian land! www.badpolitics.ro Wiky en.wikipedia.org Map www.bukovinasociety.org
http://wn.com/Bucovina_plai_cu_flori_Bukovina,_field_with_flowers
Bucovina is a Romanian land! www.badpolitics.ro Wiky en.wikipedia.org Map www.bukovinasociety.org
- published: 13 Apr 2009
- views: 74380
- author: VyckTube
Shantel & Bukovina Club Orchester (live at Flüchtlingsball)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 09 May 2012
Shantel & Bukovina Club Orchester - *title unknown* live at 13th Wiener Flüchtlingsball Rathaus, Vienna 2007
http://wn.com/Shantel_Bukovina_Club_Orchester_live_at_Flüchtlingsball
Shantel & Bukovina Club Orchester - *title unknown* live at 13th Wiener Flüchtlingsball Rathaus, Vienna 2007
- published: 17 Feb 2007
- views: 61067
- author: LeinadTheLadle
Day Z - Arma 2 - New Maps Bukovina and Bystrica Coming Very Soon!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Reddit post - www.reddit.com This has been confirmed to me that they are being made as we speak and we will be playing them in the next 2 weeks or so. Im not sure if you will need the dlc for it yet. go check it out store.bistudio.com Be sure to subscribe to to keep up to date with the new maps. Twitter - twitter.com
http://wn.com/Day_Z_Arma_2_New_Maps_Bukovina_and_Bystrica_Coming_Very_Soon!!!
Reddit post - www.reddit.com This has been confirmed to me that they are being made as we speak and we will be playing them in the next 2 weeks or so. Im not sure if you will need the dlc for it yet. go check it out store.bistudio.com Be sure to subscribe to to keep up to date with the new maps. Twitter - twitter.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 3781
- author: joshybfps
Testimony of Holocaust survivor Chaya Avraham from Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Holocaust survivor describes journey of survival with her sister before reuniting with their family. For more details, click here: www1.yadvashem.org
http://wn.com/Testimony_of_Holocaust_survivor_Chaya_Avraham_from_Bukovina
Holocaust survivor describes journey of survival with her sister before reuniting with their family. For more details, click here: www1.yadvashem.org
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 729
- author: YadVashem
Shantel & Amsterdam Klezmer Band & Bucovina Club Orchester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Sadagora Hot Dub - Remixed by Shantel Shantel , Amsterdam Klezmer Band & Bucovina Club Orchester
http://wn.com/Shantel_Amsterdam_Klezmer_Band_Bucovina_Club_Orchester
Sadagora Hot Dub - Remixed by Shantel Shantel , Amsterdam Klezmer Band & Bucovina Club Orchester
- published: 21 Oct 2008
- views: 540373
- author: kafka27
NEWS!! SATELITE PROGRAM UKRAINE-PRESENTS BUKOVINA CITY CHERNIVTSY!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
mtrk.com.ua December 1 Chernivtsi Regional State TV and Radio Company (TRC "Bukovina") clock starts satellite broadcasting in the public domain satellite Sirius 4 (frequency 12737 MHz Polarization - Vertical, SR - 6000, error - F ¾). This company reports on its own site. Leaving on a satellite signal OGTRK expects to cover remote and mountainous areas. "Until now, people who live in this area, with sets of satellite receivers watched any satellite channels, but did not see television Bukovina had the opportunity. In addition, quite a lot bukovintsev, and Ukrainians in particular, are currently abroad. They are eager to expect any information or news. The solution TRC "Bukovina" in satellite broadcasting help in this "- to explain the reasons for the beginning of satellite television broadcasting. The air OGDTRK go 14 information-analytical and political programs (in particular the "News" 5 times a day, the final week program "Resonance", projects "My native village", "Sport Drive", "success formula", the program of live broadcast Studio A3 "and" Reality "), 14 cultural and art (" unfabled history " "Shrines Bukovina", "Palette", "Podium her life"), 8 science education ( "Be healthy" and "green boom"), 13 entertainment and music ( "Good morning, Bukovina ", a youth talk show" Impromptu "), 2 children (" Bukovinchiki - veselinchiki "and" My Sunshine "). In the structure of TRC "Bukovina" works by the Romanian edition of TV programs language, which presents pryamoefirnye TV ...
http://wn.com/NEWS!!_SATELITE_PROGRAM_UKRAINE-PRESENTS_BUKOVINA_CITY_CHERNIVTSY!!
mtrk.com.ua December 1 Chernivtsi Regional State TV and Radio Company (TRC "Bukovina") clock starts satellite broadcasting in the public domain satellite Sirius 4 (frequency 12737 MHz Polarization - Vertical, SR - 6000, error - F ¾). This company reports on its own site. Leaving on a satellite signal OGTRK expects to cover remote and mountainous areas. "Until now, people who live in this area, with sets of satellite receivers watched any satellite channels, but did not see television Bukovina had the opportunity. In addition, quite a lot bukovintsev, and Ukrainians in particular, are currently abroad. They are eager to expect any information or news. The solution TRC "Bukovina" in satellite broadcasting help in this "- to explain the reasons for the beginning of satellite television broadcasting. The air OGDTRK go 14 information-analytical and political programs (in particular the "News" 5 times a day, the final week program "Resonance", projects "My native village", "Sport Drive", "success formula", the program of live broadcast Studio A3 "and" Reality "), 14 cultural and art (" unfabled history " "Shrines Bukovina", "Palette", "Podium her life"), 8 science education ( "Be healthy" and "green boom"), 13 entertainment and music ( "Good morning, Bukovina ", a youth talk show" Impromptu "), 2 children (" Bukovinchiki - veselinchiki "and" My Sunshine "). In the structure of TRC "Bukovina" works by the Romanian edition of TV programs language, which presents pryamoefirnye TV ...
- published: 06 Dec 2009
- views: 2015
- author: OlgaTV
Festival in Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
-school celebration in Fratautii-Noi
http://wn.com/Festival_in_Bukovina
Freileichs from Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 15 Oct 2011
Combo Musique du Monde dirigé par Jacques Bernier de l'école l'Accroche Notes. Concert des combos 13 avril 2008 à l'Anglicane. Musique traditionnelle orientale (klezmer). Accordéon: Émilie Fournier Basse: Denis Robinson Clarinette: Roseline Dubé Percussions: Pierre Ross Violon: Yan Beaulieu, Dominique Boucher, Florence Delisle, Julie Gagnon, Hélène Laliberté, Jean Langlois, Lai-Anne Samson-Blouin Violoncelle: Véronique Allaire
http://wn.com/Freileichs_from_Bukovina
Combo Musique du Monde dirigé par Jacques Bernier de l'école l'Accroche Notes. Concert des combos 13 avril 2008 à l'Anglicane. Musique traditionnelle orientale (klezmer). Accordéon: Émilie Fournier Basse: Denis Robinson Clarinette: Roseline Dubé Percussions: Pierre Ross Violon: Yan Beaulieu, Dominique Boucher, Florence Delisle, Julie Gagnon, Hélène Laliberté, Jean Langlois, Lai-Anne Samson-Blouin Violoncelle: Véronique Allaire
- published: 16 Apr 2008
- views: 3703
- author: Emilie Fournier
Bukovina...Romania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
a trasure of orthodox christianity
http://wn.com/BukovinaRomania
Travel to Bukovina land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
-a trip to Northern Romania
http://wn.com/Travel_to_Bukovina_land
Jewish Galicia & Bukovina Documentation Project by the Ludmer Fund
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Jewish_Galicia_Bukovina_Documentation_Project_by_the_Ludmer_Fund
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940-2010)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 06 May 2012
Description is in video. Enjoy.
http://wn.com/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina_1940-2010
Bukovina - Ednist'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 19 Aug 2010
Bukovina - Ednist' gol 1:0
http://wn.com/Bukovina_Ednist'
Chernivtsi, Bukovina & Romalen (tribute to Emir Kusturica)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
in summer 2008 Chernivtsi, the main city of Bukovina, was attacked by a sudden flood.. i went to there to visit my granny just before the flood and later on decided to make Kusturica-style video))) it was wet and awesome! and granny's slivovica was good too)))
http://wn.com/Chernivtsi,_Bukovina_Romalen_tribute_to_Emir_Kusturica
in summer 2008 Chernivtsi, the main city of Bukovina, was attacked by a sudden flood.. i went to there to visit my granny just before the flood and later on decided to make Kusturica-style video))) it was wet and awesome! and granny's slivovica was good too)))
- published: 03 Mar 2010
- views: 1433
- author: perronegrosanchez
Doină / Song from Bukovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
"Doină" performed by Mihai Lăcătuș at long pipe ("tilincă"). Romanian traditional folk song from Moldova, Bucovina area, Câmpulung Moldovenesc version. ******* © 2011 Fabris
http://wn.com/Doină_Song_from_Bukovina
"Doină" performed by Mihai Lăcătuș at long pipe ("tilincă"). Romanian traditional folk song from Moldova, Bucovina area, Câmpulung Moldovenesc version. ******* © 2011 Fabris
- published: 29 Apr 2011
- views: 2463
- author: Fabr1s
Goal of the Year 40m ! Rizvan Albitarov vs Zirka - GOLAZO ! Bukovina vs Zirka 1-0 (31.07.2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:37
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Goal of the Year 40m ! Rizvan Albitarov vs Zirka - GOLAZO ! Bukovina vs Zirka 1-0 (31.07.2012) Albitarov Amazing Golazo vs Zirka (Bukovina Chernivtsi vs Zirka 1-0 ) 31-07-2012 An amazing 94th minute golazo you won't have seen: Rizvan Albitarov (Bukovina) v Zirka July 31st, 2012 Who follows the Ukrainian second division? Presuming the answer isn't many, we invite you to enjoy this ridiculous 35-yard 94th-minute howitzer that earned Bukovina Chernivtsi a 1-0 win over Zirka last weekend Rizvan Albitarov vs Zirka GOLAZO own goal fantastic skill golazo incredible amazing Golazo Fantastic Goal ManUnited Brazil Neymar Santos BVB Torres Chelsea soccer football fussball highlights goal tor manCity Klopp Rooney EL CL UEFA FIFA Friendly Argentina Brazil worst miss fail keeper barcelona real madrid ronaldo özil messi Highlights 1. Bundesliga Ronaldinho Manuel Neuer Mesut Ozil Cristiano Ronaldo bayern munich FC Bayern bukovina chernivtsi vs zirka 1x0
http://wn.com/Goal_of_the_Year_40m_!_Rizvan_Albitarov_vs_Zirka_GOLAZO_!_Bukovina_vs_Zirka_1-0_31072012
Goal of the Year 40m ! Rizvan Albitarov vs Zirka - GOLAZO ! Bukovina vs Zirka 1-0 (31.07.2012) Albitarov Amazing Golazo vs Zirka (Bukovina Chernivtsi vs Zirka 1-0 ) 31-07-2012 An amazing 94th minute golazo you won't have seen: Rizvan Albitarov (Bukovina) v Zirka July 31st, 2012 Who follows the Ukrainian second division? Presuming the answer isn't many, we invite you to enjoy this ridiculous 35-yard 94th-minute howitzer that earned Bukovina Chernivtsi a 1-0 win over Zirka last weekend Rizvan Albitarov vs Zirka GOLAZO own goal fantastic skill golazo incredible amazing Golazo Fantastic Goal ManUnited Brazil Neymar Santos BVB Torres Chelsea soccer football fussball highlights goal tor manCity Klopp Rooney EL CL UEFA FIFA Friendly Argentina Brazil worst miss fail keeper barcelona real madrid ronaldo özil messi Highlights 1. Bundesliga Ronaldinho Manuel Neuer Mesut Ozil Cristiano Ronaldo bayern munich FC Bayern bukovina chernivtsi vs zirka 1x0
- published: 31 Jul 2012
- views: 7201
- author: TonysChannelTV
«Буковина / Bukovina» 1940 року
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:06
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
Александр Довженко, Юлия Солнцева -- Описание: Советский пропагандистский фильм, снятый сразу после присоединения Северной Буковины к СССР. Освещает нелегкую жизнь буковинских крестьян и горожан. Значительное время уделено главному городу края - Черновцам. Уникальный исторический видео-документ, который нельзя смотреть без улыбки на лице.
http://wn.com/«Буковина_Bukovina»_1940_року
Александр Довженко, Юлия Солнцева -- Описание: Советский пропагандистский фильм, снятый сразу после присоединения Северной Буковины к СССР. Освещает нелегкую жизнь буковинских крестьян и горожан. Значительное время уделено главному городу края - Черновцам. Уникальный исторический видео-документ, который нельзя смотреть без улыбки на лице.
- published: 10 May 2011
- views: 7370
- author: ChernivtsiChannel
ROLLAND-NAD TYM CIRCOM BUKOVINA...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
This video contains beautiful song performed by ROLLAND from small village CIRC...and I made slide show,so you could imagine what they sing about...hope you'll like it and enjoy ;)
http://wn.com/ROLLAND-NAD_TYM_CIRCOM_BUKOVINA
This video contains beautiful song performed by ROLLAND from small village CIRC...and I made slide show,so you could imagine what they sing about...hope you'll like it and enjoy ;)
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 42747
- author: pegasGTI
photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool
16 Dec 2012
Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / David Goldman
17 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON—Democrats say meaningful action in the wake of last week's elementary school shooting must include a ban on military-style assault weapons and a look at how the nation deals with individuals suffering from serious mental illness. Several Democratic lawmakers and Independent Sen ... Gun control was a hot topic in the early 1990s, when Congress enacted a 10-year ban on assault weapons ... He added ... Sen ... Rep ... ———....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
Newtown, Conn. Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital ... Reuters ....(size: 7.5Kb)
The Examiner
10 Aug 2012
Related topics. genealogyeastern europe. Advertisement. Unlike the previous lists, this does not focus on one country, but Eastern Europe in general. There is also a strong slant toward Jewish links, as many people working in Eastern European Genealogy are searching for their Jewish ancestors from there ... Eastern European Genealogy ... Bukovina Society of the Americas – A site about the former state of Bukovina, with information on genealogy ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
Novosti
01 Aug 2012
Sergiu Lascu, leader of the National-Christian Legionnaire Movement, a Romanian radical nationalist group which advocates the reunification of Northern Bukovina and parts of the Odessa region with Romania, was detained by Ukrainian border guards as he and a group of his associates tried to enter the country by car....(size: 9.6Kb)
The Examiner
26 Jul 2012
Advertisement. DNA-driven genealogy businesses are becoming a popular health trend. It's amazing how many DNA-testing companies in the USA do DNA-driven genealogy testing for deep ancestry, for example, 23 and me and Family Tree DNA, and other companies that test parts of your DNA to let you know where your ancestors might have been geographically for the past 10,000 years ... Take your pick ... ISBN. 9780595442782.Pages. 398 ... Bukovina Genealogy....(size: 29.3Kb)
The Examiner
14 Jun 2012
If you want to publish a genealogy report focused on Sacramento, media devoted to genealogy is increasing in Sacramento in addition to the dozens of genealogy-related clubs and classes. The main branch of the Sacramento public library offers free classes in genealogy this summer and lets you know of all the locations where you can research Sacramento Newspapers on Microfilm ... Check out the site, ... Advertisement ... See, ... Bukovina Genealogy....(size: 33.2Kb)
The Independent
19 May 2012
The prize was supported again by Arts Council England and Champagne Taittinger, and a formidable shortlist featured, one of which won such strong support that the jurors agreed to give it a special mention ... That understanding has its roots in a youth that, however often recounted, can still beggar belief. Appelfeld, who lives outside Jerusalem, was born in 1932 in the Jewish heartland of Czernowitz in Bukovina, now in Ukraine....(size: 10.8Kb)
The Independent
17 Apr 2012
Translated fiction by two Italian authors, one German, one Israeli, one Icelandic and one Chinese have made it on to this year’s Independent Foreign Fiction Prize shortlist ... Trieste in Italy is next, where a soldier starts his journey of rediscovery of language and identity, leading him to his Finnish homeland ... Biographies. Alice ... Author Aharon Appelfeld was born in Czernovitz, Bukovina (now in Western Ukraine) in 1932 ... Tweet. ....(size: 9.1Kb)
The Tribune San Luis Obispo
15 Apr 2012
“Each time I see a Jew, I am tempted to approach him, greet him, and tell him. ‘Sir, please believe me, I have nothing to do with this.’ The sad thing is that no one admits having anything to do with it ... More photos. Click thumbnails to enlarge ... The event is free and begins at 7 p.m ... Antonescu ordered the creation of a ghetto where 50,000 Bukovina Jews were crammed in a small, unhealthy area ... Col ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
17 Feb 2012
Nazi Germany succeeded in "destroying" confidence in British bank notes across Europe by flooding the continent with forgeries during World War II, according to secret files made public Friday ... Reid admitted that by the end of the war, the German forgers had achieved their objective ... 1 - 4 of 12. Reuters ... Later, the Soviets forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, as well ... ....(size: 15.9Kb)
The Daily Mail
16 Feb 2012
Steeped in tradition, these amazing images show an Orthodox Jewish wedding in Israel. With a floor-to-ceiling veil separating men from women, hundreds of well-wishers dressed all in black and wearing traditional shtreimel hats in Petah Tikva, six miles east of Tel Aviv ... Tradition ... Ceremony ... Segregated ... The Vizhnitz sect was formed by Menachem Mendel Hager of Kosov in the 1800s in Vyzhnytsia, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary - now the Ukraine....(size: 5.4Kb)
Wall Street Journal
17 Dec 2011
We asked 50 of our friends to tell us what they enjoyed reading in 2011—from Mike Allen's taste for Tebow-ing to Adam Zagajewski's love of Scottish poetry. Mike Allen ... "My dad always tells us that faith is like a muscle," writes Mr. Tebow, 24 ... The book's title plays off the game-day eye-blacking that Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... As a Jewish child in Bukovina, he was deported by the Nazis to the Transnistra camp and nearly starved to death....(size: 67.1Kb)
New Yorker
13 Dec 2011
It's about a Jewish boy in Bukovina in the Second World War, whose mother hides him with Mariana, a Christian (of sorts), a prostitute who was her girlhood friend ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
28 Nov 2011
MADISON, Wis. (AP) — Soviet dictator Josef Stalin's daughter, whose defection to the West during the Cold War embarrassed the ruling communists and made her a best-selling author, has died. She was 85 ... 22 in Wisconsin, where she lived off and on after becoming a U.S ... more than a year later ... Very rude ... ___ ... Later, the Soviets forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, as well ... ... / ....(size: 25.0Kb)
The New York Times
10 Aug 2011
Khotyn, Ukraine ... Cows graze in open fields ... The history is complicated; it begins with the Soviet occupation in 1940 of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, which the Nazi-Soviet pact allowed Stalin to detach from Romania ... Over a three-week period in July and August of 1941, approximately 50,000 Jews were murdered in Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, the historian Avigdor Shachan, who survived the massacres, wrote in “Burning Ice ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
For the Slovakian village, see Bukovina, Liptovský Mikuláš District.
"Bukovyna" redirects here. For the Ukrainian football stadium, see Bukovyna Stadium.
See also: Bukowina (disambiguation)
| die Bukowina Bucovina / Буковина / Bukovyna |
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 |
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| Capital | Czernowitz | ||||
| Language(s) | Romanian, Ukrainian, German, Polish | ||||
| Government | Military district (1775–1787) Kreis (1787–1849) Kronland (1849–1918) |
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| History | |||||
| - Annexation of the northwestern territory of Moldavia by the Habsburg Monarchy | January 1775 | ||||
| - Duchy of Bukovina | March 4, 1849 | ||||
| - United with Romania | November 28, 1918 | ||||
| Area | 10,442 km2 (4,032 sq mi) | ||||
| Today part of |  Romania Ukraine |
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Bukovina (Romanian: Bucovina; Ukrainian: Буковина/Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe, currently divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.
From 1775 to 1918, Bukovina was an administrative division of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria–Hungary. After World War I, Bukovina became part of Romania. In 1940, as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union.
Contents |
Name[link]
The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg Monarchy, which became Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867.
The official German name, die Bukowina, of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn was derived from the Ukrainian word, Буковина (Bukovyna), and the common Slavic form of buk, meaning beech tree (бук [buk] as, for example, in Ukrainian or, even, Buche in German).[1][2] Another German name for the region, das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means "beech land", or "the land of beech trees". In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ("the land of beech trees") is sometimes used.
Nowadays, in Ukraine the name is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast as over 2/3 of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania the term Northern Bucovina is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, and (Southern) Bucovina to Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present day Suceava County covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina.)
In English, an alternative form is The Bukovina, increasingly an archaism, which, however, is found in older literature.
History[link]
Prehistory[link]
Main articles: Prehistory of Moldavia and Bronze Age in Romania
During the Neolithic age, Bukovina was populated by the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC), which was overrun around 2000 BC by the migration of Indo-Europeans.
Ancient times[link]
Starting with the 2nd millennium BC, it was inhabited by the Dacian tribes, such as Costoboci and Carpians, and for a period, cohabitated by the Celto-Germanic tribe of Bastarnae. From approx. 70 BC to 44 BC, the region was incorporated in the Dacian polity of Burebista.
When the Dacian Kingdom of Decebal, which included the territories just on the other side of the Carpathian Mountains from what is today Bukovina, fell to the Romans in 106, the area came under linguistic and cultural influence of the Roman Empire.
In the 3rd century (240s–270s) the region was plundered by the Goths, in the 4th century by the Huns (370s–380s), and in the 6th century (560s–570s) by the Avars.
Early Middle Ages[link]
Main articles: Moldavia in the Middle Ages, Romania in the Early Middle Ages, and Origin of the Romanians
Beginning with the 6th century, Slavic populations entered the region and influenced the language and agricultural methods (e.g. burning the forests to increase the cultivated land) of the locals.
In 797 the Avars, who settled in today's Hungary and collected regular tribute from the peasants all over south-eastern Europe, were defeated by Charlemagne.
According to medieval Kievan sources, until the 10th century the territory had been part of White Croatia and later under the Kievan Rus', and in 12th to early 14th century, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia included parts of the region.[3]
The villages of the Campulung Valley formed a "republic" that preserved its autonomy even under the Principality of Moldavia, which acquired independence in 1359.
Principality of Moldavia[link]
Main article: History of Moldavia
In the mid-14th century, the Moldavian state appeared, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea. Bukovina and neighboring regions were the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Suceava as its capital from 1388 (after Baia and Siret). The name of Moldavia (Moldova) is derived from a river (Moldova River) flowing in Bukovina.
In the 15th century, Pokuttya, the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between the Principality of Moldavia and the Polish Kingdom. Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (predecessors of modern Ukrainians) and Hutsuls; the latter also reside in western Bukovina. In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland. The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the knights have perished".
In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of Moldoviţa, Suceviţa, Putna, Humor, Voroneţ, Dragomirna, Arbore, and others. With their renowned exterior frescoes, these monasteries remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of Romania; some of them are World Heritage Sites, part of the painted churches of northern Moldavia. Stephen also settled the first Ruthenians in Bukovina with the hope of having a loyal and more numerous population that would contribute with taxes.[citation needed] In Suceava, in the 16th century, two percent of the population (i.e. about 500–1000 people) was Ruthenian.[citation needed]
In 1513, Moldavia started to pay annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire, but remained autonomous and was governed as before by a native Voivod / Prince, also known as Domnitor or Hospodar (Lord in English).
In May, 1600 Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave), united the two Romanian principalities and Transylvania under his leadership.
For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border was re-established each time, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski acknowledges "Between us and Wallachia (i.e. Moldavia) God himself set Dniester as the border" (Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit).
In the course of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, the Ottoman armies were defeated by the Russian Empire, that occupied the region during 15 December 1769 – September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1739. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding the Ottomans in that war. Prince Grigore III Ghica of Moldavia protested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek-Phanariot foreigner was put on the throne of Moldavia by the Ottomans.
Austrian Empire[link]
Main article: Early Modern Romania
The Austrian Empire occupied Bukovina in October 1774. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for a road between Galicia and Transylvania. Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austrians giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, and remaining with 278 villages.
Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then the largest district, Kreis Czernowitz (after its capital Czernowitz) of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1787–1849), and, finally, on 4 March 1849, became a separate Austrian Kronland 'crown land' under a Landespräsident (not a Statthalter, as in other crown lands) and declared Herzogtum Bukowina (nominal duchy, as part of the official full style of the Austrian Emperors). In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia, but reinstated as a separate province once again 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918.[4]
In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag (diet). The Moldavian nobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867 it remained part of the Cisleithanian or Austrian territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918.
According to the 1775 Austrian census, the province had a total population of 86,000, made up mostly of Romanians (Moldovans), and up to 10,000 Slavs (Polish, Ruthenians and Hutzuls). During the 19th century the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, and Ukrainians (that time referred to as Ruthenians) from Galicia. By 1900 the Romanian population decreased to roughly 40% of Bukovina, with significant Ukrainian (including Hutzuls) (especially in villages in the northern half), German, Jewish, Polish (especially in towns), and Hungarian (several villages) minorities. To reflect this ethnicity shift, in 1843 the Ruthenian language was recognized, along with the Romanian language, as 'the language of the people and of the Church in Bukovina'.[5]
Late-19th to early-20th centuries[link]
Main article: Early Modern Romania
The 1871 and 1904 jubilees held at Putna Monastery, near the tomb of Ştefan cel Mare, have constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Since gaining its independence, Romania envisioned to incorporate this historic province which, as a core of Moldavian Principality, was of a great historic significance to its history and contained many prominent monuments of its art and architecture.[6]
Despite the influx of migrants encouraged under the Austrian rule, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province until 1880, when Ruthenians (Ukrainians) outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239,690 Ruthenians and Hutzuls, or roughly 41.5% of the population of the region, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained unchanged until World War I. Ruthenian is an archaic name for Ukrainian, while the Hutsuls are a regional Ukrainian subgroup.
Under Austrian rule Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: predominantly Romanian in the south, Ukrainian (commonly referred to as Ruthenians in the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of Hungarian Székely, Slovak and Polish peasants, and Germans, Poles and Jews in the towns. The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of which: Ruthenian 38.88%, Romanian 34.38%, German 21.24% (Jews 12.86% included), Polish 4.55%, Hungarian 1.31%, Slovak 0.08%, Slovene 0.02%, Italian 0.02%, and a few Croat, Romani, Serbian, and Turkish. Romanians were still present in all settlements of the region, but their number decreased in the villages in the north. Many of Bukovina's Germans, and a few Romanians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century to North America.[7][8][9]
In 1783, by an imperial decree Greek Orthodox eparchies in Bukovina and Dalmatia form an Archbishopric with its seat in Czernowitz, later raised to the rank of Metropolitanate.[10] Some friction appeared in time between the Serb archbishops, and the Romanians complaining that Old Slavonic is favored to Romanian, and that family names are being slavicized. In spite of Romanian-Slav frictions over the influence in the local Orthodox clerical hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. Moreover, at the end of the 19th century, the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed Galicia and the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities.
In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria. The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book “Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich“ [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, with Transylvania, a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with the bigger part of Galicia a Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown.[11][12]
Kingdom of Romania[link]
Main articles: Kingdom of Romania and Greater Romania
In World War I, several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies, which resulted in the Russian army being driven out in 1917.
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, both the local Romanian National Council and the Ukrainian National Council based in Galicia claimed the region. A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an Executive Committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. The Executive Committee called a General Congress of Bukovina for 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were elected (this is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group). A popular enthusiasm sprang throughout the region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress.[13][14]
The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politician Iancu Flondor as chairman, and voted for the union with the Kingdom of Romania, with the support of the Romanian, German, Jewish, and Polish representatives, and the opposition of the Ukrainian ones. The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the Principality of Moldavia, where the "gropniţele domneşti" (voivods' burial sites) are located, and "dreptul de liberă hotărâre de sine" (right of self-determination).[15]
After an official request by Iancu Flondor, Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest.[16] Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, this attempt was defeated by the Polish and Romanian troops. Romanian control of the province was recognized internationally in the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919.
During the interwar period Romanian authorities directed Rumanization policies at the Ukrainian population of the region. Romanian language was introduced into ethnic minority schools in 1923, and by 1926 all Ukrainian schools in Bukovina were closed.
At the same time, the Ukrainian enrollment in the Cernăuţi University fell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while Romanian enrollment in the same period increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247.[17] This was partly due to some extent to attempts to switch to mostly Romanian language, but chiefly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious.
In the decade following 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with the Soviet Union, Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though the gains were sharply reversed in 1938.[citation needed]
According to the 1930 Romanian census, Romanians made up almost 45% of the total population of Bukovina and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) 29.2%. However, in the northern part of the region, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians slightly outnumbering Romanians.
Second World War[link]
Main article: Romania during World War II
Following the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanded from Romania the northern part of Bukovina, a region bordering Galicia (the latter annexed by the Soviet Union at 1939 Poland's partition in 1939). The Soviet demand for Bukovina surprised Nazi Germany, though it did not formally oppose it. In the first Soviet ultimatum addressed to the Romanian government, the partly Ukrainian populated northern Bukovina was "demanded" as a minor "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and Bassarabia's population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of Bassarabia". On 28 June 1940, the Romanian government evacuated Northern Bukovina, and the Red Army moved in, with the new Soviet-Romanian border being traced less than 20 kilometers north of Putna Monastery.
In 1940, Chernivtsi Oblast (⅔ of which is Northern Bukovina) had a population of circa 805,000, out of which 47.5% were Ukrainians and 28.3% were Romanians, with Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians and Russians comprising the rest.[citation needed] The strong Ukrainian presence was the official motivation for inclusion of the region into the Ukrainian SSR and not into the newly-formed Moldavian SSR. Whether the region would have been included in the Ukrainian SSR, if the commission presiding over the division had been led by someone else than the Ukrainian communist leader Nikita Khrushchev, remains a matter of debate among scholars.[citation needed] In fact, some territories with a mostly Romanian population (e.g. Hertza Region) were allotted to the Ukrainian SSR.
In the course of the 1941 attack on the Soviet Union by the Axis forces, the Romanian Third Army led by General Petre Dumitrescu (operating in the north) and the Fourth Romanian Army (operating in the south) re-occupied Northern Bukovina, as well as Hertsa district, and Bassarabia, during June–July 1941. However, then it continued the war, and occupied during 1941–1944 proper Soviet territories in the south of Ukrainian SSR—the Odessa Oblast, and parts of Mykolaiv and Vinnytsia oblasts.
During 1940–1950, major demographic changes occurred in northern Bukovina. These demographic shifts are explained by several separate but concurrent phenomena:
- fleeing of a part of the population to Romania (mainly, but not exclusively, ethnic Romanians)
- repatriation of Germans, Hungarians and Poles
- systematic repression, mass deportation and exterminations by the Soviet regime (again mainly, although not exclusively, directed against Romanians)
- deportation of the Jewish population by the Romanian authorities to the Romanian and German run extermination camps.
In the first year of Soviet occupation, the population of the region decreased by more than 250,000. According to NKVD orders, tens of thousands of Romanian families were deported to Siberia during this period,[18] with 12,191 people deported on 2 August 1940 (less than a month after the occupation),[18] and another 2,057 persons deported to Siberia in December 1940, together with their families.[19] The largest action took place on 13 June 1941, when about 13,000 people were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.[20]
Until the repatriation convention[citation needed] of 15 April 1941, NKVD troops killed hundreds of Romanian peasants of Northern Bukovina as they tried to cross the border into Romania in order to escape from Soviet authorities. This culminated on 1 April 1941 with the Fântâna Albă massacre.
Almost the entire German population of northern Bukovina was coerced to resettle in 1940–1941 to the parts of Poland then occupied by Nazi Germany, during 15 September 1940 – 15 November 1940, after this area was occupied by the Soviet Union. About 45,000 ethnic Germans had left Northern Bukovina by November 1940.[21] This figure, higher than the size of the German minority, included also a couple thousand Romanians, Ukrainian, etc., posing as Germans to flee the Soviet rule.[citation needed]
In July 1941, the new Romanian military government counted at least 36,000 missing persons.
After the war[link]
Main articles: Communist Romania and History of Moldova
In 1944 the Red Army drove the Axis forces out and re-established the Soviet control over the territory. Romania was forced to formally cede the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR by the 1947 Paris peace treaty. The territory became part of the Ukrainian SSR as Chernivtsi Oblast (province). After the war the Soviet government deported or killed about 41,000 Romanians.[22] As a result of killings and mass deportations, entire villages, mostly inhabited by Romanians, were abandoned (Albovat, Frunza, I.G.Duca, Buci—completely erased, Prisaca, Tanteni and Vicov—destroyed to a large extent).[23] Men of military age (and sometimes above) were conscripted into the Soviet Army. That did not protect them, however, from being arrested and deported for being "anti-Soviet elements".
As a reaction, partisan groups (composed of both Romanians and Ukrainians) began to operate against the Soviets in the woods around Chernivtsi, Crasna and Codrii Cosminului.[24] In Crasna (in the former Storozhynets county) villagers attacked Soviet soldiers who were sent to "temporarily resettle" them, since they feared deportation. This resulted in dead and wounded among the villagers, who had no firearms.
Spring 1945 saw the formation of transports of Polish repatriates who (voluntarily or by coercion) had decided to leave. Between March 1945 and July 1946, 10,490 inhabitants left northern Bukovina for Poland, including 8,140 Poles, 2,041 Jews and 309 of other nationalities.
Overall, between 1930 (last Romanian census) and 1959 (first Soviet census), the population of northern Bukovina decreased by 31,521 people. According to official data from those two censuses, the Romanian population had decreased by 75,752 people, and the Jewish population by 46,632, while the Ukrainian and Russian populations increased by 135,161 and 4,322 people, respectively.
After 1944, the human and economic connections between the northern (Soviet) and southern (Romanian) parts of Bukovina were severed. While the northern part is the nucleus of the Ukrainian Chernivtsi Oblast, the southern part is tightly integrated with the other Romanian historic regions.
Geography[link]
The territory of the Romanian (or Southern) Bukovina is located in northeastern Romania and it is part of the Suceava County (plus three localities in Botoșani County), whereas the Ukrainean (or Northern) Bukovina is located in western Ukraine and it is part of the Chernivtsi Oblast.
Population[link]
Historical population[link]
In 1774, the Romanians constituted an overwhelming majority, roughly 64,000 (85%) of the 75,000 total population, while about 8,000 (10%) were Ruthenians/Ukrainians and 3,000 (4%) others.[25]
The ethnic composition of Bukovina changed dramatically after 1774, when the Austrian Empire occupied the region. The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged in order to develop the economy.[26] By 1810 the Romanian share had fallen from 85% to 75% and in 1848 to only 55%. In the same period, the Ukrainian population rose from 8,000 in 1774 to 108,907 in 1848 and the Jewish population from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848.[25]
This dramatic change in Bukovina's ethnic composition changed the proportion of Romanians from a majority (more than 85% before 1774) to a plurality majority (40.5% in 1869) and then a minority (33.4% in 1880).
According to the census data of Austria-Hungary, the population of Bukovina was:
| Year | Romanians | Ukrainians | Other | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1774 | 64,000 | 85.33% | 8,000 | 10.66% | 3,000 | 4.0% |
| 1786 | 91,823 | 67.8% | 31,671 | 23.4% | 12,000 | 8.8% |
| 1848 | 209,293 | 55.4% | 108,907 | 28.8% | 59,381 | 15.8% |
| 1869 | 207,000 | 40.5% | 186,000 | 36.4% | 118,364 | 23.1% |
| 1880 | 190,005 | 33.4% | 239,960 | 42.2% | 138,758 | 24.4% |
| 1890 | 208,301 | 32.4% | 268,367 | 41.8% | 165,827 | 25.8% |
| 1900 | 229,018 | 31.4% | 297,798 | 40.8% | 203,379 | 27.8% |
| 1910 | 273,254 | 34.1% | 305,101 | 38.4% | 216,574 | 27.2% |
Current population[link]
The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles the one of the times of the Austrian Empire. The northern (Ukrainian) and southern (Romanian) parts became significantly dominated by their Ukrainian and Romanian majorities, respectively, with the representation of other ethnic groups being decreased significantly.
According to the Ukrainian Census (2001) data,[27] the Ukrainians represent about 75% (689,100) of the population of Chernivtsi Oblast, which is the closest, although not an exact, approximation of the territory of the historic Northern Bukovina. The census also identified a fall in the Romanian and Moldovan populations to 12.5% (114,600) and 7.3% (67,200), respectively. Russians are the next largest ethnic group with 4.1%, while Poles, Belarusians, and Jews comprise the rest 1.2%. The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition, with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue (Ukrainian, Romanian, and Russian, respectively).
The fact that Romanians and Moldovans were presented as separate categories in the census results, has been criticized by the Romanian Community of Ukraine - Interregional Union, which complains that this old Soviet-era practice, results in the Romanian population being undercounted, as being divided between Romanians and Moldovans.
The Romanians mostly inhabit the southern part of Chernivtsi region, being the majority in Hertsaivskyi Raion, while they form the majority with Moldovans in the Ukrainian plurality Hlybotskyi Raion . Moldovans are the majority in Novoselytsia Raion. In the other eight districts, and the city of Chernivtsi, Ukrainians are in the majority.
The southern, or Romanian Bukovina has a significant Romanian majority (97.5%), largest minority group being the Ukrainians, who make up 1.2% of the population (2002 census). The 2002 Romanian Census was subject to a criticism of undercounting of ethnic minorities in Romania brought up by the Ukrainian communities inside and outside Romania.[citation needed]
Cities and towns[link]
Northern Bukovina[link]
- Berehomet (Romanian: Berhomete pe Siret)
- Boyany (Romanian: Boian)
- Chornivka (Romanian: Cernauca)
- Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuţi, German: Czernowitz)
- Hlyboka (Romanian: Adâncata)
- Kitsman (Romanian: Cozmeni; German: Kotzman)
- Krasnoyilsk (Romanian: Crasna)
- Luzhany (Romanian: Lujeni)
- Mikhalcha (Romanian: Mihalcea)
- Nepolokivtsi (Romanian: Nepolocăuţi/Grigore-Ghica Vodă)
- Novoselytsia (Romanian: Suliţa-Târg/Suliţa Nouă/Nouă Suliţi)
- Putyla (Romanian: Putila)
- Sadhora (Romanian: Sădăgura; Polish: Sadagóra)
- Storozhynets (Romanian: Storojineţ)
- Vashkivtsi (Romanian: Văşcăuţi; German: Waschkautz)
- Voloka, Hlybotskyi Raion (Romanian: Voloca; Ukrainian: Волока)
- Vyzhnytsia (Romanian: Vijniţa; German: Wiznitz)
- Zastavna (Romanian: Zastavna)
Southern Bukovina[link]
- Cajvana (Ukrainian: Кажване, Kazhvane)
- Câmpulung Moldovenesc (Ukrainian: Кимпулунґ, Kympulung; historic Довгопілля, Dovhopillya)
- Frasin (Ukrainian: Фрасин, Frasyn)
- Gura Humorului (Ukrainian: Ґура-Гумора, Gura-Humora)
- Milişăuţi (Ukrainian: Милишівці, Mylyshivtsi)
- Rădăuţi (Ukrainian: Радівці, Radivtsi; German: Radautz)
- Siret (Ukrainian: Сирет, Syret)
- Solca (Ukrainian: Солька, Sol'ka)
- Suceava (Ukrainian: Сучава, Suchava; historic Сочава, Sochava)
- Vatra Dornei (Ukrainian: Ватра Дорни, Vatra Dorny)
- Vicovu de Sus (Ukrainian: Верхнє Викове, Verkhnye Vykove)
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Bucovina in Brasov Travel Guide
- ^ Word of Igor's regiment (Slovo o polku Igorevim -translit.)
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996), p. 420 ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
- ^ Bukovina Handbook, prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office No.6. Published in London, Feb.1919.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ http://www.bukovinasociety.org/#What%20and%20Where%20is%20Bukovina
- ^ [7]
- ^ Ion Bulei, Scurta istorie a românilor, Editura Meronia, Bucuresti, 1996, pp. 104-107
- ^ "Congresul general al Bucovinei, intrupand suprema putere a tarii si fiind investiti cu puterea legiuitoare, in numele suveranitatii nationale, hotaram: Unirea neconditionata si pe vecie a Bucovinei in vechile ei hotare pana la Ceremuş, Colacin si Nistru cu Regatul Romaniei". The General congress of Bukovina, embodying the supreme power of the country [Bukovina], and invested with legislative power, in the name of national sovereignty, we decide: Unconditional and eternal union of Bukovina, in its old boundaries up to Ceremuş [river], Colachin and Dniester [river] with the Kingdom of Romania.
- ^ Bukovyna, Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ A. Zhukovsky, Chernivtsi University, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 2001, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Accessed 11 February 2006.
- ^ a b [8]
- ^ [9]
- ^ [10]
- ^ Leonid Ryaboshapko. Pravove stanovishche natsionalnyh menshyn v Ukraini (1917–2000), P. 259 (in Ukrainian).
- ^ [11]
- ^ Ţara fagilor: Almanah cultural-literar al românilor nord-bucovineni. Cernăuţi-Târgu-Mureş, 1994, p. 160.
- ^ Dragoş Tochiţă. Români de pe Valea Siretului de Sus, jertfe ale ocupaţiei nordului Bucovinei şi terorii bolşevice. - Suceava, 1999. - P. 35. (in Romanian)
- ^ a b Keith Hitchins. The Romanians 1774-1866. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1996), pp. 226
- ^ Raimund Friedrich Kaindl. Das Ansiedlungswesen in der Bukowina seit der Besitzergreifung durch Österreich. Innsbruck (1902), pp. 1-71
- ^ [12]
References[link]
- edited by O. Derhachov (1996) (in Ukrainian). Українська державність у ХХ столітті. (Ukrainian statehood of the twentieth century). Politychna Dumka.
- [13] (original version, in German - use English and French versions with caution)
- WorldStatesmen (under Ukraine)
- Dumitru Covălciuc. Românii nord-bucovineni în exilul totalitarismului sovietic
- Victor Bârsan "Masacrul inocenţilor", Bucuresti, 1993, pp. 18–19
- Ştefan Purici. Represiunile sovietice... P. 255–258;
- Vasile Ilica. Fântâna Albă: O mărturie de sânge (istorie, amintiri, mărturii). - Oradea: Editura Imprimeriei de Vest, 1999.
- Marian Olaru. Consideraţii preliminare despre demografie si geopolitica pe teritoriul Bucovinei. Analele Bucovinei. Tomul VIII. Partea I. Bucuresti: Editura Academiei Române, 2001
- Ţara fagilor: Almanah cultural-literar al românilor nord-bucovineni. Cernăuţi-Târgu-Mureş, 1994
- Aniţa Nandris-Cudla. Amintiri din viaţă. 20 de ani în Siberia. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2006 (second edition), (in Romanian) ISBN 973-50-1159-X
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bukovina |
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bukovina. |
|
Romanian Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- "Chernivtsi oblast (region) info page". Travel information on Ukrainian(Northern) Bukovina. http://unknown-ukraine.co.uk/articles/chernivtsi-regionoblast.
- Ukrainian Census results (English)/(Ukrainian)
- City of Chernivtsy ((uk icon))
- The Metropolitanate of Moldavia and Bukovina (Romanian Orthodox Church) (Romanian)
- Soviet Ultimatum Notes (University of Bucharest site)
- detailed article about WWII and aftermath
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| Timeline of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory (major city) |
Zamosch area | New Galicia (Lublin) |
Krakau area | Neu Sandez area | Galicia (Lemberg) |
Tarnopol area | Bukovina (Czernowitz) |
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| Years | western | eastern | |||||||||||
| before 1769 | part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | part of Moldavia | |||||||||||
| 1769–1772 | to Austria, ca. 1769 | ||||||||||||
| 1772–1775 | First Partition of Poland, 1772 | First Partition of Poland, 1772 | |||||||||||
| 1775–1789 | Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria including the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator; part of the Habsburg Empire, 1772–1804; of the Austrian Empire, 1804–1867; of Cisleithania, Austria–Hungary, 1867–1918 |
Bukovina Military District, 1775–1789 | |||||||||||
| 1789–1795 | Bukovina District, 1789–1849 | ||||||||||||
| 1795–1803 | Third Partition of Poland, 1795 New Galicia (or West Galicia) |
||||||||||||
| 1803–1809 | New Galicia merged into Galicia, 1803 | ||||||||||||
| 1809–1815 | to the Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815 | to Russia, 1809–1815 | |||||||||||
| 1815–1846 | to the "Congress" Kingdom of Poland, 1815–1918 | Free City of Cracow, 1815–1846 | |||||||||||
| 1846–1849 | Grand Duchy of Cracow, 1846–1918 | ||||||||||||
| 1849–1918 | Duchy of Bukovina, 1849–1918 | ||||||||||||
| 1918–1919 | to Poland, 1918 | West Ukrainian National Republic, 1918–1919 | to Romania, 1918 | ||||||||||
| after 1919 | |||||||||||||
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| Emir Nemanja Kusturica Емир Немања Кустурица |
|
|---|---|
 Kusturica at the Guadalajara Film Festival 2009. |
|
| Born | Emir Kusturica (1954-11-24) 24 November 1954 (age 57) Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Other names | Nemanja |
| Occupation | Film director and screenwriter |
| Years active | 1978–present |
| Religion | Serbian Orthodoxy |
| Spouse | Maja Kusturica |
| Children | Stribor Kusturica Dunja Kusturica |
| Website | |
| www.kustu.com | |
Emir Nemanja Kusturica (Serbian: Емир Немања Кустурица, Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [ěmiːr nɛ̌maɲa kǔsturitsa]); born 24 November 1954 in Sarajevo) is a Serbian[1] filmmaker, actor and musician, recognized for several internationally acclaimed feature films. He is a two-time winner of the Palme d'Or at Cannes (for When Father Was Away on Business and Underground), as well as being a Commander of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.[2][3]
Since the mid-2000s, Kusturica's primary residence is Drvengrad, a village in the Mokra Gora region of Serbia. He had portions of the historic village reconstructed for his film Life Is a Miracle.
Contents |
Life and work[link]
Early life and works[link]
Born to Murat Kusturica, a journalist employed at the Sarajevo's Secretariate of Information, and Senka Numankadić, a court secretary,[4] Emir grew up as the only child of a secular family in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, then a constituent republic within Yugoslavia.[5]
Emir was something of a delinquent while growing up in Sarajevo, according to his own account.[1] Through his father's friendship with the well-known director Hajrudin "Šiba" Krvavac, 17-year-old Emir got a small part in Krvavac's 1972 Walter Defends Sarajevo, a partisan film funded by the Yugoslav state.
After graduating from the Film Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU) in 1978, Kusturica began directing made-for-TV television shorts in Yugoslavia. He made his feature film debut in 1981 with Do You Remember Dolly Bell?, which won the prestigious Silver Lion for Best First Work at that year's Venice Film Festival. From 1981 to 1988, he was a lecturer at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo (Akademija Scenskih Umjetnosti) and art director of Open Stage Obala (Otvorena scena Obala).
His second feature film, When Father Was Away on Business (1985), earned a Palme d'Or at Cannes and five Yugoslav movie awards, as well as a nomination for an American Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. Kusturica wrote the screenplays for both Do You Remember Dolly Bell? and When Father Was Away on Business in collaboration with Abdulah Sidran. In 1989, Kusturica earned more accolades for Time of the Gypsies, a film about Romani culture and the exploitation of their youth.
1990s[link]
Kusturica continued to make highly regarded films into the next decade, including his American debut, the absurdist comedy Arizona Dream (1993). He won the Palme d'Or for his black comedy epic, Underground (1995), based upon a scenario of Dušan Kovačević, a noted Serbian playwright.[6] He also taught Film Directing at Columbia University's Graduate Film Division.
In 1998, he won the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Direction for Black Cat, White Cat, a farcical comedy set in a Gypsy (Romany) settlement on the banks of the Danube. The music for the film was composed by the Belgrade-based band No Smoking Orchestra.
Recent life and work[link]
In 2001, Kusturica directed Super 8 Stories, a documentary road and concert movie about The No Smoking Orchestra, of which he is a band member. He was appointed President of the Jury of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.
His film, Maradona, a documentary on Argentine soccer star Diego Maradona, was released in Italy in May 2007. It premiered in France during the Cannes Film Festival in 2008.
His film Promise Me This premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.[7] During 2007, Kusturica prepared a punk opera, Times of the Gypsies. The premiere took place in June 2007, at the Opéra Bastille in Paris. The next month, Kusturica directed the music video to Manu Chao's single "Rainin In Paradize", from the latter's forthcoming album.
On 8 September 2007, Kusturica was appointed a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia, alongside Ana Ivanović, Jelena Janković and Aleksandar Đorđević.
Since January 2008, Kusturica annually organizes a private Küstendorf Film Festival. Its first installment was held at Drvengrad, a village built for his film Life Is a Miracle, from 14 to 21 January 2008.[8]
His next film, Cool Water, is a comedy set against the background of a Middle East conflict. Filming started in November 2010 in Germany. It is the first time Emir Kusturica directed a film which he did not write.
At the 64th Cannes Film Festival, held 11–22 May 2011, Kusturica presided over the jury of the Un Certain Regard section of the festival's official selection. On 14 May, in Cannes, he was invested with the insignia of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, the highest decoration in France.[9]
Acting[link]
Kusturica first performed in The Widow of St. Pierre (2000), a movie by director Patrice Leconte. In 2002, Emir Kusturica appeared as an electric guitar player/security specialist in The Good Thief, directed by Neil Jordan.
In the French movie L'affaire Farewell (2009), he played the role of Russian KGB agent Colonel Sergei Gregoriev, the central focus of a web of intrigue between warring governments and rival spy agencies.
Music[link]
From 1986 until 1988, Kusturica played bass guitar in Zabranjeno Pušenje, a rock band from Sarajevo (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina).
Although Kusturica played a minor musical role in the band, he returned to the group following the Black Cat, White Cat film and the band's name changed to Emir Kusturica & The No Smoking Orchestra. In 1999, the No Smoking Orchestra recorded a new album, Unza Unza Time, produced by the Universal record company, as well as a music video, directed by Emir Kusturica. The band has been touring internationally since 1999.
The musician and composer Goran Bregović has created music for three of Kusturica's films: Time of the Gypsies, Arizona Dream, which featured Iggy Pop; and Underground.
Writing[link]
Kusturica's autobiography, Smrt je neprovjerena glasina (Death is an Unverified Rumour), was published in October 2010 in Belgrade by Novosti AD. The launch took place on 26 October during Belgrade Book Fair and was attended by Nele Karajlić, Dušan Kovačević, Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić, Vojislav Koštunica.[10][11][12] Released only in Serbia, Montenegro, and Republika Srpska, the book was initially printed in 20,000 copies that were quickly sold. Second printing in 32,000 copies was out in November and it too sold within weeks. On 8 December, the third printing in 40,000 copies was out[13] and promoted a day later at Belgrade's Dom Sindikata.[14] In February 2011, fourth printing with further 10,000 copies was out and soon the sale of 100,000th copy was announced.[15]
Translations were published in Italy on 30 March 2011 under the title Dove sono in questa storia ("Where am I in this Story"),[16] in France on 6 April 2011 as Où suis-je dans cette histoire ?,[17] and in Germany in September 2011 as Der Tod ist ein unbestätigtes Gerücht.[18]
Drvengrad and Kamengrad projects[link]
Drvengrad (meaning Wooden Town) is a traditional village that Kusturica built for his film Life Is a Miracle. It is located in the Zlatibor District near the city of Užice, two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia's capital, Belgrade. It is located near Mokra Gora and Višegrad, best known for Yugoslav Ivo Andrić's Nobel-winning novel, The Bridge on the Drina.[19] Since 2008, the village hosts the annual Küstendorf Film and Music Festival,[20] which showcases films and music from all around the world. The festival is known for not having a red carpet as well as none of the popular Hollywood festival artifacts.
Kusturica started the construction project of Kamengrad (meaning Stone Town)also known as Andrićgrad), located in Višegrad, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 June 2011, which will be completed by 2014. [21] Kamengrad is located only several kilometers from Kusturica's first town Drvengrad, in Serbia. Kamengrad will be used as a filming location for the Emir's new film "Na Drini ćuprija", based on the book The Bridge on the Drina, by Nobel Prize for Literature laureate Ivo Andrić.
Controversy[link]
Work[link]
Kusturica and his work have provoked controversy at home and abroad.[22] Underground, scripted by Dušan Kovačević, was partly financed by state-owned Yugoslav television. It recounted the history of Yugoslavia from World War II until the conflict in the 1990s. Some[who?] Bosnian and French critics claimed the film contained pro-Serb propaganda.[23][24]
French philosopher and writer Alain Finkielkraut, a supporter of the Croatian nationalist leader Franjo Tuđman,[25] denounced the Cannes Film Festival's jury award, saying,
"In recognizing 'Underground', the Cannes jury thought it was honouring a creator with a thriving imagination. In fact, it has honoured a servile and flashy illustrator of criminal clichés. The Cannes jury highly praised a version of the most hackneyed and deceitful Serb propaganda. The devil himself could not have conceived so cruel an outrage against Bosnia, nor such a grotesque epilogue to Western incompetence and frivolity."[24]
It was later revealed that Finkielkraut had not seen the film before writing his criticism.[26][27][28][29] French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy made a film criticizing Underground.[23]
In a discussion with Bernard-Henri Levy, the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek said,
"I hope we share another point, which is – to be brutal – hatred of [director] Emir Kusturica. Underground is one of the most horrible films that I've seen. What kind of Yugoslav society do you see in Kusturica's Underground? A society where people fornicate, drink, fight – a kind of eternal orgy."[30]
The Sarajevo-born novelist Aleksandar Hemon, who emigrated to the United States before the war, said Underground downplayed Serbian atrocities by presenting "the Balkan war as a product of collective, innate, savage madness."[31]
Politics[link]
Kusturica has been criticised for appearing to agree with Slobodan Milošević’s propaganda during the Bosnian War. Andrej Nikolaidis, a Montenegrin writer and columnist, wrote in the weekly Monitor:
"Considering he proclaimed his dead father a Serb, and himself, Emir, an Orthodox Christian, he easily chose his own in the Bosnian War. He recognized them in Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. He wasn't there to fire cannon barrages, but whenever he could, with his artistic and media get-up he provided them an alibi for every killed Muslim who didn't want to admit that he was originally an 'Orthodox Christian'."[cite this quote]
Kusturica sued Nikolaidis and the Monitor newspaper for civil damages at the Supreme Court of Montenegro. In the end, Nikolaidis was ordered to pay $6,490 to Kusturica for calling the famed director a "media star of Milosevic's war machinery".[32] The judge ruled that the evidence was not credible enough.[33] In the end Nikolaidis and the paper were fined 12,000 euros for breaking the code of journalism by calling Kusturica "stupid, ugly and corrupt" in the article.[34]
Kusturica is also known as a vocal supporter of Russian president Putin. In 2012, he said that as a Russian, he would vote for Putin, while as a British or American, he would fight Putin.[35] Kusturica also appeared at Putin's 3rd inauguration in May 2012.[36]
2010 Antalya festival[link]
In October 2010 Kusturica withdrew from the jury of Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival after being publicly criticized and accused by Turkish director Semih Kaplanoğlu and Turkish minister of culture Ertuğrul Günay over his alleged remarks and opinions about the Bosnian War.[37]
The criticism of Kusturica was started by an organization called the Turkish-Bosnian Cultural Federation as soon as Kusturica was announced as a jury member.[38] Turkish media reported that Kusturica repeatedly downplayed the number of killed people and the rape of Muslim women during the war.[37] It was not clear when Kusturica was supposed to have made those comments, but the daily Milliyet said Kusturica denied the allegations.[37]
Public sentiment in Turkey was whipped up against Kusturica to the point that a couple of days after Kusturica left Turkey, there were news reports about a mob of Turkish youths in Antalya physically assaulting Swiss actor Michael Neuenschwander (in town to promote his movie 180° – Wenn deine Welt plötzlich Kopf steht) because they mistook him for Kusturica due to apparent physical resemblance between the two.[39] Later, Neuenschwander's press agent said there was no physical assault and that Neuenschwander was verbally abused by a small group.[40]
Kusturica later commented on the incident:
| “ | I did receive a sincere apology from the mayor of Antalya Mustafa Akaydın over what happened. Essentially, I became collateral damage in the ongoing political fight between the central powers from the ruling coalition in Istanbul and the municipal authorities in Antalya where the local power is held by a social-democrat party. But regardless of everything, this is completely unacceptable on a basic level - when you're an invited guest somewhere, your hosts simply can not behave in this manner. And this run-in I had was with a part of Turkish society, the part that consists of highly-evolved primitives. I am not a politician and I'm not obliged to comment on and dissect every crime or genocide around the world. And then I got very angry and I told them if they're so sensitive about genocide it would be much better for them to publicly condemn the genocide they committed against the Armenian people, before having a go at me with accusatory statements. I clearly condemned the crimes in Bosnia, but the 'problem' is that I condemned the crimes committed by all sides, which makes me incompatible with the strategy they have for Bosnia.[41] | ” |
Personal[link]
On Đurđevdan (St. George's Day) in 2005, he was baptised into the Serbian Orthodox Church as Nemanja Kusturica (Немања Кустурица) in Savina monastery near Herceg Novi, Montenegro.[42][43] To his critics who considered this the final betrayal of his Bosnian Muslim roots, he replied that:
| “ | My father was an atheist and he always described himself as a Serb. OK, maybe we were Muslim for 250 years, but we were Orthodox before that and deep down we were always Serbs, religion cannot change that. We only became Muslims to survive the Turks.[5][42][44] | ” |
Kusturica traces his family origin before the conversion to Islam, to the Babić family, precisely to a Kusturica that helped build the Arslanagić bridge in the 18th century, that hailed from Bileća (He took the surname Kusturica when Islamized).[45]
At the 2007 parliamentary elections, he gave indirect support to Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica and his center-right Democratic Party of Serbia.[46] In 2007, he also supported the Serbian campaign Solidarity - Kosovo is Serbia, a campaign against the unilateral separation of the Serbian province of Kosovo.[47]
He is currently living in Drvengrad, Serbia, the village which he had built for his film Life Is a Miracle. Kusturica holds Serbian and French citizenships.[citation needed]
Kusturica received the Order of St. Sava, First Class, for his selfless care and presentation of the Serbian nation in the world, on May 12, 2012.[48]
Marriage and family[link]
Emir Kusturica is married to Maja Mandić, daughter of a "Bosnian Serb (Miloš Mandić) and a Slovene-Croat (Ljerka Kušec). His children are Stribor, 30, and Dunja, 24."[5]
Filmography[link]
- As director
- Guernica, 1978, short
- The Brides Are Coming (Nevjeste dolaze), 1978, TV film
- Buffet Titanic (Bife Titanik), 1979, TV film
- Do You Remember Dolly Bell? (Sjećaš li se Dolly Bell), 1981
- Nije čovjek ko ne umre, 1984, TV film
- When Father Was Away on Business (Otac na službenom putu), 1985
- Time of the Gypsies (Dom za vešanje), 1988
- Arizona Dream, 1993
- Underground (Podzemlje), 1995
- Black Cat, White Cat (Crna mačka, beli mačor), 1998
- Super 8 Stories, 2001, documentary
- Life Is a Miracle (Život je čudo), 2004
- Promise Me This (Zavet), 2007
- Maradona, 2008, documentary
- Tweaker's Delight, 2011 (pre-production)
- Cool Water, 2012 (pre-production)
- Wild Roses, Tender Roses, 2012 (pre-production)
- As actor
- Walter Defends Sarajevo, 1972
- Underground (Podzemlje), 1995
- The Widow of Saint-Pierre, 2000
- The Good Thief, 2002
- Strawberries in the Supermarket, 2004
- L'affaire Farewell (Farewell), 2009
- Hermano (film), 2010
- Nicostratos le pélican (film), 2011
- Au bonheur des ogres (The Scapegoat), based on Daniel Pennac's 1985 novel, 2012
- 7 Days in Havana
Awards[link]
- 1st prize on Student's Film Festival in Karlovy Vary, (1978) for Guernica
- Golden Lion for "Best First Work" in Venice Film Festival, (1981) for Do You Remember Dolly Bell?
- Golden palm Cannes Film Festival, (1985) for When Father Was Away on Business
- FIPRESCI prize Cannes Film Festival, (1985) for When Father Was Away on Business
- Best Foreign Language Academy Award Nomination, (1985) for When Father Was Away on Business
- Best Director award at Cannes Film Festival, (1989) for Time of Gypsies[49]
- Silver Bear – Special Jury Prize at the Berlin Film Festival, (1993) for Arizona Dream[50]
- Golden Palm at Cannes Film Festival, (1995) for Underground[51]
- Silver Plate of best documentary at Chicago International Film Festival, (2001) for Super 8 Stories
- Cinema Prize of the French Education System at Cannes Festival (2004) for Life is a Miracle
- Best European Union Film at César Awards, (2005) for Life is a Miracle
- Philippe Rotthier European Architecture Award, (2005) for Küstendorf village in Serbia
- On 10 February 2007, Kusturica received Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France's highest order in recognition of significant contribution to the arts.
- Philippe Rotthier European Architecture Award for his ethnic village project Küstendorf (also called Drvengrad – “wooden town”) on Mt. Zlatibor, Serbia, in 2005. The prize is awarded every three years by the Brussels Foundation for Architecture.
- In 2004, The Prix de l'Education nationale (National Education Prize) honored Emir Kusturica and his film Život je čudo (Life is a Miracle).
- On 8 April 2011, Kusturica was the first person ever to receive "Momo Kapor award", for his book Death is an Unverified Rumour
- In 2011, Kusturica won "Tipar award" for satire, awarded in the city of Pljevlja
- Order of St. Sava, Serbian Orthodox Church's highest decoration, on 12 May 2012.
References[link]
- ^ a b Emir Kusturica. "Biography". Kustu.com. http://www.kustu.com/w2/en:biography. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ "Politika". Politika.rs. http://www.politika.rs/detaljno.php?nid=19321. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Ministere de la culture". Culture.gouv.fr. http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/communiq/donnedieu/kusturica.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Croatia. "INTERVIEW: EMIR NEMANJA KUSTURICA, ''Globus'', February 2009". Globus.com.hr. http://www.globus.com.hr/Clanak.aspx?BrojID=307&ClanakID=8519&Stranica=4#. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ a b c Halpern, Dan (8 May 2005). "The (Mis)Directions of Emir Kusturica". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/magazine/08EMIR.html?_r=1. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Biography". Kustu.com. http://www.kustu.com/w2/en:biography. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Promise Me This". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4429309/year/2007.html. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
- ^ Emir Kusturica i Voja Brajović najavili su prvi filmski festival „Kustendorf" u Drvengradu na Mokroj Gori, PRESS, 14.12.2007
- ^ "Emir Kusturica named Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur". Festival de Cannes. 14 May 2011.
- ^ http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:305333-Kusturica-hit-Sajma
- ^ http://english.blic.rs/Culture-Showbiz/7046/When-not-said-is-more-important-than-said
- ^ http://kustu.com/w2/en:smrt_je_neprovjerena_glasina
- ^ Trece;Novosti
- ^ Bakice umalo nisu stradale zbog Kuste;MTS Mondo, 9 December 2010
- ^ „Neprovjerena glasina“ dobila stohiljaditog čitaoca;Večernje novosti, 17 February 2011
- ^ Dove sono in questa storia ISBN 978-88-07-01839-8
- ^ Où suis-je dans cette histoire ? ISBN 978-2-7096-1915-8
- ^ Der Tod ist ein unbestätigtes Gerücht;RandomHouse.de
- ^ Movie-maker, musician, architect: Emir Kusturica is coming to London, The Sunday Times
- ^ INTERNATIONAL FILM AND MUSIC FESTIVAL KUSTENDORF/
- ^ Почела градња "Андрићграда" (Serbian)
- ^ "Emir Kusturica: Encyclopedia II – Emir Kusturica – Controversy". Experiencefestival.com. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Emir_Kusturica_-_Controversy/id/5020343. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ a b Serb director tries for third triumph, The Guardian, 15 May 2004
- ^ a b Dispute Leads Bosnian to Quit Films, The New York Times, 5 December 1995
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=KZf7iYGxTfIC&lpg=PA120&ots=Q7FhIC_Mfc&dq=finkielkraut%20tudjman&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q=finkielkraut%20tudjman&f=false
- ^ "The polemic 'Underground'". Kustu.com. http://kustu.com/w2/en:polemics. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Cédric Housez,Voltaire. ""Alain Finkielkraut and Bernard Henry Lévy, two propagandists of the 'clash of civilizations' ", Voltaire]". Voltairenet.org. http://www.voltairenet.org/article30277.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Faut-il brûler Underground?". L'Express. France. 19 October 1995. http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/faut-il-bruler-underground_610275.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Notes from the underground: the ... – Google Books. Google Books. 2 June 1995. http://books.google.com/books?id=IDktuer8qcAC&lpg=PA42&ots=aRXRSjyxtH&dq=finkielkraut%20underground&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q=finkielkraut%20underground&f=false. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Slavoj Žižek interview". Euronews, shown again on Youtube.com. 13 September 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzM8tqjmCU8. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Halpern, Dan (8 May 2005). "The (Mis)Directions of Emir Kusturica". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/magazine/08EMIR.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ "Victoria Advocate". Newsbank. 17 November 2004. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VA&p_theme=va&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1066699784919DBF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Il caso Kusturica, 23 February 2005 (in Italian)
- ^ "Blic Online | Vrhovni sud Crne Gore presudio u korist Kusturice". Blic.rs. http://www.blic.rs/hronika.php?id=110061. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "RIA Novosti; Serb Director Kusturica Wants 'Evolution' for Russia". rian.ru. http://en.beta.rian.ru/society/20120222/171459782.html. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ "Smedia; Emir Kusturica na Putinovoj inauguraciji u Kremlju". smedia.sr. http://www.smedia.rs/vesti/vest/92536/Putin-polazio-predsednicku-zakletvu-Vladimir-Putin-Emir-Kusturica-Emir-Kusturica-na-Putinovoj-inauguraciji-u-Kremlju.html. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Kusturica Quits Film Festival Jury in Turkey", ABC News, Retrieved on 11 October 2010.
- ^ Kritike Kusturice u Turskoj;Blic, 20 September 2010
- ^ Prebijen glumac koji liči na slavnog reditelja – Kusta: Dobro je da sam otišao iz Turske; Blic, 16 October 2010
- ^ Saldırıya uğramadı, sözlü tepki gördü; Haberturk, 16.10.2010(Turkish)
- ^ Youtube link
- ^ a b "Article about Kusturica's religion on". Pionirovglasnik.com. 26 July 2005. http://www.pionirovglasnik.com/index.php?category=39&content=315. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "News of Kusturica's baptism". Hem.passagen.se. http://hem.passagen.se/hambarine/Vijesti/23072005Kusturica.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Emir Kusturica (4 March 2005). "An interview for Guardian". London: Film.guardian.co.uk. http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1429569,00.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Glas Javnosti, 19. January 2001, Ko je ovaj čovek: Emir Kusturica, by Zorica Vulić
- ^ "Film director Emir Kusturica attends the final pre-elections rally of Democratic Party of Serbia in Belgrade 17 January 2007". (Reuters), 2space.net. 1 January 1970. http://www.2space.net/news/article.php?art=15890&ut=1169058300. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Iva Martinović (12 November 2007). "Radio Slobodna Evropa article". Slobodnaevropa.org. http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/Article/719300.html. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ B92, Patrijarh odlikovao Kusturicu, 12.05.2012
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Time of the Gypsies". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/227/year/1989.html. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
- ^ Berlinale annual archives – 1993
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Underground". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3377/year/1995.html. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
Bibliography[link]
- Gocic, Goran: "The Cinema of Emir Kusturica: Notes from the Underground", Wallflower Press, London, 2001.
- Irodanova, Dina: Emir Kusturica. London. British Film Institute 2002.
- Imsirevic, Almir: "Based on a Truth Story", Sarajevo, 2007.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Emir Kusturica |
- Emir Kusturica at the Internet Movie Database
- No Smoking Orchestra – Band official site
- Komuna Belgrade
- Indie Wire, Interview with Kusturica on Black Cat, White Cat
- RTS interview, 26 April 2006 (Serbian)
- Etno selo Nemanje Kusturice na Mećavniku, May, 2007 – www.ciode.ca (Serbian)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Emir Kusturica |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kusturica, Emir |
| Alternative names | Nemanja |
| Short description | Film director and screenwriter |
| Date of birth | 24 December 1954 |
| Place of birth | Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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