A pseudonym (literally, "false name") is a name that a person (or, sometimes, a group) assumes for a particular purpose and that differs from his or her original orthonym (or "true name"). They include stage names, ''noms de plume'', aliases, gamer identification, anagrams, Graecisms, Latinisations, mystifications, nicknames, and names or orders or popes.

Pseudonyms are often used to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers' pen names, graffiti artists' tags, resistance fighters' or terrorists' noms de guerre, and computer hackers' handles. Actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. Employers sometimes require employees to use assigned names to help sell products; for example, a company that does business mostly in one country but locates a call center in another country may require its employees to assume names common in the former country in an effort to draw a more positive or less negative reaction from current and/or prospective customers.

In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organizational tradition. This has been the case of devotional names used by members of some religious orders, and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Stalin.

A ''collective name'' or ''collective pseudonym'' is one shared by two or more persons. This is sometimes used by the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, or Bourbaki.

Etymology

The term is derived from the Greek (''pseudṓnymon''), literally "false name", from (''pseûdos''), "lie, falsehood" and (''ónoma''), "name". A pseudonym is distinct from an ''allonym'', which is the name of another actual person, which is assumed by someone in authorship of a work of art. This may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a "front" name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for ''falsely'' attributed authorship.

Concealment of identity

Literary pen names

A pen name (or "nom de plume") is a pseudonym adopted by authors or their publishers, often to conceal their identity. One famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write in fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll. Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several noms de plume.

The Brontë family used pseudonyms for their early work, so residents in local communities did not know their works related to the neighborhood people. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books. Anne Brontë published ''The Tenant of Wildfell Hall'' under the pseudonym Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published ''Shirley'' and ''Jane Eyre'' under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Emily Brontë published ''Wuthering Heights'' under Ellis Bell.

Some female authors used male pen names, particularly in the 19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. The reverse example is that of male romance novelists using female pen names. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. One of Evans' most acclaimed novels is ''Adam Bede'', which was published in 1859. Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. Jane Austen used the pseudonym "A Lady" as the author of her first novel ''Sense and Sensibility''. Elisabeth Evermarie Sarai went by Elisheva (Hebrew for Elizabeth) Evermaire for her novel ''Sarai''.

The authors C. L. Moore and S. E. Hinton were female authors who used abbreviated forms of their full names in order to disguise their gender and attract various types of readers, without creating expectations about the content of their work due to some readers' gender-related stereotypes. However, these names are ''not'' pseudonyms, as they are simply the initialized versions of the authors' actual names. C. L. Moore was Catherine Lucille Moore, who wrote in the 1930s male-dominated science fiction genre, and S. E. Hinton, (author of ''The Outsiders'') is Susan Eloise Hinton. Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine) wrote using her abbreviated own name and also with the pseudonyms Michael Richards and J. Michael Bingham. A more recent example would be J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series.

A pseudonym may also be used to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of exposé books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output, e.g., Stephen King writing as Richard Bachman. Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e.g., P. J. Tracy and Perri O'Shaughnessy. Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee used the name Ellery Queen as both a pen name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character.

A famous case in French literature was Romain Gary. Already a well-known and highly acclaimed writer, he started publishing books under the pen name Émile Ajar. He wanted to test whether his new books would be well-received on their own merits and without the aid of his established reputation, and they were.

A collective pseudonym may represent an entire publishing house, or any contributor to a long-running series, especially with juvenile literature. Examples include Watty Piper, Victor Appleton, Erin Hunter, and Kamiru M. Xhan.

Aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations in criminal activity

Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations (corporate shells) to hide their identity, or to impersonate other persons or entities in order to commit fraud. Aliases and fictitious business names used for dummy corporations may become so complex, that in the words of the ''Washington Post'' newspaper, ''"getting to the truth requires a walk down a bizarre labyrinth"'', and multiple government agencies may become involved to uncover the truth.

Noms de guerre

In Ancien Régime France, ''Noms de guerre'' (French phrase meaning "names of war" or "war names") were adopted by new recruits (or attributed by the captain of the company) as they enlist in the French army. These nicknames had an official character and were the ancestor of identification numbers : soldiers were identified by their first names, their family names, and their ''noms de guerre'' (i.e. ''Jean Amarault dit Lafidélité''). These pseudonyms were usually related to the soldier's place of origin (i.e. ''Jean Deslandes dit Champigny'', for a soldier coming from a town named Champigny), or to a particular physical or psychological trait (i.e. ''Antoine Bonnet dit Prettaboire'', for a soldier ''prêt-à-boire'', ready-to-drink). In 1716 “noms de guerre” were mandatory for every soldier; officers did not adopt noms de guerre as they considered them derogatory. In daily life, these aliases could replace the real family name.

Noms de guerre were later adopted by members of the French resistance during World War II for security reasons. Such pseudonyms are often adopted by military special forces soldiers, such as members of the SAS and other similar units, resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerrillas. This practice hides their identities and protects their families from reprisal; it may also be a form of dissociation from domestic life. Some well-known men who adopted ''noms de guerre'' include Andy McNab, SAS soldier; Carlos the Jackal, for Ilich Ramírez Sánchez; Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany; and Subcomandante Marcos, the spokesman of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). During Lehi's underground struggle against the British in Mandatory Palestine, the organization's commander Yitzchak Shamir (later Prime Minister of Israel) adopted the ''nom de guerre'' "Michael", in honor of Ireland's Michael Collins. Revolutionaries and resistance leaders, such as Lenin, Stalin, Golda Meir, Moshe Dayan, Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, and Josip Broz, often adopted their ''noms de guerre'' as their proper names after the struggle. George Grivas, the Greek-Cypriot EOKA militant, adopted the ''nom de guerre'' Digenis (Διγενής). In the French Foreign Legion, recruits can adopt a pseudonym to break with their past lives.

Computer users

Individuals using a computer online may adopt or be required to use a form of pseudonym known as a "handle", "user name", "login name", "avatar", or, sometimes, "screen name" or "nickname" (or "nick"). On the Internet, pseudonymous remailers utilise cryptography that achieves persistent pseudonymity, so that two-way communication can be achieved, and reputations can be established, without linking physical identities to their respective pseudonyms. Aliasing is the use of multiple names for the same data location.

More sophisticated cryptographic systems, such as Anonymous Digital credentials, enable users to communicate pseudonymously (i.e., by identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms). In well-defined abuse cases, a designated authority may be able to revoke the pseudonyms and reveal the individuals' real identity.

Business sales

People of ethnic minorities in some areas of the world are sometimes told by an employer to use a pseudonym that is common and/or acceptable in that part of the world when conducting business, as some people might prefer a person of similar ethnic origin or similar background to people of foreign background or foreign ethnicity.

Privacy

People seeking privacy often use pseudonyms to make appointments and reservations. Those writing to agony columns in newspapers and magazines may use pseudonyms.

Establishment of identity

The patrilineal and matrilineal practices of assigning names to offspring for the purpose of tracing ancestry or determining inheritance and other relationships may be giving way to a 21st century preference for self-assigned or quality-assigned names as replacements for birth given names. A common practice of many indigenous peoples was to assign a clan or shamanic name to members in puberty and post-puberty rituals. It is becoming more common for modern authors and others to elect to take names better suited to their own tastes, characters, or other aspects of personal description or preference. "In most legal systems, a name assumed for a non-fraudulent purpose is a legal name and usable as the person's true name...". This is quite distinct from, though not exclusive of, employing a pseudonym for the purpose of concealment.

Stage names

Film, theatre, and related activities

When used by an actor, radio disc jockey, performer, or model, a pseudonym is a ''stage name'', ''professional name'', or ''screen name''. Actors who are members of a marginalized ethnic or religious group have often adopted stage names, typically changing their surname or entire name to mask their original background. For example, Chris Curtis of Deep Purple fame was christened as Christopher Crummey. Screen names are also used to create a more marketable name, as in the case of Creighton Tull Chaney, who adopted the pseudonym Lon Chaney, Jr., a reference to his famous father Lon Chaney, Sr. Conversely, Nicolas Cage adopted this stage name instead of his real name, Nicolas Kim Coppola, in order to conceal the appearance of nepotism as the nephew of famous director Francis Ford Coppola. Filmmakers the Coen brothers share credits for editing under the alias Roderick Jaynes.

Pseudonyms are also used to comply with the rules of performing arts guilds (Screen Actors Guild (SAG), Writers Guild of America, East (WGA), AFTRA, etc.), which do not allow performers to use an existing name, in order to avoid confusion. For example, these rules required film and television actor Michael Fox to add a middle initial and become Michael J. Fox, to avoid being confused with another actor named Michael Fox. This was also true of author and actress Fannie Flagg, who chose this pseudonym; her real name, Patricia Neal, being the name of another well-known actress, and British actor Stewart Granger, whose real name was James Stewart.

Some stage names are used to conceal a person's identity, such as the pseudonym Alan Smithee, which is used by directors in the Directors Guild of America (DGA) to remove their name from a film they feel was edited or modified beyond their artistic satisfaction. Actors and actresses in pornographic films use ''noms de porn'' to conceal their identity as well as to make it more outrageous and memorable (e.g., Dick Nasty). In theatre, the pseudonyms George or Georgina Spelvin, David Agnew, and Walter Plinge are used to hide the identity of a performer, usually when he or she is "doubling" (playing more than one role in the same play).

Music

Musicians and singers can use pseudonyms to allow artists to collaborate with artists on other labels while avoiding the need to gain permission from their own labels, such as the artist Jerry Samuels, who made songs under Napoleon XIV. Rock singer-guitarist George Harrison, for example, played guitar on Cream's song "Badge" using a pseudonym. Another member from The Beatles was Ringo Starr, the drummer, whose real name is Richard Starkey. In classical music, some record companies issued recordings under a ''nom de disque'' in the 1950s and 1960s to avoid paying royalties. A number of popular budget LPs of piano music were released under the pseudonym Paul Procopolis. Pseudonyms are also used as stage names in heavy metal bands, such as Tracii Guns in LA Guns, Axl Rose and Slash in Guns N' Roses, Mick Mars in Motley Crue or C.C. Deville in Poison. Some of these names have additional meanings, like that of Brian Hugh Warner, more commonly known as Marilyn Manson: Marilyn coming from Marilyn Monroe and Manson from convicted serial killer Charles Manson. Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach went under the name "Coby Dick" during the ''Infest'' era. He changed back to his birth name when ''lovehatetragedy'' was released.

Elton John (whose given name was Reginald Kenneth Dwight, until it was legally changed in 1972) was notorious for his use of aliases under various writing and production credits throughout his career. Amongst the many were: Ann Orson; Lord Choc Ice; William A. Bong (a pun on "bill-a-bong", an Australian term for "pond"); Reggae Dwight, and Frank N. Stein;

For a time, the musician Prince used an unpronounceable "Love Symbol" as a pseudonym ("Prince" is his real first name and not a stage name). He also wrote the song ''Sugar Walls'' for Sheena Easton under the alias "Alexander Nevermind".

In 2009, British rock band Feeder briefly changed their name to Renegades so they could play a whole show featuring a setlist in which 95 percent of the songs played were from their forthcoming new album of the same name, with none of their singles included. Frontman Grant Nicholas felt that if they played as Feeder, there would be an uproar that they did not play any of the singles, so used the pseudonym as a hint. A series of small shows were played in 2010, at 250-1,000 capacity venues with the plan not to say who the band really are and just announce the shows as if they are a new band, Grant later hinted it was really Feeder to the fans on their website which caused a series of rumours that suggested the band changed their name permanently, although "Some people got it straight away", but as intended got people talking.

In most cases, a hip-hop artist prefers to use a pseudonym that represents some variation of their name, personality, or interests. Prime examples include Ol' Dirty Bastard (who was known under at least six aliases), Diddy (formerly known as P. Diddy and Puff Daddy), Ludacris, Flo Rida (his name is a tribute to his home state, Florida), LL Cool J, and Chingy. Black metal artists also adopt pseudonyms, usually symbolizing dark values, such as Nocturno Culto, Gaahl, Abbath, and Silenoz. In punk and hardcore punk, singers and band members often replace their real names with "tougher"-sounding stage names, such as Sid Vicious (real name John) of the late 1970s band Sex Pistols and "Rat" of the early 1980s band The Varukers and the 2000s re-formation of Discharge. Sid Vicious, however, did not truly take his name to seem tough but rather because he was anything but Vicious (several sources have indicated that Sid himself hated this nickname). Punk rock band The Ramones also had every member take the last name of Ramone. A similar practice occurred in hardcore with musicians taking the names of their bands, like Kevin Seconds of 7 Seconds and Ray Cappo of Youth of Today who, for a while, billed himself as Ray of Today. The Norwegian electronic duo Röyksopp's pseudonym for their ''Back to Mine'' album was Emmanuel Splice.

Cultural or organizational traditions

Age

In many cultures, people go by several different nicknames over the course of their lives, to reflect important parts of their lives. In some cases, a rite of passage or puberty marks the transition from a "milk name" to an adult name. Enrollment in school is another occasion where a child's formal or legal name would begin to be used.

Monarchies

In many monarchies, the sovereign is allowed to choose a regnal name by which he or she will be known. This official name may differ from his or her first name and may not even be one of his or her given names at birth.

A sovereign may choose not to use his or her first name for many reasons. Some, such as George VI of the United Kingdom (born Albert Frederick Arthur George), may wish to make a connection between their reign and that of a previous sovereign (in his case, his father, George V). Others, such as Queen Victoria (born Alexandrina Victoria of Kent), may never have been known by their original first name.

In Japan, the Emperor's personal name is never used as a regnal name: he is referred to by the name of his regnal era, and after his death his name is officially changed to that of the era. It is a severe breach of etiquette in Japan to refer to the current Emperor's personal name either in speech or in writing unless absolutely required by law. This does not apply to those outside Japan, however, which explains why Japanese and non-Japanese use different names for the Emperor. For instance, Emperor Hirohito was known within Japan as Emperor Showa.

Religion

In the tradition of various Roman Catholic religious orders and congregations, members abandon their birthname to assume a new, often unrelated, devotional name, often referring to an admired saint. For women, for example in the Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls, this reflects the mystical marriage as bride of Christ. Newly elected popes assume a papal name. Most popes choose a name commemorating an admired saint (Benedict XVI, for example) or a predecessor or predecessors (John Paul I), or even a family member (John XXIII).

In Eastern Orthodoxy, a monk or a nun is given a saint's name by their bishop or abbot at the time of their tonsure as the new monk's or nun's first act of monastic obedience. In addition, Orthodox monks and nuns never use their last names, except for legal reasons or for disambiguation. This may also have changed to indicate their brotherhood e.g. a monk at Kykkos Monastery in Cyprus may be known as ''Κυκκότης''.

In Buddhism, a Dharma name is given during the traditional refuge ceremony.

In Islam, new converts often accept Islamic names. Examples include Muhammad Ali, formerly Cassius Clay; Ivan Aguéli, who became Abd al-Hadi Aqhili; Cat Stevens, who became Yusuf Islam; and Yousuf Youhana, who became Mohammad Yousef.

In Sikhism, adherents adopt the last name Singh for males or Kaur for females.

It is a long standing tradition in the Western Occult tradition to assume a pseudonym or motto. For instance Alphonse Louis Constant wrote under the name Eliphas Levi, William Wynn Westcott wrote under Frater Sapere Aude, and Aleister Crowley wrote under the name Frater Perdurabo.

Some practitioners of Wicca adopt a "craft name" or "witch name" upon initiation for use within their community. This may be to create a name of their own choosing as opposed to their given name, or to provide anonymity to those who are in the "broom closet." Often a craft name will reflect their personality, interests and/or feelings.

Cadre names

Within Communist parties and Trotskyist organisations, noms de guerre are usually known as "party names" or "cadre names". While the practice originated during the revolutionary years after World War I, to conceal the identity of leaders, by the 1950s and 1960s, the practice was more of a tradition than an identity-concealment strategy. Some famous Communist Party names include Lenin (Vladimir Il'ich Ulyanov); Stalin (Yosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili); Pol Pot (Saloth Sar); Nahuel Moreno (Hugo Miguel Bressano) and Hua Guofeng (Su Zhu).

Political articles

From the late-18th to early-19th centuries, it was established practice for political articles to be signed with pseudonyms. A well-known American was the pen name "Publius", used by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, in writing ''The Federalist Papers''. The British political writer "Junius" was never identified.

Other types

Pseudonyms are also adopted for other reasons. Criminals often took on (or were given) pseudonyms, such as famed con man Jefferson R. Smith, who was known as Soapy Smith.

Mervyn's founder Mervin G. Morris was advised by an architect to spell the name of his store chain with a Y instead of an I because the signs would be more pleasing to the eye.

It is not uncommon for a pseudonym to be adopted by a racing car driver. Reasons for this may include keeping their parents or family unaware of their participation in such activities, so members of royalty (who may be otherwise prohibited from such a dangerous activity as racing) can participate, or as a way to remain in relative anonymity. Three-time F1 champion Jackie Stewart's son Paul used a pseudonym when he joined a British racing school for just this reason. Of the many instances of racing drivers assuming false names, two more are Louis Krages, who raced under the name "John Winter" to keep his mother from finding out about his "habit", and former F1 driver Jean Alesi. Alesi, born in France but of Italian descent, went by his real given name of Giovanni until teasing from classmates led him to adopting a more French first name.

Famous pseudonyms of people who were neither authors nor actors include the architect Le Corbusier (né Charles Édouard Jeanneret); and the statistician Student (né William Sealey Gosset), discoverer of Student's t-distribution in statistics (the latter's employer prohibited publication by employees to prevent trade secrets being revealed).

When used by a radio operator, a pseudonym is called a "handle", especially in Citizens' Band radio; on the Appalachian Trail it is common to adopt or, more usually, be given by others a "trail name".

Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones. Some Jewish politicians adopted Hebrew family names upon making aliyah to Israel, dropping Westernized surnames that may have been in the family for generations. David Ben Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland. He adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. In the 1960s, black civil rights campaigner Malcolm X (né Malcolm Little) took the "X" to represent his unknown African ancestral name which was lost when his ancestors were brought to North America as slaves, and then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam.

See also

Hypocorism

Heteronym

List of pseudonyms

List of pseudonyms used in the American constitutional debates

List of stage names

Mononymous persons

List of Latinised names

Notes

Sources

Peschke, Michael. 2006. ''International Encyclopedia of Pseudonyms.'' Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-3598249600.

Room, Adrian. 2010. ''Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins.'' 5th rev. ed. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0786443734.

External links

An extensive list of pseudonyms

A site with pseudonyms for celebrities and entertainers

Another list of pseudonyms

The U.S. copyright status of pseudonyms

Category:Semantics Category:Word play Category:Greek loanwords

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name	Charles Aznavour
background	solo_singer
birth name	Shahnour Vaghenag Aznavourian
birth date	May 22, 1924
origin	Paris, France
countries
genre	PopChansonJazz
occupation	Singer-songwriter, actor, public activist, diplomat
years active	1936–present
label	EMIMusArm Records
associated acts	Claude LombardKatia Aznavour
website	www.c-aznavour.com }}

Charles Aznavour, OC (born ''Shahnour Vaghenag Aznavourian'' ''Shahnowr Vaghinak Aznavowrhan'', May 22, 1924, Paris) is an Armenian-French singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France's most popular and enduring singers, he is also one of the best-known singers in the world. Charles Aznavour (pronounced in French as Sharl Aznavour) is known for his very short stature and for his unique tenor voice: clear and ringing in its upper reaches, with gravelly and profound low notes. He has appeared in more than sixty movies, composed about a thousand songs (including 150 at least in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German), and sold well over 100 million records.

In 1998, Charles Aznavour was named Entertainer of the Century by CNN and users of ''Time Online'' from around the globe. He was recognized as the century's outstanding performer, with nearly 18% of the total vote, edging out Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan. He has sung for presidents, popes, and royalty, as well as at humanitarian events, and is the founder of the charitable organization ''Aznavour for Armenia'' along with his long-time friend and impresario Levon Sayan.

Aznavour started his global farewell tour in late 2006, and will tour France in Fall 2011. In 2009 he was appointed ambassador of Armenia to Switzerland, as well as Armenia's permanent delegate to the United Nations at Geneva.

Biography

Background

Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghenag Aznavourian in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavourian (from Akhaltsikhe in Georgia) and Knar Baghdasarian (from Turkey). His father, who was half Armenian and half Georgian , spent his youth in Tbilisi, where his family had moved for work (Charles's grandfather was a personal chef to Governor General in Tbilisi). Later, after moving to France, Michael Aznavourian sang in restaurants before establishing his own Georgian restaurant called ''Le Caucase''. Together with his wife, who was an actress, Michael introduced Charles to the world of theatre at an early age. Charles dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour". His big break came in 1946 when the singer Édith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the United States.

Music

Often described as "France's Frank Sinatra ", Aznavour sings frequently about love. He has written musicals and about a thousand songs, and made more than one hundred records. Aznavour's voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound. Aznavour speaks and sings in many languages (French, English, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Armenian, Portuguese, Neapolitan), which has helped him perform at Carnegie Hall and other major venues around the world. He also recorded at least one song from the 18th century poet Sayat Nova, in Armenian. ''Que C'est Triste Venise'', sung in French, Italian (''Com'è Triste Venezia''), Spanish (''Venecia Sin Ti''), English (''How Sad Venice Can Be''), and German (''Venedig in Grau''), is one of Aznavour's most famous multilingual songs.

In 1974 Aznavour became a major success in the United Kingdom where his song "She" went to Number One in the charts. His other well-known song in the UK was "Dance in the Old Fashioned Way".

Artists who have covered his songs and collaborated with Aznavour include Fred Astaire, Andrea Bocelli, Bing Crosby, Ray Charles, Bob Dylan (he named Aznavour among the greatest live performers he's ever seen), Liza Minnelli, Josh Groban, Shirley Bassey, José Carreras, Laura Pausini, Nana Mouskouri and Julio Iglesias. Fellow French pop legend Mireille Mathieu has sung and recorded with Aznavour on numerous occasions. In 1974, Jack Jones recorded an entire album of Aznavour compositions entitled "Write Me A Love Song, Charlie", re-released on CD in 2006. Aznavour and Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti sang Gounod's aria ''Ave Maria'' together. He performed with famed Russian cellist and friend Mstislav Rostropovich to inaugurate the French presidency of the European Union in 1995. Elvis Costello recorded "She" for the film ''Notting Hill''. One of Aznavour's greatest friends and collaborators from the music industry is legendary Spanish operatic tenor Plácido Domingo, who often performs his hits, most notably a studio recording of "Les bateaux sont partis" in 1985, as well as multiple live renditions Aznavour's "Ave Maria". In 1994, Aznavour performed with Domingo and Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø at Domingo's third annual ''Christmas in Vienna'' concert. The three singers performed a variety of carols, medleys, and duets, and the concert was televised throughout the world, as well as released on a CD internationally.

At the start of autumn in 2006, Aznavour initiated his farewell tour, performing in the US and Canada, and earning very positive reviews. Aznavour started 2007 with concerts all over Japan and Asia. The second half of 2007 saw Aznavour return to Paris for over 20 shows at the Palais des Congrès in Paris, followed by more touring in Belgium, the Netherlands, and the rest of France. He has repeatedly stated that this farewell tour, health permitting, will likely last beyond 2010. At 87, Aznavour is in excellent health, although admittedly 60 years on stage have made him "a little hard of hearing". He still sings in multiple languages and without persistent use of teleprompters, but typically sticks to just two or three (French and English being the primary two, with Spanish or Italian being the third) during most concerts. On 30 September 2006, Aznavour performed a major concert in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia to start off the cultural season "Arménie mon amie" in France. Former Armenian president Robert Kocharyan and French president Jacques Chirac, at the time on an official visit to Armenia, were in front-row attendance.

In 2006, 82-year-old Aznavour traveled to Cuba, where he, together with Chucho Valdes, recorded his new album ''Colore Ma Vie'', presented at Aznavour's Moscow concert in April 2007. Later, in July 2007, Aznavour was invited to perform at the Vieilles Charrues Festival.

"Forever Cool" (2007), an album from Capitol/EMI, features Aznavour singing a new duet of "Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime" with the voice of the late Dean Martin.

Aznavour finished a tour of Portugal in February 2008. On 18 January 2008 he participated as guest vocalist with the contestants of the French reality show Star Academy and sang his famous ''Emmenez-Moi'' with contestant Jérémy Chapron. Throughout the spring of 2008, Aznavour toured South America, holding a multitude of concerts in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Summer saw him in Quebec, and a return to Latin America followed in autumn.

Charles Aznavour's newest album, the highly anticipated international release of ''Duos'', is a collaborative effort featuring Aznavour and his greatest friends and partners from his long career in the music industry, including Celine Dion, Laura Pausini, Josh Groban, Plácido Domingo, and many others. It was released on various dates in December 2008 across the world. His next album, ''Charles Aznavour and The Clayton Hamilton Jazz Orchestra'' (previously known as ''Jazznavour 2''), is a continuation in the same vein as his hit album ''Jazznavour'' released in 1998, involving new arrangements on his classic songs with a jazz orchestra and other guest jazz artists. It was released on November 30, 2009.

Aznavour's current tour, ''Aznavour en liberté'', which started in late April 2009 with a wave of concerts across the United States and Canada, took him across Latin America in the autumn, as well as the USA once again. In 2011 87-years old Aznavour's new international tour is starting with concerts in France (21 concerts in "Olympia"), Switzerland, Italy, Belgium and other countries.

Film

Aznavour has had a long and varied parallel career as an actor, appearing in over 60 films. In 1960 Aznavour starred in François Truffaut's ''Tirez sur le pianiste'', playing a character called Édouard Saroyan. He also put in a critically acclaimed performance in the 1974 movie ''And Then There Were None''. Aznavour had an important supporting role in 1978's ''The Tin Drum'', winner of the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1979. Aznavour starred in the 2002 movie ''Ararat'' playing Edward Saroyan, a movie director.

Armenia and abroad

Since the 1988 earthquake in Armenia, Aznavour has been helping the country through his charity, Aznavour for Armenia. Together with his brother in-law and co-author Georges Garvarentz he writes the song "Pour toi Arménie", which was performed by a group of famous French artists and topped the charts for 18 weeks. There is a square named after him in central Yerevan on Abovian Street, and a statue erected in Gyumri, which saw the most lives lost in the earthquake. In 1995 Charles Aznavour was appointed an Ambassador and Permanent Delegate of Armenia to UNESCO. Aznavour is a member of the Armenia Fund International Board of Trustees. The organization has rendered more than $150 million in humanitarian aid and infrastructure development assistance to Armenia since 1992. Charles Aznavour was appointed as "Officier" (Officer) of the Légion d'honneur in 1997.

In 2004 Aznavour received the title of "National Hero" of Armenia for his humanitarian work, Armenia's highest award. On December 26, 2008, President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan signed a presidential decree for granting citizenship for the Republic of Armenia to Charles Aznavour whom he called a "prominent singer and public figure" and "a hero of the Armenian people".

An admirer of Québec, where he played in Montréal cabarets before becoming famous, he has helped the career of Québécoise singer-songwriter Lynda Lemay in France, and has a house in Montreal. On 5 July 2008, he was invested as an honorary officer of the Order of Canada and performed the following day on the Plains of Abraham as a feature of the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of Quebec City.

Aznavour and famed Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour, with the collaboration of over 40 of France's most celebrated singers and musicians, recorded a music video band aid in the aftermath of the catastrophic 2010 Haiti earthquake, titled "1 geste pour Haïti chérie".

Personal life and cultural impact

Aznavour married his third wife, Swede Ulla Thorsell, in 1968. He has 5 children - Seda, Katia, Misha, Nicolas and Patrick. He currently resides in Geneva, Switzerland.

His musicality and fame abroad is present in many other areas of pop culture. Aznavour's name was used as the basis for the name of the character Char Aznable by Yoshiyuki Tomino in his anime mecha series, Mobile Suit Gundam. His song "Parce Que Tu Crois" was sampled by Hip Hop producer Dr. Dre for the song "What's the Difference", from his album ''2001''. He is mentioned in The Psychedelic Furs song "Sister Europe" ("The radio upon the floor/ is stupid, it plays Aznavour").

He has often joked about his physicality, the most infamous feature of which is his limited height; he stands only 1m60 (5ft3) tall, and Aznavour has made this a source of self-deprecating humour over the years.

Politics

Charles Aznavour has been increasingly involved in French, Armenian, and international politics as his career has progressed. During the 2002 French presidential elections, when radical right-wing nationalist Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front made it into the runoff election, facing incumbent Jacques Chirac, Aznavour signed the "Vive la France" petition, and called on all French to "sing the Marseillaise" in protest. Chirac, a personal friend of Aznavour's, ended up winning in a landslide, carrying over 82% of the vote.

He has written a song about the Armenian Genocide, titled ''Ils sont tombés'' (in English "''They are fallen''").

He has also campaigned fervently for international copyright law reform. In November 2005 he met with President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso on the issue of the review of term of protection for performers and producers in the EU, advocating an extension of the EU's term of protection from the current 50 years to the United States' law allowing 95 years, saying "[o]n term of protection, artists and record companies are of the same mind. Extension of term of protection would be good for European culture, positive for the European economy and would put an end the current discrimination with the U.S." He has also notably butted heads with French politician Christine Boutin over her defense of a "global license" flat-fee authorization for sharing of copyrighted files over the Internet, claiming that the license would eliminate creativity. In May 2009 the French Senate approved one of the strictest internet anti-piracy bills ever with a landslide 189-14 vote. Aznavour was a vocal proponent of the measure and considered it a rousing victory:

"If the youth can't make a living through creative work, they will do something else and the artistic world will be dealt a blow... There will be no more songs, no more books, nothing at all. So we had to fight", said Aznavour.

Along with holding the mostly ceremonial title of French ambassador-at-large to Armenia, Aznavour agreed to hold the position of Ambassador of Armenia to Switzerland on February 12, 2009:

"First I hesitated, as it is not an easy task. Then I thought that what is important for Armenia is important for us. I have accepted the proposal with love, happiness and feeling of deep dignity", said Aznavour.

Awards and recognition

1963, 1971 and 1980 - Edison Awards (three-time awardwinner)

1971 - Golden Lion Honorary Award at the Venice Film Festival for the Italian version of the song ''Mourir d'aimer''

1995 - Large Medal of French Academy

1995 - Ambassador of Goodwill and Permanent Delegate of Armenia to UNESCO

1996 - Induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame

1997 - French Victoire award for Male artist of the year

1997 - Honorary César Award

1997 - ''Officier'' (Officer) of the ''Legion d'honneur''

2004 - National Hero of Armenia

2006 - Honorary prize at 30th Cairo Film Festival

2008 - Honorary Officer of the Order of Canada

2008 - Citizenship of the Republic of Armenia

2009 - MIDEM Lifetime Achievement Award 2009 - Grigor Lusavorich award of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 2009 - Officer of the National Order of Quebec

Discography

Filmography

Actor

''La Guerre des gosses'' (1936) – Extra

''Adieu chérie'' (1946)'' (as Aznavour) – Le duettiste

''Entrez dans la danse'' (1948)

''Une gosse sensass''' (1957) – Le chanteur

''Paris Music Hall'' (1957) – Charles

''La Tête contre les murs'' (1959) – Heurtevent

''Les Dragueurs'' (1959) – Joseph Bouvier

''Pourquoi viens-tu si tard?'' (1959) – Un danseur

''Oh! Qué mambo'' (1959)'' (uncredited) – Un spectateur au cabaret

''Le Testament d'Orphée'' (1960) (uncredited) – The Curious Man

''Un taxi pour Tobrouk'' (1960) – Samuel Goldmann

''Tomorrow Is My Turn'' (''Le Passage du Rhin'') (1960) – Roger

''Tirez sur le pianiste'' (1960) – Charlie Kohler/Édouard Saroyan

''Gosse de Paris'' (1961)

''Les Lions sont lâchés'' (1961) – Charles, un convive de Marie-Laure

''Esame di guida - tempo di Roma'' (1962) – Marcello

''Horace 62'' (1962) – Horace Fabiani

''Le Diable et les dix commandements'' (1962) – Denis Mayeux (episode "Homicide point ne seras")

''Les Quatre vérités'' (1962) – Charles

''Les Vierges'' (1963) – Berthet

''Cherchez l'Idole (1963) – Aznavour

''Le Rat d'Amérique'' (1963) – Charles

''Thomas l'imposteur'' (1964)

''Alta infedeltà'' (1964) – Giulio (segment "Peccato nel Pomeriggio")

''La Métamorphose des cloportes'' (1965) – Edmond

''Le Facteur s'en va-t-en guerre'' (1966) – Thibon

''Paris au mois d'août'' (1966) – Henri Plantin

''Caroline chérie'' (1968) – Postillon

''Candy'' (1968) – Hunchback juggler

''Le Temps des loups'' (1969) – Inspector

''The Adventurers'' (1970) – Marcel Campion

''L'Amour'' (1970) – Le présentateur

''The Games'' (1970) – Pavel Vendek

''The Selfish Giant'' (1971) – Narrator (French version)

''Un beau monstre'' (1971) – Inspector Leroy

''Part des lions'' (1971) – Éric Chambon

''Les Intrus'' (1972) – Charles Bernard

''The Blockhouse'' (1973) – Visconti

''Dix Petits Negres'' (1974) Dir Peter Colinson, Produit par Gerard Thum

''Ein Unbekannter rechnet ab'' (1974) – Michel Raven

''Sky Riders'' (1976) – Insp. Nikolidis

''Folies bourgeoises'' (1976) – Dr. Lartigue

''Die Blechtrommel'' (1979) – Sigismund Markus

''Ciao, les mecs'' (1979) – L'amnésique

''Der Zauberberg'' (1982) – Naphta

''Qu'est-ce qui fait courir David?'' (1982) – Léon, le père de David

''Les Fantômes du chapelier'' (1982) – Kachoudas

''Une jeunesse'' (1983) – Bellun

''Viva la vie!'' (1984) – Édouard Takvorian

''Yiddish Connection'' (1986) – Aaron Rapoport

''Mangeclous'' (1988) – Jérémie

''Il Maestro'' (1989) – Romualdi

''Le chinois'' (1989) – Charles Cotrel

''Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989'' (1989)

''Les Années campagne'' (1992) – Le grand-père/Grandfather

''Pondichéry, dernier comptoir des Indes'' (1997) – Léo Bauman

''Le Comédien'' (1997) – Monsieur Maillard

''Laguna'' (2001)

''Truth About Charlie'' (2002) – Himself

''Ararat'' (2002) – Edward Saroyan

''Le Père Goriot'' (2004) – Jean-Joachim Goriot

''Ennemis publics'' (2005)

''The Colonel'' (2006) – Père Rossi

''Up'' (2009) – Carl Fredricksen (French Voice)

Concerts

Video

1977 ''Großer Unterhaltungsabend – Charles Aznavour'' (Essen, Germany 1977). VHS Nikkatsu Video Films Co., Ltd./Japan

1982 ''An Evening with Charles Aznavour'' (Duke of York's Theatre, London 1982). VIP Videocasette Diffusion, VHS SECAM MU 550

Laserdisc

1982 ''An Evening with Charles Aznavour'' (Duke of York's Theatre, London 1982) [content differs from the video version]

DVD

1999 ''Aznavour Live - Palais des Congrès 97/98'' (EMI)

2001 ''Aznavour Live - Olympia 68/72/78/80'' (EMI)

2001 ''Charles Aznavour au Carnegie Hall'' (New York, June 1996) (EMI)

2001 ''AZNAVOUR – Pour toi Arménie'' (At Erevan Opera, September 1996)

2002 ''Patrick Bruel – Entre-Deux'' (C. Aznavour sings ''Parlez-moi d'amour'' [with Patrick Bruel])

2003 ''AZNAVOUR LIVE – Palais des Congrès 1994'' (EMI)

2004 ''Aznavour – Minelli au Palais des Congrès de Paris'' (EMI)

2004 ''Toronto 1980'' (as a Bonus to the ''Aznavour/Indispensables'' CD Boxset) (EMI)

2004 ''80, Bon Anniversaire Charles – Palais des congrès 2004'' (EMI)

2004 ''Bon anniversaire Charles!'' (TV broadcast concert for Charles Aznavour 80th anniversary, May 22, 2004) (EMI)

2005 ''Charles Aznavour 2000 – Concert intégral'' (EMI)

2006 ''The Royal Opera – Die Fledermaus'' (Covent Garden, London 31-12-1983) (C. Aznavour sings ''She'')

2007 ''Charles Aznavour : En concert à Erevan'' (EMI)

2007 ''Aznavour - Palais des Congrès de Paris (1987)'' [not the same concert as the CD version] (EMI)

2008 ''Charles Aznavour et ses amis au Palais Garnier'' (EMI)

2009 ''Anthologie 1955-1972 - 3 DVD Box Set (PAL Only)'' (INA / EMI)

2010 ''Anthologie volume 2 1973 - 1999 - 3 DVD Box Set (PAL Only)'' (INA / EMI)

FILMS Documentary

''Charles Aznavour - Armenia 1989'', (Armenfilm) 1989 color 10min. 35mm. Director Levon Mkrtchyan. The film is about the humanitarian aid that Charles Aznavour, a famous French singer of Armenian origin, brought to Armenia after the Spitak earthquake in 1988.

''Christmas in Vienna III'', A Christmas gala concert live from Vienna on 22 December 1994 with Aznavour, Plácido Domingo and Sissel Kyrkjebø, featuring the Vienna Symphony conducted by famed Croatian conductor Vjekoslav Šutej.

''Making of "Colore ma vie"'', A making-of featurette released in 2007 coinciding with the release of Aznavour's latest studio album, ''Colore ma vie''. Filmed in Havana and Paris, it shows his collaboration with Chucho Valdez and the thoughts, opinions, and artistry the two put into the album.

Appeared on The Muppet Show Episode 9. Taping Dates: June 29 - July 1, 1976. Original Airdates: January 17, 1977 (New York) and January 22, 1977 (LA)

See also

List of best-selling music artists

Franco-Armenian relations

Ils Sont Tombés

References

External links

Official site

Charles Aznavour on imusic.am

Biography by Radio France International

Live performances

Charles Aznavour - "Ave Maria" performance

Charles Aznavour - "Hier encore" performance

Charles Aznavour - "Paris au mois d'août" performance

Category:1924 births Category:Living people Category:Ambassadors of Armenia Category:Ambassadors to Switzerland Category:English-language singers Category:French Armenians Category:French film actors Category:French-language singers Category:French male singers Category:French songwriters Category:Italian-language singers Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:Officers of the National Order of Quebec Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Actors from Paris Category:Permanent Representatives of Armenia to the United Nations Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:Spanish-language singers

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Name	Marcus Luttrell
Birth date	November 07, 1975
Birth place	Huntsville, Texas
Nickname	"Southern Boy""The One"
Allegiance
Branch
Serviceyears	1999 - 2007
Rank
Unit	SEAL Team 5 SEAL Team 10 SDV Team 1
Battles	Iraq WarWar in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings
Awards	20px Navy Cross
Laterwork	}}

Marcus Luttrell (born November 7, 1975) is a former Petty Officer First Class and United States Navy SEAL. He received the Navy Cross for his actions in 2005 facing Taliban fighters during Operation Red Wings.

Military career

Luttrell joined the United States Navy in March 1999. He began Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training with Class 226 in Coronado, California. He graduated with Class 228 after suffering a fractured femur early in his training. He was deployed to Afghanistan in 2005 with SEAL Team Ten. Prior to Afghanistan, Luttrell had been part of SDV-1. After Operation Redwing he transferred to SEAL Team Five and deployed to Operation ''Iraqi Freedom'' doing various operations there.

Operation Redwing

On June 28, 2005, Luttrell and SEAL Team 10 were assigned to a mission to kill or capture Ahmad Shah (nom de guerre Mohammad Ismail), a high-ranking Taliban leader responsible for killings in eastern Afghanistan and the Hindu-Kush mountains. The SEAL team was made up of Luttrell, Michael P. Murphy, Danny Dietz and Matthew Axelson. Luttrell and Axelson were the team's snipers, with Luttrell also being the team medic; Dietz was in charge of communications and Murphy the team leader.

Three goat herders stumbled upon the hiding spot of the four SEALs. The herders were detained by the team but the SEALs were unable to verify any hostile intent. Murphy, the officer in charge of the SEAL team, put the fate of the goatherds to a vote. Axelson voted to kill the Afghans, and Dietz abstained. Murphy told Luttrell that he would vote the same as Luttrell so with his vote it was decided to let the Afghans go, for fear of possible criminal charges back in the United States.

The released herders disappeared and likely immediately betrayed the team's location to local Taliban forces and within an hour the SEALs were engaged in a fire-fight against a force of 80-150 enemy fighters. The SEAL team engaged the Taliban for over two hours in a running fire-fight through the region's hills and valleys.

The four-man SEAL team had killed an indeterminate number of the Taliban despite most of them being shot several times but still carried on with the fight, however, Axelson, Dietz and Murphy were eventually killed. Luttrell barely survived after being blown off a cliff by a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG). Team leader Michael P. Murphy was awarded the Medal of Honor for exposing himself to enemy fire to reach higher ground from which to transmit a call for backup.

A MH-47 Chinook helicopter was hastily dispatched upon receiving Murphy's distress call with a force consisting of eight SEALs and eight 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment "Night Stalkers" to rescue the team, but the helicopter was shot down by an RPG upon reaching the site of the battle. All 16 men on the Chinook were killed, including Shane Patton, whose place on Operation Redwing had been taken by Danny Dietz.

Luttrell was the only survivor of the SEAL team. Badly wounded, he managed to walk and crawl seven miles (11 kilometers) to evade capture, along the way killing six more Taliban fighters. He was given shelter by tribesmen from Sabri-Minah, a Pashtun village. (This was done because of "Lokhay Warkawa", a Pashtun belief that any stranger in need of shelter must be given it.) The villagers sheltered him and provided medical aid, and refused Taliban demands that Luttrell be turned over to them. After several days one of the village elders trekked twenty miles (32 km) to a US base to reveal Luttrell's location, and he was finally rescued six days after the battle by US forces.

Muhammad Ismail

The target of Operation Redwing, Mohammad Ismail alias Ahmad Shah, survived the American operation but was killed during a firefight with Pakistani police commandos in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in April 2008.

Returning home

Luttrell returned to the U.S. the following year, and co-authored the ''New York Times'' bestseller ''Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10'' He separated from the Navy in 2007, and was subsequently granted a temporary medical retirement through the Board for the Correction of Naval Records in 2009 .

In 2008, Marcus spoke at the Celebration of American Values Leadership Forum at the National Rifle Association's annual meeting. Immediately prior to the event, Marcus was arrested in New York City for assault following an argument in a bar. During his speech Marcus described the incident for the NRA audience.

Lone Survivor Foundation

In 2010, Luttrell established the Lone Survivor Foundation. Headquartered in Huntsville, Texas the foundation's mission is to "...go to extraordinary lengths to welcome home, empower and restore American wounded warriors, their families and surviving families as well as CALL Hometown USA TO ACTION to inspire the American Public to Pay It Forward." The vision is to "...provide therapeutic and unique opportunities to optimize recovery and healing our American Patriots – Our Wounded Warriors, Their Families, and Surviving Families. At the center of the foundation is the Lone Survivor Ranch. In a Texas ranch setting of at least , the Lone Survivor Ranch will provide holistic care to returning servicemen.

Books

Luttrell graduated as part of BUD/s Class 228, and the book by Dick Couch tells of the training of that class. Luttrell is mentioned at pages 118, 135, 194, 210, 258, and 282, as well as page 330, which lists the members of the graduating class.

Music videos

! Year	! Video	! Director
2011	"The Shape I'm In" (with Joe Nichols)	Trey Fanjoy

References

External links

Intervew -

Category:1975 births Category:American military personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Category:American military personnel of the Iraq War Category:Living people Category:Military snipers Category:United States Navy sailors Category:United States Navy SEALs Category:Recipients of the Navy Cross Category:United States Naval Special Warfare Command

fr:Marcus Luttrell sv:Marcus Luttrell