The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2011)

Bottle of Ephedrine, an alkaloid found in Ephedra

Ephedra usually refers to the plant Ephedra sinica.^[1] E. sinica, known in Chinese as ma huang (麻黃; pinyin: má huáng), has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for 5,000 years for the treatment of asthma and hay fever, as well as for the common cold.^[2] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion.^[3] Native Americans and Mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from an Ephedra, called Mormon Tea or Indian Tea.

Mormon Tea (Ephedra funerea) growing in the wild in the Fiery Furnace area of Arches National Park near Moab, Utah.

In recent years, the safety of ephedra-containing dietary supplements has been questioned by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the medical community as a result of reports of serious side effects and ephedra-related deaths.^{[4][5][6][7][8]} In response to accumulating evidence of adverse effects and deaths related to ephedra, the FDA banned the sale of ephedra-containing supplements on April 12, 2004.^[9] A suit by an ephedra manufacturer was upheld by a Federal District Court judge in Utah on April 14, 2005.^[10] The FDA appealed this ruling, and on August 17, 2006 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDA's ban of ephedra.^[11] The sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements is currently illegal in the United States because of the high risk of ephedra-related adverse events.

Ephedra biochemistry[link]

The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Pseudoephedrine is used in over-the-counter decongestants. Derivatives of ephedrine are used to treat low blood pressure, but alternatives with reduced cardiovascular risk have replaced it for treating asthma. Ephedrine is also considered a performance-enhancing drug and is prohibited in most competitive sports. Some species in the Ephedra genus have no alkaloid content and are therefore essentially inert; however, the most commonly used species, E. sinica, has a total alkaloid content of 1–3% by dry weight. Ephedrine constitutes 40–90% of the alkaloid content, with the remainder consisting of pseudoephedrine and the demethylated forms of each compound.^[12]

Effects and uses[link]

The stimulant and thermogenic effects of Ephedra sinica and other Ephedra species are due to their ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content.^[2] These compounds stimulate the brain, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels (increasing blood pressure), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, evidenced by an increase in body heat.

In traditional Chinese herbology, E. sinica is included in many herbal formulas used to treat cold and flu such as 麻黃湯 ma huang tang (ephedra decoction) or 麻杏石甘湯 ma xing shi gan tang (ephedra, apricot kernel, gypsum, and licorice decoction). Ephedra is used therapeutically as a diaphoretic to help expel exterior pathogens and regulate the proper functioning of the lungs.^[13]

Ephedra is widely used by athletes^[14] despite a lack of evidence that it enhances athletic performance.^[15][16] Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.^[17]

Ephedra has also been used for weight loss, sometimes in combination with aspirin and caffeine. Some studies in regulated and supervised environments have shown that ephedra is effective for marginal short-term weight loss (0.9 kg/month more than the placebo), although it was unclear whether such weight loss is maintained.^[18] However, several reports have documented a number of adverse events attributable to unregulated ephedra supplements.^[19]

Adverse effects of ephedra consumption may include severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, trembling, headache, insomnia, profuse perspiration, dehydration, itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, hyperthermia, irregular heartbeat, seizures, heart attack, stroke, or death.^[20]

Purity and dosage[link]

There are no formal requirements for standardization or quality control of dietary supplements in the United States, and the dosage of effective ingredients in supplements may vary widely from brand to brand or batch to batch.^[21][22][23] Studies of ephedra supplements have found significant discrepancies between the labeled dose and the actual amount of ephedra in the product. Significant variation in ephedrine alkaloid levels, by as much as 10-fold, was seen even from lot to lot within the same brand.^[24][25]

Safety and regulatory actions in the United States[link]

Escalating concerns regarding the safety of ephedra supplements led the FDA to ban the sale of ephedra-containing supplements in the United States in 2004. This ban was challenged by supplement manufacturers and initially overturned, but ultimately upheld.

Initial concerns and supplement industry response[link]

In 1997, in response to mounting concern over serious side effects of ephedra, the FDA proposed a ban on products containing 8 mg or more of ephedrine alkaloids and stricter labeling of low-dose ephedra supplements. The FDA also proposed that ephedra labels be required to disclose the health risks of ephedra, such as heart attack, stroke, or death.^[26]

In response, the supplement industry created a public relations group, the Ephedra Education Council, to oppose the changes, and commissioned a scientific review by a private consulting firm, which reported that ephedra was safe.^[27] The Ephedra Education Council also attempted to block publication of a study confirming wide discrepancies between the labeled potency of supplements and the actual amount of ephedra in the product.^[21]

Metabolife, makers of the best-selling brand of ephedra supplement, had received over 14,000 complaints of adverse events associated with its product. These reports were not initially provided to the FDA.^[27][28] Co-founder of Metabolife, Michael J. Ellis, was sentenced to six months in Federal prison for his failure to report adverse effects from his company's products to the FDA.^[29] Senators Orrin Hatch (R. Utah) and Tom Harkin (D. Iowa), authors of the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act, questioned the scientific basis for the FDA's proposed labeling changes and suggested that the number of problems reported were insufficient to warrant regulatory action. At the time, Senator Hatch's son was working for a firm hired to lobby Congress and the FDA on behalf of ephedra manufacturers.^[30]

In addition to the activities of the Ephedra Education Council, Metabolife spent more than $4 million between 1998 and 2000 lobbying against state regulation of ephedra in Texas.^[31] Business Week reported that efforts to regulate ephedra and other potentially harmful supplements had been "beaten down by deep-pocketed industry lobbying."^[32]

Ultimately, in 2000, the FDA withdrew the proposed labeling changes and restrictions.^[33]

Additional evidence[link]

A review of ephedra-related adverse reactions, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2000, found a number of cases of sudden cardiac death or severe disability resulting from ephedra use, many of which occurred in young adults using ephedra in the labeled dosages.^[4] Subsequently, in response to pressure from the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen,^[32] Metabolife was compelled by the Department of Justice in 2002 to turn over reports of over 15,000 ephedra-related adverse events, ranging from insomnia to death, which the company had previously withheld from the FDA.^[27][34] Use of ephedra was considered to have possibly contributed to the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive lineman Korey Stringer from heatstroke in 2001.^[35]

Death of Steve Bechler[link]

Steve Bechler, a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, died of complications from heatstroke following a spring training workout on February 17, 2003. The medical examiner found that ephedra toxicity played a "significant role" in Bechler's sudden death.^[36] Following Bechler's death, the FDA re-opened its efforts to regulate ephedra use. According to Bruce Silverglade, legal director for the Center for Science in the Public Interest, "All of a sudden [after Bechler's death] Congress dropped objections to an ephedra ban and started demanding the FDA act."^[27]

Senator Orrin Hatch (R. Utah), who in 1999 had helped block the FDA's attempts to regulate ephedra, said in March 2003 that "...it has been obvious to even the most casual observer that problems exist," and called FDA action to regulate ephedra "long overdue."^[30] Given Hatch's prior defense of ephedra, Time described his statement as "a dazzling display of hypocrisy."^[37]

Ephedra banned[link]

In response to renewed calls for the regulation of ephedra, the FDA commissioned a large meta-analysis of ephedra's safety and efficacy by the RAND Corporation. This study found that while ephedra promoted modest short-term weight loss, there was no evidence that it was effective for long-term weight loss or performance enhancement. The use of ephedra in this study was associated with significant gastrointestinal, psychiatric, and autonomic side effects.^[38] Almost simultaneously, a study in Annals of Internal Medicine found that ephedra was 100 to 700 times more likely to cause a significant adverse reaction than other commonly used supplements such as kava or Ginkgo biloba.^[5]

On December 30, 2003, the FDA issued a press release recommending that consumers stop buying and using ephedra, and indicating its intention to ban the sale of ephedra-containing supplements.^[39] Subsequently, on April 12, 2004, the FDA issued a final rule banning the sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements. Tommy Thompson, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, stated that "...These products pose unacceptable health risks, and any consumers who are still using them should stop immediately."^[9]

Legal challenges[link]

Nutraceutical Corporation, a supplement manufacturer based in Park City, Utah, challenged the legality of the FDA's ban of ephedra as exceeding the authority given the agency by the Dietary Health Supplements and Education Act. Nutraceutical Corporation stated that they did not intend to start marketing ephedra, but were concerned about the scope of the FDA's regulatory action. Judge Tena Campbell of the Utah Federal District Court ruled that the FDA had not proven that low doses of ephedra were unsafe, although she also noted that studies to address the safety of low-dose ephedra would be unethical. Nevertheless, her ruling overturned the ban on the sale of ephedra in the state of Utah, and called into question whether the ban could be enforced anywhere in the United States.^[40]

The ruling was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver, Colorado. On August 17, 2006, the Appeals Court upheld the FDA's ban of ephedra, finding that the 133,000 page administrative record compiled by the FDA supported the agency's finding that ephedra posed an unreasonable risk to consumers.^[11] Nutraceutical Corp. filed a petition for a writ of certiorari seeking a rehearing on the ban of ephedra; however, on May 14, 2007 the United States Supreme Court declined to hear this petition. The sale of ephedra-containing dietary supplements remains illegal in the United States.^[7]

Use in sports[link]

Ephedrine is listed as a banned substance by both the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency.^[41] The U.S. National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer; ephedra was found in Stringer's locker and lawyers for the team contend that it contributed to his death.^[35][42] The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association.^[40] Nonetheless, ephedra remains widely used by athletes; a 2006 survey of collegiate hockey players found that nearly half had used ephedra believing it enhanced their athletic performance.^[14]

Prominent cases of ephedrine use[link]

In the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the Argentine footballer Diego Armando Maradona tested positive for ephedrine.^[43] The Japanese motorcycle racer Noriyuki Haga tested positive for ephedrine in 2000, being disqualified from two races and banned from two more as a result.^[44] NFL punter Todd Sauerbrun of the Denver Broncos was suspended for the first month of the 2006 season after testing positive for ephedrine.^[42]

See also[link]

• Chinese medicine
• Sida cordifolia
• Pinellia
• Synephrine

References[link]

External links[link]

• United States FDA links to actions
• FDA Rule
• United States NIH Factsheet regarding weight loss and athletic performance
• Dietary Supplements: Balancing Consumer Choice and Safety. A report of the New York State Task Force on Life & the Law.
• The history of Ephedra (ma-huang).

Sandie Shaw (born 26 February 1947) is an English pop singer, who was one of the most successful British female singers of the 1960s. In 1967 she was the first UK act to win the Eurovision Song Contest. She has been described as "the barefoot pop princess of the 1960s".^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Sandra Ann Goodrich was born and brought up in Dagenham, Essex, England. On leaving school, she worked at the nearby Ford Dagenham factory, and did some part-time modelling before coming second as a singer in a local talent contest. As a prize, she appeared at a charity concert in London, where her potential was spotted by singer Adam Faith. He introduced her to his manager, Eve Taylor, who won her a contract with Pye Records in 1964 and gave her the stage name of "Sandie Shaw".^[2][3]

Taylor teamed Shaw with songwriter Chris Andrews, who wrote her first single, "As Long as You're Happy Baby", which failed to make the charts.^[3] However, for her second single Taylor gave her the Bacharach and David song "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me", which had been a #49 US pop hit for singer Lou Johnson.^[4][5] Shaw's version rose quickly to #1 in the UK Singles Chart in the autumn of 1964,^[1] and also charted in the United States at #52 on the Billboard Hot 100 early the following year.^[4] "I’d Be Far Better Off Without You" was issued as the follow-up, but DJs preferred its B-side, "Girl Don't Come", also written by Andrews, and the sides were switched. "Girl Don't Come" reached #3 in the UK and became her biggest US hit, reaching #42.^[6] It was followed by further hits in the UK including "I'll Stop at Nothing", "Long Live Love", her second UK #1 in 1965, and "Message Understood".^[1][7] The singles were produced by Taylor, Andrews and Shaw herself (though she was never credited), with help from Pye Records arranger Ken Woodman.^{[citation needed]}

Sandie Shaw was a regular on popular British TV programmes of the time such as Top of the Pops, Ready Steady Go! and Thank Your Lucky Stars. She was seen as epitomising the "swinging Sixties", and her trademark barefoot performances endeared her to the public at large.^[2] She also recorded most of her hit singles in Italian, French, German and Spanish boosting her popularity in Europe. She was popular across South America, performed behind the Iron Curtain, and sang at concerts in pre-revolutionary Iran.^{[citation needed]} Shaw also released several original albums in the 1960s: Sandie; Me; Love Me, Please Love Me; The Sandie Shaw Supplement and Reviewing the Situation. These albums generally consisted of Andrews-penned songs mixed with cover versions of songs made popular by other musicians.

By 1967, Shaw's record sales were declining and her manager decided on more of a cabaret appeal.^[8] She was invited by the BBC to represent the UK in that year's Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna. She had reservations as she felt it would destroy her credibility, but performed five songs on The Rolf Harris Show, with the public voting that the one that should represent the country was the Bill Martin/Phil Coulter composition "Puppet on a String".^[2] Although she disliked the song and thought it was unrepresentative of her material, the song won the contest by a near record margin of votes,^[9] and made Shaw the first person to win the contest for the UK.^[1] It gave her a third UK #1 single, a record for a female at the time.^[5] "Puppet on a String" also became a worldwide hit (though not in the US) and the largest-selling single of the year in Germany, qualifying for a gold disc for one million plus sales in the UK and Europe.^[3] Her Eurovision success almost did not happen; the BBC wanted to drop her because she had been the 'other woman' in a divorce case.^[10]

Fashion had become another of Shaw's trademarks, and in 1968 she began the Sandie Shaw fashion label, selling her own brand of clothing and shoes. In the same year she hosted her own TV show, The Sandie Shaw Supplement, and issued an LP of the same title. Her last UK Top 10 hit (her eighth in total) came in the form of 1969's "Monsieur Dupont," originally a German-language song.^[1] At the end of 1969, the single "Heaven Knows I'm Missing Him Now" was released, which would become the inspiration for a hit by The Smiths 15 years later. Shaw also produced her own album, Reviewing the Situation, which contained versions of songs by more alternative artists such as Bob Dylan and The Rolling Stones and made Shaw the first known artist to cover a Led Zeppelin song. Shaw ended 1969 by appearing on the BBC's highly rated review of the sixties music scene Pop Go The Sixties, performing There's Always Something There To Remind Me and the German version of Puppet On A String, Wiedehopf Im Mai, live on the show broadcast on BBC1, 31 December 1969.

1970 to present[link]

Although she began writing songs, her contract with Pye expired in 1972. She retired from life as a pop singer and began working on other ventures, including co-writing a full-length rock musical, songwriting, acting in stage productions (she played Ophelia in Hamlet and Joan of Arc in Saint Joan) and writing children's books. In 1977 she released two singles on the CBS label, and the following year began a lifelong commitment to Sōka Gakkai Buddhism.

Her second husband, Nik Powell, introduced her to B.E.F. She recorded a version of "Anyone Who Had a Heart" for their Music of Quality And Distinction album on the Virgin label,^[6] which brought her back into the public eye. Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders invited Shaw to perform a duet rendition of "Girl Don't Come" at a Pretenders performance, and the two women began a long-term friendship. The following year Shaw wrote and recorded an album, Choose Life, to publicise the World Peace Exposition in London in March 1983. Later in the year, a new phase in her career began after she received a letter from "two incurable Sandie Shaw fans" - singer Morrissey and lead guitarist Johnny Marr of The Smiths - telling her that "The Sandie Shaw legend cannot be over yet — there is more to be done." Shaw's husband was a friend of Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records, the label to which The Smiths were signed, and she agreed to record some of their songs.^[6] In April 1984, her version of "Hand in Glove" (their first single) was released and peaked just inside the UK Top 30.^[1] She recorded a new version of her first hit "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" for the film Letter to Brezhnev, and then released two covers of Lloyd Cole songs as singles on the Polydor label.^[11] 1986 saw her embark on her first university tour in almost 20 years, followed in 1988 by the album Hello Angel, the name inspired by a postcard from Morrissey. Shaw embarked on two more successful university tours, and made appearances at Gay pride and Peace festivals.

The 1990s saw the release of many compilation albums of Shaw's material on various minor labels, as well as reissues of some of her original albums. Shaw's autobiography, The World at My Feet, was published in 1991, and the following year she began studying at Oxford and the University of London and qualified as a psychotherapist in 1994. During that time, she recorded new versions of some of her 1960s songs for the album Nothing Less Than Brilliant, released in 1994. It was also around this time that Shaw divorced Powell and met her third husband, Tony Bedford. Concentrating on a new career as a psychotherapist, Shaw opened The Arts Clinic in 1997 with her husband, to provide psychological healthcare and creative development to those in the creative industries.^[6] The clinic is now styled Barefoot Therapy: The Arts Clinic and continues to provide psychological support for those in the fields of entertainment, media and sports.^[12] In 1998 she was invited to join the Royal Society of Musicians as an Honorary Professor of Music.

Shaw also embarked on a successful legal battle to establish ownership of her entire recording catalogue, and began working with contemporary acts and producers, reworking much of her 1960s and 1980s material. In 2003, Shaw licensed her recording catalogue worldwide to EMI, continued to develop her Arts Clinic, and began executive coaching and mentoring. Meanwhile, EMI released compilations of her French and Italian recordings, and the following year released similar compilations in Spanish and German. Newly-remastered versions of Reviewing the Situation and Hello Angel also were issued with bonus tracks, and toward the end of the year a 4-CD box set entitled Nothing Comes Easy was released. Also in 2003, actress Ashley Williams portrayed Shaw on an episode of the American television series American Dreams, performing "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" on American Bandstand.

During this decade, she reneged on previous declarations of hatred for the Eurovision Song Contest and announced that she was proud of her Eurovision past on the BBC show Making Your Mind Up. She also briefly sat in for Brian Matthew on his long-running BBC Radio 2 Saturday morning show Sounds of the 60s in December 2006. On 26 February 2007, in honour of her 60th birthday, Shaw released a new version of "Puppet on a String" on her website. The re-tooled version, called "Puppet's Got A Brand New String," had a complete overhaul in sound and vocals under the supervision of her friend Howard Jones and mixer Andy Gray. The schlager style of the song was replaced with a calmer melody.

In April 2010, Shaw appeared on the UK ITV television programme Loose Women, and revealed that she was returning to recording and would be singing the theme song to the British film, Made in Dagenham. She also took the opportunity to criticise the Eurovision Song Contest, saying that it was bad when she did it, but has now got even worse.

In August 2010, she appeared at Vintage, an upmarket festival on the Goodwood estate in West Sussex, as a special guest of Wayne Hemingway (Red or Dead) who organised the event. As well as hosting her own main stage set with numerous female guest singers, she also performed cameos on other stages, including singing "Downtown" with composer Tony Hatch and an orchestra in the cabaret tent.

On Boxing Day 2010, she appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs.

She was Jools Holland's special guest on his 2011 Tour.^[13] On New Year's Eve in 2011 Shaw performed on BBC Two's Hootenanny backed by Jools Holland's Rhythm & Blues Orchestra.

Personal life[link]

On 6 March 1968, Shaw married fashion designer Jeff Banks at the Greenwich Register Office in London.^[14] Their daughter Gracie was born in February 1971.^[15] Her marriage to Banks ended in 1978.

In 1982, she married Nik Powell, co-founder of the Virgin Group and chairman of the European Film Academy. They had two children together. She is currently married to her third husband, Tony Bedford.^[16] In August 2007, Shaw revealed that she had had 'corrective' surgery on her iconic feet, which she described as "ugly": the surgery left her unable to walk until October 2007.^[17]

In April 2012 Shaw joined an Amnesty International campaign to end Human Rights abuses in Azerbaijan, host country of the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest, after the journalist Khadija Ismayilova was blackmailed and sex taped. Shaw stated: "That anyone would stoop so low in an attempt to silence an independent journalist is sickening. The people behind this appalling blackmail and smear campaign must be brought to justice. And the persecution of independent journalists in Azerbaijan must stop."^[18]

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

Catalogue numbers, dates of release, and A-side/B-side configurations all refer to initial UK releases only. Information may vary for releases in other territories.

^[21]

UK EPs[link]

• (There's) Always Something There to Remind Me (1964)
• Long Live Love (1965)
• Talk About Love (1965)
• Message Understood (1966)
• Tomorrow (1966)
• Nothing Comes Easy (1966)
• Run With Sandie (1966)
• Sandie Shaw In French (1967)
• Sandie Shaw In Italian (1967)
• Tell The Boys (1967)

^{[22] [21]}

UK studio albums[link]

• Sandie (UK No. 3, 1965, U.S. #100)
• Me (1965)
• Love Me, Please Love Me (1967)
• The Sandie Shaw Supplement (1968)
• Reviewing the Situation (1969)
• Choose Life (1983)
• Hello Angel (1988)

^{[1] [23] [24] [21]}

UK compilation albums[link]

• The Golden Hits of Sandie Shaw (1966)
• Puppet on a String (1967)
• Nothing Less Than Brilliant (UK No. 64, 1994)
• Pourvu Que Ça Dure - Chante En Français (2003)
• La Cantante Scalza - Canta In Italiano (2003)
• Wiedehopf Im Mai - Sandie Shaw Singt Auf Deutsch (2004)
• Marionetas En La Cuerda - Sandie Shaw Canta En Español (2004)
• Nothing Comes Easy (4CD box set) (2004)
• The Very Best of Sandie Shaw (UK No. 60, 2005)
• The Collection (2007)

^{[1] [25] [21]}

Note: It would be nearly impossible to list all the albums ever released containing Shaw's material (many major and minor labels have released compilations of her work since the 1960s), so only original albums and 'main' compilations are listed, along with the EMI releases which have been issued since Shaw licenced her catalogue to them.

See also[link]

• List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
• List of Peel sessions
• List of artists who reached number one in Ireland
• List of performers on Top of the Pops

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Biography at Allmusic.com

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Udo Jürgens with "Merci, Chérie"	Winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1967	Succeeded by Massiel with "La, la, la"
Preceded by Kenneth McKellar with "A Man Without Love"	United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1967	Succeeded by Cliff Richard with "Congratulations"

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"Can I Get a Witness" is a 1963 hit song by Marvin Gaye on the Tamla (Motown) label. Written and produced by Motown songwriting and producing team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song was built among gospel-styled music and heralded Gaye's beginnings in the church with a rhythm and blues/rock and roll setting. The song featured Gaye on piano, playing a boogie pattern, The Funk Brothers, and members of The Supremes in the background accompanying Gaye. The song became a hit in both the U.S. and the United Kingdom, and British musicians Lulu, Dusty Springfield, The Rolling Stones, Sam Brown and Steampacket (which featured a very young Rod Stewart) recorded cover versions of the song. Gaye's version peaked at #22 on the Hot 100 chart and its title soon became a catchphrase. Lee Michaels' 1971 version reached #39 on the Hot 100; both his and Gaye's versions peaked during Christmas week.

In popular culture[link]

• Gaye's recording is featured in the 1999 biographical film The Hurricane.

Personnel[link]

• Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye
• Background vocals by The Supremes: Diana Ross, Florence Ballard, and Mary Wilson
• Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers