- published: 21 Sep 2010
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- author: DutchmenRV
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![The Dutchman - Liam Clancy [9/26]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130103032848im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/SBIBGOTSI94/default.jpg "Live at the Oylmpia in Dublin in 1992")
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Aruba
Aruba (
/əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə, Dutch pronunciation: [aˈruba]) is a 33 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, located 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela and 130 km (approx.) east of Guajira Peninsula (Colombia). Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles.
Aruba is one of the four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together with the Netherlands, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten whose citizens share a single nationality: Dutch citizen. Aruba has no administrative subdivisions, but for census purposes is divided into 8 regions. Its capital is Oranjestad. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather. It has a land area of 179 square kilometres (69 sq mi) and is densely populated with a total of 101,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. It lies outside the hurricane belt. It is also home to the endemic Aruba Island Rattlesnake.
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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Austria
Austria (
i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Brandenburg
Brandenburg ( listen (help·info); Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state of Berlin.
Originating in the medieval Northern March, the Margraviate of Brandenburg grew to become the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, which would later become the Free State of Prussia. The eastern third of historic Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg/Neumark) was ceded to Poland in 1945.
In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was one of seven electoral states of the Holy Roman Empire, and, along with Prussia, formed the original core of the German Empire, the first unified German state. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia. Franconian Nuremberg and Ansbach, Swabian Hohenzollern, the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler as prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of that state.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Brussels
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] ( listen); Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏ.səɫ] ( listen); German: Brüssel, pronounced [ˈbʁyː.səl]), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (help·info), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main centre for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Curaçao
Curaçao (Dutch: Curaçao;Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
Curaçao is the largest and most populous of the three ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles, specifically the Leeward Antilles. It has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 141,766.
Prior to 10 October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Curaçao was administered as the Island Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: Eilandgebied Curaçao, Papiamentu: Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou), one of five island territories of the former Netherlands Antilles. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code CUW and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW has been assigned to Curaçao.
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De Bilt
De Bilt ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht.
The municipality of De Bilt consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Bilthoven, De Bilt, Groenekan, Hollandsche Rading, Maartensdijk, Westbroek. The communities of Maartensdijk and Westbroek are orthodox Christian communities in which the SGP gathers many votes.
De Bilt (population as of 2001[update]: 14,800) is the seat of the headquarters of the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, KNMI.
It is the ancestral home and namesake for the prominent United States Vanderbilt family.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
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Dutch Empire
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Nederlands-koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century. The Dutch followed Portugal and Spain in establishing an overseas colonial empire, but based on military conquest of already-existing Portuguese and Spanish settlements, and not on discovery and colonization. For this, they were aided by their skills in shipping and trade and the surge of nationalism accompanying the struggle for independence from Spain. Alongside the British, the Dutch initially built up colonial possessions on the basis of indirect state capitalist corporate colonialism, via the Dutch East and West India Companies. Dutch exploratory voyages such as those led by Willem Barents, Henry Hudson and Abel Tasman revealed to Europeans vast new territories.
With Dutch naval power rising rapidly as a major force from the late 16th century, the Netherlands dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century during a cultural flowering known as the Dutch Golden Age. The Netherlands lost many of its colonial possessions, as well as its global power status, to the British when the metropole fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. The restored portions of the Dutch Empire, notably the Dutch East Indies and Suriname, remained under Dutch control until the decline of European imperialism following World War II.
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Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Flanders
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen (help·info)) is the (political) community of the Flemings, one of the communities of Belgium, and also a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
"Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp. Over the course of history, the geographical territory that was called "Flanders" has varied. In the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power from French-speaking Wallonia (which was industrialized earlier) to the Flemish.
To the English-speaking peoples, Flanders meant historically (from circa 1000 AD) the land situated along the North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. The southern borders were generally ill-defined. Over the last millennium, it was mostly the southern and western borders that receded to give the present day borders within northern Belgium.
Flanders has figured prominently in European history. Between the early 17th century and 1945, the political outcomes of modern Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria were often decided by battles on the plains of Flanders. Even earlier in British and Irish history, the Flemings (or Flemish) were important allies of the Normans in their conquest of England (1066) and invasion of Ireland (1169–71).
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Friesland
Friesland ( pronunciation (help·info), West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch: Friesland; Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfris.lɑnt]) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the ancient, larger region of Frisia.
Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân. Nevertheless, Friesland remains in common usage, being the Dutch (and English) name for the province.
Friesland has 646,000 inhabitants (2010) and its capital is Leeuwarden (West Frisian: Ljouwert), with 91,817 inhabitants, in the centre of the province.
Fryslân distinguishes itself from the other eleven provinces by having its own language, West Frisian, which is also spoken in a small adjacent part of the province of Groningen, to the east. Closely related languages, East Frisian ("Seeltersk", which is different from "East Frisian (Ostfriesisch)", a collection of Low German dialects of East Frisia) and North Frisian, are spoken in the Saterland and in North Friesland areas in Germany, respectively.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.
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Holland
Holland
Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. The term Holland is also frequently used as a pars pro toto to refer to the whole of the Netherlands. This usage is generally accepted but disliked by Dutch people in the other parts of the Netherlands.
From the 10th century to the 16th century, Holland proper was a unified political region, a county ruled by the Counts of Holland. By the 17th century, Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power, dominating the other provinces of the Dutch Republic.
Today, the former County of Holland consists of the two Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland, which together include the Netherlands' three largest cities: country capital Amsterdam; seat of government The Hague; and Rotterdam, home of Europe's largest port.
Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) referred to this region as the land between the Helinium and Flevo ("inter Helinium ac Flevum"), the names of the mouths into which the Rhine divided itself, the first discharging its waters in the Mosa in the neighbourhood of Brielle and the second into "the lakes of the north" (present IJsselmeer). The name Holland first appeared in sources in 866 for the region around Haarlem, and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. By this time, the inhabitants of Holland were referring to themselves as "Hollanders".Holland is derived from the Middle Dutch term holtland ("wooded land").[citation needed] This spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as Holland (alternative spellings at the time were Hollant and Hollandt). Popular, but incorrect etymology holds that Holland is derived from hol land ("hollow land") and was inspired by the low-lying geography of Holland.[citation needed]
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg (Low German: Mękelnborg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, and Neubrandenburg.
The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg" (Old Saxon: "big castle", thus the Grecised name variant Megalopolis used in Medieval Latin sources), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the House of Mecklenburg and for a time divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.
Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain and use many features of Low German vocabulary or phonology.
Mecklenburg is known for its mostly flat countryside. Much of the terrain forms a morass, with ponds, marshes and fields as common features, with small forests interspersed. The terrain changes as one moves north towards the Baltic Sea.
Under the peat of Mecklenburg are sometimes found deposits of ancient lava flows. Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Monaco
Monacoi/ˈmɒnəkoʊ/, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; Italian: Principato di Monaco; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city state, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. Bordered by France on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea, its center is about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Italy, and is only 15 km (9.3 mi) north east of Nice, France. It has an area of 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi), and a population of 35,986, making Monaco the second smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. Monaco has a land border of only 4.4 km (2.7 mi), a coastline of 4.1 km (2.5 mi), and a width that varies between 1.7 km (1.1 mi) and 349 metres (382 yards). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires district, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populated Quartier is Monte Carlo, and the most populated Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. After a recent expansion of Port Hercules, Monaco's total area is 2.05 km2 (0.79 sq mi), with new plans to extend the district of Fontvieille, with land reclaimed from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië, German: Republik Namibia (help·info)), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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North Holland
North Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland [ˈnoːrt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ( listen), West Frisian: Noard-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the northwest part of the Netherlands. The provincial capital is Haarlem and its largest city is Amsterdam.
North Holland is a broad peninsula for the most part, located between the North Sea, Markermeer and the IJsselmeer. More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level.
North Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem, Zaanstad, and Haarlemmermeer. Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants (i.e. Hilversum, Amstelveen, Purmerend, Hoorn, Velsen, Alkmaar, and Heerhugowaard.) The island of Texel is also part of North Holland.
North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code ISO 3166-2:NL-NH.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Randstad
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The Randstad (Dutch: Randstad or Randstad Holland, pronounced [ˈrɑnt.stɑt ˈɦɔ.lɑnt]) is a conurbation in the Netherlands. It consists of the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), and the surrounding areas. With a population of 7,100,000 it is one of the largest conurbations in Europe , comparable in size to Milan or the San Francisco Bay Area. The Randstad covers an area of approximately 8287 km² .
The Randstad's main cities are Almere, Amersfoort, Amsterdam, Delft, Dordrecht, Gouda, Haarlem, Leiden, Rotterdam, The Hague (Den Haag in Dutch), Utrecht, and Zoetermeer. Other centres include Alphen aan den Rijn, Amstelveen, Barendrecht, Capelle aan den IJssel, Hilversum, Hoofddorp, Hoek van Holland, Houten, Katwijk, Leidschendam, Maassluis, Nieuwegein, Oostzaan, Purmerend, Rijswijk, Schiedam, Spijkenisse, Vlaardingen, Voorburg, Zeist and Zaanstad.
The cities of the Randstad more or less form a crescent or chain. This shape has given the Randstad its name (rand means rim or edge and stad means city or town). The area that is enclosed by the larger cities is called Groene Hart (the Green Heart).
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnt ˈmaːrtə(n)]) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It encompasses the southern half of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, while the northern half of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin. Its capital is Philipsburg.
Before 10 October 2010, Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten (Dutch: Eilandgebied Sint Maarten), and was one of five island territories (Eilandgebieden) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles.
In 1493, during Christopher Columbus' second voyages to the West Indies, upon first sighting the island he named it Isla de San Martín after Saint Martin of Tours because it was 11 November, St. Martin Day. However, though he claimed it as a Spanish territory, Columbus never landed there, and Spain made the settlement of the island a low priority.
The French and Dutch, on the other hand, both coveted the island. While the French wanted to colonize the islands between Trinidad and Bermuda, the Dutch found San Martín a convenient halfway point between their colonies in New Amsterdam (present day New York) and Brazil. With few people inhabiting the island, the Dutch easily founded a settlement there in 1631, erecting Fort Amsterdam as protection from invaders. Jan Claeszen Van Campen became its first governor, and soon thereafter the Dutch East India Company began their salt mining operations. French and British settlements sprang up on the island as well. Taking note of these successful colonies and wanting to maintain their control of the salt trade, the Spanish now found St. Martin much more appealing. The Eighty Years' War which had been raging between Spain and the Netherlands provided further incentive to attack.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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South Holland
South Holland (Dutch: Zuid-Holland [ˈzœy̆t ˈɦɔlɐnt] ( listen) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. The provincial capital is The Hague and its largest city is Rotterdam.
South Holland is one of the most densely populated and industrialised areas in the world. With a population of 3,502,595 (30 November 2009) and an area of 3,403 km², the province has the highest population density in the Netherlands.
For more on the history of South Holland in the context of Dutch history, see the article on the "History of the Netherlands". The history of this province can also be found in the articles on its constituent elements (e.g. Rotterdam, The Hague, etc.) The information here pertains just to South Holland itself.
For most of its history, the modern-day province of South Holland was an integral part of Holland.
From the 9th century to the 16th century, Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire, and was ruled by the counts of Holland. Some of the counts were powerful magnates who also ruled many other territories, culminating in a period of rule by the House of Habsburg which was terminated by the Dutch Revolt.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Suriname
Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrepyˈblik ˌsyriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Suriname was first colonized by the British, and captured by the Dutch in 1667, who governed it as the colony of Suriname until 1954. The country of Suriname achieved independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Netherlands itself cooperated on a basis of equality since 1954, on 25 November 1975.
At just under 165,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi) Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in South America (French Guiana comprises less territory, but is French territory). It has an estimated population of approximately 560,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
The name Suriname may derive from a Taino (Arawak-speaking) group called "Surinen" who first inhabited the region prior to European arrival.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Swellendam
Swellendam is the third oldest town in the Republic of South Africa, a town with 28,072 inhabitants situated in the Western Cape province. The town has over 50 National monuments most of them buildings of Cape Dutch architecture.
Swellendam is situated on the N2, approximately 220 km from both Cape Town and George.
Early travellers and explorers who visited the Cape in the 16th century traded with the Khoikhoi people who lived on these shores. When the Dutch East India Company established a replenishment station at the Cape in 1652, trade continued inland as far as Swellendam.
In 1743 Swellendam was declared a magisterial district, the third oldest in South Africa, and was named after Governor Hendrik Swellengrebel and his wife, Helena Ten Damme. This outlying settlement soon became a gateway to the interior, and was visited by many famous explorers and travellers including François Le Vaillant (1781), Lady Anne Barnard (1798), William John Burchell (1815) and Bowler (1860). In time, a village was established opposite the Drostdy, where artisans including numerous wainwrights and traders settled. To travellers and explorers, the services of the village folk were indispensable, as Swellendam was the last outpost of civilization on the eastern frontier.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were the colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). They revolted in the American Revolution, starting in 1775, and in 1776 declared their independence from the British Empire and formed a new nation, the United States of America. The colonies were: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Each colony developed its own system of self government. Americans were mostly independent farmers, who owned their own land and voted for their local and provincial government. Benjamin Franklin, in 1772, after examining the wretched hovels in Scotland surrounding the opulent mansions of the land owners, said that in New England "every man" is a property owner, "has a Vote in public Affairs, lives in a tidy, warm House, has plenty of good Food and Fuel, with whole clothes from Head to Foot, the Manufacture perhaps of his own family."
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
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Zeeland
Zeeland [ˈzeɪ̯.lɑnt] ( listen), also called Zealand in English, is the westernmost province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, consists of a number of islands (hence its name, meaning "sea-land") and a strip bordering Belgium. Its capital is Middelburg. With a population of about 380,000, its area is about 2930 km², of which almost 1140 km² is water.
Large parts of Zeeland are below sea level. The last great flooding of the area was in 1953. Tourism is an important economic activity. In the summer, its beaches make it a popular destination for tourists, especially German tourists. In some areas, the population can be two to four times higher during the high summer season. The coat of arms of Zeeland shows a lion half-immerged from water, and the text "luctor et emergo" (Latin for "I struggle and I emerge"). The Pacific nation of New Zealand is named after Zeeland.
From north to south, it consists of
A list of the municipalities, with links to maps:
The province of Zeeland is a large river delta situated at the mouth of several major rivers. Most of the province lies below sea level and was reclaimed from the sea by inhabitants over time. What used to be a muddy landscape, flooding at high tide and reappearing at low tide, became a series of small man-made hills that stayed dry at all times. The people of the province would later connect the hills by creating dikes, which led to a chain of dry land that later grew into bigger islands and gave the province its current shape. The shape of the islands has changed over time at the hands of both man and nature.
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Afrikaner
Afrikaners (including the Boer subgroup ) are a Germanic ethnic group in Southern Africa descended from Dutch (including Flemish), French and German settlers whose native tongue is Afrikaans: a Germanic language which derives primarily from 17th century Dutch, and a variety of other languages.
Their ancestors were Dutch Calvinists, with smaller numbers of Frisians, English, Germans and French Huguenots, and with minor numbers of other European groups (such as Dutch Jews, Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spaniards, Scots, Irish, Polish).
Most Afrikaner families have between 5% and 7% non-white ancestry, such as Khoi African, Indonesian and Indian, as the early Dutch settlement at the Cape allowed inter-racial marriage. During the Apartheid era, race classification was based on appearance and there were many borderline cases.
South Africans of British descent are considered a separate ethnic group from Afrikaners, and their first language is English.
The term Afrikaner as used in the 20th and 21st century context refers to all white Afrikaans-speaking people, i.e. those of the larger Cape Dutch origin and of the smaller Boer origin, who are descended from European settlers who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of administration (1652 – 1795) by the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC).
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Aletta Jacobs
Aletta Henriëtte Jacobs, better known as Aletta Jacobs (9 February 1854 – 10 August 1929) was the first woman to complete a university course in the Netherlands and the first female physician. She was born to a Jewish doctor's family in Sappemeer. She left the local school when she was 13 to study at a ladies' school but did not enjoy the experience, returning home after just two weeks where she was taught housework by her Dutch mother, Anna de Jong, but also learned French and German in the evenings, and later Latin and Greek from her father.
In 1871 she began studying at the University of Groningen, initially on a one year basis, but her request for permanent admission was granted after that year. In 1876 she continued her studies at Amsterdam University, receiving a medical degree in 1878 and a medical doctorate a year later. In her time at university she became increasingly concerned with social injustice and decided to travel to England to see how women's attempts to study medicine were being sabotaged. On her return a few months later she began to practice as a doctor and psychologist.
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Anna Mons
Anna Mons (Russian: Анна Монс; 1672 - 1714) was a German commonner who almost succeeded in marrying Tsar Peter the Great.
In 1691, during one of his visits to the German Quarter, young Peter I of Russia became enamoured of Anna Mons, the daughter of Dutch wine merchant Johann Mon. It is generally thought he was from Westfalia. Her younger brother was Willem Mons (1688-1724), destined to be the Imperial Chamberlain to Catherine Ist and Matrena her sister who married Fedor Balk, Major General and Governor of Riga. Her niece was the infamous Natalia Lopukhina (1699-1763) later victim of the so called Lopukhina Affair in 1742. As his relations with the tsarina Eudoxia Lopukhina gradually worsened, Anna Mons took the place as his permanent and semi-official royal mistress. In the 1690s, he gave her 295 farms and a mansion near Moscow. The relationship lasted for 12 years.
After Peter divorced Lopukhina, Anna had ambitions of marrying Peter herself, but by 1703 she feared he had lost interest in her and took up a flirtation with the Prussian ambassador Keyserling to rekindle Peter's affections. Keyserling proposed marriage, provoking Peter to have Anna expelled from her estate and throw her in prison along with her mother, sister and thirty friends. Peter later allowed the two of them to marry, which they did in 1711. Anna died three years later of consumption.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza and later Benedict de Spinoza (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment[citation needed] and modern biblical criticism, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes's mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important contributors. In the Ethics, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely." Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all contemporary philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."
Spinoza's name in different languages is Hebrew: ברוך שפינוזה Baruch Spinoza, Portuguese: Benedito or Bento de Espinosa and Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza; in all these languages, the given name means "the Blessed". Spinoza was raised in the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. The Jewish religious authorities issued a cherem (Hebrew: חרם, a kind of ban, shunning, ostracism, expulsion, or excommunication) against him, effectively excluding him from Jewish society at age 23. His books were also later put on the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books.
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Baster
The Basters (also known as Baasters, Rehobothers or Rehoboth Basters) are the descendants of Cape Colony Dutch and indigenous African women. They largely live in Namibia and are similar to Coloured or Griqua people in South Africa.
The name Baster is derived from the Dutch word for "bastard" (or "crossbreed"). While some people consider this term demeaning, the Basters proudly use the term as an indication of their history in the same way as the Métis ("Mixed") people of Canada.
While the current numbers of Basters remain unclear (figures between 20 000 and 40 000 are given), the Basters are concerned that their unique heritage will be lost in a modern Namibia.
The Basters were mainly persons of mixed descent who at one time would have been absorbed in the white community. It was, however, as much an economic and cultural category as a racial one and included the economically most advanced of the non-white population at the Cape. Among these were persons who acted as supervisors of other servants and were the confidential employees of their masters. Sometimes these were treated almost as members of the white family. The group also included Khoi, free blacks and persons of mixed descent who had succeeded in acquiring property and establishing themselves as farmers in their own right. The name Orlam was sometimes applied to persons who could also be known as Baster but was a more general name for Khoi and Coloured persons generally who spoke Dutch and practised a largely European way of life.
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Burgher people
The Burghers are a Eurasian ethnic group, historically from Sri Lanka, consisting for the most part of male-line descendants of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and local women, with some minorities of Swedish, Norwegian, French and Irish.
Today the mother tongue of the Burghers is English, but historically other languages were spoken by the community, in particular the Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese, a creole language based on Portuguese, Tamil, and Sinhala.[citation needed]
In the census of 1981, the Burgher population of Sri Lanka was enumerated at 39,374 persons, about 0.2% of the total population. The highest concentration of Burghers is in Colombo (0.72%) and Gampaha (0.5%). There are also similar, significant communities in Trincomalee and Batticaloa, with an estimated population of 20,000.
Burgher descendants are spread far and wide into many communities throughout the world. Families with surnames such as Furnandes (a variation of the Portuguese Fernandes), Mirano and Vandort are of Dutch ancestry.
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Cape Dutch
Cape Dutch are people of the Western Cape of South Africa who descended primarily from Dutch and Flemish as well as smaller numbers of French, German and other European immigrants along with a percentage of their Asian and African slaves, who, from the 17th century into the 19th century, remained more or less loyal subjects of European (first Dutch, later British) powers. Meanwhile, their pastoral trekking kinsmen, the Trekboers, were migrating away from the Western Cape carving out a distinct culture and dialect with a strong desire for independence. The term Cape Dutch is believed to have been coined by Trekboers to illustrate the fact that the Cape Dutch did not share the Trekboers' culture and interests or desire for independence. The Cape Dutch tended to have not much affinity for their rustic Trekboer kinsmen whose language, culture, and frontier lifestyle they sometimes deemed inferior.
The Voortrekkers (mainly descendants of Trekboers) embarked on a series of mass migrations caused by the invading British, later known as the Great Trek.
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Chamavi
The Chamavi were a Germanic tribe of Late Antiquity and the European Dark Age. They first appear under that name in the 1st century AD Germania of Tacitus as a Germanic tribe that, for most of their history, existed along the North bank of the Lower Rhine in the region today called Hamaland after them, which is in the Gelderland province of the Netherlands. Tacitus (op. cit. 34) locates them to the west of the Frisii.
Tacitus says (35) that the Chamavi had moved into the lands of the Bructeri. As to why the Bructeri were no longer there, the Latin is phrased in such a way as not to reveal the details:
As these same neighbors became the later Salian Franks, the "consensus" mentioned is the first known agreement among them.
These passages in Tacitus raise the question, if Hamaland is the former territory of the Bructeri, where were the Chamavi before then? One answer is that they occupied the coastal plain to the north (Germans moved almost invariably from north to south). Many settlements are named Hamm, including possibly a modern city, Hamburg. The name may have come from the Germanic equivalent of Chamavi.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Charles the Bold
Charles the Bold (or Charles the Rash) (Dutch: Karel de Stoute, French: Charles le Téméraire or Charles le Hardi) (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), baptised Charles Martin, was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. Known as Charles the Terrible to his enemies, he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history.
After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for more than two centuries.
Charles the Bold was born in Dijon, the son of Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal. In his father's lifetime (1433–1467) he bore the title of Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also made a Knight of the Golden Fleece just twenty days after his birth, being invested by Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de Croÿ.
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Chattuarii
The Chattuarii or Attoarii were a Germanic tribe of the Franks. They lived originally east of the northern Rhine and west of the Chatti. Their land was south of the Bructeri. Some of them (laeti) settled in the pagus attuariorum (French; Atuyer, comprising Oscheret at that time) south of Langres in the 3rd century. In the 5th century many Chattuari crossed the Rhine and settled in the area between the northern Meuse and Rhine, right west of their origin.[citation needed] From the 7th century on they may have formed a part of the Ripuarians.
Since Carolingian times there was an “Hattuarian Gau” (Dutch: Hettergouw, German: Hattuariergau) at the left bank of the Rhine in East Francia, documented first in the Treaty of Meerssen, 870.
The Chattuarii may also appear in the poem Beowulf as "Hetwaras" where they appear to form a league together with the Hugas (who may be the Chauci) and the Frisians to fight against a Geatish raiding force. The Geats are defeated and their king Hygelac is killed, Beowulf alone escaping. According to Widsith, the Hætwera were ruled by Hun.
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Chauci
The Chauci (German: Chauken, and identical or similar in other regional modern languages) were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Rivers Ems and Elbe, on both sides of the Weser and ranging as far inland as the upper Weser. Along the coast they lived on artificial hills called terpen, built high enough to remain dry during the highest tide. A dense population of Chauci lived further inland, and they are presumed to have lived in a manner similar to the lives of the other Germanic peoples of the region.
Their ultimate origins are not well understood. In the Germanic pre-Migration Period (i.e., before c. 300 AD) the Chauci and the related Frisians, Saxons, and Angles inhabited the Continental European coast from the Zuyder Zee to south Jutland. All of these peoples shared a common material culture, and so cannot be defined archaeologically. The Chauci originally centered on the Weser and Elbe, but in c. AD 58 they expanded westward to the River Ems by expelling the neighboring Ampsivarii, whereby they gained a border with the Frisians to the west. The Romans referred to the Chauci living between the Weser and Elbe as the 'Greater Chauci' and those living between the Ems and Weser as the 'Lesser Chauci'.
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Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens, FRS (/ˈhaɪɡənz/; [ˈɦœyɣə(n)s] ( listen); 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist and horologist. His work included early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping, and studies of both optics and the centrifugal force.
Huygens achieved note for his argument that light consists of waves, now known as the Huygens–Fresnel principle, which two centuries later became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality. He generally receives credit for his discovery of the centrifugal force, the laws for collision of bodies, for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception (see repetition pitch).
Christiaan Huygens was born in April 1629 at The Hague, the second son of Constantijn Huygens, (1596–1687), a friend of mathematician, philosopher and minor physicistRené Descartes, and of Suzanna van Baerle (deceased 1637), whom Constantijn had married on 6 April 1627. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at the University of Leiden and the College of Orange in Breda. After a stint as a diplomat, Huygens turned to science.
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Clovis I
Clovis (c. 466 – 511) or Chlodowech (Latin Chlodovechus) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul, known today as France. He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father. Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official. The Salian Franks were one of two Frankish tribes who were then occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their center in an area known as Toxandria, between the Meuse and Scheldt (in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium). Clovis's power base was to the southwest of this, around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighboring Salian Frankish kingdoms and established himself as sole king of the Salian Franks before his death. The small church in which he was baptized stood in the vicinity of the subsequent abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, and a statue of him being baptized by Saint Remigius can be seen there. Clovis and his wife Clotilde were buried in the St. Genevieve church (St. Pierre) in Paris, the original name of the Church was the Church of the Holy Apostles. An important part of Clovis' legacy is that he locally succeeded to the power of the Romans in 486 by beating the Gallo-Roman ruler Syagrius in the battle of Soissons.
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Coloured
In the South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswana and Zimbabwean context, the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense, Kleurlinge or Bruin Afrikaners in Afrikaans) refers to an heterogeneous ethnic group who possess ancestry from Europe, various Khoisan and Bantu tribes of Southern Africa, West Africa, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaya, India, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Saint Helena.
Besides the extensive combining of these diverse heritages in the Western Cape — in which a distinctive 'Cape Coloured' and affiliated Cape Malay culture developed — in other parts of Southern Africa, their development has usually been the result of the meeting of two distinct groups. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world, second only to the United States of America. However, the maternal (female) contribution to the Coloured population, measured by mitochondrial DNA studies, was found to come mostly from the Khoisan population.
In KwaZulu-Natal, most Coloureds come from British and Zulu heritage, while Zimbabwean Coloureds come from Shona or Ndebele mixing with British and Afrikaner settlers. Griqua, on the other hand, are descendants of Khoisan and Afrikaner trekboers. Despite these major differences, the fact that they draw parentage from more than one 'naturalised' racial group means that they are 'coloured' in the southern African context. Such people did not necessarily self-identify this way; some preferred to call themselves 'black' or 'Khoisan' or just 'South African'. The history of racial segregation and labelling in South Africa and neighbouring countries has meant that the governments placed all such 'mixed race' people in a certain relationship together. The imperial and apartheid governments categorized them as Coloureds. In addition, other ethnic groups also traditionally viewed them as a separate group.
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known by the sobriquet Commodore, was an American industrialist and philanthropist who built his wealth in shipping and railroads. He was also the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. He provided the initial gift to found Vanderbilt University, which is named in his honor.
Cornelius Vanderbilt's great-great-grandfather, Jan Aertson or Aertszoon, was a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, Netherlands, who emigrated to New York as an indentured servant in 1650. The Dutch van der ("of the"/"from") was eventually added to Aertson's village name to create "van der Bilt" ("from De Bilt"), which was eventually condensed to Vanderbilt.
Born in Staten Island, New York, Vanderbilt began working on his father's ferry in New York Harbor as a boy, quitting school at the age of 11. At the age of 16 Vanderbilt decided to start his own ferry service. According to one version of events, he borrowed $100 from his mother to purchase a periauger (a shallow draft, two masted sailing vessel). However, according to the version of the first published account of his life, published in the magazine Scientific American in 1853, the periauger belonged to his father and he received half the profit. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers between Staten Island and Manhattan.
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Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (October 28, 1466? – July 12, 1536), known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. He was an early proponent of religious toleration, and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists." Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.
Erasmus lived through the Reformation period, but while he was critical of the Church, he did not join the cause of the Reformers. In relation to clerical abuses in the Church, Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will, which some Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination. His middle road approach disappointed and even angered scholars in both camps.
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Dutch American
A Dutch American is an American of Dutch descent.
Following the exploration of the American East Coast by Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch East India Company in 1609, Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613. From then on a number of villages, including New Amsterdam on the East Coast, which would become the future world metropolis of New York City, were established by Dutch immigrants. According to the 2000 United States Census, more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan, California, Montana, Minnesota, New York, Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
Because of huge losses of trade ships on their long routes circumnavigating the African Cape, the so-called "spice trade" with the Dutch East Indies was very dangerous and of high risk for sailors, and for investors providing resources to commission and equip a vessel, and provide trade goods. The individual traders that had bid against each other for over a century thus realised that greater profit and a better distribution of the risk could be attained by joining forces, which led to the world's first corporate, publicly traded multinational firm, the VOC, founded in 1602. This took away the biggest financial risk, but the long and dangerous voyage remained. To reduce this risk as well, many explorers sought a northern passage, not knowing of its then-impossibility due to ice blockage. Returning, however, from another failed expedition to find a northern route to the Pacific Ocean, the first Dutch vessel arrived at what is now New York Harbor.
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Dutch Australian
A Dutch Australian is an inhabitant of Australia with full or partial Dutch ancestry, the majority of these people are part of the Dutch diaspora.
The history of the Dutch and Australia began in 1606 with Captain Willem Janszoon, a Dutch seafarer, landing on the Australian mainland, the first European to do so.
The VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), or the Dutch East India Company, operated mainly from Batavia, modern day Jakarta. The journey from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies would take more than a year by the traditional route taken by seafarers, but after the discovery of the Roaring forties wind by Dutch captain Hendrick Brouwer, the voyage could be cut short but a number of months if followed properly. However, miscalculations and errors in crew et cetera made it easy for ships to become lost on this newer course. Some ships (the exact figures unknown), travelled too far west and sighted the west coast of Australia. A number of these ships became wrecked upon the reefs or cliffs that were known hazzards of the "Southland". Famous examples of these ill-fated ships include the Batavia, Zuytdorp, and Zeewijk. After the wrecking of the Batavia, a murderous munity was carried out under the orders of a psycopathic doctor from Haarlem, Jeronimus Corneliszoon.
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Dutch Brazilian
A Dutch Brazilian (Dutch: Nederlandse Brazilianen, Portuguese: Neerlando-brasileiro or Holando-brasileiro) is a Brazilian of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands[citation needed], but there are few who are descendants of Flemish or Afrikaner immigrants[citation needed].
The Dutch were among the first Europeans settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the northern coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654. A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of Pernambuco was once a colony of the Dutch Republic from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in Pernambuco, because at that time Alagoas was part of Pernambuco.
During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands immigrated to the Brazil's Center-South, founded a few cities and prospered. The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in Espírito Santo, Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in Goiás, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.
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Dutch Chilean
In 1600 , the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes. He left the city after some months. Then in 1642 the VOC and the WIC sent a fleet of some ships to Chile to conquer the city of Valdivia and the goldmines of the Spanish. The expedition was conducted by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch general. In 1643 Brouwer conquered the Chiloé Archipelago and the city of Valdivia. Brouwer died on the 7th of August 1643, and the vice-general Elias Herckmans took control.
The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895. The so-called "Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean" a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé, particularly in Mechaico, Huillinco and Chacao. In the same period Egbert Hageman arrived in Chile. With his family, 14 April 1896, settling in Rio Gato, near Puerto Montt. In addition, family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica.
In the early twentieth century, arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa, these emigrants, after a long stay in camps African and shortly after his return to the Netherlands, were presented with the opportunity to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government.
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Dutch New Zealander
Dutch New Zealanders are New Zealanders who are of Dutch ancestry. Dutch migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation.
The 2006 census recorded 22,101 Dutch-born people. However, the number identifying themselves as Dutch in 2006 was 28,641. The Netherlands Embassy in Wellington estimates that there are approximately 45,000 persons living in New Zealand with Dutch nationality. This number includes persons with dual New Zealand and Dutch nationality. As many as 100,000 New Zealanders are estimated to be of Dutch descent.
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Dutch people
The Dutch people (Dutch: Nederlanders (help·info)) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada,Australia,South Africa,New Zealand, and the United States.
The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of traditional music, dances, architectural styles and clothing, some of which are globally recognizable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard. The dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant), although in modern times the majority is no longer (openly) religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality.
In the Middle Ages the Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries, and the various territories of which they consisted had de facto become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place.
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Dutch Surinamese
Dutch Surinamese are Surinamese people of Dutch descent.
Dutch people started arriving in Suriname (previously known as Dutch Guiana) in the 19th century with the boeroes (not to be confused with the South African Boeren), who were farmers, arriving from the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Groningen. Furthermore, the Surinamese ethnic group, the Creoles, persons of mixed African-European ancestry, are partially of Dutch descent. Many Dutch settlers left Suriname after independence in 1975, which diminished the Dutch population.
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Flemish people
Today, the Flemings or Flemish (Dutch: “de Vlamingen”; French: “les Flamands”) refers to the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Belgium, where they are mostly found in the northern region of Flanders. They are one of two principal cultural-linguistic groups in Belgium, the other being the French-speaking Walloons. The Flemings make up the majority of the Belgian population (about 60%). Historically, “the Flemings” also refers to the inhabitants of the ancient county of Flanders, including the French-speaking or Picard-speaking Flemings of the regions around Tournai (today in Wallonia), Lille and Douai (today in French Flanders), who were called “les Flamands wallons” (the Romance Flemings).
The feel of 'Flemish' being a national identity increased heavily, shortly after the Belgian Revolution. Prior to this, the term 'Flemings' in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish however had been used since the 14th century to describe the language of both the peoples of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant. Italians started in 15th century to describe both peoples as 'Fiamingi', the English and the French followed in the 16th. The sentiments of having somehow a common identity, despite belonging to different states (most notably the share of a common language, the deeply felt need to 'act as one' against any foreign state) existed already in the Middle Ages. An example is the 'Flemish-Brabant Co-operation Treaty' (Vlaams-Brabants samenwerkingsverdag) from 3/12/1339 imposed by the main cities of both states upon their rulers. It must noted that the modern Belgian province of Limburg -nowadays Flemish- was not part of this.
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Foederati
Foederatus ([pronunciation?]) (pl. foederati) is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the end of the Western Roman Empire. Early in the history of the Roman Republic, a foederatus identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose, thus were allies. The Latini tribe were considered blood allies, but the rest were federates or socii.
During the Roman republic, the friction between these treaty obligations without the corresponding benefits of Romanity led to the Social War between Romans, with a few close allies, and the disaffected Socii. A law of 90 BC (Lex Julia) offered Roman citizenship to the federate states that accepted the terms. Not all cities were prepared to be absorbed into the Roman res publica (e.g. Heraclea and Naples). Other foederati lay beyond Italy: Gades in Spain, and Massilia (Marseilles).[clarification needed]
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. The Frisian languages are still used by 500,000 speakers; dialects of Frisian are recognized as official languages in both the Netherlands and Germany.
The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drusus' 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the Chauci. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. They are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in Flanders and Kent, probably as laeti under Roman coercion.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Griqua people
The Griqua (Afrikaans Griekwa, sometimes incorrectly called Korana) are a subgroup of South Africa's heterogeneous and multiracial Coloured people. However, they have a unique origin in the early history of the Cape Colony. Similar to the other Afrikaans-speaking group at the time, the Trekboers, they originally populated the frontiers of the infant Cape Colony, living as semi-nomadic commandos of mounted gunmen. Also like the Boers, they migrated inland from the Cape, and established several states in what is now modern South Africa and Namibia.
Under Apartheid they were classified as "Coloured" and have since mostly integrated with other mixed populations in South Africa.
The Griqua are a racially and culturally mixed people who originated in the intermarriages or sexual relations between European colonists in the Cape and the Khoikhoi already living there in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The different mixed-race groups which developed in the early Cape Colony had a variety of different names for themselves. "Bastaards", "Basters", "Korana", "Oorlam" and "Griqua" were just a few of them, with each group often having a different preference. Like the Afrikaners, these groups frequently migrated inland to escape colonial rule.
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Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Arnhem, 18 July 1853 – Haarlem, 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.
Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland (The Netherlands), the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822 – 1893), a well-off nurseryman, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826 – 1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a freethinker in religious matters. From 1866-1869 he attended the newly established high school in Arnhem, and in 1870 he passed the exams in classical languages which were then required for admission to University.
Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at the University of Leiden, where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a bachelor's degree, he returned to Arnhem in 1872 to teach high school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in Leiden in addition to his teaching position. In 1875 Lorentz earned a doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke on a thesis entitled "Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.
In 1881 Hendrik married Aletta Catharina Kaiser, niece of Frederik Kaiser. She was the daughter of Johann Wilhelm Kaiser, director of the Amsterdam's Engraving School and professor of Fine Arts, and designer of the first Dutch postage stamps (1852). Later Kaiser was the Director of the National Gallery of Amsterdam. Hendrik and Aletta's eldest daughter Geertruida Luberta Lorentz was to become a physicist as well.
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Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic. With Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. He was also a philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright, and poet.
Grotius's influence on international law is paramount, and is acknowledged by, for instance, the American Society of International Law, which since 1999 holds an annual series of Grotius Lectures. Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology provided the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism and he is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminianism-Calvinism debate.
Born in Delft during the Dutch Revolt, Hugo was the first child of Jan de Groot and Alida van Overschie. His father was a man of learning, once having studied with the eminent Justus Lipsius at Leiden, as well as of political distinction, and he groomed his son from an early age in a traditional humanist and Aristotelian education. A prodigious learner, Hugo entered the University of Leiden when he was just eleven years old. There he studied with some of the most acclaimed intellectuals in northern Europe, including Franciscus Junius, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Rudolph Snellius. At age sixteen he published his first book: a scholarly edition of the late antique author Martianus Capella's work on the seven liberal arts, Martiani Minei Felicis Capellæ Carthaginiensis viri proconsularis Satyricon, in quo De nuptiis Philologiæ & Mercurij libri duo, & De septem artibus liberalibus libri singulares. Omnes, & emendati, & Notis, siue Februis Hug. Grotii illustrati.
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Indo people
Indo people, short for Indo-European people is a term that originated in the Dutch East Indies of the 19th century. It is used to describe the Eurasian people of mixed European and indigenous Indonesian ancestry in the Dutch East Indies, and their descendants, who generally are people of predominately European ancestry, as a result of migration to Western countries. People of Indo ancestry are now primarily found in the Netherlands and Indonesia, but also Australia, Canada, United States and New Zealand.
As a group Indos developed over a period of more than 400 years. Records from the beginning of European colonial activity in the South East Asian region show the range of the origins of the Europeans that settled there. People of Indo ancestry have a great variety of combinations of diverse European and Asian ancestries. The family names indicate the diversity of origins, although all family names are uniformly European.
Other common terms used for this group are Indische people or Dutch-Indonesians, both terms are derived from the Dutch term Indische Nederlanders.
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Jan Leeghwater
Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater (1575, De Rijp, Netherlands - 1650) was a Dutch architect, mill builder and hydraulic engineer.
Leeghwater was born as Jan Adriaanszoon. Only later did he adopt the name Leeghwater, from laag water or low water. It is not clear exactly how the prevalent spelling of Leeghwater's name came about. Leeghwater himself spelt his name alternatively as Leegwater, Leegh-water, Leeghwater and Leechwater. Official documents of the time also mention Laechwater and Laachwater. Leeghwater, as a hydraulic engineer, was pivotal to land reclamation programs along the flooded coast of the Netherlands. He was involved in the reclamation of the Beemster polder, the first polder in the world created from a lake by draining the water using wind mills. The reclamation of the Beemster was started in 1607 and Leeghwater supervised the milling. Between 1607 and 1635, the polders Purmer, Schermer and Heerhugowaard were also created under his supervision.
Leeghwater was among the first to advocate reclamation of the Haarlemmermeer, a lake whose growth presented a danger to the surrounding towns (several villages were swallowed and even Amsterdam and Leiden were eventually threatened). When this was finally accomplished in 1852, it was with three large steam-driven pumping installations; one at Lijnden, Kaag, and Cruquius. The installation at Kaag, the nl:Gemaal De Leeghwater, built with a steam engine in 1845 to pump water into the Kaag lake, was named after him. The other two men honored in this way were Frans Godard baron van Lynden van Hemmen, who wrote the 1821 book 'Verhandeling over de droogmaking van het Haarlemmermeer' with the 3-way steam pump reclamation plan, and Nicolaas Kruik, who wrote an early "water defence" plan in 1737 using windmills.
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Johan Cruyff
Hendrik Johannes Cruijff OON (Dutch: [ˈjoˑɦɑn ˈkrœy̆f]) born 25 April 1947 in Amsterdam), known as Johan Cruyff, is a former Dutch footballer and is currently the manager of the Catalan national team. He won the Ballon d'Or three times, in 1971, 1973 and 1974, which is a record jointly held with Michel Platini, Marco van Basten and Lionel Messi. Cruyff was one of the most famous exponents of the football philosophy known as Total Football explored by Rinus Michels, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in association football.
After his retirement from playing in 1984, Cruyff became highly successful as manager of Ajax and later FC Barcelona; he remains an influential advisor to both clubs. His son Jordi has also gone on to play football professionally.
In 1999, Cruyff was voted European Player of the Century in an election held by the IFFHS, and came second behind Pelé in their World Player of the Century poll. He came third in a vote organised by the French weekly magazine France Football consulting their former Ballon d'Or winners to elect their Football Player of the Century. He was named as the greatest football player of all time by the Bleacher Report for the combination of his skill and his revolutionary application of Rinus Michels's total football to the sport.
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Johan de Witt
Johan de Witt, heer van Zuid- en Noord-Linschoten, Snelrewaard, Hekendorp and IJsselveere (24 September 1625 – 20 August 1672) was a key figure in Dutch politics in the mid 17th century, when its flourishing sea trade in a period of globalization made the United Provinces a leading European power during the Dutch Golden Age. De Witt controlled the Netherlands political system from around 1650 until shortly before his spectacular death in 1672 working with various factions from nearly all the major cities, especially his hometown, Dordrecht, and the city of birth of his wife, Amsterdam.
Johan de Witt was a member of the old Dutch patrician family De Witt. His father was Jacob de Witt, an influential regent and burgher from the patrician class in the city of Dordrecht, which in the seventeenth century, was one of the most important cities of the dominating province of Holland. Johan and his older brother, Cornelis de Witt, grew up in a privileged social environment in terms of education, his father having as good acquaintances important scholars and scientists, such as Isaac Beeckman, Jacob Cats, Gerhard Vossius and Andreas Colvius. Johan and Cornelis both attended the Latin school in Dordrecht, which imbued both brothers with the values of the Roman Republic.[citation needed]
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List of Dutch people
Dutch people who are famous or notable include:
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Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831).
Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch, and the first president from New York.
As Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State and then Vice President, Van Buren was a key figure in building the organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy, particularly in New York State. As president, he did not want the United States to annex Texas, an act which John Tyler would achieve eight years after Van Buren's initial rejection. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained.
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Mary of Burgundy
Mary of Burgundy (13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482) ruled the Burgundian territories in Low Countries and was suo jure Duchess of Burgundy from 1477 until her death. As the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon, she was the heiress to the vast, and vastly wealthy, Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477., and was accordingly often referred to as "Mary the Rich".
Mary of Burgundy was born in Brussels, at the ducal castle of Coudenberg, to Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, and his wife, Isabella of Bourbon. Her birth, according to the court chronicler, Georges Chastellain, was attended by a clap of thunder ringing from the otherwise clear twilight sky. Her godfather was Louis, Dauphin of France, in exile in Burgundy at that time; he named her for his mother, Marie of Anjou. Reactions to the child were mixed: the baby's grandfather, Duke Philip the Good, was unimpressed, and "chose not to attend the [Baptism] as it was only for a girl"; the grandmother, Isabella of Portugal, was simply delighted at the birth of a granddaughter.
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Michiel de Ruyter
Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (Dutch pronunciation: [miˈχil ˈaˑdrijaˑnˌsoˑn də ˈrœy̆tər]; 24 March 1607 – 29 April 1676) is the most famous and one of the most skilled admirals in Dutch history. De Ruyter is most famous for his role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century. He fought the English and French and scored several major victories against them, the best known probably being the Raid on the Medway. The pious De Ruyter was very much loved by his sailors and soldiers; from them his most significant nickname derived: Bestevaêr (older Dutch for 'grandfather'.)
De Ruyter was born in 1607 in Flushing (Vlissingen) as the son of beer porter Adriaen Michielszoon and Aagje Jansdochter Little is known about De Ruyter's early life, but he probably became a sailor at the age of 11. In 1622 he fought as a musketeer in the Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau against the Spaniards during the relief of Bergen-op-Zoom. That same year he rejoined the Dutch merchant fleet and steadily worked his way up. According to English sources he was active in Dublin between 1623 and 1631 as an agent for the Vlissingen-based merchant house of the Lampsins brothers. Although Dutch sources have no data about his whereabouts in those years, it is known that De Ruyter spoke Irish fluently. He would occasionally travel as supercargo to the Mediterranean or the Barbary Coast. In those years he usually referred to himself as "Machgyel Adriensoon", his name in the Zealandic dialect he spoke, not having yet adopted the name "De Ruyter". "De Ruyter" most probably was a nickname given to him. An explanation might be found in the meaning of the older Dutch verb ruyten or ruiten which means "to raid", something De Ruyter was known to do as a privateer with the Lampsins ship Den Graeuwen Heynst.
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Multatuli
Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin multa tuli, "I have carried much"), was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia).
Dekker was born in Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java and obtained a post as a civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident at Ambon, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java (now Banten province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands in a state of fierce indignation.
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Nation
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic make-up. In international relations, nation can refer to a country or sovereign state. The word nation can more specifically refer to people of North American Indians, such as the Cherokee Nation that prefer this term over the contested term tribe.
According to Joseph Stalin writing in 1913 in Marxism and the National Question: "a nation is not a racial or tribal, but a historically constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable community of people;" "a common language is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation;" "a common territory is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common economic life, economic cohesion, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common psychological make-up, which manifests itself in a common culture, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture." According to Stalin, this would exclude Jews as they have no common territory.
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Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch refers to immigrants and their descendants from southwestern Germany and Switzerland who settled in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically they have spoken the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German.
The first major emigration of Germans to America resulted in the founding of the Borough of Germantown in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania on October 6, 1683. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century.
The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or Reformed, but many Anabaptists as well. The Anabaptist religions promoted a simple lifestyle and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch, as opposed to the Fancy Dutch who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream.
Over time, the various dialects spoken by these immigrants fused into a unique dialect known as Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German. At one time, over a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke this language, which also had an impact on the local dialect of English.
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Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was the King of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. He was also king of Sicily and Naples as Philip I. During his marriage to Mary I, he was King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.
Also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles I of Spain, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents. He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."
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Philip the Bold
Philip the Bold (Dutch: Filips de Stoute French: Philippe le Hardi), also Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (January 15, 1342, Pontoise – April 27, 1404, Halle), was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne of Luxembourg. By his marriage to Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, he also became Count Philip II of Flanders, Count Philip IV of Artois and Count-Palatine Philip IV of Burgundy. He was the founder of the Burgundian branch of the House of Valois.
Born in 1342, Philip gained his cognomen the Bold when, at the age of 14, he fought beside and was captured with his father at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was created Duke of Touraine in 1360, but in 1363, as a reward for his behaviour at Poitiers, he returned this to the crown, receiving instead from his father the Duchy of Burgundy in apanage, which his father had been Duke of since the death of Philip of Rouvres in 1361. Philip would rule the Duchy until his death.
On 19 June 1369, Philip married the 19 year old Margaret of Dampierre, the daughter of Louis II, Count of Flanders, who would become the heiress of Flanders, Brabant, Artois, and the Free County of Burgundy after the death of her brother in 1376. Margaret was the widow of his stepbrother, Philip of Rouvres, Duke of Burgundy, Count Palatine of Burgundy, and Count of Artois, Boulogne and Auvergne. The two had been betrothed and married as children, she at seven years old, he at 11 years old; he died when he was about 15 and she about 11. Their marriage was without issue. As her father's eventual heiress, Margaret would bring rich possessions to her husband and to their children.
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Pieter Geyl
Pieter Catharinus Arie Geyl (15 December 1887 – 31 December 1966) was a Dutch historian, well known for his studies in early modern Dutch history and in historiography.
Geyl was born in Dordrecht and graduated from the University of Leiden in 1913. His thesis was on Christofforo Suriano, the Venetian Ambassador in the Netherlands from 1616 to 1623. He was married twice, first to Maria Cornelia van Slooten in 1911 (who died in 1933) and secondly to Garberlina Kremer in 1934.
Geyl worked as a teacher at a gymnasium (grammar school) in Schiedam (1912–1913) before going on to serve as the London correspondent for Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant newspaper. During this time, Geyl befriended many influential people in Britain. In 1919 Geyl took up a professorship in Dutch history at the University of London, where he taught until 1935. In 1935, Geyl returned home to become a professor at the University of Utrecht.
In 1940, Geyl wrote an article on how historians view Napoleon. It was due to be published in June 1940, but after the German occupation in May 1940, the publishers declined to publish Geyl's article out of the fear that comparisons could be made between Napoleon and Adolf Hitler. In September 1940, Geyl used his article for the basis of series of lectures at the Rotterdam School of Economics. In October 1940 the SD (Security Service) of the SS took Geyl hostage in retaliation for what the Germans alleged to be maltreatment of Germans interned in the Dutch East Indies. Geyl spent thirteen months at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Even after his release from Buchenwald, Geyl continued to be held by the Germans at a Dutch prison until he was finally released for medical reasons in February 1944.
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Polabian Slavs
Polabian Slavs (Lower Sorbian: Połobske Słowjany, Polish: Słowianie połabscy, Czech: Polabští Slované) - is a collective term applied to a number of Lechites tribes who lived along the Elbe river, between the Baltic Sea to the north, the Saale and the Limes Saxoniae to the west, the Ore Mountains and the Western Sudetes to the south, and Poland to the east. They have also been known as Elbe Slavs (German: Elbslawen) or Wends. Their name derives from the Slavic po, meaning "by/next to/along", and the Slavic name for the Elbe (Labe in Czech and Łaba in Polish).
The Polabian Slavs started settling in the territory of modern Germany in the second half of the first millennium. They were largely conquered by Saxons and Danes during the 12th century and subsequently included within the Holy Roman Empire. The tribes were gradually Germanized and assimilated in the following centuries; the Sorbs are the only descendants of the Polabian Slavs to have retained their identity and culture.
The Polabian language is now extinct. However, both Sorbian languages are spoken by approximately 60,000 inhabitants of the region and the languages are regarded by the government of Germany as official languages of the region.
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Rembrandt
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛmbrɑnt ˈɦɑrmə(n)soːn vɑn ˈrɛin], 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age, when Dutch Golden Age painting, although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative.
Having achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters. Rembrandt's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified especially in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.
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Russian Mennonite
The Russian Mennonites are a group of Mennonites descended from Dutch and mainly Germanic Prussian Anabaptists who established colonies in South Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) beginning in 1789. Since the late 19th century, many of them have come to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere. The rest were forcibly relocated, so that few of their descendants now live at the location of the original colonies. Russian Mennonites are traditionally multilingual with Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German) as their lingua franca.
In the early-to-mid 16th century, Mennonites began to move from the Low Countries (especially Friesland) and Flanders to the Vistula delta region, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service. They gradually replaced their Dutch and Frisian languages with the Plautdietsch dialect spoken in the area, blending into it elements of their native tongues. Plautdietsch is the distinct Mennonite language which developed over a period of 300 years in the Vistula delta region and south Russia.
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Salian Franks
The Salian Franks or Salii were a subgroup of the early Franks who originally had been living north of the limes in the area above the Rhine. The Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul were Salians. From the 3rd century on, the Salian Franks appear in the historical records as warlike Germanic people and pirates, and as Laeti (allies of the Romans). They were the first Germanic tribe from beyond the limes who settled permanently on Roman land. In 358, they came to some form of agreement with the Romans that allowed them to settle in Toxandria (roughly the area of the current Dutch and Belgian provinces of Noord-Brabant, Antwerpen and Vlaams-Brabant).
The Salians fully adopted the Frankish identity and gradually ceased to appear by their original name from the 7th century onward, when they evolved into the Franks par excellence. The Lex Ripuaria originated about 630 around Cologne and has been described as a later development of the Frankish laws known from Lex Salica.
From the early 6th century on, the name Salian Franks (or Salii in Latin) is used to contrast with the Ripuarian Franks. Salii may have derived from the name of the medieval lakeland Sall zee area, or to the IJssel river, formerly called Hisloa or Hisla, and in ancient times, Sala, signalling this as the Salians' original residence. Today this area is called Salland.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. Roosevelt was also one of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the other two being Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.
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Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe who in 429 under king Genseric entered Africa and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Renaissance and Early Modern writers characterized the Vandals as barbarians, "sacking and looting" Rome. This led to the use of the term "vandalism", to describe any senseless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artworks. However, modern historians tend to regard the Vandals during the transitional period (from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages) as perpetuators, not destroyers, of Roman culture.
The name of the Vandals has often been connected to that of Vendel,[citation needed] the name of a province in Uppland, Sweden, which is also eponymous of the Vendel period of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the late Germanic Iron Age leading up to the Viking Age. The connection would be that Vendel is the original homeland of the Vandals prior to the Migration Period, and retains their tribal name as a toponym.
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Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (UK /ˌvæn ˈɡɒx/, US /ˌvæn ˈɡoʊ/;Dutch: [vɑŋ ˈɣɔχ] ( listen); 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died at the age of 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found). His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.
Van Gogh began to draw as a child, and he continued to draw throughout the years that led up to his decision to become an artist. He did not begin painting until his late twenties, completing many of his best-known works during the last two years of his life. In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints. His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes of flowers, portraits and paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.
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Walloons
Walloons (/wɑːˈluːnz/; French: Wallons, IPA: [walɔ̃]; Walloon: Walons) are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium. Important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people. More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Lorrain in the South).
The term Walloon is derived from *walha, a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.
Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465, where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and at Belgian independence the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard, etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to «the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept».Walloon also designates the inhabitants of Wallonia — a monolingual French-speaking territory — as opposed to Flemish. The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the center of the commotion.". The Spanish term Walon and Walona from XVII Century were referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire. The French word Wallons in English is also used in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
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West Frisians
The West Frisians (German: Westfriesen) or, more precisely, the Westlauwers Frisians (Westlauwers'sche Friesen) are those Frisian peoples in that part of Frisia administered by the Netherlands. This region, the Province of Friesland, is bounded in the west by the IJsselmeer and in the east by the River Lauwers. In Germany it is often frequently misnamed "West Frisia" (Westfriesland) because the German part is called "East Frisia" (Ostfriesland), hence the incorrect term "West Frisians" (Westfriesen). In the Netherlands the term West-Friezen is only used to refer to the inhabitants of the region of West Friesland and not to the Westlauwers Frisians.
The Westerlauwers Frisians are related to the North Frisians and the eastern Frisians (East Frisians, Saterland Frisians etc.). Whilst the East Frisians had lost their Frisian language by the late Middle Ages, of the 660,000 or so Frisians in the Netherlands, more than 400,000 still speak West Frisian.
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Willem Drees
Willem Drees ( Dutch pronunciation (help·info)) (July 5, 1886 – May 14, 1988) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from August 7, 1948 until December 22, 1958.
He previously served as Member of the House of Representatives from May 9, 1933 until June 24, 1945. And as the Parliamentary leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party in the House of Representatives from August 19, 1939 until June 24, 1945 when he became Minister of Social Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister serving from June 24, 1945 until August 7, 1948 in the Cabinets Schermerhorn-Drees and Beel I. He served again a short periode as a Member of the House of Representatives, after the Dutch general election of 1946 from June 4, 1946 until July 4, 1946. After the Dutch general election of 1948, Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik, Drees I, Drees II and Drees III. And as acting Minister of Colonial Affairs from March 15, 1951 until March 31, 1951 and as acting Minister of Finance from July 1, 1952 until September 2, 1952, following the resignations of Johannes Henricus van Maarseveen and Piet Lieftinck respectively. He again had two short stints as a Member of the House of Representatives after the Dutch general election of 1952 and 1952, serving from July 15, 1952 until September 2, 1952 and from July 3, 1956 until October 3, 1956.
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Willem Janszoon
Willem Janszoon (c. 1570–1630), Dutch navigator and colonial governor, is the first European known to have seen the coast of Australia. His name is sometimes abbreviated to Willem Jansz. (with or without the full stop). Janszoon served in the Netherlands East Indies for several periods (1603–11, 1612–16, including a period as governor of Fort Henricus on Solor.
Nothing is known of Willem Janszoon's early life. He is first recorded as entering into the service of the Oude compagnie, one of the predecessors of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), as a mate aboard the Hollandia, part of the second fleet under Jacob Cornelisz. van Neck, dispatched by the Dutch to the Dutch East Indies in 1598. On 5 May 1601, he again sailed for the East Indies as master of the Lam, one of three ships in the fleet of Joris van Spilbergen.
Janszoon sailed from the Netherlands for the East Indies for the third time on 18 December 1603, as captain of the Duyfken (or Duijfken, meaning “Little Dove”), one of twelve ships of the great fleet of Steven van der Hagen. When the other ships left Java, Janszoon was sent to search for other outlets of trade, particularly in "the great land of New Guinea and other East and Southlands".
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William the Silent
William I, Prince of Orange (24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584), also widely known as William the Silent (Dutch: Willem de Zwijger), or simply William of Orange (Dutch: Willem van Oranje), was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. He was born in the House of Nassau as Count of Nassau-Dillenburg. He became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the branch House of Orange-Nassau.
A wealthy nobleman, William originally served the Habsburgs as a member of the court of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Unhappy with the centralisation of political power away from the local estates and with the Spanish persecution of Dutch Protestants, William joined the Dutch uprising and turned against his former masters. The most influential and politically capable of the rebels, he led the Dutch to several successes in the fight against the Spanish. Declared an outlaw by the Spanish king in 1580, he was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard (also written as 'Gerardts') in Delft four years later.
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karaoke
1902 inside a British concentration camp- where 20,000 Dutchmen, including children die. Do you feel any pity for these murdered men + women who died at the hand of the British Empire. -ch- Victims they may have been-But innocent they were not, they were murderers just the same-with their own code of hate. These Dutchmen carried rifles-went out hunting on horseback delighting in the slaughter-of a bigger kind of prey, taking part in the latest wave of genocide they found killing Zulus much more- fun than any other game. -ch- Victims they may have been-But innocent they were not, they were murderers just the same-with their own code of hate. These Zulu warriors felt so proud- of all the suffering they had caused, driven to a frenzy by the death hate- of tribal wars, bound up by their own morals- their own bigotry + lies + shit, it's just the same in- Northern Ireland, Poland + Afghanistan, they're just fighting for the right- to enforce their own oppression through the bigotry + blindness- of their moral law.
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Dutchmen Travel Trailer by Dutchmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Dutchmen_Travel_Trailer_by_Dutchmen
Foreign bride Dutch men looking for a partner in the Philippines part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:22
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
For every man who loves Asian Girls and wants to know exactly how to get them! tinyurl.com De buitenlandse bruid in Philippines Part 1. This documentary follows Dutch men who look for a partner in the Philippines Palmplus produced in 2006 a very interesting and also funny documentary for...
http://wn.com/Foreign_bride_Dutch_men_looking_for_a_partner_in_the_Philippines_part_1
For every man who loves Asian Girls and wants to know exactly how to get them! tinyurl.com De buitenlandse bruid in Philippines Part 1. This documentary follows Dutch men who look for a partner in the Philippines Palmplus produced in 2006 a very interesting and also funny documentary for...
- published: 06 Feb 2011
- views: 12711
- author: smerlinbabylon
Goodbye from Dutch Men
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:21
- Updated: 03 Nov 2011
Saying their goodbyes on video
http://wn.com/Goodbye_from_Dutch_Men
The Dutchman - Liam Clancy [9/26]
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- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Live at the Oylmpia in Dublin in 1992
http://wn.com/The_Dutchman_Liam_Clancy_9_26_
Dutchman 1967 Anthony Harvey Part 1 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Dutchman_1967_Anthony_Harvey_Part_1_6
The Dutchman-Makem & Clancy 7/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Feb 6, 1983, At the National Concert hall, video to the album of the same name, this song not on the album. Song written by Michael Peter Smith
http://wn.com/The_Dutchman-Makem_Clancy_7_10
Feb 6, 1983, At the National Concert hall, video to the album of the same name, this song not on the album. Song written by Michael Peter Smith
- published: 09 Apr 2008
- views: 151584
- author: theconman18
VANDERBUYST - Album Teaser "Flying Dutchmen"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
VANDERBUYST - "Flying Dutchmen" Album Teaser "Flying Dutchmen" to be released as CD, LP and digital download the 7th of December via Ván Records. find CDs, Lps and merch here: www.van-records.de subscribe to channel: www.youtube.com follow Ván Records on Facebook: www.facebook.com follow VANDERBUYST on Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/VANDERBUYST_Album_Teaser_Flying_Dutchmen
VANDERBUYST - "Flying Dutchmen" Album Teaser "Flying Dutchmen" to be released as CD, LP and digital download the 7th of December via Ván Records. find CDs, Lps and merch here: www.van-records.de subscribe to channel: www.youtube.com follow Ván Records on Facebook: www.facebook.com follow VANDERBUYST on Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 4341
- author: vanrecords
Tori Amos Flying Dutchman A'dam 6/3/7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
My camera died at the end, but she didn't do the "end" part anyway so whatever. This is less of a video and more of an mp3 primer as I could NOT put up with the general admission shit and sat in the back past Pip's set. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Tori_Amos_Flying_Dutchman_A'dam_6_3_7
My camera died at the end, but she didn't do the "end" part anyway so whatever. This is less of a video and more of an mp3 primer as I could NOT put up with the general admission shit and sat in the back past Pip's set. Enjoy!
- published: 04 Jun 2007
- views: 8926
- author: Robert Schrader
Flying Dutchmen (buskers)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Juggler Michiel Hesseling (from Amsterdam) and Unicyclist Jean-Michel Paré (Canadian) perform as the Flying Dutchmen.
http://wn.com/Flying_Dutchmen_buskers
Juggler Michiel Hesseling (from Amsterdam) and Unicyclist Jean-Michel Paré (Canadian) perform as the Flying Dutchmen.
- published: 14 Nov 2006
- views: 4718
- author: speltz
The Flying Dutchman Ghost Ship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
www.scaryforkids.com Flying Dutchman. Ghost Ship. Haunted ships. Ghosts of the Flying Dutchmen.
http://wn.com/The_Flying_Dutchman_Ghost_Ship
www.scaryforkids.com Flying Dutchman. Ghost Ship. Haunted ships. Ghosts of the Flying Dutchmen.
- published: 10 Mar 2008
- views: 130059
- author: scaryforkids
New 2008 Dutchmen T@B Travel Trailer For Sale Airway Heights, WA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
my411online.com spokane.clavideo.com White/Mellow Yellow Trim, $16040. Introduced to North America in 2003, T@B has quickly become one of the most popular trailers on the market today. With a 59 interior Heights, T@Bs Stand up design includes a fully functional kitchn with a range and sink. It also has a refrigerator, LP furnace and Air conditioner with heat pump. T@B is a fully laminated travel trailer. AluFiber skin is laminated over foam insulation. The double pane, tinted, poly windows are top hinged for venting and feature rollaway screens and privacy shades. T@B features an Al-KO Kober ultra light frame. The galvanized frame features rubber torsion, independent suspension axles. Plus, the frame includes a surge brake coupler, parking brake, easy-up tongue jack, and four corner stabilizer jacks. But, its not just the T@Bs unique shape and terrific interiors that people love: its also the technology that makes it one of the lightest trailers in the industry weighing in at only 1715 pounds. Other options included: Screen Room, Spare tire, TV CD DVD stereo combo, Aluminum Rims, Northern Breeze Vent, Screen Door, Front window, & Port-a-pody Fun and adventure has never been so simple. Contact Blue Crick RV www.bluecrick.com 888-280-9944
http://wn.com/New_2008_Dutchmen_T@B_Travel_Trailer_For_Sale_Airway_Heights,_WA
my411online.com spokane.clavideo.com White/Mellow Yellow Trim, $16040. Introduced to North America in 2003, T@B has quickly become one of the most popular trailers on the market today. With a 59 interior Heights, T@Bs Stand up design includes a fully functional kitchn with a range and sink. It also has a refrigerator, LP furnace and Air conditioner with heat pump. T@B is a fully laminated travel trailer. AluFiber skin is laminated over foam insulation. The double pane, tinted, poly windows are top hinged for venting and feature rollaway screens and privacy shades. T@B features an Al-KO Kober ultra light frame. The galvanized frame features rubber torsion, independent suspension axles. Plus, the frame includes a surge brake coupler, parking brake, easy-up tongue jack, and four corner stabilizer jacks. But, its not just the T@Bs unique shape and terrific interiors that people love: its also the technology that makes it one of the lightest trailers in the industry weighing in at only 1715 pounds. Other options included: Screen Room, Spare tire, TV CD DVD stereo combo, Aluminum Rims, Northern Breeze Vent, Screen Door, Front window, & Port-a-pody Fun and adventure has never been so simple. Contact Blue Crick RV www.bluecrick.com 888-280-9944
- published: 20 May 2009
- views: 204777
- author: clistassist
Foreign bride Dutch men looking for a partner in the Philippines part 2.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
For every man who loves Asian Girls and wants to know exactly how to get them tinyurl.com De buitenlandse bruid in Philippines Part 2. This documentary follows Dutch men who look for a partner in the Philippines Palmplus produced in 2006 a very interesting and also funny documentary for...
http://wn.com/Foreign_bride_Dutch_men_looking_for_a_partner_in_the_Philippines_part_2
For every man who loves Asian Girls and wants to know exactly how to get them tinyurl.com De buitenlandse bruid in Philippines Part 2. This documentary follows Dutch men who look for a partner in the Philippines Palmplus produced in 2006 a very interesting and also funny documentary for...
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 3324
- author: smerlinbabylon
The Goodtime Dutchmen -- Skip Polka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
The Goodtime Dutchmen, lead by Ralph Thull, are an energetic group of polka musicians from the southeastern portion of the State of Wisconsin. If they're booked in your area, you don't want to miss this fantastic group. They are a Must See!
http://wn.com/The_Goodtime_Dutchmen_-_Skip_Polka
The Goodtime Dutchmen, lead by Ralph Thull, are an energetic group of polka musicians from the southeastern portion of the State of Wisconsin. If they're booked in your area, you don't want to miss this fantastic group. They are a Must See!
- published: 25 Feb 2009
- views: 19347
- author: MorePlkaVideos
2012 Thor Dutchmen Komfort 3530 (Bunk House Model with 2 bathrooms and an Outside Kitchen)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! If this is not the exact floor plan you are looking for, please view all Thor Dutchmen Komfort RV products in Fun Town RV's inventory, www.funtownrv.com There are plenty of unique floorplans. Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a Walk around demonstration of a Thor Dutchmen Komfort RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 Dutchmen Komfort 3530 RV. This is a popular bunk house model with an outside kitchen, as well as a second bathroom in the kids den with accessibility outdoors. What really makes the Komfort RV stand out from other fifth wheel RV's in its price point, is the cabinetry in the kitchen, the dream furniture set up, and the cedar lined closet. This RV is for sale at our Cleburne and San Angelo locations. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailer, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clickingwww.funtownrv.com and using our easy ...
http://wn.com/2012_Thor_Dutchmen_Komfort_3530_Bunk_House_Model_with_2_bathrooms_and_an_Outside_Kitchen
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! If this is not the exact floor plan you are looking for, please view all Thor Dutchmen Komfort RV products in Fun Town RV's inventory, www.funtownrv.com There are plenty of unique floorplans. Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a Walk around demonstration of a Thor Dutchmen Komfort RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 Dutchmen Komfort 3530 RV. This is a popular bunk house model with an outside kitchen, as well as a second bathroom in the kids den with accessibility outdoors. What really makes the Komfort RV stand out from other fifth wheel RV's in its price point, is the cabinetry in the kitchen, the dream furniture set up, and the cedar lined closet. This RV is for sale at our Cleburne and San Angelo locations. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailer, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clickingwww.funtownrv.com and using our easy ...
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 4920
- author: David Kidd
kodiak RV by Dutchmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
MasterMedia Productions video of the Kodiak RV by Dutchmen Mfg. Inc.
http://wn.com/kodiak_RV_by_Dutchmen
MasterMedia Productions video of the Kodiak RV by Dutchmen Mfg. Inc.
- published: 10 Jun 2011
- views: 1994
- author: Mars Man
2012 Dutchmen Infinity 3870FK RV (Front Kitchen Fifth Wheel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! To view all Thor Dutchmen Infinity RV products in Fun Town RV's inventory, click www.funtownrv.com Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a walk around demonstration on all the features of a Thor Dutchmen Infinity Luxury fifth wheel RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 Infinity 3870FK. This is Infinity's latest offering - a FRONT KITCHEN fifth wheel. This RV is for sale at our Cleburne location. We also have a dealership in San Angelo, and have recently opened a store in Waco. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailers, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clicking www.funtownrv.com and using our easy search engine. New RV's for sale include, but are not limited to: Forest River and Thor Manufacturers, Cedar Creek RV, Sandpiper RV, Silverback RV, Infinity RV, Dutchmen RV, Sabre RV, XLR RV, Wildwood RV, Puma RV and much more, including quality ...
http://wn.com/2012_Dutchmen_Infinity_3870FK_RV_Front_Kitchen_Fifth_Wheel
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! To view all Thor Dutchmen Infinity RV products in Fun Town RV's inventory, click www.funtownrv.com Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a walk around demonstration on all the features of a Thor Dutchmen Infinity Luxury fifth wheel RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 Infinity 3870FK. This is Infinity's latest offering - a FRONT KITCHEN fifth wheel. This RV is for sale at our Cleburne location. We also have a dealership in San Angelo, and have recently opened a store in Waco. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailers, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clicking www.funtownrv.com and using our easy search engine. New RV's for sale include, but are not limited to: Forest River and Thor Manufacturers, Cedar Creek RV, Sandpiper RV, Silverback RV, Infinity RV, Dutchmen RV, Sabre RV, XLR RV, Wildwood RV, Puma RV and much more, including quality ...
- published: 03 Dec 2011
- views: 6211
- author: David Kidd
Dirk Kuyt - The Flying Dutchman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A small compilation for the Liverpool Striker
http://wn.com/Dirk_Kuyt_The_Flying_Dutchman
Soft Dutchmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
A very small old growth fir that has about 5' of head lean to the right. I am using a "soft" Dutchmen to swing it around 180 degrees to the left without wedging it. The term soft is used because of the additional saw cuts in the undercut on the left side. They are cut in pretty much parallel to the the top of the face cut. Each successive cut is sawed in about 2" less than the previous one. This allows the tree to to set down on the stump wood more gently and helps to prevent the holding wood from breaking prematurely. Thanks for watching!
http://wn.com/Soft_Dutchmen
A very small old growth fir that has about 5' of head lean to the right. I am using a "soft" Dutchmen to swing it around 180 degrees to the left without wedging it. The term soft is used because of the additional saw cuts in the undercut on the left side. They are cut in pretty much parallel to the the top of the face cut. Each successive cut is sawed in about 2" less than the previous one. This allows the tree to to set down on the stump wood more gently and helps to prevent the holding wood from breaking prematurely. Thanks for watching!
- published: 14 Aug 2009
- views: 15098
- author: hotsaws101
Dutch Men's Team Practices in GK Gymnastics Apparel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
High impact video of Dutch Men's Gymnastics Athletes practicing in GK Gymnastics Shorts & Pants. Gymnasts featured in the video are Anthony van Assche, the utch National All-Around Champion, Melvin Ornek, Frank Rijken, Axel Quist, Stefan Raats, and Martijn Kuikman. Video created by Martijn Kuikman.
http://wn.com/Dutch_Men's_Team_Practices_in_GK_Gymnastics_Apparel
High impact video of Dutch Men's Gymnastics Athletes practicing in GK Gymnastics Shorts & Pants. Gymnasts featured in the video are Anthony van Assche, the utch National All-Around Champion, Melvin Ornek, Frank Rijken, Axel Quist, Stefan Raats, and Martijn Kuikman. Video created by Martijn Kuikman.
- published: 13 Feb 2012
- views: 17324
- author: GKEliteSportswear
Flying Dutchmen B Hose at Hempstead 08-02-08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:16
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
7.84
http://wn.com/Flying_Dutchmen_B_Hose_at_Hempstead_08-02-08
Gary's Ridgeland Dutchmen - Schneider Polka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Gary's Ridgeland Dutchmen at the Cashton Bash in April 2010 performing the Schneider Polka. Video by Michelle Genrich
http://wn.com/Gary's_Ridgeland_Dutchmen_Schneider_Polka
Gary's Ridgeland Dutchmen at the Cashton Bash in April 2010 performing the Schneider Polka. Video by Michelle Genrich
- published: 07 May 2010
- views: 19191
- author: MorePlkaVideos
2012 Dutchmen Infinity 3750FL RV (Front Living Room Floor plan)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:13
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! To view all Thor Dutchmen Infinity products in Fun Town RV's inventory, click www.funtownrv.com Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a walk around demonstration on all the features of a Thor Dutchmen Infinity Luxury fifth wheel RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 3750FL Infinity, a top selling model at Fun Town RV in Cleburne, TX. This is a must see FRONT LIVING ROOM MODEL! This RV is for sale at our Cleburne location. We also have a dealership in San Angelo, and have recently opened a store in Waco. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailers, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clicking www.funtownrv.com and using our easy search engine. New RV's for sale include, but are not limited to: Forest River and Thor Manufacturers, Cedar Creek RV, Sandpiper RV, Silverback RV, Infinity RV, Dutchmen RV, Sabre RV, XLR RV, Wildwood RV, Puma RV and ...
http://wn.com/2012_Dutchmen_Infinity_3750FL_RV_Front_Living_Room_Floor_plan
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL. Also, please take a moment and got to www.facebook.com/funtowrvsales and like our page and follow us on twitter (@funtownrv)...we have exclusive Facebook and Twitter only offers! To view all Thor Dutchmen Infinity products in Fun Town RV's inventory, click www.funtownrv.com Fun Town RV is the #1 towable dealer in the state of TEXAS! Call us toll free at 877-256-2704. We sell RVs both new and used, ranging from a couple $1000 and everything in between up to well over $200000. Watch all of our videos and browse our massive inventory day or night at www.funtownrv.com. This is a walk around demonstration on all the features of a Thor Dutchmen Infinity Luxury fifth wheel RV. Featured in this video is the 2012 3750FL Infinity, a top selling model at Fun Town RV in Cleburne, TX. This is a must see FRONT LIVING ROOM MODEL! This RV is for sale at our Cleburne location. We also have a dealership in San Angelo, and have recently opened a store in Waco. Fun Town RV carries everything from a pop up camper trailers, bumper pull travel trailers, toy haulers, mid profile and high profile fifth wheel units, and even up to motorized Class A, Class B, and Class C models. You can find your new RV by clicking www.funtownrv.com and using our easy search engine. New RV's for sale include, but are not limited to: Forest River and Thor Manufacturers, Cedar Creek RV, Sandpiper RV, Silverback RV, Infinity RV, Dutchmen RV, Sabre RV, XLR RV, Wildwood RV, Puma RV and ...
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 12725
- author: David Kidd
Six Fat Dutchmen - Liechtensteiner Polka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Six_Fat_Dutchmen_Liechtensteiner_Polka
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra
01 Jan 2013
INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: AP / John MacDougall
31 Dec 2012
Chancellor Angela Merkel has warned that the German economic climate in 2013 will be "even more difficult". In her new year message, she also cautioned that the eurozone debt crisis was far from over. However, she did say that reforms designed to address the roots of the problem were beginning to bear fruit ... In a taped interview to be broadcast later on Monday, Mrs Merkel urged Germans to be more patient ... Voters 'wary' ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca
01 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Sajjad
02 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD -- Continuing a militant campaign of violence against aid workers in Pakistan, gunmen Tuesday shot dead seven Pakistani teachers and health workers, six of them women, police officials said. There was no immediate claim of responsibility ... The victims worked for the private Pakistani aid group Support With Working Solution, which works in the health and education sectors ... "One child, aged 7 to 8 years, miraculously survived." ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
The Examiner
03 Jan 2013
Blackmarket Bakery opens it second location today at The Camp in Costa Mesa. The newest bakery is at 2937 Bristol St., Suite D-100A. Among the other places to find Blackmarket Bakery goods is Nordstrom E-Bar in Brea, Costa Mesa, Irvine, Mission Viejo, Newport Beach and Santa Ana ... Location ... Before opening Blackmarket Bakery, she worked for Dutchmen of Utopia Bakery, Dean & Deluca, and Zov’s Bistro in Tustin, among others. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
AV Club
02 Jan 2013
Metal, hardcore, punk, noise. Music shouldn’t always be easy on the ears. Each month, Loud unearths some of the heaviest, most challenging sounds writhing beneath the surface. The world’s not getting any quieter. Neither should we. ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 ... Vanderbuyst, The Flying Dutchmen ... Vanderbuyst, The Flying Dutchmen ... From the hooky opener “Frivolous Franny” on, The Flying Dutchmen is pure, empty-calorie riff-rock ... ....(size: 14.3Kb)
The Examiner
01 Jan 2013
The Tournament of Roses has posted the order of march for the 124th Rose Parade, which takes place at 8 a.m. on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2013. Rose Parade aficionados will recognize some of the entries as perennial favorites, while there are new entries as well. Here’s a peek at the first-time float entries. ... Readers can learn more about this float in “Follow that float ... Order of March, 2013 Rose Parade ... 14 The Pride of the Dutchmen Marching Band ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
Times Union
31 Dec 2012
Wayne Simpson and Kyle Bodie each had a goal and an assist Sunday as the Union men's hockey team snapped a five-game winless streak in beating Merrimack 4-1 at the Catamount Cup in Burlington, Vt. The Dutchmen scored all four of their goals on 14 third-period shots ... Bodie's wrister from the slot four minutes later gave the Dutchmen (9-4-4) a 3-1 lead ... UNION 4, MERRIMACK 1 ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Boston Herald
30 Dec 2012
NU (6-9-1) entered the third period ahead 3-1 and pushed the margin to 4-1 at 5.31 when freshman left winger Kevin Roy scored his team-high eighth goal ... In other New England action. ... Vermont 2, Union 1 — Goals by Robert Polesello and Kyle Reynolds in the second period stood up, thanks to 24 saves from Brody Hoffman, as the Catamounts (5-8-4) beat the Dutchmen (8-4-4) in the Catamount Cup in Burlington, Vt ... Conn ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
The Examiner
28 Dec 2012
For the third time in as many weeks, there’s a new team atop the Class 2A poll ... They replaced the Melrose Dutchmen in the top spot, whose reign at #1 lasted just one week thanks to a 65-59 overtime loss to Litchfield, the preseason #1 in Class 2A. Melrose tumbled five spots to #6 in this week’s poll, while Annandale and Southland entered the 2A poll at #9 and #10, respectively ... Cloud for the Granite City Classic ... Class 4A. 1 ... Last week. d ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Dec 2012
Tweet. Berlin, Dec 24 (IANS) Dutchmen Klaas Jan Huntelaar and German football club Schalke agreed on a two-year contract extension until 2015, the club said ... "I came to this decision after long and careful consideration ... Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Detroit Free Press
24 Dec 2012
Patrick Hayes is the publisher of ballinmichigan.com. His opinions do not necessarily reflect those of the Detroit Free Press nor its writers. Hayes will contribute a column every Monday at freep.com. Contact Patrick anytime at patrickhayes13@gmail.com or on Twitter @ballinmichigan ... Last weeks ranking in parenthesis.JUCO. 1. Mott Community College (1) ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... The biggest reason for well hope, I guess is that the Dutchmen are scoring points....(size: 10.5Kb)
Lower Hudson Online
22 Dec 2012
The Examiner
21 Dec 2012
Two days, three performances, 21 bands. That’s the Tournament of Roses Bandfest field show, held every year on Robinson Field at Pasadena City College in the days prior to the Rose Parade. All 21 bands will march the 5 ½ miles-plus parade route on New Year’s Day in 2013, but band geeks know there’s more to marching than a straight line and one acute corner ... MOC-Floyd Valley High School - Pride of the Dutchmen Marching Band 3.20 p.m ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Examiner
20 Dec 2012
The preseason #1, Apple Valley, moved up to #2 in the poll on the strength of a 73-64 victory over then-#6 Hopkins Tuesday night ... In Class 2A, an overtime loss by #1 Litchfield last week opened the door for the Melrose Dutchmen to take the step up from #2 to #1. The Dutchmen will get an immediate test this Friday, as they travel to the aforementioned Litchfield Dragons in a non-conference game. St ... Class 4A. 1 ... This week. d ... 2 ... This week. d ... 3....(size: 6.3Kb)
Lower Hudson Online
17 Dec 2012
Newstrack India
17 Dec 2012
Tweet. Berlin, Dec 17 (IANS) Bundesliga football side Schalke sacked coach Huub Stevens following their 1-3 loss to Freiburg ... "The Bundesliga is our bread and butter ... "He was immediately prepared to take the job on ... After nine years of absence the Dutchmen returned to help Schalke as coach Ralf Rangnick had to step back due to health problems ... ) .. ).. Comments. ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.5Kb)
This article is about the ethnic group known as the Dutch and their descendants world wide. For information on the population of the Netherlands, see Demographics of the Netherlands.
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| 1st row: Erasmus • William of Orange • Johan van Oldenbarnevelt • Maurice of Nassau • Piet Heyn 2nd row: Grotius • Frederick Henry of Orange • Jan Leeghwater • Rembrandt • Michiel de Ruyter 3rd row: Johan de Witt • Spinoza • Christiaan Huygens • William III of Orange • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 4th row: Belle van Zuylen • Thorbecke • Multatuli • Vincent van Gogh • Johannes van der Waals 5th row: Hendrik Lorentz • Aletta Jacobs • Wilhelmina • Willem Drees • Johan Cruyff |
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The Dutch people (Dutch: Nederlanders (help·info)) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands.[16] They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada,[17] Australia,[18] South Africa,[19] New Zealand, and the United States.[20]
The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of traditional music, dances, architectural styles and clothing, some of which are globally recognizable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard. The dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant), although in modern times the majority is no longer (openly) religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality.[21][22]
In the Middle Ages the Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries, and the various territories of which they consisted had de facto become virtually autonomous by the 13th century.[23] Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic.[24] The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date.[25] During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place.
Contents |
History[link]
Emergence[link]
As with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch (and their predecessors) has been a lengthy and complex process. Though the majority of the defining characteristics (such as language, religion, architecture or cuisine) of the Dutch ethnic group have accumulated over the ages, it is difficult (if not impossible) to clearly pinpoint the exact emergence of the Dutch people; the interpretation of which is often highly personal. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group; for Dutch national history, please see the history-articles of the Netherlands. For Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire.
General[link]
In the first centuries CE, the Germanic tribes formed tribal societies with no apparent form of autocracy (chiefs only being elected in times of war), beliefs based Germanic paganism and speaking a dialect still closely resembling Common Germanic. Following the end of the migration period in the West around 500 CE, with large federations (such as the Franks, Vandals, Alamanni and Saxons) settling the decaying Roman Empire, a series of monumental changes took place within these Germanic societies. Among the most important of these are their conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity, the new emerging of a political system, centered on kings, and a continuing process of emerging mutual unintelligibility of their various dialects.
Specific[link]
The general situation described above is applicable to most if not all modern European ethnic groups with origins among the Germanic tribes, such as the Frisians, Germans, English and the North-Germanic peoples. In the Low Countries, this phase began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes (many of them, such as the Batavi, Chauci, Chamavi and Chattuarii, were already living in the Low Countries prior to the forming of the Frankish confederation), began to incur the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire. Eventually, in 358 CE, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance[27] settled the area's Southern lands as a foederati; Roman allies in charge of border defense.[28]
Linguistically the Frankish language gradually evolved into Old Dutch,[29][30] which was first attested in the 6th century,[31] whereas religiously the Franks (beginning with the upper class) converted to Christianity from around 500 to 700 CE. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism[32] and founded a number of kingdoms, eventually culminating in the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne.
However, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part (i.e the Low Countries and Northern France) of the Empire.[33] Eventually, the Franks in Northern France were assimilated by the general Gallo-Roman population, and took over their dialects (which became French), whereas the Franks in the Low Countries retained their language, which would evolve into Dutch. The current Dutch-French language border has (with the exception of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France and Brussels and the surrounding municipalities in Belgium) remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks.[34]
Convergence[link]
Further information: History of urban centers in the Dutch Low Countries, Burgundian Netherlands, and Middle Dutch
The medieval cities of the Low Countries, who experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism. As they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility.[35][36][37] During the early 14th century, beginning in and inspired by the County of Flanders,[38] the cities in the Low Countries gained huge autonomy and generally dominated or greatly influenced the various political affairs of the fief, including marriage succession.
While the cities were of great political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. Trade flourished, population numbers increased dramatically, and (advanced) education was no longer limited to the clergy; Dutch epic literature such as Elegast (1150 CE), the Roelantslied and Van den vos Reynaerde (1200 CE) were widely enjoyed. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards (in charge of dikes, canals, etc.) in the Dutch delta and coastal regions resulted in an exceptionally high degree of communal organization. It is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge.[39]
In the second half of the 14th century, the dukes of Burgundy gained a foothold in the Low Countries through the marriage in 1369 of Philip the Bold of Burgundy to the heiress of the Count of Flanders. This was followed by a series of marriages, wars, and inheritances among the other Dutch fiefs and around 1450 the most important fiefs are under Burgundian rule, while complete control is achieved in 1503, thereby unifying the fiefs of the Low Countries under one ruler. This process marks a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity starts to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural and linguistic unity.
Consolidation[link]
Further information: Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries, Dutch Revolt, and Early Dutch painting
Despite the linguistic and political unity, and (in the case of Flanders, Brabant and Holland) economical similarities; there was still little sense of unity among the Dutch.[40]
However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this. During Charles the Bold's many wars, which were a major economic burden for the Burgundian Netherlands, tensions slowly increased. In 1477, the year of Charles' sudden death at Nancy, the Low Countries rebeled against their new liege, Mary of Burgundy and presented her with a set of demands.
The subsequently issued great privilege met a lot of these demands (which included that Dutch, not French, should be the administrative language in the Dutch-speaking provinces and that the States General had the right to hold meetings without the monarch's permission or presence) and despite the fact that the overall tenure of the document (which was declared void by her son, and successor, Philip IV) aimed for more autonomy for the counties and duchies, the fact that all fiefs presented their demands together, rather than separately, are evidence that by this time a sense of common interest was emerging among the provinces of the Netherlands.[41]
Following Mary's marriage to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the Netherlands were now part of the Habsburg lands. Further centralized policies by the Habsburgs (like their Burgundian predecessors) again met with resistance, but, peaking with the formation of the collateral councils of 1531 and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, were still implemented. The rule of Philip II of Spain sought even further centralist reforms, which, accompanied by religious dictates and excessive taxation, resulted in the Dutch Revolt. The Dutch provinces, though fighting alone now, for the first time in their history found themselves fighting a common enemy. This, together with the growing number of Dutch intelligentsia and the Dutch Golden Age in which Dutch culture, as a whole, would get international prestige, consolidated the Dutch as an ethnic group.
National identity[link]
By the middle of the 16th century an overarching, 'national' (rather than 'ethnic') identity seemed in development in the Habsburg Netherlands, when inhabitants began to refer to it as their 'fatherland' and were beginning to be seen as a collective entity abroad; however, the persistence of language barriers, traditional strife between towns, and provincial particularism continued to form an impediment to more thorough unification.[42] Following excessive taxation together with attempts at diminishing the traditional autonomy of the cities and estates in the Low Countries, followed by the religious oppression after being transferred to Habsburg Spain, the Dutch revolted, in what would become the Eighty Years' War. For the first time in their history, the Dutch established their independence from foreign rule.[43] However, during the war it became apparent that the goal of liberating all the provinces and cities that had signed the Union of Utrecht, which roughly corresponded to the Dutch-speaking part of the Spanish Netherlands, was unreachable. The Northern provinces were free, but during the 1580s the South was recaptured by Spain, and, despite various attempts, the armies of the Republic were unable to expel them. In 1648, the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War, acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic, but maintained Spanish control of the Southern Netherlands. Apart from a brief reunification from 1815 till 1830, within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (which included the Francophones/Walloons) the Dutch have been separated from the Flemings to this day.
Ethnic identity[link]
The ideologies associated with (Romantic) Nationalism of the 19th and 20th centuries never really caught on in the Netherlands, and this, together with being a relatively mono-ethnic society up until the late 1950s, has led to a relatively obscure use of the terms nation and ethnicity as both were largely overlapping in practice. Today, despite other ethnicities making up 19.6% of the Netherlands' population, this obscurity continues in colloquial use, in which Nederlander sometimes refers to the ethnic Dutch and Frisians, sometimes to anyone possessing Dutch citizenship.[44]
However, the (re)definition of Dutch cultural identity has become a subject of public debate in recent years following the increasing influence of the European Union and the influx of non-Western immigrants in the post-World War II period. In this debate 'typically Dutch traditions' have been put to the foreground.[45]
In sociological studies and governmental reports, ethnicity is often referred to with the terms autochtoon and allochtoon.[46] These legal concepts refer to place of birth and citizenship rather than cultural background and do not coincide with the more fluid concepts of ethnicity used by cultural anthropologists.
Greater Netherlands[link]
As did many European ethnicities during the 19th century,[47] the Dutch also saw the emerging of various Greater Netherlands- and Pan-Movements seeking to unite the Dutch-speaking peoples across the continent. During the first half of the 20th century there was a prolific surge in writings concerning the subject. One of its most active proponents was the historian Pieter Geyl, who wrote De Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche stam (Dutch: The History of the Dutch tribe/people) as well as numerous essays on the subject.
During World War II, when both Belgium and the Netherlands fell to German occupation, fascist elements (such as the NSB and Verdinaso) tried to convince the Nazis into combining the Netherlands and Flanders. The Germans however refused to do so, as this conflicted with their ultimate goal of a 'Germanic Europe'.[48] During the entire Nazi occupation the Germans denied any assistance to Greater Dutch ethnic nationalism, and, by decree of Hitler himself, actively opposed it.[49]
The 1970s mark the beginning of a cultural and linguistic cooperation between Belgium (Flanders) and the Netherlands which continues to this day.
Statistics[link]
The total number of Dutch can be defined in roughly two ways. By taking the total of all people with full Dutch ancestry, according to the current CBS definition, resulting in an estimated 16,000,000 Dutch people,[50] or by the sum of all people with both full and partial Dutch ancestry, which would result in a number around 25,000,000.
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File:Dutch speaker in Europe.png
Dutch-speakers in Europe
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File:Dutchmen in countries other than the Netherlands and Belgium.png
People of Dutch ancestry outside the Netherlands and Belgium.
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Linguistics[link]
Language[link]
File:Comparison of English, Dutch and German sentence.png
A comparison of (identical) English, Dutch and German sentences. With IPA symbols added for pronunciation comparison.
File:West Germanic languages (simplified).png
A simplified scheme of the linguistic relation between English, Dutch and German.
Main article: Dutch language
Dutch is the language spoken by most Dutch people. It is a West Germanic language spoken by around 22 million people. The language was first attested around 500 AD,[51] in a Frankish legal text, the Lex Salica, and has a written record of more than 1500 years, although the material before ca. 1200 is fragmentary and discontinuous.
As a West Germanic language, Dutch is related to other languages in that group such as Frisian, English and German. Many West Germanic dialects experienced a series of sound shifts. The Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law and Anglo-Frisian brightening resulted in certain early Germanic languages evolving into what are now English and Frisian, while the Second Germanic sound shift resulted in what would become German. Dutch experienced none of these sound changes and can thus be said to occupy a central position within the West Germanic languages.
Standard Dutch has a sound inventory of 13 vowels, 6 diphthongs and 23 consonants, of which the voiceless velar fricative (hard ch) is considered a well known sound, perceived as typical for the language. Other relatively well known features of the Dutch language and use are the frequent use digraphs like Oo, Ee, Uu and Aa, the ability to form long compounds and the use of diseases as profanity.
General consensus among linguists is that the Dutch language has 28 main dialects. These dialects are usually grouped into six main categories; Hollandic, West-Flemish/Zealandic, East Flemish, Brabantic, Limburgish and Dutch Saxon.[52] Of these dialects, Brabantic and East Flemish are spoken exclusively by the Southern Dutch, whereas Hollandic and Dutch Saxon are solely spoken by Northerners. West-Flemish/Zealandic and Limburgish are cross border dialects in this respect. Lastly, the dialectal situation is characterised by the major distinction between 'Hard G' and 'Soft G' speaking areas (see also Dutch phonology).
Dutch immigrants also exported the Dutch language. Dutch was spoken in United States as a native language from the arrival of the first permanent Dutch settlers in 1615, surviving in isolated ethnic pockets until ~1900, when it ceased to be spoken with the exception of 1st generation Dutch immigrants. The Dutch language nevertheless had a significant impact on the region around New York. For example, the first language of American president Martin Van Buren was Dutch.[53] Most of the Dutch immigrants of the 20th century quickly began to speak the language of their new country. For example, of the inhabitants of New Zealand, 0.7% say their home language is Dutch,[54] despite the percentage of Dutch heritage being considerably higher.[55]
Dutch is currently an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, Sint Maarten, Curaçao, the European Union and the Union of South American Nations (due to Suriname being a member). In South Africa, Afrikaans is spoken, a descendant of Dutch, which itself was an official language of South Africa until 1925. The Dutch, Flemish and Surinamese governments coordinate their language activities in the Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union), an institution also responsible for governing the Dutch Standard language, for example in matters of orthography.
Etymology of autonym and exonym[link]
Further information: Dietsch
The origins of the word Dutch go back to Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of all Germanic languages, *theudo (meaning "national/popular"); akin to Old Dutch dietsc, Old High German diutsch, Old English þeodisc and Gothic þiuda all meaning "(of) the common (Germanic) people". As the tribes among the Germanic peoples began to differentiate its meaning began to change. The Anglo-Saxons of England for example gradually stopped referring to themselves as þeodisc and instead started to use Englisc, after their tribe. On the continent *theudo evolved into two meanings: Diets (meaning "Dutch (people)" (archaic)[56]) and Deutsch (German, meaning "German (people)"). At first the English language used (the contemporary form of) Dutch to refer to any or all of the Germanic speakers on the European mainland (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians and the -various- Germans). Gradually its meaning shifted to the Germanic people they had most contact with, both because of their geographical proximity, but also because of the rivalry in trade and overseas territories: the people from the Republic of the Netherlands, the Dutch.[57]
In the Dutch language, the Dutch refer to themselves as Nederlanders. Nederlanders derives from the Dutch word "Neder", a cognate of English "Nether" both meaning "low", and "near the sea" (same meaning in both English and Dutch), a reference to the geographical texture of the Dutch homeland; the western portion of the Northern European plain.[58][59][60] Although not as old as Diets, the term Nederlands has been in continuous use since 1250.[39]
Names[link]
Main article: Dutch name
Dutch surnames (and surnames of Dutch origin) are generally easily recognizable. There are several main types of surnames in Dutch:
- Patronymic surnames; the name is based on the personal name of the father of the bearer. Historically this has been by far the most dominant form. These type of names fluctuated in form as the surname was not constant. If a man called Willem Janssen (William, John's son) had a son named Jacob, he would be known as Jacob Willemsen (Jacob, Williams' son). Following civil registry, the form at time of registry became permanent. Hence today many Dutch people are named after ancestors living in the early 19th century when civil registry was introduced to the Low Countries. These names rarely feature tussenvoegsels.
- Surnames relating to geographical origin; the name is based on the location on which the bearer lives or lived. In Dutch this form of surname nearly always includes one or several tussenvoegsels, mainly van, van de and variants. Many immigrants removed the spacing, leading to derived names for well known people like Cornelius Vanderbilt.[61] While "van" denotes "of", Dutch surnames are sometimes associated with the upper class of society or aristocracy (cf. William of Orange). However, in Dutch van often reflects the original place of origin (Van Der Bilt - He who comes from De Bilt); rather than denote any aristocratic status.[62]
- Surnames relating to Occupation; the name is based on the occupation of the bearer. Well known examples include Molenaar, Visser and Smit. This practice is similar to English surnames (the example names translate perfectly to Miller, Fisher and Smith).[63]
- Surnames relating to physical appearance/other features; the name is based on the appearance or character of the bearer (at least at the time of registration). For example "De Lange" (the tall one), "De Groot" (the big one), "De Dappere" (the brave one).
- Other surnames may relate to animals. For example; De Leeuw (The Lion), Vogels (Birds), Koekkoek (Cuckoo) and Devalck (The Falcon); to a desired social status; e.g., Prins (Prince), De Koninck/Koning (King), De Keyzer/keizer (Emperor). There is also a set of made up or descriptive names; e.g. Naaktgeboren (born naked).
Dutch names can differ greatly in spelling. The surname Baks, for example is also recorded as Backs, Bacxs, Bakx, Baxs, Bacx, Backx, Bakxs and Baxcs. Though written differently, pronunciation remains identical. Dialectal variety also commonly occurs, with De Smet and De Smit both meaning Smith for example. Surnames of Dutch migrants in foreign environments (mainly the Anglosphere and Francophonie) are often adapted, not only in pronunciation but also in spelling.
Culture[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dutch proverbs |
Main article: Dutch culture
Further information: Dutch architecture, Dutch customs and etiquette, Dutch cuisine, Dutch festivities, Dutch literature, Dutch music, Dutch art, and Dutch folklore
Religion[link]
Main article: History of Dutch religion
Further information: Religion in the Netherlands
Prior to the arrival of Christianity, the ancestors of the Dutch adhered to a form of Germanic paganism augmented with various Celtic elements. At the start of the 6th century the first (Hiberno-Scottish) missionaries arrived. They were later replaced by Anglo-Saxon missionaries, who eventually succeeded in converting most of the inhabitants by the 8th century.[64] Since then Christianity has been the dominant religion in the region. In the early 16th century the Protestant Reformation began to form and soon spread in the Westhoek and the County of Flanders, where secret open-air sermons were held, called hagenpreken ("hedgerow orations") in Dutch. The ruler of the Dutch regions, Philip II of Spain, felt it was his duty to fight Protestantism, and, after the wave of iconoclasm, sent troops to crush the rebellion and make the Low Countries a Catholic region once more.[65] The Protestants in the Southern Low Countries fled North en masse.[65] Most of the Dutch Protestants were now concentrated in the free Dutch provinces North of the river Rhine, while the Catholic Dutch were situated in the Spanish occupied or dominated South. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Protestantism did not spread South, resulting in a difference in religious situations that lasts to this day.
File:Dutch religion map.png
Traditional religion within the Netherlands and Flanders:
No traditional religion
Contemporary Dutch are generally nominally Christians.[66][67] People of Dutch ancestry in the United States are generally more religious than their European counterparts; for example the numerous Dutch communities of western Michigan remain strongholds of the Reformed Church in America, and the Christian Reformed Church, both descendants of the Dutch Reformed Church.
Cultural divergences[link]
One cultural division within Dutch culture is that between the Protestant North and the Catholic South, which encompasses various cultural differences between the Northern Dutch on one side and the Southern Dutch on the other. This subject has historically received attention from historians, notably Pieter Geyl (1887–1966) and Carel Gerretson (1884–1958). The historical pluriformity of the Dutch cultural landscape has given rise to several theories aimed at both identifying and explaining cultural divergences between different regions. One theory, proposed by A.J. Wichers in 1965, sees differences in mentality between the southeastern, or 'higher', and northwestern, or 'lower' regions within the Netherlands, and seeks to explain these by referring to the different degrees to which these areas were feudalised during the Middle Ages.[68] Another, more recent cultural divide is that between the Randstad, the urban agglomeration in the West of the country, and the other provinces of the Netherlands.
In Dutch, the cultural division between North and South is also referred to by the colloquialism "below/above the great rivers" as the rivers Rhine and Meuse roughly form a natural boundary between the Northern Dutch (those Dutch living North of these rivers), and the Southern Dutch (those living South of them). The division is partially caused by (traditional) religious differences, with the North predominantly Protestant and the South having a majority of Catholics. Linguistic (dialectal) differences (positioned along the Rhine/Meuse rivers [sic].) and to a lesser extent, historical economic development of both regions are also important elements in any dissimilarity.
On a smaller scale cultural pluriformity can also be found; be it in local architecture or (perceived) character. This wide array of regional identities positioned within such a relatively small area, has often been attributed to the fact that many of the current Dutch provinces were de-facto independent states for much of their history, as well as the importance of local Dutch dialects (which often largely correspond with the provinces themselves) to the people who speak them.[69]
Northern Dutch culture[link]
File:NorthernDutch.png
Northern Dutch cultural area.[70]
Northern Dutch culture is marked by Protestantism. Though today many do not adhere to Protestantism anymore, or are only nominally part of a congregation, Protestant (influenced) values and custom are present. Generally, it can be said the Northern Dutch are more pragmatic, favor a direct approach and display a less exuberant lifestyle when compared to Southerners.[71] On a global scale, the Northern Dutch have formed the dominant vanguard of the Dutch language and culture since the fall of Antwerp, exemplified by the use of 'Dutch' itself as the demonym for the country in which they form a majority; the Netherlands. Linguistically, Northerners speak any of the Hollandic, Zealandic and Dutch Low Saxon dialects natively, or are influenced by them when they speak the Standard form of Dutch. Economically and culturally the traditional center of the region have been the provinces of North and South Holland, or today; the Randstad, although for a brief period during the 13th or 14th century it lay in east, when various eastern towns and cities aligned themselves with the emerging Hanseatic League. The entire Northern Dutch cultural area is located in the Netherlands, its ethnically Dutch population is estimated to be just under 10,000,000.[nb 1]
Frisians[link]
Frisians, specifically West Frisians, are an ethnic group; present in the North of the Netherlands; mainly concentrating in the Province of Friesland. Culturally, modern Frisians and the (Northern) Dutch are rather similar; the main and generally most important difference being that Frisians speak West Frisian, one of the three subbranches of the Frisian languages, alongside Dutch.
West Frisians in the general do not feel or see themselves as part of a larger group of Frisians, and, according to a 1970 inquiry, identify themselves more with the Dutch than with East or North Frisians.[72] Because of centuries of cohabitation and active participation in Dutch society, as well as being bilingual, the Frisians are not treated as a separate group in Dutch official statistics.
Southern Dutch culture[link]
File:SouthernDutch.png
Southern Dutch cultural area.[70]
The Southern Dutch sphere generally consists of the areas in which the population was traditionally Catholic. During the early Middle Ages up until the Dutch Revolt, the Southern regions were more powerful, as well as more culturally and economically developed.[71] At the end of the Dutch Revolt, it became clear the Habsburgs were unable to reconquer the North, while the North's military was too weak to conquer the South, which, under the influence of the Counter-Reformation, had started to develop a political and cultural identity of its own.[73] The Southern Dutch, including Dutch Brabant and Limburg, remained Catholic or returned to Catholicism. The Dutch dialects spoken by this group are Brabantic, Limburgish and East and West Flemish. In the Netherlands, an oft-used adage used for indicating this cultural boundary is the phrase boven/onder de rivieren (Dutch: above/below the rivers), in which 'the rivers' refer to the river Rhine and Meuse.
Flemings[link]
Main article: Flemish
Within the field of ethnography it is generally agreed that the Dutch-speaking populations of the Netherlands and Belgium form a single (though internally diverse) group, with a shared language, generally similar or identical customs and with no clearly separate ancestral origin or origin myth.[74]
However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, The Flemish will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.[75]
This is partly caused by the popular stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders which are mostly based on the 'cultural extremes' of both Northern and Southern culture. Though these stereotypes tend to ignore the transitional area formed by the Southern provinces of the Netherlands and most Northern reaches of Belgium, resulting in (largely incorrect, but nevertheless common) generalizations.[76]
In the case of Belgium, there is the added influence of nationalism as the Dutch language and culture were oppressed by the Francophone government. This was followed by a nationalist backlash during the late 19th and early 20th century that saw little help from the Dutch government (which for a long time following the Belgian Revolution had a reticent and contentious relationship with the newly formed Belgium and a largely indifferent attitude towards its Dutch-speaking inhabitants[77]) and hence focused on pitting Flemish culture against 'French culture' and resulted in the forming of the Flemish nation within Belgium, consciousness of which can be very marked among some Dutch-speaking Belgians.[78]
Dutch diaspora[link]
Main article: Dutch diaspora
Since World War II, Dutch Emigrants mainly went to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and (until the 1970s) to South Africa. Today Dutch immigrants can be found in most developed countries. In several former Dutch colonies and trading settlements, there are isolated ethnic groups of full or partial Dutch ancestry.
Eastern Europe[link]
During the German eastward expansion (mainly taking place between the 10th and 13th century AD[79]) a number of Dutchmen also moved east of their traditional homelands. Mainly settling east of the Elbe and Saale rivers, regions largely inhabited by Polabian Slavs[80] After the capture of territory along the Elbe and Havel Rivers in the 1160s, Dutch settlers from flooded regions in Holland used their expertise to build dikes in Brandenburg, but also settled in and around major German cities such as Bremen and Hamburg and German regions of Mecklenburg and Brandenburg.[81] From the 13th to the 15th centuries, Prussia invited several waves of Dutch and Frisians to settle throughout the country (mainly along the Baltic Sea coast)[82]
In the early-to-mid 16th century, Mennonites began to move from the Low Countries (especially Friesland and Flanders) to the Vistula delta region in Royal Prussia, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service.[83] When the Prussian government eliminated exemption from military service on religious grounds, the Mennonites emigrated to Russia. They were offered land along the Volga River. Some settlers left for Siberia in search for fertile land.[84] The Russian capital itself, Moscow, also had a number of Dutch immigrants, mostly working as craftsmen. Arguably the most famous of which was Anna Mons, the mistress of Peter the Great.
Historically Dutch also lived directly East of the German border, most have since been assimilated (apart from ~40,000 recent border migrants), especially since the establishment of Germany itself in 1872. Cultural marks can still be found though. In some villages and towns a Dutch Reformed church is present, and a number of border districts (such as Cleves, Borken and Viersen) have towns and village with an etymologically Dutch origin. In the area around Cleves (Ger.Kleve, Du. Kleef) traditional dialect is Dutch, rather than surrounding (High/Low) German. More to the South, cities historically housing many Dutch traders have retained Dutch exonyms for example Aachen (Aken) and Cologne/Köln (Keulen) to this day.
Southern Africa[link]
File:Dutcharchitecture2.png
Traditional Cape Dutch architecture (Swellendam).
In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape in 1652. Initially the settlement was meant as a re-supply point and way station for Dutch East India Company vessels on their way back and forth between the Netherlands and the East Indies.
The support station gradually became a settler community. However, the rural inhabitants of the colony soon began to dislike the power held by the Dutch India Company (it stopped the colony's policy of open immigration, monopolized trade, combined the administrative, legislative and judicial powers into one body, told the farmers what crops to grow, demanded a large percentage of every farmer's harvest, and harassed them.)
Slowly these farmers moved away from the Cape, eventually becoming known as 'trekboers', and settled deeper into South Africa and eventually Namibia. Today the Boers and Cape Dutch are known collectively as the Afrikaners, while the descendants of Cape Dutch and local black women are known as the Basters.
Their main language is Afrikaans, a language which originated from Dutch[85][86][87][88] and was considered a Dutch dialect until the late 19th century when it became recognised as a distinct language. Although some sources would suggest that they are, the two languages are not quite mutually intelligible,[89][citation needed] even though speakers of each language can acquire the other with relative ease. Afrikaans is grammatically far simpler than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally abbreviated in a clearly patterned manner (e.g. vogel becomes voël (bird), and regen becomes reën (rain)).[89]
See also: Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch
Southeast Asia[link]
Main articles: Indo people and Burgher people
Since the 16th century, there has been a Dutch presence in South East Asia, Taiwan and Japan. In many cases the Dutch were the first Europeans the natives would encounter. Between 1602 and 1796, the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia.[90] The majority died of disease or made their way back to Europe, but some of them made the Indies their new home.[91] Interaction between the Dutch and native population mainly took place in Sri Lanka and the modern Indonesian Islands. Most of the time Dutch soldiers intermarried with local women and settled down in the colonies. Through the centuries there developed a relatively large Dutch-speaking population of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, known as Indos or Dutch-Indonesians. The expulsion of Dutchmen following the Indonesian Revolt, means that currently the majority of this group lives in the Netherlands. Statistics show that Indos are in fact the largest minority group in the Netherlands and number close to half a million (excluding the third generation).[92]
See also: Dutch East Indies
Australia and New Zealand[link]
-
- Main articles: Dutch New Zealanders, Dutch Australian
Though the Dutch were the first Europeans to visit Australia and New Zealand, colonization did not take place and it was only after the Second World War that a sharp increase in Dutch emigration to Australia occurred. Poor economic prospects for many Dutchmen as well as increasing demographic pressures, in the post-war Netherlands were a powerful incentive to emigrate. Due to Australia experiencing a shortage of agricultural and metal industry workers it, and to a lesser extent New Zealand, seemed an attractive possibility, with the Dutch government actively promoting emigration.[93]
The effects of Dutch migration to Australia can still be felt. There are many Dutch associations and a Dutch-language newspaper continues to be published. The Dutch have remained a tightly knit community, especially in the large cities. In total, about 310,000 people of Dutch ancestry live in Australia whereas New Zealand has some 100,000 Dutch descendants.[93]
North America[link]
Main articles: Dutch Americans and Dutch Canadians
The Dutch had settled in America long before the establishment of the United States of America.[94] For a long time the Dutch lived in Dutch colonies, owned and regulated by the Dutch Republic, which later became part of the Thirteen Colonies.
Nevertheless, many Dutch communities remained virtually isolated towards the rest of America up until the American Civil War, in which the Dutch fought for the North and adopted many American ways.[95]
Most future waves of Dutch immigrants were quickly assimilated. There have been three American presidents of Dutch descent: Martin Van Buren (8th, first president who was not of British descent, first language was Dutch), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd, elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms) and Theodore Roosevelt (26th).
In Canada 923,310 Canadians claim full or partial Dutch ancestry. The first Dutch people to come to Canada were Dutch Americans among the United Empire Loyalists. The largest wave was in the late 19th and early 20th century, when large numbers of Dutch helped settle the Canadian west. During this period significant numbers also settled in major cities like Toronto.
While interrupted by World War I, this migration returned in the 1920s, but again halted during the Great Depression and World War II. After the war a large number of Dutch immigrants moved to Canada, including a number of war brides of the Canadian soldiers who liberated the Low Countries.
See also[link]
- Demographics of the Netherlands
- Dutch Brazil
- Dutch Chilean
- Dutch Surinamese
- Dutch customs and etiquette
- Dutch diaspora
- List of Dutch people
- List of Germanic peoples
- Netherlands (terminology)
- New Netherlands now called New York.
- Pennsylvania Dutch
Notes[link]
- ^ Estimate based on the population of the Netherlands, without the Southern Provinces and non-Ethnic Dutch.
References[link]
- ^ According to a 1990 study by Statistics Netherlands there were 472,600 Dutch Indonesians residing in the Netherlands. They are the descendants of both Dutchmen and native peoples of Indonesia.
- ^ a b Dutch-born 2001, Figure 3 in DEMOS, 21, 4. Nederlanders over de grens, Han Nicholaas, Arno Sprangers. [1]
- ^ Based on adding together Afrikaner and Coloured populations.
- ^ Dutch government website on Dutch-Brazilians .
- ^ "Vlamingen in de Wereld". Vlamingen in de Wereld, a foundation offering services for Flemish expatriates, with cooperation of the Flemish government.. http://www.viw.be/intro.html. Retrieved 2007-03-01. , Canada: 2006 Canadian Census gives 12,430 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Flemish. Another 168,910 reported 'Belgian'. See List of Canadians by ethnicity (2001).
- ^ 210,000 emigrants since World War II, after return migration there were 120,000 Netherlands-born residents in Canada in 2001. DEMOS, 21, 4. Nederlanders over de grens, Han Nicholaas, Arno Sprangers. [2]
- ^ Federal Statistics Office - Foreign population
- ^ 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia" (Microsoft Excel download). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ Number of people with the Dutch nationality in Belgium as reported by Statistic Netherlands (Dutch)
- ^ New Zealand government website on Dutch-Australians .
- ^ a b c d e f g h http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=102787 .
- ^ http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm .
- ^ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf .
- ^ http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html .
- ^ http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco .
- ^ Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006, (external link) This includes the Frisians as well.
- ^ Based on Statistics Canada, Canada 2001 Census.Link to Canadian statistics.
- ^ "2001CPAncestryDetailed (Final)" (PDF). http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734/$File/29330_2001.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Based on figures given by Professor JA Heese in his book Die Herkoms van die Afrikaner (The Origins of Afrikaners), who claims the modern Afrikaners (who total around 4.5 million) have 35% Dutch heritage. How 'Pure' was the Average Afrikaner?
- ^ According to Factfinder.census.gov
- ^ "CBS statline Church membership". Statline.cbs.nl. 2009-12-15. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=a&HD=080528-1938&HDR=T&STB=G1. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Religion in the Netherlands. (Dutch)
- ^ Winkler Prins Geschiedenis der Nederlanden I (1977), p. 150; I.H. Gosses, Handboek tot de staatkundige geschiedenis der Nederlanden I (1974 [1959]), 84 ff.
- ^ The actual independence was accepted by in the 1648 treaty of Munster, in practice the Dutch Republic had been independent since the last decade of the 16th century.
- ^ D.J. Noordam, "Demografische ontwikkelingen in West-Europa van de vijftiende tot het einde van de achttiende eeuw", in H.A. Diederiks e.a., Van agrarische samenleving naar verzorgingsstaat (Leiden 1993), 35-64, esp. 40
- ^ 'Clovis' conversion to Christianity, regardless of his motives, is a turning point in Dutch history as the elite now changed their beliefs. Their choice would way down its way on the common folk, of whom many (especially in the Frankish heartland of Brabant and Flanders) were less enthousiastic than the ruling class. Taken from Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse stam, part I: till 1648. Page 203, 'A new religion', by Pieter Geyl. Wereldbibliotheek Amsterdam/Antwerp 1959.
- ^ Britannica: "They were divided into three groups: the Salians, the Ripuarians, and the Chatti, or Hessians."(Link)
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;The Franks, who had settled in Toxandria, in Brabant, were given the job of defending the border areas, which they did until the mid-5th century
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'Dutch language' 10 May. 2009; "It derives from Low Franconian, the speech of the Western Franks, which was restructured through contact with speakers of North Sea Germanic along the coast."
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'West Germanic languages'. 10 May. 2009;restructured Frankish—i.e., Dutch;
- ^ W. Pijnenburg, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & D. Wortel, Oudnederlands Woordenboek.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;The administrative organization of the Low Countries (...) was basically the same as that of the rest of the Frankish empire.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;During the 6th century, Salian Franks had settled in the region between the Loire River in present-day France and the Coal Forest in the south of present-day Belgium. From the late 6th century, Ripuarian Franks pushed from the Rhineland westward to the Schelde. Their immigration strengthened the Germanic faction in that region, which had been almost completely evacuated by the Gallo-Romans.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'Fleming and Walloon'. 12 May. 2009;The northern Franks retained their Germanic language (which became modern Dutch), whereas the Franks moving south rapidly adopted the language of the culturally dominant Romanized Gauls, the language that would become French. The language frontier between northern Flemings and southern Walloons has remained virtually unchanged ever since.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;Thus, the town in the Low Countries became a communitas (sometimes called corporatio or universitas)—a community that was legally a corporate body, could enter into alliances and ratify them with its own seal, could sometimes even make commercial or military contracts with other towns, and could negotiate directly with the prince.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;The development of a town’s autonomy sometimes advanced somewhat spasmodically as a result of violent conflicts with the prince. The citizens then united, forming conjurationes (sometimes called communes)—fighting groups bound together by an oath—as happened during a Flemish crisis in 1127–28 in Ghent and Brugge and in Utrecht in 1159.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;All the towns formed a new, non-feudal element in the existing social structure, and from the beginning merchants played an important role. The merchants often formed guilds, organizations that grew out of merchant groups and banded together for mutual protection while traveling during this violent period, when attacks on merchant caravans were common.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online; entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009;The achievements of the Flemish partisans inspired their colleagues in Brabant and Liège to revolt and raise similar demands; Flemish military incursions provoked the same reaction in Dordrecht and Utrecht
- ^ a b Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands entry "Diets". (Dutch)
- ^ J. Huizinga (1960: 62). Books.google.nl. http://books.google.nl/books?id=F3cxooRES2sC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=Johan+Huizinga+1960:62&source=bl&ots=z1RJgwwxxf&sig=k-3FNV-k6Hh7eYsMbFTi-y7u5Qs&hl=nl&ei=XpZtSpLvIo3p-Qbr4umLCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Also note that the document itself clearly distinguishes between the Dutch speaking and French speaking parts of the Seventeen provinces. (Link to 1477 document)
- ^ Cf. G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (1985), 33-36, and Knippenberg & De Pater, De eenwording van Nederland (1988), 17 ff.
- ^ Source, the aforementioned 3rd chapter (p3), together with the initial paragraphs of chapter 4, on the establishment of the Dutch Republic.
- ^ Figures based on a publication by the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (link).
- ^ Shetter (2002), 201
- ^ J. Knipscheer and R. Kleber, Psychologie en de multiculturele samenleving (Amsterdam 2005), 76 ff.
- ^ cf. Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism and many other Greater state movements of the day.
- ^ Het nationaal-socialistische beeld van de geschiedenis der Nederlanden by I. Schöffer. Amsterdam University Press. 2006. Page 92.
- ^ For example he gave explicit orders not to create a voluntary Greater Dutch Waffen SS division composed of soldiers from the Netherlands and Flanders. (Link to documents)
- ^ In the 1950s (the peak of traditional emigration) about 350,000 people left the Netherlands, mainly to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and South Africa. About one-fifth returned. The maximum Dutch-born emigrant stock for the 1950s is about 300,000 (some have died since). The maximum emigrant stock (Dutch-born) for the period after 1960 is 1.6 million. Discounting pre-1950 emigrants (who would be about 85 or older), at most around 2 million people born in the Netherlands are now living outside the country. Combined with the 13,1 million ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands, there are about 16 million people who are Dutch, in a minimally accepted sense. Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006', (external link) (Dutch)
- ^ "Maltho thi afrio lito" is the oldest attested (Old) Dutch sentence, found in the Salic Law, a legal text written around 500 AD.(Source; the Old Dutch dictionary) (Dutch)
- ^ Taaluniversum website on the Dutch dialects and main groupings. (Dutch)
- ^ Michael Medved's Biography. "No, America's never been a multicultural society". Townhall.com. http://www.townhall.com/Columnists/MichaelMedved/2007/10/10/no,_americas_never_been_a_multicultural_society. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ 2006 New Zealand Census.
- ^ As many as 100,000 New Zealanders are estimated to have Dutch blood in their veins (some 2.1% of the current population of New Zealand).
- ^ Until World War II, Nederlander was used synonym with Diets. However the similarity to Deutsch resulted in its disuse when the German occupiers and Dutch fascists extensively used that name to stress the Dutch as an ancient Germanic people. (Source; Etymologisch Woordenboek) (Dutch)
- ^ www.etymonline.com (English) and Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands (Dutch) entries "Dutch" and "Diets".
- ^ See J. Verdam, Middelnederlandsch handwoordenboek (The Hague 1932 (reprinted 1994)): "Nederlant, znw. o. I) Laag of aan zee gelegen land. 2) het land aan den Nederrijn; Nedersaksen, -duitschland." (Dutch)
- ^ Author M. Vanhalme on the use of 'Low Countries'. (De Nederlanden) (Dutch)
- ^ neder- corresponds with the English nether-, which means "low" or "down". See Online etymological dictionary. Entry: Nether.
- ^ See the history section of the Vanderbilt family article, or visit this link.
- ^ "It is a common mistake of Americans, or anglophones in general, to think that the 'van' in front of a Dutch name signifies nobility." (Source.); "Von may be observed in German names denoting nobility while the van, van der, van de and van den (whether written separately or joined, capitalized or not) stamp the bearer as Dutch and merely mean 'at', 'at the', 'of', 'from' and 'from the' (Source: Genealogy.com), (Institute for Dutch surnames, in Dutch)
- ^ Most common names of occupational origin. Source 1947 Dutch census. (Dutch)
- ^ The Anglo-Saxon Church - Catholic Encyclopedia article
- ^ a b The Dutch Republic Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, ISBN 0-19-820734-4
- ^ A 2004 study conducted by Statistics Netherlands shows that 50% of the population claim to belong to a Christian denomination, 9% to other denominations and 42% to none. In the same study 19% of the people claim go to church at least once a month, another 9% less than once a month, 72% hardly ever or never. Statistical Yearbook of the Netherlands 2006, page 43
- ^ Religion in the Netherlands, by Statistics Netherlands. (Dutch)
- ^ A.M. van der Woude, Nederland over de schouder gekeken (Utrecht 1986), 11-12. (Dutch)
- ^ Dutch Culture in a European Perspective; by D. Fokkema, 2004, Assen.
- ^ a b This image is based on the rough definition given by in the 2005 " number 3" edition of the magazine "Neerlandia" by the ANV; it states the dividing line between both areas lies where "the great rivers divide the Brabantic from the Hollandic dialects and where Protestantism traditionally begins".
- ^ a b Voor wie Nederland en Vlaanderen wil leren kennen. By J. Wilmots
- ^ Frisia. 'Facts and fiction' (1970), by D. Tamminga. (Dutch)
- ^ Cf. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt: "Gradually a consistent attitude emerged, a sort of 'collective identity' which was distinct and able to resist the inroads, intellectual as well as military, of both the Northern Dutch (especially during the crisis of 1632) and the French. This embryonic 'national identity' was an impressive monument to the government of the archdukes, and it survived almost forty years of grueling warfare (1621-59) and the invasions of Louis XIV until, in 1700, the Spanish Habsburgs died out." (Penguin edition 1985, p. 260). See also J. Israel, The Dutch Republic, 1477-1806, 461-463 (Dutch language version).
- ^ National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.
- ^ Nederlandse en Vlaamse identiteit, Civis Mundi 2006 by S.W Couwenberg. ISBN 90-5573-688-0. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boek Allemaal andersdenkenden (1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.), Vlaamse identiteit: mythe én werkelijkheid (Leuven 2002), 22-40, esp. 38. (Dutch)
- ^ Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: Accounting for the past, 1650-2000; by D. Fokkema, 2004, Assen.
- ^ Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, by J.C.H Blom and E. Lamberts, ISBN 978-90-5574-475-6; page 383. (Dutch)
- ^ Languages in contact and conflict ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=BNnm-Bog4awC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=Flemish+monolinguals&source=bl&ots=s4DxsTFB4D&sig=NTR8lASNkRbuD2tsToZ9RxwjuE0#v=onepage&q=Flemish%20monolinguals&f=false. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Taschenatlas Weltgeschichte, part 1, by H. Kinder and W. Hilgemann. ISBN 978-90-5574-565-4, page 171. (German)
- ^ "Boise State University thesis by E.L. Knox on the German Eastward Expansion ('Ostsiedlung')". Oit.boisestate.edu. http://oit.boisestate.edu/sknox/thesis/chapt4.html. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Voortrekkers van Oud-Nederland; from Nederlands Geschiedenis buiten de grenzen" by J. Dekker (Dutch)
- ^ Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany, by James Westfall Thompson
- ^ "Article on Dutch settlers in Poland published by the Polish Genealogical Society of America and written by Z. Pentek". Pgsa.org. http://www.pgsa.org/Inter/dutch_populace.php. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Article published by the Mercator Research center on Dutch settlers in Siberia[dead link]
- ^ "Retrieved 12 April 2010". Omniglot.com. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Retrieved 12 April 2010". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ "Retrieved 12 April 2010". Dutchtoday.com. http://www.dutchtoday.com/content/view/20/25/. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ "Retrieved 12 April 2010". Lycos.com. http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--cape-afrikaans.html. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ a b http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/afrikaans.html Retrieved 12 April 2010
- ^ http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22635/11546101681netherlands_voc_archives.doc/netherlands%2Bvoc%2Barchives.doc
- ^ "Easternization of the West: Children of the VOC". Dutchmalaysia.net. http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ (Dutch) Willems, Wim, ’De uittocht uit Indie 1945-1995’ (Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) ISBN 90-351-2361-1
- ^ a b Nederland-Australie 1606-2006 on Dutch emigration.
- ^ The U.S. declared its independence in 1776; the first Dutch settlement was built in 1614: Fort Nassau, where presently Albany, New York is positioned.
- ^ "How the Dutch became Americans, American Civil War. (includes reference on fighting for the North)". Library.thinkquest.org. http://library.thinkquest.org/C005615/data/english_text/vanraalte8.html. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Further reading[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Notable Dutch people over the ages |
- Four Centuries of Dutch American Relations (1609-2009). Hans Krabbendam, Kees van Minnen and Giles Scott-Smith eds, 2009. SUNY Press
- Die Niederlande. Geschichte und Sprache der Nördlichen und Südlichen Niederlande. J. A Kossmann-Putto and E.H. Kossmann, 1993. (German)
- Dutch South Africa: early settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708. By John Hunt, Heather-Ann Campbell. Troubador Publishing Ltd 2005, ISBN 1-904744-95-8. (English)
- Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden. By J.C.H. Blom et al. (Dutch)
- Handgeschreven wereld. Nederlandse literatuur en cultuur in de middeleeuwen. By D. Hogenelst and Frits van Oostrom, 1995, Amsterdam. (Dutch)
- The Dutch in America, 1609–1974. By Gerald Francis De Jong. Twayne Publishers 1975, ISBN 0-8057-3214-4 (English)
- The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654. By Charles R. Boxer. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957, ISBN 0-208-01338-5 (English)
- The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist pioneers. By Rob Kroes. University of Illinois Press 1992, ISBN 0-252-01931-8 (English)
- The UnDutchables. By White & Boucke, ISBN 978-1-888580-44-0. (English)
- The Xenophobe's Guide to the Dutch. By Rodney Bolt. Oval Projects Ltd 1999, ISBN 1-902825-25-X (English)
- Voor wie Nederland en Vlaanderen wil leren kennen. By J. Wilmots and J. De Rooij, 1978, Hasselt/Diepenbeek. (Dutch)
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| Liam Clancy | |
|---|---|
 Liam Clancy (right) with singer Odetta in 2006. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | William Clancy |
| Born | (1935-09-02)2 September 1935 |
| Origin | Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary, Ireland |
| Died | 4 December 2009(2009-12-04) (aged 74) Cork, Ireland |
| Genres | Folk, traditional Irish |
| Occupations | Musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, concertina |
| Years active | 1955–2009 |
| Associated acts | The Clancy Brothers, Makem and Clancy |
| Website | http://www.liamclancy.com/ |
William "Liam" Clancy (2 September 1935 – 4 December 2009) (Irish Liam Mac Fhlannchadha) was an Irish folk singer and actor from Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He was the youngest and last surviving member of performing group The Clancy Brothers. The group were regarded as Ireland's first pop stars.[1] They recorded 55 albums, achieving global sales of millions and appearing at a sold-out Carnegie Hall, New York and the Royal Albert Hall, London.[2][3]
Liam was regarded as the group's most powerful vocalist.[4] Bob Dylan regarded him as the greatest ballad singer ever,[1][3][5][6] whilst Gay Byrne described him as one of the “most famous four Irishmen in the world”.[2] He was a central figure during the 1960s folk revival,[3] on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.[7] Shortly before his death in 2009 The Irish Times said Clancy "does seem a little like a figure from the Pleistocene era":[8] upon his death the newspaper said his legacy was secured.[7]
Biography[link]
As a child he was known as William or Willie.[9] He displayed an artistic disposition at an early age, while growing up in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. Born there he was in 1935 as one of eleven children of Robert Joseph Clancy and Joanna McGrath.[2] The first song he learned was "The Croppy Boy".[4] He received a Christian Brothers education before taking a job as an insurance man in Dublin.[2] Whilst there he also took night classes at the National College of Art and Design.[2]
However, while still in his teens, Liam explored writing and painting, though he was particularly drawn to the theatre. In his early performing days, he began to call himself Liam rather than William or Willie. Before he was twenty years old, Liam had founded the local dramatic society now called "Brewery Lane Theatre and Arts Centre", and had produced, directed, set-directed, and starred in John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World. Liam also performed at the renowned Gaiety Theatre in Dublin.[10] He encountered Diane Hamilton Guggenheim when she came to his hometown to visit his mother, and set off on a tour of Ireland alongside her.[2][3] During her 1955 trip to Keady, Clancy encountered Tommy Makem for the first time.[2] He would later pursue Guggenheim to the United States.[3] He referred to Greenwich Village as "the island for people escaped from repressed backgrounds".[7]
Clancy began singing with his brothers at fund-raising events for the Cherry Lane Theatre and the Guthrie benefits. The Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem, began recording on Paddy Clancy's Tradition label in the late 1950s. Liam Clancy played guitar in addition to singing and also recorded several solo albums. They recorded their seminal The Rising of the Moon album in 1959, giving live performances in the American cities of Boston, Chicago and New York.[2] A record-breaking sixteen minute long performance[9] on American TV's The Ed Sullivan Show on 17 March 1961 launched the group into stardom.[2][3] They were supposed to only play two songs but the main act cancelled at short notice.[11] There were international tours, which included performances at Carnegie Hall (a sell-out in 1962)[11] and the Royal Albert Hall.[3] Their trademark attire was Aran geansaí—these were sent across the water by Mrs Clancy for her boys to wear against the unforgiving American climate.[3] The quartet recorded numerous albums for Columbia Records and enjoyed great success during the 1960s folk revival. Liam was a close friend of Bob Dylan when they both were going out with two sisters in New York. He performed live for United States President John F. Kennedy.[12] Liam Clancy was the last surviving member of the original Clancy Brothers; Tom Clancy died on November 7, 1990, Patrick Clancy died on November 11, 1998 and Tommy Makem died on August 1, 2007. Liam said of his status as last known survivor,
“There was always a pecking order, especially when you’re working with family. But they all died off, and I got to the top of the pecking order, with nobody looking over my shoulder. There’s a great sense of freedom about that”.[2]
After The Clancy Brothers split, Liam had a solo career in Canada.[3] He made several television performances both in CBC's National television variety show, The Irish Rovers Show from Vancouver and in Calgary, Alberta.[2] He had a hit with "The Dutchman" and presented his own television show in Calgary, also appearing on the CBC concert series Summer Evening in 1976.[13] In 1975, he was booked to play a festival in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, where Tommy Makem was also playing.[2] The two played a set together and formed Makem and Clancy, performing in numerous concerts and recording several albums as a duo, until 1988.[2] The whole ensemble also got back together in the 1980s for a reunion tour.[2][3] After the death of Tom Clancy in 1990, Liam came together with Paddy and Bobby Clancy and nephew Robbie O'Connell.[2] He also performed alongside his Fayreweather Band and the Phil Coulter Orchestra.[2]
In later life, Liam maintained a solo career accompanied by musicians Paul Grant and Kevin Evans, whilst also engaging in other pursuits. He lived in County Waterford at this stage.[3] He had a recording studio in Ring, County Waterford.[2]
In 2001, Liam Clancy published a memoir titled The Mountain of the Women. He also was in No Direction Home, the 2005 Bob Dylan documentary directed by Martin Scorsese.[2]
In 2006, Clancy was profiled in a two-hour documentary titled The Legend of Liam Clancy, produced by Anna Rodgers and John Murray with Crossing the Line Films, and screened on the Irish channel RTÉ. In February 2007, this documentary won the award for best series at the Irish Film and Television Awards in Dublin. In 2008 Liam performed in a filmed concert titled Liam Clancy and Friends, Live at The Bitter End which featured the last filmed performance of his friend Odetta, as well as songs from Tom Paxton, Shane MacGowan, Gemma Hayes, Eric Bibb, and Fionn Regan as well as members of Danú.
The same director Alan Gilsenan went on to direct a full length biography of Liam Clancy, The Yellow Bittern: The Life and Times of Liam Clancy.[5] This was released at the 2009 Dublin Film Festival and went on to have a theatrical and DVD release in Ireland the UK. The film includes appearances by Pete Seeger, Jean Ritchie, Bob Dylan, Odetta, and many others[12] as well as much unseen archive such as The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem at Newport Festival. The Irish Times praised the film and director Gilsenan who it said had "tracked down an impressive number of secondary sources, and his use of other performers’ music is often inspired".[8]
His final album The Wheels of Life was released in 2009: this included duets with Mary Black and Gemma Hayes as well as songs by Tom Paxton and Donovan.[2]
Liam was an ardent proponent of political views and often outspoken on matters of social injustice right up until his death.[14] He criticised both Gulf Wars and the grim, harsh economic climate which gripped Ireland during his last months alive.[4] He told The Irish Times in September 2009 that he was on his “last legs”.[15] He had already given his final performance, at the National Concert Hall the previous May, during which he recited the Dylan Thomas poem "And death shall have no dominion".[15] He was unable to perform a full-length show on the final night of a two-night sold-out run but put in a 40-minute appearance nonetheless.[16] His manager described it as “a very profound moment. He expressed his fear of dying, but he did it with great dignity”.[15]
Death[link]
Liam Clancy died from pulmonary fibrosis on 4 December 2009, in Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, Ireland. Bobby Clancy died of the same disease seven years previously[5] and is buried in the new cemetery in Ring, Co. Waterford, where he spent the last number of years of his life, owning a successful recording studio. Clancy was survived by his wife, Kim, and their four children, Eben, Siobhán, Fiona and Donal, as well three previous children Sean, Andrew and Anya.[3][5] His son Eben was in the process of coming over from the United Kingdom and he had had a chat with his son Donal who was in the middle of a tour of California.[16] The other three sat beside him as he died.[3] Liam had intended to give another interview at the time but succumbed to the disease before this was possible.[16]
The leader of Fine Gael, Enda Kenny, mourned the loss of a "brilliant musician".[5] Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism Martin Cullen said, "Liam Clancy was a nationally and internationally renowned folk singer and was an example of an absolutely dedicated artistic craftsman. This generous and life-giving person enriched all of our lives with memorable songs and was part of the fabric of Ireland’s proud traditional music culture".[17] Alan Gilsenan described the death as the "end of an era".[5]
The American city of Boston was said to be in shock at the news as his influence there is "inescapable".[18] Radio disc jockeys in New York paid tribute to the man who, according to the New York Daily News, "played a major role in defining how Americans heard Irish popular music over the last half century", with one DJ saying The Clancy Brothers had "broke down a wall that was long overdue".[19] Christy Moore, on a prescheduled appearance on The Late Late Show aired live on the night of Liam's death, said, "I would have been listening to Radio Luxembourg and rock 'n' roll as a young fellow and then I got to hear of the Clancy brothers, when I was 16 I came to Dublin to hear them in a concert. It was about 1962, I think it was the Olympia, it was the most exciting concert I had ever attended. It was Irish, it was rock 'n' roll, it was funky and it was even sexy".[20][21]
Clancy's lunchtime funeral at St Mary's Church in Dungarvan on 7 December was attended by hundreds of mourners, including both the Aides de Camp of the Taoiseach and President of Ireland, Minister Cullen and various musicians and artists.[22] He was later buried in Ring.[22]
Discography[link]
Solo recordings[link]
- 1965 – Liam Clancy – Vanguard LP/CD
*re-released with bonus tracks as 'Irish Troubadour' on Vanguard CD
- 1974 – Farewell to Tarwaithie – Plainsong LP
*on Shanachie CD as "The Dutchman"
- 2007 - Yes Those Were The Days: The Essential Liam Clancy Dolphin Records
- 2008 - “The Wheels of Life”, Dolphin Records
- Kerrygold Cheddar Cheese – special edition 45rpm – unknown year
Guest recordings[link]
- 1955 – The Lark in the Morning – Tradition LP/Rykodisc CD
- 1956 – The Countess Cathleen – Tradition LP
- 1989 – Phil Coulter: Words and Music – Shanachie CD
- 1992 – Phil Coulter: A Touch of Tranquility – Shanachie CD
- 1994 – Joanie Madden: Whistle on the Wind – Green Linnet CD
- 1999 – Cherish the Ladies: At Home – RCA CD
- 2000 – The Boys Won't Leave the Girls Alone – Windham Hill CD
- 2002 – Danú: All Things Considered – Shanachie CD
Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem[link]
Tradition Records
- The Lark in the Morning – Tradition LP/Rykodisc CD – (1955)
- The Rising of the Moon (or Irish Songs of Rebellion) (1956, 1959 second version)
- Come Fill Your Glass with Us (or Irish Songs of Drinking and Blackguarding) (1959)
- The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem (self-titled) – (1961)
Columbia Records
- A Spontaneous Performance Recording (1961)
- Hearty and Hellish! A Live Nightclub Performance (1962)
- The Boys Won't Leave the Girls Alone (1962) – 2 stereo issues (one includes alternate mixes)
*the last two albums were issued on now out of print Shanachie CDs
- In Person at Carnegie Hall (1963) – also on Columbia CD
- The First Hurrah! (1964)
- Recorded LIVE in Ireland (1965)
- Isn't It Grand, Boys (1966)
- Freedom's Sons (1966)
- In Concert (1967) – also on Columbia CD
- The Irish Uprising (1967)
- Home, Boys, Home (1968)
- Sing of the Sea (1968)
- The Bold Fenian Men (1969)
- Reunion (1984) – Released on Blackbird LP/Shanachie CD
- Luck Of The Irish – Columbia/Sony compilation. Contains 1 new song (Wars Of Germany) and 3 new performances of previously released songs: (Home Boys Home, The Old Orange Flute and They're Moving Father's Grave To Build A Sewer) (1992)
- Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1992)
- Irish Drinking Songs (1993) – contains unreleased material from the Carnegie Hall album
- Ain't it Grand: A Collection of Unissued Gems (1995) – unreleased material from the 1960s era
The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Tom, Pat, Bobby)[link]
- Christmas – Columbia LP/CD (1969)
- Flowers in the Valley – Columbia LP (1970)
Audio Fidelity Records
- Welcome to Our House (1970)
Lou Killen, Paddy, Liam, Tom Clancy[link]
Audio Fidelity Records
- Show Me The Way (1972)
- Save the Land! (1972)
- Live on St. Patrick's Day (1973)
Vanguard Records
- Clancy Brothers Greatest Hits (1973) – Vanguard LP/CD
*This was reissued as 'Best of the Vanguard Years' with bonus material from the 1982 Live! album with Bobby Clancy and Robbie O'Connell.
Liam Clancy and Tommy Makem[link]
Blackbird and Shanachie Records
- Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy (1976)
- The Makem & Clancy Concert (1977)
- Two for the Early Dew (1978)
- The Makem and Clancy Collection (1980) – contains previously released material and singles
- Live At The National Concert Hall (1983)
- We've Come A Long Way (1986)
Bob Dylan[link]
- The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (Pat, Liam & Bobby Clancy sing "When The Ship Comes In" with Tommy Makem and Robbie O'Connell)
The Clancy Brothers (Tom, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell[link]
- Mini CD (3 inch disc)
The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell[link]
- Older But No Wiser – Vanguard (1995)
Clancy, Evans, and Doherty[link]
- 1996 – Shine on Brighter – Popular CD
Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy[link]
Helvic Records
- Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy – (1997)
- The Wild And Wasteful Ocean – (1998)
Filmography[link]
- 1984 – The Story of the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem – Shanchie
- 1984 – Reunion Concert: Belfast – Shanachie
- circa 1985 – Pete Seeger's Rainbow Quest (1965) – Central Sun / Shanachie (reissue)
- 1997 – Farewell to Ireland – Pinnacle Vision
- 2007 – Yes...Those Were the Days: Liam Clancy – Live at the Olympia, Dublin – unknown distributor
*originally released in 1992 as "In Close Up: Volumes 1 and 2"
- 2007 – The Best of 'Hootenanny' – Shout!
- 2009 – The Yellow Bittern: The life and times of Liam Clancyhttp://www.liamclancymovie.com/
References[link]
- ^ a b Grainne Cunningham and Louise Hogan (5 December 2009). "World mourns passing of an inspirational folk legend". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/world-mourns-passing-of-an-inspirational-folk-legend-1965176.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Last survivor of legendary Clancy Brothers with special voice for a ballad". The Irish Times. 5 December 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/obituaries/2009/1205/1224260145986.html?via=rel. Retrieved 5 December 2009. "The group, described by Gay Byrne as the “most famous four Irishmen in the world”, recorded 55 albums which sold in their millions around the world."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Liam Clancy dies aged 74". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 4 December 2009. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1204/clancyl.html. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Siobhán Long (5 December 2009). "Last Clancy brother relished being emotionally trapped by a song". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/1205/1224260145425.html?via=rel. Retrieved 5 December 2009. "The youngest of the Clancy brothers, he grew up in Carrick-on-Suir, where he learned the words of his first song, The Croppy Boy. [...] Liam was widely acknowledged as the strongest singer in the group."
- ^ a b c d e f Ronan McGreevey (4 December 2009). "Singer Liam Clancy dies aged 74". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/1204/breaking77.htm. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ "Irish folk legend Liam Clancy dies aged 74". NME. 5 December 2009. http://www.nme.com/news/bob-dylan/48741. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ a b c "Clancy's legacy secured". The Irish Times. 8 December 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/1208/1224260292823.html. Retrieved 12 December 2009. "Clancy’s journey from Carrick-on-Suir to the place he called “the island for people escaped from repressed backgrounds”, Greenwich village in New York, and into the limelight of that watershed appearance on the Ed Sullivan television show in the 1960s is indeed a remarkable story. Finding himself in the vanguard of the folk revival — on both sides of the Atlantic — was the epitome of good fortune."
- ^ a b "The Yellow Bittern: The life and times of Liam Clancy". The Irish Times. 11 September 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/theticket/articles/2009/0911/1224254249420.html. Retrieved 12 December 2009. "TO BE 74 years old is no longer to be ancient. Yet Liam Clancy, sole remaining member of The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, does seem a little like a figure from the Pleistocene era. [...] Gilsenan has tracked down an impressive number of secondary sources, and his use of other performers' music is often inspired. It is, however, Liam Clancy's resonant voice — speaking, singing, laughing — and his remarkable gift for structuring a good story that allows the documentary to soar. The Yellow Bittern doesn't quite manage to make the Clancys hip, but it establishes the last upright member as a serious figure with a remarkable tale to tell. We owe it to him to listen."
- ^ a b "Liam Clancy Obituary". The Telegraph Online. December 6, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/6744601/Liam-Clancy.html. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
- ^ "MP3 Liam Clancy – Irish Troubadour". http://www.tradebit.com/filedetail.php/1002371-liam-clancy. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ a b "Irish folk singer Liam Clancy dies". BBC. 4 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8396536.stm. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ a b The Yellow Bittern: The Life and Times of Liam Clancy
- ^ "Irish balladeer Liam Clancy dies at 74". CBC News. 5 December 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/12/04/obit-clancy-liam.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ John Boland (5 December 2009). "One extraordinary storyteller with a real passion for life". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/one-extraordinary-storyteller-with-a-real-passion-for-life-1965144.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Ronan McGreevey (5 December 2009). "Last of the Clancy brothers dies". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/1205/breaking22.html?via=mr. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ a b c "Tributes paid to Liam Clancy". RTÉ. 4 December 2009. http://www.rte.ie/arts/2009/1204/clancyl.html. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ Conall O Fátharta (5 December 2009). "Folk singer Liam Clancy dies, aged 74". Irish Examiner. http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/folk-singer-liam-clancy-dies-aged-74-107231.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ Emma Rose Johnson (5 December 2009). "Liam Clancy's death echoes on Boston's Irish music scene". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/12/on_bostons_iris.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ David Hinckley (8 December 2009). "Éire-waves hum with tributes to Irish-music ambassador Liam Clancy". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/12/08/2009-12-08_eirewaves_hum_with_clancy_kudos.html. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
- ^ Michael Lavery (5 December 2009). "Music world mourns Liam Clancy". Evening Herald. http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/music-world-mourns-liam-clancy-1965420.html. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ "Late Late Show guests announced". RTÉ. 4 December 2009. http://www.rte.ie/arts/2009/1204/thelatelateshow.html. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Hundreds attend Clancy funeral". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 7 December 2009. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1207/clancyl.html. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
External links[link]
- Official site
- Liam Clancy at the Internet Movie Database
- Liam Clancy on Tubridy Tonight (22 March 2008)
- Obituary at The Irish Times
- Obituary in The Daily Telegraph
- Obituary
- Sineád Crowley, RTÉ Arts & Media Correspondent, looks back at the life and career of folk legend Liam Clancy (Video)
- Troubadour who didn't do justice to his talent- Saturday, December 12, 2009, The Irish Times
- Clancy Brother's Festival
- The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem
- The Yellow Bittern - The life and times of Liam Clancy (Documentary)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clancy, Liam |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Irish musician |
| Date of birth | 2 September 1935 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 4 December 2009 |
| Place of death | Cork, Ireland |
http://wn.com/Liam_Clancy
Related pages:
http://nl.wn.com/Liam Clancy
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Clancy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Australian rules footballer, see Anthony Harvey (footballer).
| Anthony Harvey | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1931-06-03) 3 June 1931 (age 81) London, England |
| Occupation | director film editor |
| Years active | 1950–1994 |
Anthony Harvey (born 3 June 1931) is a British filmmaker who started his career in the 1950s as a film editor, and moved into directing in the mid 1960s.[1] Harvey has fifteen film credits as an editor, and he has directed thirteen films.[2] The second film that Harvey directed, The Lion in Winter (1968), earned him a Directors Guild of America Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Directing.
Contents |
Selected filmography[link]
Directing[link]
- Dutchman (1967)
- The Lion in Winter (1968)
- They Might Be Giants (1971)
- The Glass Menagerie (1973, TV)
- The Abdication (1974)
- The Disappearance of Aimee (1976, TV)
- Richard's Things (1980)
- Svengali (1983, TV)
- Grace Quigley (1985)
- This Can't Be Love (1994, TV)
Editing[link]
The director of each film is indicated in parenthesis.
- Private's Progress (Boulting-1956)
- Tread Softly Stranger (Parry-1958)
- I'm All Right Jack (Boulting-1959)
- The Millionairess (Asquith-1960)
- The Angry Silence (Green-1960)
- The L-Shaped Room (Forbes-1962)
- Lolita (Kubrick-1962)
- Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (Kubrick-1964)
- The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (Ritt-1965)
- The Whisperers (Forbes-1967)
- Dutchman (1967)
References[link]
- ^ Gallagher, John A. (1989). Film Directors on Directing. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-275-93272-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=W5e7cIQTNF0C.
- ^ Anthony Harvey at the Internet Movie Database
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|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harvey, Anthony |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British film director and editor |
| Date of birth | June 3, 1931 |
| Place of birth | London, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about a United Kingdom film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 |
This article about a film editor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Anthony_Harvey
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Anthony Harvey
http://de.wn.com/Anthony Harvey
http://it.wn.com/Anthony Harvey
http://pl.wn.com/Anthony Harvey
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Harvey
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tori Amos | |
|---|---|
 Tori Amos at the 2008 Comic-Con |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Myra Ellen Amos |
| Born | (1963-08-22) August 22, 1963 (age 48) Newton, North Carolina, United States |
| Genres | Piano rock, art pop, alternative rock, electronica |
| Occupations | Musician, vocalist, songwriter, record producer |
| Instruments | Piano, harpsichord, clavichord, Hammond organ, harmonium, Fender Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Kurzweil, clavinet, vocals |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Atlantic Epic Universal Republic Deutsche Grammophon |
| Associated acts | Y Kant Tori Read |
| Website | toriamos.com everythingtori.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Bösendorfer piano[1] | |
Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos; August 22, 1963) is an American pianist, singer-songwriter and composer. Amos originally served as the lead singer of 1980s synthpop group Y Kant Tori Read, and as a solo artist was at the forefront of a number of female singer-songwriters in the early 1990s. She was also noteworthy early in her solo career as one of the few alternative rock performers to use a piano as her primary instrument. Some of her charting singles include "Crucify", "Silent All These Years", "God", "Cornflake Girl", "Caught a Lite Sneeze", "Professional Widow", "Spark", "1000 Oceans", and "A Sorta Fairytale", her most commercially successful single in the U.S. to date.[2]
As of 2005, Amos had sold 12 million albums worldwide.[3] She has been nominated for 8 Grammy Awards. Amos was also named one of People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in 1996.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Amos was born in Newton, North Carolina. When she was two, her family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where she began to play the piano. By age five, she had begun composing instrumental pieces on piano and, while living in Rockville, Maryland, she won a full scholarship to the Preparatory Division of the Peabody Conservatory of Music.[5] Her scholarship was discontinued at age 11 and she was asked to leave. Amos has asserted that she lost the scholarship because of her interest in rock and popular music, coupled with her dislike for reading from sheet music.[5] In 1972, The Amos family moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, where her father, Reverend Edison Amos, became pastor of the Good Shepherd United Methodist church. At the age of 13 she began playing at gay bars and piano bars, chaperoned by her father.[5][6]
Amos first came to local notice by winning a county teen talent contest in 1977, singing a song called "More Than Just a Friend". As a senior at Richard Montgomery High School, she co-wrote "Baltimore" with her brother Mike Amos for a competition involving the Baltimore Orioles. The song won the contest and became her first single, released as a 7" single pressed locally for family and friends during 1980 with another Amos-penned composition as a B-side, "Walking With You". Prior to this period she performed under her middle name, Ellen, but permanently adopted Tori after a friend's boyfriend told her it suited her.[7] At age 21, Amos moved to Los Angeles to pursue her music career after several years performing on the piano bar circuit of the D.C. area.[8]
Atlantic years (1986–2001)[link]
Y Kant Tori Read[link]
In 1986, Amos formed a music group, Y Kant Tori Read, the name of which was a reference to her days at the Peabody Conservatory, where she was able to play songs on her piano by ear, but was never successful at sight reading.[9] In addition to Amos, the group was composed of Steve Caton (who would later play guitars on all her subsequent albums until 1999), drummer Matt Sorum, bass player Brad Cobb and, for a short time, keyboardist Jim Tauber. Following several phases of writing and recording, during which Amos has since asserted that the band lost their musical edge and direction due to interference from record executives, in July 1988, the Y Kant Tori Read's self-titled debut album was released. Although its producer, Joe Chiccarelli, has stated that Amos was very happy with the album at the time,[10] it is now out of print and Amos has expressed no interest in reissuing it.[11] Following the album's commercial failure and the group's subsequent disbanding, Amos began working with other artists (including Stan Ridgway, Sandra Bernhard, and Al Stewart) as a backup vocalist. She also recorded a song called "Distant Storm" for the film China O'Brien; in the credits, the song is attributed to a band called Tess Makes Good.[12] It was the only song recorded by the band, and its only commercial release was in the film.
Solo career[link]
Despite the disappointing reaction to Y Kant Tori Read, Amos still had to comply with her six-record contract with Atlantic Records, who in 1989 wanted a new record by March 1990. The initial recordings were declined by the label, which Amos felt was because the album had not been properly presented.[13] The album was reworked and expanded under the guidance of Doug Morris and the musical talents of Steve Caton, Eric Rosse, Will MacGregor, Carlo Nuccio, and Dan Nebenzal, resulting in Little Earthquakes, an album recounting her religious upbringing, sexual awakening, struggle to establish her identity, and sexual assault. This album became her commercial and artistic breakthrough.
Amos traveled to New Mexico with personal and professional partner Eric Rosse in 1993 to write and largely record her second solo record, Under the Pink. The album was received with mostly favorable reviews and sold enough copies to chart at #12 on the Billboard 200, a significantly higher position than the preceding album's position at #54 on the same chart.[14]
Her third solo album, Boys for Pele, was released in January 1996. The album was recorded in an Irish church, in Delgany, County Wicklow, with Amos taking advantage of the church recording setting to create an album ripe with baroque influences, lending it a darker sound and style. She added harpsichord, harmonium, and clavichord to her keyboard repertoire, and also included such anomalies as a gospel choir, bagpipes, church bells, and drum programming. The album garnered mixed reviews upon its release, with some critics praising its intensity and uniqueness while others bemoaned its comparative impenetrability. Despite the album's erratic lyrical content and instrumentation, the latter of which kept it away from mainstream audiences, Boys for Pele is Amos's most successful simultaneous transatlantic release, reaching #2 on both the Billboard 200 and the UK Top 40 upon its release at the height of her fame.[15][16]
Fueled by the desire to have her own recording studio to distance herself from record company executives,[17] Amos had the barn of her home in Cornwall converted into a state-of-the-art recording studio, Martian Engineering Studios.
From the Choirgirl Hotel and To Venus and Back, released in May 1998 and September 1999, respectively, differ greatly from previous albums as Amos's trademark acoustic piano-based sound is largely replaced with arrangements that include elements of electronica, dance music, vocal washes and sonic landscapes. The underlying themes of both albums deal with womanhood, and Amos's own miscarriages and marriage. Reviews for From the Choirgirl Hotel were mostly favorable and praised Amos's continued artistic originality. While not her highest chart debut, debut sales for From the Choirgirl Hotel are Amos's best to date, selling 153,000 copies in its first week.[18] To Venus and Back, a two-disc release of original studio material and live material recorded from the previous world tour, received mostly positive reviews and included the first major-label single available for sale as a digital download.[19]
Motherhood inspired Amos to produce a cover album, recording songs written by men about women and reversing the gender roles to show a woman's perspective.[20] That idea grew into Strange Little Girls, released in September 2001, one year after giving birth to her daughter. The album is Amos's first concept album, with artwork featuring Amos photographed in character of the women portrayed in each song. Amos would later reveal that a stimulus for the album was to end her contract with Atlantic without giving them new original songs; Amos felt that since 1998, the label had not been properly promoting her and had trapped her in a contract by refusing to sell her to another label.[21]
Epic Records years (2002–07)[link]
With her Atlantic contract fulfilled after a 15-year stint, Amos signed to Epic in late 2001. In October 2002, Amos released Scarlet's Walk, another concept album. Described as a "sonic novel", the album explores Amos's alter ego, Scarlet, intertwined with her cross-country concert tour following 9/11. Through the songs, Amos explores such topics as the history of America, American people, Native American history, pornography, masochism, homophobia and misogyny. The album had a strong debut,[22][23] demonstrating that Amos' fan base remained intact through the label change. However, Scarlet's Walk is Amos' last album to date to reach certified gold status.[24]
Not long after Amos was ensconced with her new label, she received unsettling news when Polly Anthony resigned as president of Epic Records in 2003. Anthony had been one of the primary reasons Amos signed with the label and as a result of her resignation, Amos formed the Bridge Entertainment Group. Further trouble for Amos occurred the following year when her label, Epic/Sony Music Entertainment, merged with BMG Entertainment as a result of the industry's decline.[25] Amos would later hint in interviews that during the creation of her next album, those in charge at the label following the aforementioned merger were interested "only in making money", the effects of which on the album have not been disclosed.[citation needed]
Amos released two more albums with the label, The Beekeeper (2005) and American Doll Posse (2007). Both albums received mixed reviews, some of which stated that the albums suffered from being too long.[26][27] The Beekeeper was conceptually influenced by the ancient art of beekeeping, which she considered a source of female inspiration and empowerment. Through extensive study, Amos also wove in the stories of the Gnostic gospels and the removal of women from a position of power within the Christian church to create an album based largely on religion and politics. The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200,[28] placing her in an elite group of women who have secured five or more US Top 10 album debuts.[29] American Doll Posse, another concept album, was fashioned around a group of girls (the "posse") who are used as a theme of alter-egos of Amos's. Musically and stylistically, the album saw Amos return to a more confrontational nature.[30] Like its predecessor, American Doll Posse debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200.[14]
During her tenure with Epic Records, Amos also released a retrospective collection titled Tales of a Librarian (2003) through her former label, Atlantic Records; a two-disc DVD set Fade to Red (2006) containing most of Amos's solo music videos, released through the Warner Bros. reissue imprint Rhino; a five disc box set titled A Piano: The Collection (2006), celebrating Amos's 15 year solo career through remastered album tracks, remixes, alternate mixes, demos, and a string of unreleased songs from album recording sessions, also released through Rhino; and numerous official bootlegs from two world tours, The Original Bootlegs (2005) and Legs & Boots (2007) through Epic Records.
Universal Music years (2008–present)[link]
Universal Republic (2008–2011)[link]
In May 2008, Amos announced that, due to creative and financial disagreements with Epic Records, she had negotiated an end to her contract with the record label, and would be operating independently of major record labels on future work.[31][32] In September of the same year, Amos released a live album and DVD, Live at Montreux 1991/1992, through Eagle Rock Entertainment, of two performances she gave at the Montreux Jazz Festival very early on in her career while promoting her debut solo album, Little Earthquakes. By December, after a chance encounter with chairman and CEO of Universal Music Group, Doug Morris, Amos signed a "joint venture" deal with Universal Republic Records.[33][34][35][36]
Abnormally Attracted to Sin, Amos's tenth solo studio-album and her first album released through Universal Republic, was released in May 2009 to mostly positive reviews. The album debuted in the top 10 of the Billboard 200,[37] making it the Amos' seventh album to do so.[38] Abnormally Attracted to Sin, admitted Amos, was a "personal album", not a conceptual one.[39] Continuing her distribution deal with Universal Republic, Amos released Midwinter Graces, her first seasonal album, in November of the same year. The album features reworked versions of traditional carols, as well as original songs written by Amos.[40]
During her contract with the label, Amos recorded vocals for two songs for David Byrne's collaboration album with Fatboy Slim, entitled Here Lies Love,[41] which was released in April 2010. In July of the same year, the DVD Tori Amos- Live from the Artists Den was released exclusively through Barnes & Noble.
After a brief tour from June to September 2010, Amos released the highly exclusive live album From Russia With Love in December the same year, recorded live in Moscow on 3 September 2010. The limited edition set included a signature edition Lomography Diana F+ camera, along with 2 lenses, a roll of film and 1 of 5 photographs taken of Tori during her time in Moscow. The set was released exclusively through toriamos.com and only 2000 were produced. It is currently unknown as to whether the album will receive a mass release.
Deutsche Grammophon (2011–present)[link]
In September 2011, Amos released her first classical music album, Night of Hunters, featuring variations on a theme to pay tribute to such renowned composers as Bach, Chopin, Debussy, Granados, Satie and Schubert, through the Deutsche Grammophon label, a division of Universal Music Group. She is currently writing the music for Samuel Adamson's musical adaptation of the George MacDonald story The Light Princess for the Royal National Theatre, which was originally expected to debut in spring 2012[42] but has now been deferred.[43] Amos has, however, confirmed the release of an album in 2012 marking the 20th anniversary of her debut album Little Earthquakes.[44] The album will consist of songs from her back catalogue rearranged and performed by the Metropole Orchestra.
On May 1st, 2012, Amos announced the formation of her own record label Transmission Galactic, which she intends to use to develop new artists.
In print[link]
Released in conjunction with The Beekeeper, Amos co-authored an autobiography with rock music journalist Ann Powers entitled Piece by Piece (2005). The book's subject is Amos's interest in mythology and religion, exploring her songwriting process, rise to fame, and her relationship with Atlantic Records.
Image Comics released Comic Book Tattoo (2008), a collection of comic stories, each based on or inspired by songs recorded by Amos. Editor Rantz Hoseley worked with Amos to gather 80 different artists for the book, including Pia Guerra, David Mack, and Leah Moore.
Additionally, Amos and her music have been the subject of numerous official and unofficial books, as well as academic critique, including Tori Amos: Lyrics (2001) and an earlier biography, Tori Amos: All These Years (1996).[45][46][47]
"Tori Amos: In the Studio" (2011) by Jake Brown features an in-depth look at Amos's career, discography and recording process.[48]
In 2011 Adrienne Trier-Bieniek, a sociology graduate student at Western Michigan University, received her PhD for a dissertation entitled “All I Am: Defining Music as an Emotional Catalyst through a Sociological Study of Emotions, Gender and Culture". Trier-Bieniek focused on Amos' female fans and the emotional support they receive from listening to Amos' music. Along with Patricia Leavy, Trier-Bieniek contributed a chapter to the book "The Art of Social Critique"[49] which addressed Amos' later albums and songwriting skills.
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
Amos is the third child of Rev. Dr. Edison and Mary Ellen Amos. She was born at the Old Catawba Hospital in Newton, North Carolina, during a trip from their Georgetown home in Washington, D.C. Her maternal grandparents were of mixed European and Eastern Cherokee ancestry; of particular importance to her as a child was her grandfather, Calvin Clinton Copeland, who was a great source of inspiration and guidance to her as a young child, offering a more pantheistic spiritual alternative to her father and paternal grandmother's traditional Christianity.[50]
Early in her professional career, Amos befriended author Neil Gaiman, who became a fan after she referenced him in the song "Tear in Your Hand" and also in print interviews.[51] Although created before the two met, the character Delirium from Gaiman's The Sandman series (or even her sister Death) is inspired by Amos; Gaiman has stated that they "steal shamelessly from each other".[52] She wrote the foreword to his collection Death: The High Cost of Living; he in turn wrote the introduction to Comic Book Tattoo. Gaiman is godfather to her daughter and a poem written for her birth, Blueberry Girl, was published as a children's book of the same name in 2009.[53]
Amos married English sound engineer Mark Hawley on February 22, 1998. Their only child, a daughter named Natashya "Tash" Lórien Hawley, was born on September 5, 2000, a few weeks after Tori's 37th birthday. The family divides their time between Sewall's Point in Florida, Kinsale[54] (County Cork) in Ireland, and Cornwall in England.
Activism[link]
In June 1994, Amos co-founded RAINN, The Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, a toll-free help line in the US connecting callers with their local rape crisis center. Amos, herself a survivor of sexual assault,[55] was seen as unlocking the silence of her assault through her music; thus "Unlock the Silence" went on to become a year-long campaign for RAINN when Amos became a national spokesperson for the organization. By the summer of 2006, RAINN had received its one millionth caller[56] and the organization's success has led to it ranking in "America's 100 Best Charities" by Worth, and one of the "Top 10 Best Charities" by Marie Claire.
Discography[link]
Main article: Tori Amos discography
As of 2011, Amos has released 12 solo studio albums during her solo career; all but the first two are self-produced.
- Little Earthquakes (1992)
- Under the Pink (1994)
- Boys for Pele (1996)
- From the Choirgirl Hotel (1998)
- To Venus and Back (1999)
- Strange Little Girls (2001)
- Scarlet's Walk (2002)
- The Beekeeper (2005)
- American Doll Posse (2007)
- Abnormally Attracted to Sin (2009)
- Midwinter Graces (2009)
- Night of Hunters (2011)
Amos has also released more than 30 singles and 60 B-sides, and has contributed original material to nine film soundtracks, including Higher Learning (1995), Twister (1996), Great Expectations (1998) and Mission: Impossible II (2000). Her cover of the 1952 hit "You Belong to Me" appears on the soundtrack to 2003's Mona Lisa Smile.
Tours[link]
Amos, who has been performing in bars and clubs from as early as 1976 and under her professional name as early as 1991 has performed more than 1,000 shows since her first world tour in 1992. In 2003, Amos was voted fifth best touring act by the readers of Rolling Stone magazine. Her concerts are notable for their changing set lists from night to night.
- Little Earthquakes Tour
- Amos's first world tour began on January 29, 1992 in London and ended on November 30, 1992 in Auckland. She performed solo with a Yamaha CP-70 unless the venue was able to provide a piano.[57][58] The tour included 142 concerts around the globe.
- Under the Pink Tour
- Amos's second world tour began on February 24, 1994 in Newcastle upon Tyne and ended on December 13, 1994 in Perth, Western Australia. Amos performed solo each night on her iconic Bösendorfer[citation needed] piano, and on a prepared piano during "Bells for Her". The tour included 181 concerts.
- Dew Drop Inn Tour
- The third world tour began on February 23, 1996 in Ipswich, England, and ended on November 11, 1996 in Boulder. Amos performed each night on piano, harpsichord, and harmonium, with Steve Caton on guitar on some songs. The tour included 187 concerts.
- Plugged '98 Tour
- Amos's first band tour. Amos, on piano and Kurzweil keyboard, was joined by Steve Caton on guitar, Matt Chamberlain on drums, and Jon Evans on bass. The tour began on April 18, 1998 in Fort Lauderdale and ended on December 3, 1998 in East Lansing, Michigan, including 137 concerts.
- Five and a Half Weeks Tour / To Dallas and Back
- Amos's fifth tour was North America–only. The first part of the tour was co-headlining with Alanis Morissette and featured the same band and equipment line-up as in 1998. Amos and the band continued for eight shows before Amos embarked on a series of solo shows. The tour began on August 18, 1999 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and ended on December 9, 1999 in Denver, including 46 concerts.
- Strange Little Tour
- This tour was Amos's first since becoming a mother in 2000 and her first tour fully solo since 1994 (Steve Caton was present on some songs in 1996). It saw Amos perform on piano, Rhodes piano, and Wurlitzer electric piano, and though the tour was in support of her covers album, the set lists were not strictly covers-oriented. Having brought her one-year-old daughter on the road with her, this tour was also one of Amos's shortest ventures, lasting just three months. It began on August 30, 2001 in London and ended on December 17, 2001 in Milan, including 55 concerts.
- On Scarlet's Walk / Lottapianos Tour
- Amos's seventh tour saw her reunited with Matt Chamberlain and Jon Evans, but not Steve Caton. The first part of the tour, which featured Amos on piano, Rhodes, and Wurlitzer, was six months long and Amos went out again in the summer of 2003 for a tour with Ben Folds opening. The tour began on November 7, 2002 in Tampa and ended on September 4, 2003 in West Palm Beach, featuring 124 concerts. The final show of the tour was filmed and released as part of a DVD/CD set titled Welcome to Sunny Florida (the set also included a studio EP titled Scarlet's Hidden Treasures, an extension of the Scarlet's Walk album).
- Original Sinsuality Tour / Summer of Sin
- This tour began on April 1, 2005 in Clearwater, Florida, with Amos on piano, two Hammond B-3 organs, and Rhodes. The tour also encompassed Australia for the first time since 1994. Amos announced at a concert on this tour that she would never stop touring but would scale down the tours. Amos returned to the road in August and September for the Summer of Sin North America leg, ending on September 17, 2005 in Los Angeles. The tour featured "Tori's Piano Bar", where fans could nominate cover songs on Amos's website which she would then choose from to play in a special section of each show. One of the songs chosen was the Kylie Minogue hit "Can't Get You Out of My Head", which Amos dedicated to her the day after Minogue's breast cancer was announced to the public. Other songs performed by Amos include The Doors' "People are Strange", Depeche Mode's "Personal Jesus", Joni Mitchell's "The Circle Game", Madonna's "Live to Tell" and "Like a Prayer", Björk's "Hyperballad", Led Zeppelin's "When the Levee Breaks" (which she debuted in Austin, Texas, just after the events of Hurricane Katrina), Kate Bush's "And Dream of Sheep" and Crowded House's "Don't Dream It's Over", dedicating it to drummer Paul Hester who had died a week before. The entire concert tour featured 82 concerts, and six full-length concerts were released as The Original Bootlegs.
- American Doll Posse World Tour
- This was Amos's first tour with a full band since her 1999 Five and a Half Weeks Tour, accompanied by long-time band mates Jon Evans and Matt Chamberlain, with guitarist Dan Phelps rounding out Amos's new band.[59] Amos's equipment included her piano, a Hammond B-3 organ, and two Yamaha S90 ES keyboards. The tour kicked off with its European leg in Rome, Italy on May 28, 2007, which lasted through July, concluding in Israel; the Australian leg took place during September; the North American leg lasted from October to December 16, 2007, when the tour concluded in Los Angeles. Amos opened each show dressed as one of the four non-Tori personae from the album, then Amos would emerge as herself to perform for the remaining two-thirds of the show. The entire concert tour featured 93 concerts, and 27 full-length concerts of the North American tour were released as official bootlegs in the Legs and Boots series.
- Sinful Attraction Tour
- For her tenth tour, Amos returned to the trio format of her 2002 and 2003 tours with bassist Jon Evans and drummer Matt Chamberlain while expanding her lineup of keyboards by adding three M-Audio MIDI controllers to her ensemble of her piano, a Hammond B-3 organ, and a Yamaha S90 ES keyboard. The North American and European band tour began on 10 July 2009 in Seattle, Washington and ended in Warsaw on 10 October 2009. A solo leg through Australia began in Melbourne on 12 November 2009 and ended in Brisbane on 24 November 2009. The entire tour featured 63 concerts.
- Night of Hunters tour
- Amos' eleventh tour was her first with a string quartet, Apollon Musagète, (Amos' equipment includes her piano and a Yamaha S90 ES keyboard) and her first time touring in South Africa. It kicked off on 28 September 2011 in Finland, Helsinki Ice Hall and ended on 22 December 2011 in Dallas, Texas.[60]
Award nominations[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Under The Pink | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
| 1997 | Boys for Pele | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
| 1999 | From the Choirgirl Hotel | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
| "Raspberry Swirl" | Best Female Rock Vocal Performance | Nominated | |
| 2000 | To Venus and Back | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
| "Bliss" | Best Female Rock Vocal Performance | Nominated | |
| 2002 | Strange Little Girls | Best Alternative Music Album | Nominated |
| "Strange Little Girl" | Best Female Rock Vocal Performance | Nominated |
Note: In 2003 the Tori Amos album Scarlet's Walk (deluxe edition) was nominated in the category "Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Packaging", this nomination went to the art directors Dave Bett and Sherri Lee. Also in 2003, "Timo on Tori (Don't Make Me Come To Vegas) a remix of the Tori Amos song Don't Make Me Come to Vegas was nominated in the category "Best Remixed Recording, Non Classical" this nomination went to the remixers Mark Buttrich and Timo Maas.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | — | Best International Female | Nominated |
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Silent All These Years | Best Female Video | Nominated |
| Best Cinematography in a Video | Nominated | ||
| Best New Artist in a Video | Nominated | ||
| Breakthrough Video | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ Rogers, Kalen (1994). Tori Amos: all these years : the authorized illustrated biography. Omnibus Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7119-4827-3. http://books.google.com/?id=uYQeeqKlMjAC&pg=PT70. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ McNair, James (2003-11-21). "Tori Amos: Fairy-tale endings". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tori-amos-fairytale-endings-737451.html. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ "Piece By Piece Press Release". http://everythingtori.com/go/book/. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
- ^ ""People Magazine" (Blog)". http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20141205,00.html. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ a b c Amos, Tori and Ann Powers (2005). Piece by Piece. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-7679-1677-6.
- ^ Jan. 14, 2012 03:07 AM Bang Showbiz (2012-01-14). "Tori Amos played 1st gig at gay bar at age 13". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/music/articles/2012/01/14/20120114tori-amos-played-first-gig-gay-bar-age-13.html. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Rogers, Kalen (1994). Tori Amos All These Years: The Authorized Biography. Omnibus. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-8256-1448-4.
- ^ "Tori Amos on Love Affair With the Piano". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Playlist/tori-amos-reinvents-christmas-carols-album/story?id=9372307&page=1. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
- ^ David Wallechinsky & Amy Wallace: The New Book of Lists. Canongate, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84195-719-7.
- ^ "Interview with Joe Chiccarelli". HitQuarters. 14 June 2010. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Joe_Chiccarelli_Interview.html. Retrieved Aug 17, 2010.
- ^ "Y Kant Tori Read quotes at hereinmyhead.com". http://www.hereinmyhead.com/collect/yktr/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ "Soundtracks for China O'Brien at imdb.com". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099260/soundtrack. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ "Tori Amos' Track-by-Track Guide to "Little Earthquakes"". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/31444342/tori_amos_trackbytrack_guide_to_little_earthquakes/3. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ a b "Tori Amos — Artist Chart History". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=19023&model.vnuAlbumId=1173664. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "The Billboard 200 - Chart Listing For The Week Of Feb 10 1996". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20071222042612/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=305&cfgn=Albums&cfn=The+Billboard+200&ci=3022502&cdi=7026852&cid=02/10/1996. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ "everyhit.com". http://www.everyhit.com. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ "Tori Amos — Inside her Martian Engineering Studio". SoundOnSound.com. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb07/articles/toriamos.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "Garth Boxes In Billboard 200's Top Slot". Billboard. 1998-05-14. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=951854. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ^ Ehrlich, Dimitri (1999-12-01). "Music's Digital Democracy". Interview.
- ^ "Tori Amos Says Eminem's Fictional Dead Wife Spoke To Her". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449422/20010928/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Amos, Tori; Powers, Ann (2005). Tori Amos: Piece by Piece. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-7679-1677-6.
- ^ "Chart Beat Bonus". 2002-11-08. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1757676. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "E! News Em's "8 Mile" Outstrips Christina". E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=5e786ebd-a98e-47d7-b61a-0e7e5c8cf9f7. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "RIAA Gold & Platinum Database". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 2010-07-25. Note: User must define search parameters, i.e. "Tori Amos".
- ^ "The Record Industry's Decline". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/15137581/the_record_industrys_decline/2. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- ^ "Tori Amos — The Beekeeper". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/6962456/the_beekeeper. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Tori Amos — American Doll Posse". Slant. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1115. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "'O' Puts Omarion On Top". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000825038. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
- ^ "Tori Amos To Release New Album American Doll Posse; To Launch World Tour in May 2007". http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/03/28/tori_amos_to_release_new_album_american__2007. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
- ^ The interview with Paul Tingen regarding American Doll Posse can be found here [1]
- ^ "Ask Billboard — TORI AMOS GETS GRAPHIC". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2008-07-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20080701053253/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/ask_bb/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003810247. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ "Tori Amos Splits With Epic, Goes Indie". Billboard. 2008-06-02. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003810526. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
- ^ "Tori Signs With Universal Republic Records For Upcoming 2009 Album". Undented.com. http://undented.com/news/1554/tori-signs-with-universal-republic-records-for-upcoming-2009-album. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
- ^ "Tori Amos Inks New Deal, Eyes Spring/Summer Release". spinner.com. http://www.spinner.com/2008/12/04/tori-amos-inks-new-deal-eyeing-spring-summer-release/. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ "Girls on Film: An Interview with Tori Amos". American Songwriter. 2009-05-15. http://www.americansongwriter.com/2009/05/girls-on-film-an-interview-with-tori-amos/. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ "Tori Amos Interview". The Red Alert. 2007-05-04. http://www.theredalert.com/features/amos2.php. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ "Eminem's 'Relapse' Tops Billboard 200". Billboard. billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/eminem-s-relapse-tops-billboard-200-1003976765.story. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ "Tori Amos — Artist Chart History". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=19023&model.vnuAlbumId=1173664. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ "Songs In The Key of Sin". Out Magazine. 2009-05-05. http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=25182. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Tori Amos Gets Into Holiday Spirit For 'Midwinter Graces'". Billboard. billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/charts#/news/tori-amos-gets-into-holiday-spirit-for-midwinter-1004014179.story. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- ^ "News: Tori Connected With Byrne's "Here Lies Love"? (2008-03-24)". Undented.com. http://undented.com/news/1433/tori-connected-with-byrnes-here-lies-love. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ Zimmeman, P. (September 09, 2011). Tori Amos: Night of Hunters. Glide Magazine CD Review. Retrieved on: 2011-09-13.
- ^ Truman, Matt (October 20, 2011). Tori Amos musical shelved by National Theatre "Guardian" Retrieved on 2011-10-20
- ^ Allison Stewart (December 08, 2011). For Tori Amos, 'Night of Hunters' a classical gas.
- ^ "Paul Gregory Attinello, Curriculum Vitae". http://google.com/search?q=cache:DmpgpLXnMiUJ:newcastle.academia.edu/documents/0011/5127/Attinello_CV_4-09.doc+%22paul+attinello%22+%22not+the+red+baron%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us. [dead link]
- ^ Reed, S. Alexander (2008). "Through Every Mirror in the World: Lacan's Mirror Stage as Mutual Reference in the Works of Neil Gaiman and Tori Amos". ImageTexT. Department of English, University of Florida. http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v4_1/reed/. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ Burns, Lori and Woods, Alyssa (2004-06-21). "Authenticity, Appropriation, Signification: Tori Amos on Gender, Race, and Violence in Covers of Billie Holiday and Eminem". Music Theory Online. The Society for Music Theory. http://societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.04.10.2/mto.04.10.2.burns_woods.html. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ Brown, John (2011). Tori Amos: In the Studio. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-945-5. http://www.ecwpress.com/books/tori-amos. Retrieved Feb. 16, 2012.
- ^ Bingham, Shawn Chandler, ed. (2012). The Art of Social Critique. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4923-2. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739149232. Retrieved Feb. 16, 2012.
- ^ Amos, Tori; Powers, Ann (2005). Tori Amos: Piece by Piece. New York: Broadway Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7679-1677-6.
- ^ Rogers, Kalen. Tori Amos: All These Years: The Authorized Biography. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8256-1448-4.
- ^ Rogers, Kalen. Tori Amos: All These Years: The Authorized Biography. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8256-1448-4.
- ^ Sacks, Ethan (2009-03-15). "'Blueberry Girl', Neil Gaiman's favor for friend Tori Amos, is now a sensation". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/arts/2009/03/15/2009-03-15_blueberry_girl_neil_gaimans_favor_for_fr.html. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
- ^ Carr, Eamon (2009-05-14). "The Tori Details". Evening Herald. http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/hq/the-tori-details-1738899.html. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Lis (2008-11-18). "How Tori Amos Survived Rape". HealthyPlace. http://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/escaping-hades/how-tori-amos-survived-rape/menu-id-818/. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ "RAINN Commemorates One Million Callers to the National Sexual Assault Hotline". RAINN. 2006-09-06. http://www.rainn.org/news-room/sexual-assault-news/million-callers-to-National-Sexual-Assault-Online-Hotline. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Read the article and see scans from a Tori/Ben Folds article in Keyboard Magazine". The Dent. http://thedent.com/more.php?id=P1219_0_1_0_C. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ "Tori Amos — Little Earthquakes tour 1992". Yessaid.com. http://www.yessaid.com/tour92.html. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ "Undented". Undented. 2007-05-28. http://undented.com/news/707/the-tour-has-begun. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ Tori Amos official website/tours. Retrieved on: 2011-09-13
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tori Amos |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tori Amos |
- Official website
- Tori Amos discography at MusicBrainz
- Tori Amos at the Internet Movie Database
- Synthesis.net April 2007 podcast interview
- Tori Amos on Synthesis.net
- Tori Amos on Virb.com
- Tori Amos on Advocate.com
- Tori Amos on Allmusic.com
- Y Kant Tori Read on Allmusic.com
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||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Amos, Myra Ellen |
| Alternative names | Tori Amos |
| Short description | American singer |
| Date of birth | August 22, 1963 |
| Place of birth | Newton, North Carolina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tori_Amos
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Эймос, Тори
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Dirk Kuyt | ||
| Date of birth | (1980-07-22) 22 July 1980 (age 31) | ||
| Place of birth | Katwijk aan Zee, Netherlands | ||
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)[1] | ||
| Playing position | Forward / Winger | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Liverpool | ||
| Number | 18 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1985–1998 | Quick Boys | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1998–2003 | Utrecht | 160 | (51) |
| 2003–2006 | Feyenoord | 101 | (71) |
| 2006– | Liverpool | 207 | (51) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2004– | Netherlands | 85 | (24) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 21:30 (UTC), 21 March 2012. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Dirk Kuyt (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdɪrk ˈkœy̆t] ( listen); born 22 July 1980) is a Dutch footballer who plays for Liverpool as a forward.
Kuyt began his professional career with FC Utrecht in 1998 and quickly became part of their first team. He spent five years at the club and in his final season he won his first senior honour, the Dutch Cup, and was chosen as the season's Dutch Golden Shoe Winner. Following this, he left Utrecht in a €1 million transfer to Feyenoord. He became the club captain in 2005 and was a prolific goalscorer at the Rotterdam club; he was the club's top scorer for three consecutive seasons, the top goalscorer in the 2004–05 Eredivisie season, and the 2005–06 Dutch Footballer of the Year. Kuyt missed only five games over seven seasons from 1999 until 2006 and appeared in 179 consecutive matches between 2001–06, striking up a fruitful partnership with fellow Feyenoord teammate Salomon Kalou.
He left Feyenoord after three years, having scored 71 league goals in 101 appearances, and joined Premier League side Liverpool for £10 million.[2] He made his Premier League debut late in 2006 and became part of the first team squad. He scored in his first ever UEFA Champions League final with Liverpool against AC Milan.
Kuyt scored several important goals for Liverpool elsewhere, including seven goals in the 2007–08 Champions League, including a goal in the quarter-final against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium and in the semi-final against Chelsea, and two penalty kicks against Everton in the derby the same season. He scored his first hat-trick for Liverpool against Manchester United in March 2011. After coming on as a substitute, his extra time goal at Wembley for Liverpool against Cardiff City in the 2012 League Cup Final helped win the trophy for Liverpool, and was also his first trophy as a Liverpool player.
He made his international debut in 2004 and has represented the Netherlands at three major international tournaments, the 2006 and 2010 World Cup and Euro 2008.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Kuyt is the third of four children. His father was a fisherman and he has stated that had he not found a career in football he probably would have followed his father into the family business. He grew up in the fishing town of Katwijk aan Zee.
His football career began when he joined the local amateur team Quick Boys at age 5. He broke into the first team in March 1998, playing the last six games of the season in the Hoofdklasse, and catching the eye of Eredivisie team FC Utrecht.[3] Kuyt still regularly visits Katwijk and his old club Quick Boys, who benefited from a £300,000 windfall as a result of the player's move to Liverpool. He achieved his 50th league goal against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 2011/2012 season.
Club career[link]
FC Utrecht[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010) |
Kuyt signed professionally for FC Utrecht that summer, aged 18, and immediately established himself in the first team.Sometimes He played as striker. However he was more often than not played as a winger, as they preferred to play Serbian Igor Gluščević up front.
This continued until the 2002–03 season when Foeke Booy was installed as the club's new manager. Booy played Kuyt as a striker / attacking midfielder (behind the striker) for the entire season, and Kuyt repaid him with 20 league goals. FC Utrecht also reached the Dutch Cup final, where they met Feyenoord. Although they were the underdogs Utrecht comfortably won the cup 4–1, with Kuyt scoring one and being given the man-of-the-match award. At the end of the season Kuyt completed a €1 million move to Feyenoord, where he replaced the out-going Pierre van Hooijdonk.
Feyenoord[link]
At Feyenoord, Kuyt immediately became a fans' favourite with his continued goal scoring success. His first season saw him net another 20 league goals. The opening game of the 2004–05 season marked Kuyt's first ever hat-trick against De Graafschap. He later went on to score three in the 6–3 victory against Den Haag and ended the season as the Eredivisie's top scorer with 29 goals—a career high.
In 2005 Kuyt was handed the Feyenoord club captaincy and went on to have a third successful season with the club, scoring 25 goals in all competitions. He formed a golden duo with Salomon Kalou, nicknamed K2.[4]
Over the summer of 2006 Kuyt was again linked with moves to many top English clubs, most notably Liverpool and Newcastle United. Rumours started in May with Dirk Kuyt stating "I am happy at Feyenoord but I would like to play in the Premier League."[5] Kuyt completed a move to Liverpool on 18 August for an undisclosed fee.
Kuyt missed only five games over seven seasons from 1999 until 2006, making 233 appearances.[3] Between March 2001 and April 2006 he played 179 consecutive matches.
Liverpool[link]
2006–07 season[link]
Upon joining Liverpool, Kuyt stated "I only wanted to leave Feyenoord for a really big club, and that is what Liverpool are. They are a fantastic big club and it will be a real pleasure to play here."[6]
After sitting out the first game Kuyt made his Liverpool debut as a substitute against West Ham on 26 August 2006. His first start came against PSV in the Champions League and he has been first choice in most games since. He immediately got praises for the new defensive approach by a striker. In his third start for the club on 20 September 2006 Kuyt scored his first goal against Newcastle United in a Premier League game at Anfield,[7] and followed up with another against Tottenham Hotspur in the next game. He scored his third goal for Liverpool with his father watching the game at Anfield, contributing to Liverpool's 3–1 win over Aston Villa. Two weeks later he bagged a brace, as the only scorer in the Reds' 2–0 victory against Premiership newcomers Reading.
Kuyt won much praise for his early performances, with the Daily Mirror stating: "The Dutch striker has the look of a cult hero in the making"[8] and The People reporting that he is "propelling himself towards iconic status."[9] One of the reasons for his early popularity is his post match courtesy to the fans. After each match he walks to every corner of the ground, and applauds the Liverpool supporters.
On 20 January 2007, Dirk Kuyt opened the scoring against Chelsea after only 4 minutes after a Peter Crouch flick-on. Liverpool went on to defeat the champions 2–0. It was the first time Rafael Benítez had defeated José Mourinho in the Premiership. It was also the first goal scored by Liverpool against a top four club in the league in the 2006–07 season. Kuyt moved his league-goal tally into double figures by scoring the first goal in the game against West Ham on 30, January 2007.
Kuyt played a key part in Liverpool's penalty shoot-out win over Chelsea in the semi-finals of the 2006–07 Champions League. Firstly in extra-time he had a goal disallowed for offside from Xabi Alonso's strike. Kuyt also scored the winning penalty in the shoot-out, and scored a consolation goal in their 2–1 defeat to Milan in the final.
2007–08 season[link]
He scored his first goals of the 2007–2008 season in Liverpools 4–0 victory over Toulouse in their 3rd round qualifying encounter at Anfield on 28 August 2007. He scored two penalties against Everton in the Merseyside derby to give Liverpool a 2–1 win. His 3rd and final league goal of the season came in a 3–0 away win over Newcastle in November 2007, Kuyt would not score another league goal until October 2008.
Kuyt failed to score in 13 games for Liverpool, before netting against Barnsley in the fifth round of the FA Cup.
On 19 February 2008, Kuyt scored the first goal in the first leg of the round of 16 of the 2007–08 Champions League against favourites Internazionale in a 2–0 win.
Starting in early 2008, Kuyt began to be employed as a right winger and set up two of Fernando Torres's goals against West Ham in March. He adapted to this new role and soon regained his overall form, playing himself into the starting XI again after putting on various vital team performances. On 2 April 2008, Kuyt scored an equalising goal against Arsenal at the Emirates stadium.
On 22 April 2008, in the first leg of the Champions League all-English semi-final against Chelsea at Anfield, Kuyt scored the opening goal just before half time.
2008–09 season[link]
Dirk Kuyt scored a late extra time goal against Standard Liège in the 2008–09 Champions League qualifiers return match to put Liverpool through to the group stages of the competition. In his next game, a 2–1 win in the Premier League against Manchester United, he assisted fellow countryman Ryan Babel's winning goal.
Kuyt's goals at vital moments in important games, such as the last minute strike against Standard Liège, an injury time winner against Manchester City on 5 October 2008 and twice in Liverpool's 3–2 comeback win over Wigan Athletic on 18 October 2008, have led to his reputation as a "Big Game Player"[who?]
The 2008/09 season saw Kuyt score 15 goals, his best return for the club.
2009–10 season[link]
As a result of heavy injuries sustained by the Liverpool squad, Kuyt often found himself playing a central striker role. Kuyt scored against Stoke and Burnley in two home 4–0 triumphs. He also scored the winning goal in Liverpool's opening Champions League group game against Hungarian team Debrecen in a 1–0 win. Kuyt's goal against Debrecen means only Ian Rush and Steven Gerrard have scored more goals for the club in the European Cup. It was his 12th goal in Europe's premier club competition.[10] Kuyt scored his 4th league goal of the season in a vital 2–0 win against Everton at Goodison Park, in the Merseyside derby. He took his season's goal tally to six, his fifth in the league, by scoring in a 2–1 premier league loss to Arsenal at Anfield. On 20 January, Kuyt scored both goals at Anfield against Spurs in a 2–0 victory and a week later, scored the opener against Bolton. For both goals, he was assisted by Alberto Aquilani which could be the start of a new partnership. Against Spurs, he played a delightful one-two with Alberto Aquilani before slotting it home. While against Bolton, Alberto Aquilani guided an Emiliano Insúa cross back into the path of Kuyt who slotted it home. On many occasions, they linked up together and threatened to score.
On the 6th of February he scored his fourth goal in the Merseyside Derby, a header from a corner against Everton in the 55th minute bringing his tally of goals for Liverpool to 50 in all competitions. He was also awarded man of the match for this game which Liverpool won 1–0. On the 8th April he notched his 51st goal for Liverpool with a crucial yet controversial header in the Europa League against Benfica. The goal, a header direct from a corner, was originally dissallowed by the linesmen for offside, but after some heavy protests by the Liverpool players and manager Rafael Benítez that you could not be offside directly from a corner, the referee changed his mind and allowed the goal. Kuyt played in his 200th competitive game for Liverpool, against Hull City on the final day of Liverpool's dismal season.
2010–11 season[link]
Kuyt featured in Liverpool's opening game of the season against Arsenal at Anfield, the game finishing 1–1 and both teams finishing with 10 men. On 23 August, he played in the Red's heavy defeat to Manchester City at Eastlands and featured in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League qualifier against Trabzonspor, netting the winning goal in a 2–1 win 3 days later. On 29 August, he played in Liverpool's 1–0 win against West Brom at Anfield. An injury to his shoulder during a Netherlands training session forced Kuyt out for a month, but returned a week earlier than expected, celebrating by scoring his second goal of the season against Sunderland at Anfield on 25 September in a 2–2 draw.[11] Dirk Kuyt scored a penalty in Liverpool's 3–0 win against West Ham United. On 16 January 2011, he scored yet another penalty to draw Liverpool level 2–2 against Everton F.C., after Tim Howard fouled Maxi Rodríguez. On 24 February he headed in from a corner against Sparta Prague to put Liverpool through to the last 16 of the Europa League, winning 1–0 on the night at Anfield and 1–0 on aggregate.[12]
On 6 March, Kuyt scored his first hat-trick for Liverpool in a 3–1 win at Anfield against Liverpools biggest rivals Manchester United.[13] Kuyt added another goal to his Liverpool tally on 20 March 2011 scoring a well placed penalty against Sunderland. Kuyt scored his 11th goal of the season against Manchester City, with a neat finish to make it 2–0, with the game ending 3–0 to Liverpool. On 15 April, Kuyt signed a contract extension that will keep him at the club until the summer of 2013.[14] On 17 April, Kuyt scored a 102nd minute penalty after Emmanuel Eboue fouled Lucas Leiva to seal a late draw against Arsenal after Robin van Persie had scored a penalty in the 98th minute. The match finished 1–1. On the 23 April, Kuyt scored a 23 minute goal against Birmingham after a tussle inside the box, the match ended 5–0 to Liverpool. On the 1 May, Kuyt scored a 59 minute penalty against Newcastle United for the second goal in a 3–0 win.On 9 May 2011 he became the first Liverpool player since John Aldridge, in over two decades to score in five consecutive games, after his 16th minute goal against Fulham that led to a 5–2 victory.[15] Dirk Kuyt finished the season as Liverpool's top goal scorer scoring 13 league goals, finishing with a total of 15, equalling his best return for the club in a season.
2011–12 season[link]
On 21 September 2011, Dirk Kuyt scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win against Brighton & Hove Albion in the 83rd minute in the third round of the League Cup.[16] He did not score for the rest of 2011, missing a chance to get his 50th league goal on 1 October 2011 with a saved penalty against Everton, a game Liverpool went on to win 2–0. On 8 October, Kuyt was announced as having taken up an advisory role with his first club in football, Quick Boys.[17] Kuyt's next goal was a crucial 88th minute winner in a 2–1 victory against Manchester United in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 28 January 2012. He went on to score his 50th league goal for Liverpool the following week in a 3–0 victory over Wolves, becoming only the fifth player to score 50 or more goals for Liverpool in the Premier League. After coming on as a substitute, Kuyt scored Liverpool's second goal in the League Cup final against Cardiff City on 26 February; the game finished 2–2 after extra-time, with Liverpool winning on penalties - Kuyt scoring one of them.[18]
International career[link]
When Marco van Basten took over as coach of the Dutch national team he dropped many established players, including strikers Roy Makaay and Patrick Kluivert. Kuyt benefitted as in September 2004 he made his international debut in van Basten's first game against Liechtenstein. He has been a permanent fixture in the Dutch squad ever since, making the starting line-up for eleven of the Netherlands' twelve 2006 World Cup qualification matches.[19]
2006 World Cup[link]
At the 2006 World Cup, Kuyt found himself relegated to the substitutes bench. Although he made an appearance as a 69th minute replacement in the first game against Serbia and Montenegro, he sat the entire second game out. With the team already qualified for the next round van Basten decided to rest many of his first choice players for the final group game against Argentina,[20] and Kuyt was handed a start in the right wing position.
For the Netherlands' Round of 16 tie against Portugal, Kuyt was given a surprise start ahead of star-striker Ruud van Nistelrooy. However, Kuyt did not have a successful game and the Netherlands eventually lost 1–0 in a game that was more reputable for its record breaking disciplinary record (4 red cards and 16 yellow cards).[21]
Euro 2008[link]
Kuyt was selected for the Dutch squad for Euro 2008. On 9 June, he played in their opening Group C match, a 3–0 victory over 2006 World Champions Italy, assisting in two goals, his most notable act being the header that provided the link between Giovanni van Bronckhorst's crossfield pass and Wesley Sneijder's goal to make it 2–0 on 31 minutes. On 13 June, Kuyt contributed his team's second in the next game of Group C, a 4–1 victory over 2006 World Cup finalists France by opening the scoring with a ninth minute header from a corner,[22][23] taking his tally of international goals to eight. During Euro 2008, Kuyt was employed as a winger, partnering with Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart in the midfield due to the team's change of formation from 4-3-3/4–4–2 to 4–2–3–1.[citation needed]
Post Euro 2008[link]
Kuyt scored 3 goals in the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. During a friendly against England, he opened the scoring less than ten minutes after kick-off, pouncing on Rio Ferdinand's poor back pass.
2010 World Cup[link]
Kuyt was included in the preliminary squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.[24] On 27 May 2010, Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk announced that the player would be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the competition.[25]
At the finals, Kuyt scored Holland's second goal in the 85th minute of their 2–0 win over Denmark in their opening group match on a tap-in after Eljero Elia's shot hit the post. In the quarter-final match on 2 July against Brazil, Kuyt flicked a corner on to Wesley Sneijder who headed the ball into the net giving the Dutch in a 2–1 win. He also assisted the goal scored by Arjen Robben against Uruguay in the semi-finals. Kuyt started all seven matches for the Dutch who finished as runners up to Spain and finished the tournament with one goal and three assists.[26]
Post 2010 World Cup[link]
On 2 September 2010, Kuyt scored a penalty as Holland began their Euro 2012 qualifying campaign with a 5–0 away win against San Marino.[27] On 12 October 2010, Kuyt injured his ankle in Holland's fourth Euro 2012 qualifier against Sweden and was out of action for four weeks with the injury.[28] On 25 March 2011 Kuyt scored Hollands third goal in a 4–0 win against Hungary for the Euro 2012 qualifiers. Four days later he scored twice in a 5–3 win against the same opponents. On 8 June 2011, Kuyt scored a 90th minute equaliser for Holland against Uruguay, leveling the match to 1–1, with Liverpool teammate Luis Suarez netting the opening goal of the match. Holland went on to lose to Uruguay on penalties.[29] Kuyt scored the fourth goal in Holland's record 11–0 win over San Marino. Kuyt headed in his seventh international goal of 2011 in a 3-2 loss against Sweden.
International career statistics[link]
| Netherlands national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2004 | 5 | 1 |
| 2005 | 10 | 2 |
| 2006 | 12 | 2 |
| 2007 | 8 | 1 |
| 2008 | 13 | 3 |
| 2009 | 11 | 4 |
| 2010 | 14 | 4 |
| 2011 | 11 | 7 |
| Total | 84 | 24 |
International goals[link]
| Goal | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 9 October 2004 | Skopje City Stadium, Skopje, Macedonia |  Macedonia |
2–1 | 2–2 | 2006 World Cup qualification |
| 2. | 4 June 2005 | De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands |  Romania |
2–0 | 2–0 | 2006 World Cup qualification |
| 3. | 8 June 2005 | Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland |  Finland |
0–2 | 0–4 | 2006 World Cup qualification |
| 4. | 1 March 2006 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands |  Ecuador |
1–0 | 1–0 | Friendly |
| 5. | 6 September 2006 | Philips Stadion, Eindhoven, Netherlands |  Belarus |
3–0 | 3–0 | Euro 2008 qualification |
| 6. | 22 August 2007 | Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland |  Switzerland |
2–1 | 2–1 | Friendly |
| 7. | 24 May 2008 | De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands |  Ukraine |
1–0 | 3–0 | Friendly |
| 8. | 13 June 2008 | Stade de Suisse, Bern, Switzerland |  France |
1–0 | 4–1 | Euro 2008 |
| 9. | 19 November 2008 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands |  Sweden |
3–1 | 3–1 | Friendly |
| 10. | 28 March 2009 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands |  Scotland |
3–0 | 3–0 | 2010 World Cup qualification |
| 11. | 1 April 2009 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Macedonia |
1–0 | 4–0 | 2010 World Cup qualification |
| 12. | 1 April 2009 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Macedonia |
3–0 | 4–0 | 2010 World Cup qualification |
| 13. | 12 August 2009 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands |  England |
1–0 | 2–2 | Friendly |
| 14. | 3 March 2010 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands |  United States |
1–0 | 2–1 | Friendly |
| 15. | 1 June 2010 | De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands |  Ghana |
1–0 | 4–1 | Friendly |
| 16. | 14 June 2010 | Soccer City, Johannesburg, South Africa |  Denmark |
2–0 | 2–0 | 2010 World Cup |
| 17. | 3 September 2010 | Stadio Olimpico, Serravalle, San Marino |  San Marino |
0–1 | 0–5 | Euro 2012 qualification |
| 18. | 9 February 2011 | Philips Stadion, Eindhoven, Netherlands |  Austria |
3–0 | 3–1 | Friendly |
| 19. | 25 March 2011 | Stadium Puskas Ferenc, Budapest, Hungary |  Hungary |
0–3 | 0–4 | Euro 2012 qualification |
| 20. | 29 March 2011 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Hungary |
4–3 | 5–3 | Euro 2012 qualification |
| 21. | 29 March 2011 | Amsterdam ArenA, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Hungary |
5–3 | 5–3 | Euro 2012 qualification |
| 22. | 8 June 2011 | Estadio Centenario, Montevideo, Uruguay |  Uruguay |
1–1 | 1–1 | Friendly |
| 23. | 2 September 2011 | Philips Stadion, Eindhoven, Netherlands | San Marino |
4–0 | 11–0 | Euro 2012 qualification |
| 24. | 11 October 2011 | Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm, Sweden | Sweden |
1–2 | 3–2 | Euro 2012 qualification |
Personal life[link]
Kuyt's wife Gertrude has found favour in the Dutch media for her down-to-earth attitude. She continued to work as a nurse in an old people's home after marrying Kuyt until their daughter, Noelle, was born. Kuyt and his wife now carry out extensive charity work off the pitch. Most notably, he and his wife set up the Dirk Kuyt Foundation to help disadvantaged children in his homeland and the Third World. One of the ways the foundation raises money is by selling DK-branded clothes.[31]
Kuyt's father, also called Dirk, died of cancer on 29 June 2007.[32]
Statistics[link]
- As of 21 March 2012.
| Club | Season | Premier League |
FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | ||
| Liverpool | 2011–12 | 26 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 5 |
| 2010–11 | 33 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 15 | |
| 2009–10 | 37 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 11 | |
| 2008–09 | 38 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 15 | |
| 2007–08 | 32 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 11 | |
| 2006–07 | 34 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 14 | |
| Total | 200 | 51 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 54 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 276 | 71 | |
| Club | Season |  Eredivisie |
Dutch Cup | - | Europe | Play-offs | Total | ||||||
| App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | ||
| Feyenoord | 2005–06 | 33 | 22 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 38 | 25 |
| 2004–05 | 34 | 29 | 3 | 4 | - | - | 7 | 3 | - | - | 44 | 36 | |
| 2003–04 | 34 | 20 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 4 | 1 | - | - | 40 | 22 | |
| Total | 101 | 71 | 6 | 5 | – | – | 13 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 122 | 83 | |
| FC Utrecht | 2002–03 | 34 | 20 | 4 | 2 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 40 | 23 |
| 2001–02 | 34 | 7 | 3 | 3 | - | - | 4 | 1 | - | - | 41 | 11 | |
| 2000–01 | 32 | 13 | 5 | 3 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 37 | 16 | |
| 1999–2000 | 32 | 6 | 4 | 4 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 36 | 10 | |
| 1998–99 | 28 | 5 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 30 | 6 | |
| Total | 160 | 51 | 18 | 13 | – | – | 6 | 2 | – | – | 184 | 66 | |
| Total | 461 | 173 | 38 | 21 | 8 | 2 | 73 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 582 | 220 | |
| Club | Season | Saturday Hoofdklasse A |
Dutch Cup | - | Europe | Play-offs | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | ||
| Quick Boys | 1997–98 | 6 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 3 |
| Total | 6 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 3 | |
Style of play[link]
Dirk Kuyt is a player who is known throughout the world for his endless work rate and stamina as well as his aerial ability. Although he lacks technical finesse, he makes up for this with the distance he covers on the pitch. He is also known for his versatility playing for Liverpool. Finding himself being used on the right midfield, wide forward or being used as a striker.
Career honours[link]
International[link]
Club[link]
- Football League Cup (1): 2011–12
- FA Premier League (Runner-Up): 2008–09
- FA Cup (Runner-Up): 2011–12
- UEFA Champions League (Runner-Up): 2006–07
Individual[link]
- Eredivisie Top Scorer: 2005
- Dutch Golden Shoe: 2003
- Dutch Footballer of the Year: 2006
- Malta Supporters Club Player of the Season: 2012
References[link]
- ^ "18. Dirk james henry phil Kuyt". Liverpool F.C.. http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/first-team/player/18-dirk-kuyt. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
- ^ Burt, Jason (18 August 2006). "Kuyt flies in to join Liverpool 'dream' team". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/kuyt-flies-in-to-join-liverpool-dream-team-412333.html. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
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External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dirk Kuijt |
- Dirk Kuyt Liverpool F.C.
- Dirk Kuyt – FIFA competition record
- The Dirk Kuyt Foundation
- Dirk Kuyt career stats at Soccerbase
- Dirk Kuyt profile and stats at Wereld van Oranje (Dutch)
- Player profile LFChistory.net
- Player Profile: Dirk Kuyt This is Anfield
- profile ESPN Soccernet
- Profile at Premier League
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kuyt, Dirk |
| Alternative names | Kuyt, Dirk |
| Short description | footballer |
| Date of birth | 1980-07-22 |
| Place of birth | Katwijk aan Zee, Netherlands |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Wiki Summary
The Dutch people (Dutch: Nederlanders (help·info)) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Suriname, Chile, Brazil, Canada,Australia,South Africa,New Zealand, and the United States.
The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of traditional music, dances, architectural styles and clothing, some of which are globally recognizable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard. The dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant), although in modern times the majority is no longer (openly) religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality.
In the Middle Ages the Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries, and the various territories of which they consisted had de facto become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place.
