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- 1896 Summer Olympics
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1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1992 Summer Games were the last to be staged in the same year as the Winter Games. Due to the end of the Cold War, these games were the first without boycotts since 1972.
Barcelona, the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, was selected over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane and Paris in Lausanne, Switzerland, on October 17, 1986, during the 91st IOC Session. It had bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, losing out to Berlin.
See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
169 nations sent athletes to compete in these Games (the number of competitors for each country below is given in brackets). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, twelve states formed a Unified Team, while the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had their own teams. For the first time, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina competed as independent nations after separation from Socialist Yugoslavia. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was banned due to UN sanctions, but individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as Independent Olympic Participants. It was also the first Olympics since 1964 that a unified Germany competed at the Olympics. This was the Olympic debut for Namibia and the unified team of Yemen, after several separate participations of North and South Yemen. South Africa returned to the Games after 32 years. Four National Olympic Committees didn't send their athletes to compete: Afghanistan, Brunei, Liberia and Somalia.
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria
i/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and office of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.
Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1705 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was subsequently acquired by George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte, and known as "The Queen's House". During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace finally became the official royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East front which contains the well-known balcony on which the Royal Family traditionally congregate to greet crowds outside. However, the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb in World War II; the Queen's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection.
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Calgary
Calgary
/ˈkælɡᵊri/ is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta.
As of 2011, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 and a metropolitan population of 1,214,839, making it the largest city in Alberta, and the third-largest municipality and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
Located 294 km (183 mi) south of Edmonton, Statistics Canada defines the narrowly populated area between these cities as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor."
Economic activity in Calgary is mostly centred on the petroleum industry and agriculture. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games.
Before the Calgary area was settled by Europeans, it was inhabited by pre-Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. In 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was the first recorded European to visit the area, and John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.
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Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the official languages.
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ("River of Prawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( /ˈkeɪmən/ or /keɪˈmæn/) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. The Cayman Islands are considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles. The territory is a major world offshore financial centre.
The Cayman Islands were first logged as sighted by Christopher Columbus on 10 May 1503 during his fourth and final voyage to the New World. He named the islands Las Tortugas after the large number of sea turtles observed there. The first recorded English visitor to the islands was Sir Francis Drake in 1586. He subsequently named the islands "Cayman" after caiman, a Neo-Taino word for "alligator".
The Cayman Islands remained largely uninhabited until the 17th century. While there is no archaeological evidence for an indigenous people on the islands, a variety of settlers from various backgrounds made their home on the islands, including pirates, refugees from the Spanish Inquisition, shipwrecked sailors, and deserters from Oliver Cromwell's army in Jamaica.
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Chad
Chadi/ˈtʃæd/ (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
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East German
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʀaːtɪʃə ʀepuˈbliːk] or DDR), informally known as East Germany (German: Ostdeutschland), was a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city. The GDR had an area of 107,771 km2 (41,610 mi2), bordering Czechoslovakia to the south, West Germany to the south and west, Poland to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. East Germany was dissolved upon joining the institutions of West Germany in the German reunification, on 3 October 1990.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Ethiopia
Ethiopia (
/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.
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Frank Clair Stadium
Frank Clair Stadium is a Canadian football stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located in Lansdowne Park, on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood, where Bank Street crosses the Rideau Canal.
The stadium was the home of the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League from 1908 to 1996, when the team ceased operations. It was the home of the Ottawa Renegades from 2002 until 2005. A previous incarnation of the stadium served as the home venue of the Ottawa Giants minor-league baseball franchise.
The stadium is also home to University of Ottawa's Ottawa Gee-Gees, and prior to the disbanding of the Ravens football programme at Carleton University in 1998, was the site of the Panda Bowl, when these rivals played each other with rowdy fans hurling insults across both sides of the stadium. At the final Panda Bowl game in 1997, the year following the departure of the Riders from Ottawa, the game (forfeited) was marred by an accident when at least 25 students were injured when a section of railing collapsed.
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Gabon
Gabon ( /ɡəˈbɒn/; French pronunciation: [ɡabɔ̃]), officially the Gabonese Republic (French: République Gabonaise) is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west. It covers a land area of nearly 270,000 km² and has an estimated population of 1,500,000. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.
Since its independence from France on August 17, 1960, Gabon has been ruled by three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multi-party system and a new democratic constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many governmental institutions. Gabon is also a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2010-2011 term.
Low population density together with abundant natural resources and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest HDI and the third highest GDP per capita (PPP) (after Equatorial Guinea and Botswana) in the region.
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Ghana
Ghana
i/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Golden Square Mile
The Golden Square Mile (French: Le Mille Carré Doré) or more simply "The Square Mile" was the nostalgic name given to a small neighbourhood developed between 1850 and 1930 at the foot of Mount Royal, in the west-central section of downtown Montreal, Canada. From the 1930s, Montrealers began to refer to it as "The Square Mile", but the addition of 'Golden' was a comparatively modern twist added from the 1950s by Montreal's real estate world. Only a handful of the houses that once dominated its tree-lined streets and avenues remain, mostly owned by McGill University, and today tree-less streets of concrete tower blocks are a more familiar sight.
The Golden Square Mile came into its own around 1850. The Anglophone Captains of industry started to look beyond Old Montreal, building new homes on what was then farmland on the slopes of Mount Royal north of Sherbrooke Street - then nothing more than a quiet country lane. The houses they built there came to represent a period of prosperity when Canada was at its economic peak and Montreal was its financial capital.
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Guyana
Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
Guyana (i/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.
Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.
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Innsbruck, Austria
Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. It is located in the Inn Valley at the junction with the Wipptal (Sill River), which provides access to the Brenner Pass, some 30 km (18.6 mi) south of Innsbruck. Located in the broad valley between high mountains, the Nordkette (Hafelekar, 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet in the north, Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) in the south. It is an internationally renowned winter sports centre, and hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. Innsbruck hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The word bruck comes from the German word Brücke meaning "bridge" which leads to "the bridge over the Inn".
Earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the fourth century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Ivory Coast
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoirei/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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Kingston, Ontario
Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city located in Eastern Ontario where the St. Lawrence River flows out of Lake Ontario. Originally a First Nations settlement, growing European exploration in the 17th Century made it an important trading post. In order to control the fur trade, French explorer LaSalle founded Fort Frontenac in 1673.
Located midway between Toronto and Montreal, Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 15, 1841, by Governor Lord Sydenham. While its time as a political centre was short, Kingston remained an important military installation.
Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the 2011 Canadian census, the population of the city proper was 123,363, while the population of the metropolitan area was 159,561.
Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many historic buildings built from the local limestone.
The French originally settled upon a traditional Mississaugas First Nation site called Katarokwi (Cataraqui in the common transliteration, and according to French pronunciation rules should be said "kah-tah-RAH-kee," although it is generally pronounced "kah-tah-ROCK-way") in 1673 and established Fort Cataraqui, later to be called Fort Frontenac. The fort was captured and destroyed by the British in the Battle of Fort Frontenac during the Seven Years' War in 1758. A receiving centre for fleeing refugees from the American Revolution some years later, Kingston became the primary community of southeastern Upper Canada.
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Lachine Canal
The Lachine Canal (Canal de Lachine in French) is a canal passing through the southwestern part of the Island of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, running 14.5 kilometres from the Old Port of Montreal to Lake Saint-Louis, through the boroughs of Lachine, Lasalle and Sud-Ouest.
The canal gets its name from the French word for China (La Chine). The European explorers dreamt of finding a route from New France to the Western Sea and there on to China and hence auspiciously the region where the canal was built was named Lachine.
The canal is situated on land originally granted by the King of France to the Sulpician Order. Beginning in 1689, attempts were made by the French Colonial government and several other groups to build a canal that would allow ships to bypass the treacherous Lachine Rapids. After more than 130 years of failure, a consortium that included the young Scottish immigrant John Redpath was successful. John Richardson was Chairman of the Committee of Management of the canal project and its chief engineer was Thomas Brunett. The contractors were Thomas McKay and John Redpath, plus the firms of Thomas Phillips & Andrew White and Abner Bagg & Oliver Wait.
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Lesotho
Lesotho (i/lɨˈsuːtuː/ li-SOO-too), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, completely surrounded by its only neighboring country, the Republic of South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name Lesotho translates roughly into the land of the people who speak Sesotho. About 40% of the population live below the international poverty line of US $1.25 a day.
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were Khoisan hunter-gatherers. They were largely replaced by Wasja-speaking tribes during Bantu migrations. The Sotho-Tswana people colonized the general region of South Africa between the 3rd and 11th centuries.
The present Lesotho (then called Basutoland) emerged as a single polity under king Moshoeshoe I in 1822. Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around 1804. Between 1821 and 1823, he and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the Lifaqane associated with the reign of Shaka Zulu from 1818 to 1828.[citation needed]
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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
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Malawi
Malawi ( /məˈlɑːwi/; Chichewa [malaβi][need tone]), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa".
The area of Africa now known as Malawi was colonized by migrating tribes of Bantu around the 10th century. In 1891 the area was colonized again, this time by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, became part of the semi-independent Central African Federation (CAF). The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and in 1964, Nyasaland gained full independence and was renamed Malawi. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Joyce Banda (no relation) is the current president, raised to that position after president Bingu Mutharika died in 2012. She is the first female leader in Malawi. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations.
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Mali
Malii/ˈmɑːli/, officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali, French pronunciation: [maˈli]), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. On 22 March, 2012, a group of junior soldiers seized control of the country's presidential palace and declared the government dissolved and its constitution suspended. On 6 April, 2012, rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared the secession of a new state, Azawad, from Mali.
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Montreal
Montreal (i/ˌmʌntriːˈɒl/;French: Montréal; pronounced [mɔ̃ʁeal] (
listen)) is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the fifteenth largest in North America. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French (Mont Royal in present French). The city is located on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard.
As of May 10, 2011, Statistics Canada identifies Montreal's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) (land area 4,259 square kilometres (1,644 sq mi)) as Canada's second most populous with an estimated metropolitan area population of 3,824,221 and a population of 1,886,481 in the urban agglomeration of Montreal, which includes all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal. The city of Montreal proper had a population of 1,649,519.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Munich massacre
The Munich massacre is an informal name for events that occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Bavaria in southern West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually killed by the Palestinian group Black September. Shortly after the crisis began, the Palestinians demanded the release of 234 prisoners held in Israeli jails. Black September called the operation "Ikrit and Biram", after two Christian Palestinian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Haganah in 1948.
By the end of the ordeals, the kidnappers had killed eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer. Five of the eight members of Black September were killed by police officers during a failed rescue attempt. The three surviving assassins were captured, but later released by West Germany following the hijacking by Black September of a Lufthansa airliner. Israel responded to the killings with Operation Spring of Youth and Operation Wrath of God, during which Palestinians suspected of involvement in the massacre were systematically tracked down and killed by Israeli intelligence and special forces. The Israeli operations cost the lives of one innocent in Norway (Lillehammer affair) and of four passersby in Lebanon during the killing of Ali Hassan Salameh.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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Ottawa
Ottawa (i/ˈɒtəwɑː/ or /ˈɒtəwə/) is the capital of Canada. It is the second largest city in Ontario and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, located on the north bank of the Ottawa River; together they form the National Capital Region (NCR).
Founded in 1826 as Bytown and incorporated as "Ottawa" in 1855, the city has evolved into a political and technological centre of Canada. Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous minor annexations and ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and major amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area. The name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade". Initially an Irish and French Christian settlement, Ottawa has become a multicultural city with a diverse population.
The 2011 census had the city's population as 883,391, and the metropolitan population as 1,236,324.Mercer ranks Ottawa with the second highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas, and 14th highest in the world. It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world. In 2012, the city was ranked for the third consecutive year as the best community in Canada to live in by MoneySense.
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Ouimetoscope
The Ouimetoscope was the first Canadian theater dedicated exclusively to showing movies.
Inaugurated on January 1, 1906 at the corner of Saint Catherine and Montcalm Streets, in Montreal, Canada from a converted cabaret with 500 seats and a small screen, it was demolished to be replaced with a luxurious 1,200 seat movie palace that featured air conditioning.
For eighteen years, the Ouimetoscope was the venue for French and American cinema supplemented with local production, accompanied by live musicians.
Encouraged by his 1904 success at showing moving pictures with a projector of his devising, Electrical engineer Léo-Ernest Ouimet invested his life savings of $75 into converting an ailing cabaret theater in Montreal's downtown into the first theater dedicated to showing moving pictures of Canada, the Ouimetoscope. Despite the small screen, the theater was an instant success, keeping its 500 seats filled at every showing.
One year later, he reinvested his profits to construct a 1,200 seat amphitheater with plush seating and air conditioning, a rarity at the time, making it one of the very first movie palaces. Despite the large investment and the luxurious venue, admission ranging from ten to thirty cents allowed even the working class man and woman to attend (in separated seating sections).
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Overdale, Montreal
Overdale was a small residential district in downtown Montreal which became a famous symbol of the struggle between urban conservationists and land developers.
In the mid-1980s two developers, Robert Landau and Douglas Cohen -- operating under an array of names, including Les Galleria Dorchester, and Grinch Realties -- purchased a series of buildings in an area bounded by Overdale Ave., Lucien L'Allier St., Mackay St. and Dorchester Blvd. (Dorchester was renamed as René Lévesque Blvd. in 1987.) The developers proposed to demolish all of the homes and replace them with a large condo project.
The Executive Committee of the Montreal city administration, headed by Mayor Jean Doré, was split on the issue. Doré, had risen to power through the Montreal Citizens' Movement (known in French as the Rassemblement des citoyens et des citoyennes de Montréal or RCM). The MCM had considered the defense of tenants' rights to be among its primary goals. Doré had promised to change the demolitionist ways of his predecessor, Mayor Jean Drapeau; however, when developers promised a project that would yield significant municipal tax dollars, Doré decided to allow the project to go ahead and evict the tenants of the homes and demolish the buildings which housed 87 residents. The buildings to be demolished included many fine, Victorian-era structures as well as the onetime home of Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine. Tenants and experts argued that the terrain was large enough to allow for the construction of the new project alongside the existing structures. Yet the appeals were rejected.
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Paul Sauvé Arena
The Paul Sauvé Arena was an indoor arena located in Montreal, Quebec, specifically in Rosemont. It had a capacity of 4,000. It was built in 1960 and demolished in 1996. The arena was named after Paul Sauvé (March 24, 1907 – January 2, 1960), a Quebec Premier with the Union Nationale.
The arena hosted some of the most important events in modern Quebec political history. It was the site of the Parti Québécois election victory celebrations on November 15, 1976 and on April 13, 1981. Additionally, it was the site of two of the most important moments of the 1980 referendum. On May 14, 1980 Pierre Trudeau delivered his "first among equals" speech that was his major contribution to the campaign battle, and René Lévesque delivered his passionate consession speech on May 20, 1980.
The Paul Sauvé Arena was, most popularly, the home to Quebec professional wrestling. In the mid-1960s, Johnny Rougeau and partner Bob Langevin created "Les As de la Lutte" (Wrestling Aces) and made the arena its main venue for wrestling shows, which ran from 1965 to 1975. The arena was also home to a founding franchise in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Rosemont National played two seasons (from 1969 to 1971, finishing 8th and 9th) before moving to Laval. In the late 1960s the Montreal Canadiens lacrosse team played in the arena. Finally, boxing was always a big draw, and the arena saw many memorable fights.
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Paul Sauvé Centre
The Paul Sauvé Arena was an indoor arena located in Montreal, Quebec, specifically in Rosemont. It had a capacity of 4,000. It was built in 1960 and demolished in 1996. The arena was named after Paul Sauvé (March 24, 1907 – January 2, 1960), a Quebec Premier with the Union Nationale.
The arena hosted some of the most important events in modern Quebec political history. It was the site of the Parti Québécois election victory celebrations on November 15, 1976 and on April 13, 1981. Additionally, it was the site of two of the most important moments of the 1980 referendum. On May 14, 1980 Pierre Trudeau delivered his "first among equals" speech that was his major contribution to the campaign battle, and René Lévesque delivered his passionate consession speech on May 20, 1980.
The Paul Sauvé Arena was, most popularly, the home to Quebec professional wrestling. In the mid-1960s, Johnny Rougeau and partner Bob Langevin created "Les As de la Lutte" (Wrestling Aces) and made the arena its main venue for wrestling shows, which ran from 1965 to 1975. The arena was also home to a founding franchise in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Rosemont National played two seasons (from 1969 to 1971, finishing 8th and 9th) before moving to Laval. In the late 1960s the Montreal Canadiens lacrosse team played in the arena. Finally, boxing was always a big draw, and the arena saw many memorable fights.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] (
listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Quebec City
Quebec ( /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/; French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622, and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706, making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River proximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City (or its French equivalent, Ville de Québec) is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) (pronounced [sǎrajɛʋɔ]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of over 311,161 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has a population of 438,757. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia and Herzegovina's major economic center.
The city is historically famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious and cultural variety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It was, until recently in the 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, cathedral, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.
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Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke (/ˈʃɜrbrʊk/; French pronunciation: [ʃɛʁbʁuk]) is a city in southern Quebec, Canada. Sherbrooke is situated at the confluence of the Saint-François (St. Francis) and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region. Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Sherbrooke. With 154,601 residents as of the 2011 census, Sherbrooke was the sixth largest city in the province of Quebec and the thirtieth largest in Canada. The Sherbrooke Census Metropolitan Area had 201,890 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Quebec and nineteenth largest in Canada.
Sherbrooke is the primary economic, political, cultural and institutional centre of Estrie, and was known as the Queen of the Eastern Townships at the beginning of the 20th century.
Sherbrooke is an important university center with eight institutions educating 40,000 students and employing 11,000 people (3,700 of whom are professors, teachers and researchers). The direct economic impact of these institutions exceeds 1 billion dollars. The proportion of university students is of 10.32 students per 100 inhabitants. In proportion to its population, Sherbrooke has the largest concentration of students in Quebec.
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Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sudan
Sudan (i/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
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Swaziland
Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
Swaziland is a small country, no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west. The western half is mountainous, descending to a lowveld region to the east. The eastern border with Mozambique and South Africa is dominated by the escarpment of the Lebombo Mountains. The climate is temperate in the west, but may reach 40 °C (104 °F) in summer in the lowveld. Rainfall occurs mainly in the summer and may reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the west.
The area that Swaziland now covers has been continuously inhabited since prehistory. Today, the population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati, though English is spoken as a second language. The Swazi people descend from the southern Bantu who migrated from Central Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Anglo-Boer War saw the United Kingdom make Swaziland a protectorate under its direct control. Swaziland gained independence in 1968. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The head of state is the king, who appoints the prime minister and a small number of representatives for both chambers of parliament. Elections are held every five years to determine the majority of the representatives. A new constitution was adopted in 2005.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republici/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. The official language is French, with many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared Togoland a protectorate. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda ( /juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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USSR
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established three times under differing forms of government.
The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945.
The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.
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Zambia
Zambia ( /ˈzæmbiə/), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest.
Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region which comprises modern Zambia was colonised during the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British colony of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.
On 24 October 1964, the country declared independence from the United Kingdom and then-prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from the 1964 until 1991. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a single-party state with the UNIP as the sole-legal political party, with the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of 'One Zambia, One Nation'. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, during which the country saw a rise in social-economic growth and increased decentralisation of government.
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Île Notre-Dame
Île Notre-Dame is an artificial island located in the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located immediately east of Île Sainte-Hélène and west of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the city of Saint-Lambert on the south shore. Together with Île Sainte-Hélène, it makes up Parc Jean-Drapeau, which forms part of the Hochelaga Archipelago. To the southwest, the island is connected to the embankment separating the seaway and Lachine Rapids.
Parc Jean-Drapeau is officially recognized as a registered leg of the Route Verte and Trans Canada Trail.
Île Notre-Dame was built in ten months from 15 million tons of rock excavated for the Montreal Metro in 1965. It was created for Expo 67 to celebrate Canada's centennial.
Nearly all of the remaining Expo 67 pavilions were demolished in 1975 to make way for a long rowing and canoeing basin for Montreal's 1976 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Basin is still the biggest artificial rowing basin in North America. The former pavilion of France and the pavilion of Quebec were gutted, redecorated, and became the Montreal Casino, a large gambling establishment owned and operated by the Government of Quebec. The Canadian Pavilion now serves the administration of the Société du parc Jean-Drapeau, a para-municipal body of the city of Montreal, manager of Parc Jean-Drapeau.
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Alberto Juantorena
Alberto Juantorena Danger (born 3 December 1950) is a Cuban former track athlete, famed for his 9 foot stride length. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, he became the first and so far only athlete to win both the 400 and 800 m Olympic titles.
Born in Santiago de Cuba, as a 6 foot 2 inch 14 year old, Juantorena was first considered a potential star at basketball and was sent to a state basketball school. A taleneted athlete at many sports, he had been regional high-school champion at 800 and 1500 m, but his true talent at athletcs was discovered by a Polish track coach, Zygmunt Zabierzowski, who convinced him to start running seriously. Juantorena was ready for the change because as he states himself he was a 'bad' basketball player and his idol when young was an athlete, the Cuban sprinter Enrique Figuerola. Only a year later, Juantorena was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 400 m event at the Munich Olympics (1972).
Juantorena became better known in the next years, winning a gold medal at the World University Games (1973) and a silver at the 1975 Pan American Games, both in the 400 m. He was unbeaten in 1973 and 1974, but underwent two operations on his foot in 1975. He only seriously took up running the 800 m in 1976, so few thought he was a candidate for the Olympic gold that year. His coach, Zabierzowski, had initially tricked him in to trying an 800 race by convincing him the other runners need a pacemaker. However, Juantorena made it to the Olympic final, and led the field for most of the race, eventually winning in a world record time of 1:43.50. He was the first non-English speaking athlete to win Olympic gold in this event. Three days later, he also won the 400 m final, setting a low-altitude world record of 44.26. By winning the 400 m, he became the first athlete since Paul Pilgrim at the 1906 Intercalated Games to do such a double at an Olympic sports event, and was the first to do so at an officially recognised Olympics.
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Alex Oakley
Alexander "Alex" Oakley (April 28, 1926 – October 24, 2010) was a race walker from Canada, who represented his native country at five Summer Olympics, starting in 1956. His best finish was the sixth place in the men's 50 km walk at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. He won the 20 km event at the 1963 Pan American Games. He was born in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Aged 50 when he made his final Olympic appearance in 1976, he is the oldest person ever to compete in a track and field event at the Olympics.
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Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal KGKTGCVO (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third (behind her mother and elder brother) and rose to second (after her mother's accession) in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms; however, after the birth of two younger brothers and six nieces and nephews she is currently tenth in line.
The seventh holder of the title Princess Royal, Anne is known for her charitable work, being the patron of over 200 organisations, and she carries out about 700 royal engagements and public appearances per year. She is also known for equestrian talents; she won two silver and one gold medal at the European Eventing Championships,[citation needed] and is the only member of the British Royal Family to have competed in the Olympic Games. Currently married to Vice-Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, she has two children from her previous marriage to Mark Phillips and two granddaughters. She is known for letting her children live private lives and allowing them to have freedoms that most royal children don't have. Mail Online dubbed her "The best king we never had".
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Boris Onishchenko
Boris Onishchenko (Борис Григорьевич Онищенко; also transliterated as Onyshchenko, Onishenko, Onischenko; born September 19, 1937) is a former Ukrainian/Soviet modern pentathlete who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics, in the 1972 Summer Olympics, and in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
He was a member of the Soviet Union's modern pentathlon team in the 1976 Summer Olympics, infamous for being disqualified for cheating.
Having already earned his country an Olympic medal earlier in Mexico City and Munich, Onishchenko entered the event as a three-times world champion and a sportsman respected by his fellow Olympians. After the first event of the pentathlon, the Soviet team found itself in fourth place, trailing closely behind Britain. Fencing was the next event: a one-touch épée tournament. Onishchenko was considered the finest fencer among his competitors and was favored to win his matches.
During Onishchenko's bout with British team captain, Jim Fox, the British team protested that Onishchenko's weapon had gone off without actually hitting anything. The director confiscated the Soviet's weapon and brought it to the bout committee, where an illegal modification to the grip was discovered. The bout was allowed to continue, and despite using an unmodified sword, Boris still won by a large margin.
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Bruce Jenner
William Bruce Jenner (born October 28, 1949) is a former U.S. track and field athlete, motivational speaker, socialite and television personality. He won the gold medal for decathlon in the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics.
Following his Olympic victory and the related recognition, his professional career evolved into being a television celebrity. By 1981 he had starred in several made-for-TV movies and was Erik Estrada's replacement on the top rated TV series CHiPs. Since the 2007 debut of Keeping Up with the Kardashians he has appeared as the step-father to the Kardashian sisters.
Bruce Jenner is originally from Mount Kisco, New York. He attended Newtown High School in Newtown, Connecticut, after spending a year at Sleepy Hollow High School in Sleepy Hollow, New York. Jenner earned a football scholarship and attended Graceland College (now Graceland University) in Iowa, but a knee injury forced him to stop playing football and he switched to the decathlon. He was mentored by Graceland's track coach L. D. Weldon, who was the first to recognize Jenner's potential and encouraged him to pursue the decathlon. Jenner debuted in the decathlon at the Drake Relays in 1970, placing fifth.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Emil Zátopek
Emil Zátopek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈɛmɪl ˈzaːtopɛk] ( listen)) (September 19, 1922 – November 22, 2000) was a Czech long-distance runner best known for winning three gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He won gold in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres runs, but his final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the first marathon of his life. He was nicknamed the "Czech Locomotive" for his multiple golds.
Zátopek was the first athlete to break the 29-minute barrier in the 10 km run (in 1954). Three years earlier, in 1951, he had broken the hour for running 20 km. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest runners of the 20th century and was also known for his brutally tough training methods.
Emil Zátopek was born in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia on September 19, 1922, as the sixth child of a modest family. When Zátopek was 16, he began working in a Bata shoe factory in Zlín. Zátopek says that "One day, the factory sports coach, who was very strict, pointed at four boys, including me, and ordered us to run in a race. I protested that I was weak and not fit to run, but the coach sent me for a physical examination, and the doctor said that I was perfectly well. So I had to run, and when I got started, I felt I wanted to win. But I only came in second. That was the way it started." Zátopek finished second out of the field of 100. After that point, he began to take a serious interest in running.
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Henry Morgentaler
Henry Morgentaler, CM (born March 19, 1923, in Łódź, Poland) is a Canadian physician and prominent pro-choice advocate who has fought numerous legal battles for that cause.
Heniek (Henry) Morgentaler was born in Łódź, Poland, about 120 kilometres southwest of Warsaw. His parents were Golda Nitka and Josef Morgentaler. Morgentaler's father, Joseph, was active in the socialist Jewish Labour Bund. Josef Morgentaler was a City Councillor for the Bund.
During the German occupation of Poland, a Jewish ghetto in Łódź was created and Jews were not allowed to leave it. Josef Morgentaler was arrested and killed by the Gestapo. During the Holocaust, Morgentaler lived with his mother, Golda, and brother, Abraham, in the Łódź ghetto until August, 1944.
When Germans moved in on the ghetto, the Rosenfarbs, the Morgentalers (Golda and her sons Henry and Abraham), and two other families hid in a room with the door concealed by a wardrobe. After two days in hiding, on August 23 they were found and sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. The boys never saw their mother again: Golda Nitka-Morgentaler died at Auschwitz. On August 27, Henry and Abraham were shipped to KL Landsberg, Dachau concentration camp), where Abraham remained until the end of the war. Upon arrival Henry was tattooed with prisoner number 95077 and his younger brother Abraham with number 95095. In February, 1943, Henry was sent to KL Kaufering (a satellite camp of Dachau concentration camp). By the end of the war he was in sick bay (krankenrevier), whence he was finally liberated by U.S. Army on April 29, 1945.
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Howard Davis Jr.
Howard Edward Davis, Jr. (born February 14, 1956) is a retired world-class American amateur and professional boxer. Growing up on Long Island as the eldest of 10 children, Davis first learned boxing from his father. After being inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali, Davis embarked on his amateur career. He won the 1976 Olympic gold medal one week after his mother died. He was also awarded the "Val Barker Trophy at the Olympics, beating out such boxers Sugar Ray Leonard, Michael Spinks and Leon Spinks.
He turned professional after the Olympics and went on to a professional record of 36–6–1 with 14 knockouts. He retired in 1996. As of 2009, he works as boxing director at American Top Team in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he trains both amateur and professional boxers and MMA fighters. He is also a motivational speaker and a musician.
As an amateur, Davis was trained by his father, a former boxer. He had an outstanding amateur career. In 1976, Davis won the Olympic gold medal in the lightweight division in Montreal, Canada. Davis was also named the Outstanding Boxer of the 1976 Olympics and given the Val Barker Trophy. His Olympic teammates included Sugar Ray Leonard, Michael Spinks and Leon Spinks.
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Jean Drapeau
Jean Drapeau, CC GOQ (18 February 1916 – 12 August 1999) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. During his tenure as mayor he was responsible for the construction of the Montreal Metro system and the Place des Arts concert hall, for conceiving Expo 67, for securing the 1976 Summer Olympics, and for helping to bring Major League Baseball to Montreal with the creation of the Montreal Expos.
Although he is remembered as a visionary, Drapeau's mishandling of the construction of the Olympic Games facilities resulted in massive cost overruns and left the city with a debt of over $1 billion that has taken its citizens over thirty years to fully pay off. Under his tenure as Mayor, Drapeau oversaw the dramatic face change to the Golden Square Mile district of Montreal, most notably the destruction of the Van Horne Mansion, which he declared was impossible to preserve for cultural reasons because it was not part of Quebec's culture.
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Klaus Dibiasi
Klaus Dibiasi (born October 6, 1947) is a former diver from Italy, who competed in four consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1964. He dominated the platform event from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, winning a total number of three Olympic gold medals.
Dibiasi won a silver medal in platform diving at the 1964 Summer Olympics, and went on to win gold in the same event at the next three Games (1968, 1972, and 1976). Dibiasi is the only Olympic diver to have won three successive gold medals, and he is the only diver to have won medals at four Summer Olympics. A silver in the springboard in 1964 gave him a record total of five Olympic medals. He also excelled at the first two FINA World Aquatic Championships (1973 and 1975), winning four medals.
Dibiasi was born in Solbad Hall, Austria from Italian parents, who returned to Italy when he was a child. He was the first Italian to become an Olympic champion in a diving event. Dibiasi was coached by his father, Carlo, a former Italian champion (1933–1936) and a competitor at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, who finished 10th on the platform. Klaus Dibiasi also later coached the Italian diving team.
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Lasse Virén
Lasse Artturi Virén (born July 22, 1949) is a former Finnish long-distance runner, winner of four gold medals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. Born in Myrskylä, Finland, Virén recaptured the image of the "Flying Finns" promoted by runners like Hannes Kolehmainen, Paavo Nurmi, and Ville Ritola in the 1920s.
Viren began his running career in the United States at Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah. Viren ran on the Varsity Cross-Country team for BYU for one season, before returning home to his native Finland. A police officer from Myrskylä, Virén debuted on the international scene in 1971. His performances at the 1971 European Championships in Helsinki were overshadowed by fellow Finn Juha Väätäinen, who captured gold medals in both the 5,000 and 10,000 meter events with Virén settling for modest 7th and 17th placings, respectively. According to Viren himself and his coach, Rolf Haikkola, Viren could have placed better in the 1971 European Athletics Championships, if he had done the "emptying exercise" of his system earlier - according to Haikkola, he followed the Finnish Athletics Federation's leaders' bad advice - and if he hadn't been pushed almost to the point of falling at the start of the last lap in the 5,000-metre final. The "emptying exercise" of top runners means that they push their bodies to a total exhaustion or lack of energy so that their bodies can again receive much energy, and so that they can repeat their top race performances. Shortly after those European Championships, he broke Väätäinen's fresh Finnish record at 5,000 metres.
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Leo Randolph
Leo Randolph (born February 27, 1958 in Tacoma, Washington) is a former American boxer, who won the Flyweight Gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Randolph had an outstanding amateur career. Randolph was a product of the Tacoma Boys Club amateur program, along with fellow Olympic Gold Medalist Sugar Ray Seales, and future world champions Rocky Lockridge and Johnny Bumphus. Randolph was trained as an amateur and professional by Joe Clough, the head trainer at the Tacoma Boys Club. In 1975 he was the National Golden Gloves Flyweight champion. He was a National AAU flyweight champion, and was the 1976 Olympic Flyweight Gold Medalist.
Olympic Results were as follows:
Randolph turned pro in 1978. In 1980, he challenged Ricardo Cardona for the WBA Super Bantamweight Title and won via TKO in the 15th round. In his next fight, he lost his title to Sergio Palma via TKO in the 5th. Randolph retired after the bout.
Leo now resides in his hometown of Tacoma. After boxing, he started working for the Pierce Transit public bus company in 1988. He works as a Transit Operator and supervisor.
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Luann Ryon
Luann Marie Ryon (born January 13, 1953 in Long Beach, California) is a female American archer and Olympic champion. She competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where she won an individual gold medal.
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Maurice Fauget
Maurice Fauget was a Canadian athletics official best known for taking the Judge's Oath at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
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Michael Spinks
Michael Spinks (born July 13, 1956 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a retired American boxer who was a world champion in the light-heavyweight and heavyweight divisions. Nicknamed Jinx, which spawned the nickname of his right hand: The Spinks Jinx, he is the brother of former heavyweight champion Leon Spinks, and uncle of Cory Spinks, a former welterweight and light middleweight champion.
Spinks won the 1974 156-pound Golden Gloves Light Middleweight Championship by defeating Wilber Cameron in Denver, Colorado and then took the Silver Medal in the National AAU 165-pound Championship Competition in 1975, losing in three rounds to Tom Sullivan in Shreveport, Louisiana. He rebounded to take the 1976 National Golden Gloves Middleweight championship with a three-round victory over Lamont Kirkland in Miami, Florida, and that same year captured the United States Olympic Trials Middleweight Championship by defeating Keith Broom in Cincinnati, Ohio. He went on to defeat the Soviet Union’s Rufat Riskiev to win the Gold Medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Spinks finished with a 93-7 amateur record with 35 knockouts.
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Nadia Comăneci
Nadia Elena Comăneci (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈnadi.a koməˈnet͡ʃʲ]; born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian gymnast, winner of three Olympic gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the first female gymnast ever to be awarded a perfect score of 10 in an Olympic gymnastic event. She is also the winner of two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics. She is one of the best-known gymnasts in the world. In 2000 Comăneci was named as one of the athletes of the century by the Laureus World Sports Academy.
Comăneci was born in Onești, Romania, as the daughter of Gheorghe and Ștefania-Alexandrina. Her pregnant mother was watching a Russian film in which the heroine's name was Nadya, the diminutive version of the Russian name Nadezhda (which means "Hope"). She decided that her daughter would be named Nadia, too. Comăneci also has a brother four years older than her named Adrian.
Nadia began gymnastics in kindergarten with a local team called "Flacăra", with coaches Duncan and Munteanu. At age 6 she was chosen to attend Béla Károlyi's experimental gymnastics school after Karolyi spotted her and a friend turning cartwheels in a schoolyard. Karolyi was looking for gymnasts he could train at a young age and saw the two girls during recess. When recess ended the girls ran inside. Karolyi went around the classrooms trying to find the girls, with no luck. So, he asked, "Who likes gymnastics?" and the girls popped up saying, "We, we!" Karolyi said one of the girls became a very promising ballerina. The other was Nadia. Nadia was training with Károlyi by the time she was 7 years old, in 1968. She was one of the first students at the gymnastics school established in Onești by Béla and his wife, Marta. Unlike many of the other students at the Károlyi school, Comăneci was able to commute from home for many years because she lived in the area.
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Nellie Kim
Nellie Vladimirovna Kim (Russian: Нелли Владимировна Ким; born 29 July 1957) is a retired Soviet gymnast who won three gold medals and a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics. She was the first woman in Olympic history to earn a perfect 10 score on the vault and the first to earn it on the floor exercise, rivaling Nadia Comăneci, Ludmilla Tourischeva, and other strong competitors of the 1970s. Nellie Kim worked for a long time as a coach, training several national teams, and judged many major international competitions. As President of the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Technical Committee, she coordinates the introduction of new rules in women's gymnastics, as provided by the new Code of Points, developed by the FIG in 2004–2005 and in effect since 2006.
Nellie Kim was born in Shurab, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union. the daughter of a Sakhalin Korean father, Vladimir Kim, and a Tatar mother, Alfiya. Later the family moved to Kazakh SSR, where her father worked in the Chimkent slate factory. At age 9, she entered Chimkent City Children and Youth Sports School 3 of the Spartak Sports Society. Two other children in the family, her younger brother Alexander and her sister Irina, also entered a gymnastics school and trained for some time. Alexander was harassed by his classmates in the secondary school for his small stature and retired from gymnastics in favor of boxing. Irina, whom Nellie Kim considered more talented than she herself was, retired because of the demands of the frequent training sessions.
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Nikolai Andrianov
Nikolai Yefimovich Andrianov (Russian: Никола́й Ефи́мович Андриа́нов) (14 October 1952 – 21 March 2011) was a Soviet/Russian gymnast. He held the record for men for the most Olympic medals at 15 (7 gold medals, 5 silver medals, 3 bronze medals) until Michael Phelps surpassed him at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Andrianov is the third athlete (male or female) in cumulative Olympic medals after Phelps's 16 and Larisa Latynina, who earned 18 Olympic medals and holds the overall medal record. Andrianov was the most medaled athlete at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Within the sport of Men's Artistic Gymnastics, he also holds the men's record for most individual Olympic medals (12) and shares the male record for most individual Olympic Gold medals in gymnastics (6), tied with Boris Shakhlin and Dmitry Bilozerchev (the latter of which only if you count the 1984 Alternate Olympics). In many other rankings among all-time medal winners at the Olympic, World, and European levels, he ranks very high, (for example, he is second only to Vitaly Scherbo in total individual medal counts at either the gold level or any level at the combined Olympic and World levels as well as at the combined Olympic, World, and European levels) – easily making him one of the most decorated gymnasts of all-time.
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Nodar Kumaritashvili
Nodar David Kumaritashvili (Georgian: ნოდარ დავით ქუმარიტაშვილი; pronounced [nɔdar kʰumaritʼaʃvili]; November 25, 1988 – February 12, 2010) was a Georgian luger, who suffered a fatal crash during a training run for the 2010 Winter Olympics competition in Whistler, Canada, on the day of the opening ceremony. He became the fourth athlete to have died during Winter Olympics preparations, after British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski, Australian skier Ross Milne (both Innsbruck 1964), and Swiss speed skier Nicolas Bochatay (Albertville 1992), and the sixth athlete to die in either a Summer or Winter Olympic Games.
Kumaritashvili, who first began to luge when he was 13, came from a family of seasoned lugers; a relative of his was the founder of organised sledding Georgia, and his father competed when he was younger. A cousin of Kumaritashvili's father was the head of the Georgian Luge Federation; Kumaritashvili himself began competing in the 2008–09 Luge World Cup, where he finished 55th out of 62 racers. Outside of luge, Kumaritashvili had been a student at the Georgian Technical University, where he earned an economics degree in 2009.
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Pierre St.-Jean
Pierre St-Jean (alternate listings: Pierre St-Jean, Pierre Saint-Jean, born March 28, 1943 in Montreal) is a Canadian weightlifter who competed from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he took the Athlete's Oath.
St.-Jean also competed in three Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of tenth in the light heavyweight (85 kg) category at Mexico City in 1968.
He now resides Orleans, Ontario.
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Pierre Trudeau
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau CC, CH, PC, QC, FSRC ( /truːˈdoʊ/; French pronunciation: [tʁydo]; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.
Trudeau began his political career campaigning for socialist ideals, but he eventually joined the Liberal Party of Canada when he entered federal politics in the 1960s. He was appointed as Lester Pearson's Parliamentary Secretary, and later became his Minister of Justice. From his base in Montreal, Trudeau took control of the Liberal Party and became a charismatic leader, inspiring "Trudeaumania". From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, he dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto. He retired from politics in 1984, and John Turner succeeded him as Prime Minister.
Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect and they salute his political acumen in preserving national unity against Quebec separatists, suppressing a violent revolt, and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution. Critics accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the federal government relative to the provinces, especially in trying to control the oil wealth of the Prairies.
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Robert Bourassa
Jean-Robert Bourassa,GOQ (French pronunciation: [ʁɔbɛʁ buʁasa]; July 14, 1933 – October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada. He served as the 22nd Premier of Quebec in two different mandates, first from May 12, 1970, to November 25, 1976, and then from December 12, 1985, to January 11, 1994, serving a total of just under 15 years as Provincial Premier.
Bourassa was born to a working class family in Montreal, the son of Adrienne (née Courville) and Aubert Bourassa, a port authority worker. Robert Bourassa graduated from the Université de Montréal law school in 1956 and was admitted to the Barreau du Québec the following year. On August 23, 1958, he married Andrée Simard, an heiress of the powerful shipbuilding Simard family of Sorel, Quebec. Later, he studied at the University of Oxford and also obtained a degree in political economy at Harvard University in 1960. On his return to Quebec, he was employed at the federal Department of National Revenue as a fiscal adviser. He also worked as a professor of public finance at Université de Montréal and Université Laval.
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Roger Taillibert
Roger Taillibert (born 1926 in Châtres-sur-Cher, France) is a French architect, notable for designing the Parc des Princes in Paris and the Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Canada.
He was appointed commander of the Légion d'Honneur, of the Ordre National du Mérite of Palmes académiques and of Arts et Lettres by the French Government.[citation needed]
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Shun Fujimoto
Shun Fujimoto (藤本 俊, Fujimoto Shun?, born May 11, 1950) is a retired Japanese gymnast.
He represented Japan at the 1976 Summer Olympics, where he won gold in the team competition.
Fujimoto achieved fame by continuing to compete in the team event right after breaking his knee during the floor exercise. He scored 9.5 on the pommel horse and 9.7 on the rings with a broken knee, dismounting from the rings from eight feet above ground and keeping his balance after landing on his feet. He "raised his arms in a perfect finish before collapsing in agony". The dismount worsened his injury, dislocating his broken kneecap and tearing ligaments in his right leg. Doctors ordered him to withdraw from further competition or risk permanent disability. One doctor stated:
Fujimoto stated that he had not wanted to let his team down by revealing his injury. His completing of the pommel horse and rings events enabled the team to win gold, defeating the team from the Soviet Union by a narrow margin. Later, when asked whether he would do what he did again, he replied frankly, "No, I would not."
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Stéphane Préfontaine
Stéphane Préfontaine (born 1961) is a Canadian track athlete best known for co lighting the Olympic Flame with Sandra Henderson at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
Préfontaine attempted to compete in the athletics competition for Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, but abandoned his dream after suffering tendon injuries.
He later earned his law degree from the University of Montreal, then a Masters of Law from Columbia University in New York New York in the United States. After his law degrees, Préfontaine studied philosophy and political science in France at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Institute of Political Studies of Paris in French), earning a first year doctorate. While practicing law, he also earned a Masters of Business Administration in finance at McGill University in Montreal.
Préfontaine started his law practice in 1989 before going into venture capital in 2004. That same year he was part of the 2004 Summer Olympics torch relay when it returned to Montreal. The myth that he married Sandra Henderson, whom he met lighting the Olympic Flame at the 1976 Olympiad, is false. They were never married.
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Sugar Ray Leonard
Sugar Ray Leonard (born May 17, 1956) is an American retired professional boxer and occasional actor. He was named Ray Charles Leonard, after his mother's favorite singer, Ray Charles. Leonard was the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses, won world titles in five weight divisions and defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Wilfred Benítez, Thomas Hearns, Roberto Durán and Marvin Hagler. Leonard was named "Boxer of the Decade" for the 1980s.
Leonard, the fifth of seven children, was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina to Cicero and Getha Leonard. He grew up in Wilmington, N.C. When he was three, the family moved to Washington, D.C. When he was ten, they settled permanently in Palmer Park, Maryland. His father worked as a supermarket night manager, his mother was a nurse.
Leonard was a shy child, and aside from the time he nearly drowned in a creek during a Seat Pleasant flood, his childhood was uneventful. He stayed home a lot, reading comic books and playing with his dog. "He never did talk too much," his mother said. "We never could tell what he was thinking. But I never had any problems with him. I never had to go to school once because of him."
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Terry Mosher
Christopher Terry Mosher, OC (born 11 November 1942) is a Canadian political cartoonist for the Montreal Gazette. He draws under the name "Aislin", a rendition of the name of his eldest daughter Aislinn (without the second 'n').
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Mosher attended fourteen different schools in Montreal, Toronto and Quebec City, graduating from the École des Beaux-arts in 1967. He famously won entrance to this fine arts college (now part of UQAM) by forging his high-school graduation certificate, which he called his most successful work. He then began working for The Montreal Star, moving to the Montreal Gazette in 1972.
Aislin's drawings have also appeared in numerous international publications, such as Punch, The Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, National Lampoon, Time, The Washington Star, The New York Times and the Canadian edition of The Reader's Digest. He is the author of 43 books.
Terry Mosher has had a long association with the Old Brewery Mission, Montreal's largest shelter for the homeless, and in 2001, was appointed to the institution's Board of Directors.
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Viktor Saneyev
Viktor Saneyev (Georgian: ვიქტორ სანეევი, Russian: Виктор Данилович Санеев) (born October 3, 1945 in Sukhumi) is a retired triple jumper, who competed internationally for the USSR and won four Olympic medals; three golds (1968, 1972 and 1976) and one silver (1980). He was born in Sukhumi, Georgian SSR. He dominated the event during the late 1960s and 1970s. Saneyev trained in Sukhumi and later in Tbilisi at Dynamo.
Saneyev began athletics in 1956, training in the Gantiadi boarding school, his first coach was Akop Kerselyan. Six years later Kerselyan advised him to specialize in the triple jump. In 1963 Saneyev finished third in his first All-Union competition - Schoolchildrens' Spartakiad The major success came in 1968, when he won at the USSR Championships and at the 1968 Summer Olympics, where on October 17 he set the World Record twice: to 17.23 m and to 17.39 m. On the same date four years later Saneyev set the World Record once again, now in Sukhumi, to 17.44 m. He won gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics and at the 1976 Summer Olympics and a silver at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Bruce Jenner, Decathlon Winner, 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Bruce_Jenner,_Decathlon_Winner,_1976_Montreal_Summer_Olympics
Montreal 1976 Olympics - Opening Ceremony Highlighhts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
The Games of the XXI Olympiad took place between July 17 and August 1, 1976. The Opening Ceremony was held at the spectacular Montreal Olympic Stadium. 92 countries participated. Following the idea of "Love", th flame was lit by a couple composed by Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson.
http://wn.com/Montreal_1976_Olympics_Opening_Ceremony_Highlighhts
The Games of the XXI Olympiad took place between July 17 and August 1, 1976. The Opening Ceremony was held at the spectacular Montreal Olympic Stadium. 92 countries participated. Following the idea of "Love", th flame was lit by a couple composed by Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson.
- published: 06 Jan 2009
- views: 62525
- author: Nacholympic
Lighting the Olympic cauldron - Montreal 1976 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
The Opening Ceremony of the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games represented well the styles around the world in the 1970s. Watching the athletes' parade, one has no doubt in which decade those Summer Olympics took place. Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson ran the final stretch of the torch relay together representing both the French and English identities of the host city. And as they lit the Olympic cauldron, the Montreal Games were inaugurated.
http://wn.com/Lighting_the_Olympic_cauldron_Montreal_1976_Olympic_Games_Opening_Ceremony
The Opening Ceremony of the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games represented well the styles around the world in the 1970s. Watching the athletes' parade, one has no doubt in which decade those Summer Olympics took place. Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson ran the final stretch of the torch relay together representing both the French and English identities of the host city. And as they lit the Olympic cauldron, the Montreal Games were inaugurated.
- published: 24 Jul 2012
- views: 91784
- author: olympic
First perfect ten - Nadia Comaneci - Montreal 1976 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci took up the sport of gymnastics aged six, becoming one of the first students at a school founded by coach Béla Károlyi. In 1975, 13-year-old Comaneci won gold in every event at the European Championships except the floor exercise. A year later in Montreal, she became the first gymnast in Olympic history to be awarded the perfect score of 10.0 for her performance on the uneven bars. She went on to record the perfect 10.0 six more times and became the youngest all-around Olympic gold medallist ever.
http://wn.com/First_perfect_ten_Nadia_Comaneci_Montreal_1976_Olympic_Games
Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci took up the sport of gymnastics aged six, becoming one of the first students at a school founded by coach Béla Károlyi. In 1975, 13-year-old Comaneci won gold in every event at the European Championships except the floor exercise. A year later in Montreal, she became the first gymnast in Olympic history to be awarded the perfect score of 10.0 for her performance on the uneven bars. She went on to record the perfect 10.0 six more times and became the youngest all-around Olympic gold medallist ever.
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 955090
- author: olympic
Artistic Gymnastics - Women's Individual All-Round - Montreal 1976 Summer Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Relive some timeless moments from the individual all-round gymnastics event at the Montreal 1976Summer Olympic Games. Athletes featured in this video : COMANECI Nadia, Romania : www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org For more Olympic videos go to www.youtube.com and visit the official website of the Olympic Movement at www.olympic.org for all information on Olympic Games, Sports and Athletes, National Olympic Committees and Olympic News.
http://wn.com/Artistic_Gymnastics_Women's_Individual_All-Round_Montreal_1976_Summer_Olympic_Games
Relive some timeless moments from the individual all-round gymnastics event at the Montreal 1976Summer Olympic Games. Athletes featured in this video : COMANECI Nadia, Romania : www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org For more Olympic videos go to www.youtube.com and visit the official website of the Olympic Movement at www.olympic.org for all information on Olympic Games, Sports and Athletes, National Olympic Committees and Olympic News.
- published: 04 Mar 2010
- views: 11686
- author: olympic
1976 Summer Olympics Women's Pentathlon 1976
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
East Germans Triumph in Women's Pentathlon 1976 Summer Olympics doping 200m sprint Canada Montreal 1) Siegrun Siegl GDR 4.745 2) Christine Laser GDR 4.745 3) Burglinde Pollak GDR 4.740 4) Lyudmila Popovskaya URS 4.700 5) Nadiya Tkachenko URS 4.669 6) Diane Jones CAN 4.582 7) Jane Frederick USA 4.566 8) Margit Papp HUN 4.535 www.sports-reference.com www.sports-reference.com
http://wn.com/1976_Summer_Olympics_Women's_Pentathlon_1976
East Germans Triumph in Women's Pentathlon 1976 Summer Olympics doping 200m sprint Canada Montreal 1) Siegrun Siegl GDR 4.745 2) Christine Laser GDR 4.745 3) Burglinde Pollak GDR 4.740 4) Lyudmila Popovskaya URS 4.700 5) Nadiya Tkachenko URS 4.669 6) Diane Jones CAN 4.582 7) Jane Frederick USA 4.566 8) Margit Papp HUN 4.535 www.sports-reference.com www.sports-reference.com
- published: 01 May 2012
- views: 6053
- author: olimpsportas
Montreal 1976 Olympic Games Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, Montreal 1976 is remembered as the Olympic Games that presented Nadia Comaneci and her first ever "Perfect 10" to the world. However, there were many more incredible Olympic moments that the world followed. It was the first time women competed in basketball, rowing and handball. Lasse Virén won the 5000 and 10000 metres Double Double, while Alberto Juantorema won the 400 and 800 metres. Teófilo Stevenson won his second boxing Olympic gold medal. Shun Fujimoto incredibly overcame pain and performed with a broken knee on the ring events for the Japanese gymnastics team, who won the team gold medal. Despite not having reached the podium, a few athletes would still have a historical moment in Montreal 1976. Future IOC president Jacques Rogge made his third and final Olympic appearance as an athlete. Queen Elizabeth II's daughter princess Anne competed in the Equestrian events, while future Japanese Prime-Minister Taro Aso took part of the Shooting competition.
http://wn.com/Montreal_1976_Olympic_Games_Highlights
Officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, Montreal 1976 is remembered as the Olympic Games that presented Nadia Comaneci and her first ever "Perfect 10" to the world. However, there were many more incredible Olympic moments that the world followed. It was the first time women competed in basketball, rowing and handball. Lasse Virén won the 5000 and 10000 metres Double Double, while Alberto Juantorema won the 400 and 800 metres. Teófilo Stevenson won his second boxing Olympic gold medal. Shun Fujimoto incredibly overcame pain and performed with a broken knee on the ring events for the Japanese gymnastics team, who won the team gold medal. Despite not having reached the podium, a few athletes would still have a historical moment in Montreal 1976. Future IOC president Jacques Rogge made his third and final Olympic appearance as an athlete. Queen Elizabeth II's daughter princess Anne competed in the Equestrian events, while future Japanese Prime-Minister Taro Aso took part of the Shooting competition.
- published: 02 Jul 2012
- views: 15201
- author: olympic
Athletics - Men's 5000M - Montreal 1976 Summer Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Enjoy highlights from an unforgettable men's 5000m competition at the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympic Games. Athletes featured in this video : VIREN Lasse, Finland : www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org For more Olympic videos go to www.youtube.com and visit the official website of the Olympic Movement at www.olympic.org for all information on Olympic Games, Sports and Athletes, National Olympic Committees and Olympic News.
http://wn.com/Athletics_Men's_5000M_Montreal_1976_Summer_Olympic_Games
Enjoy highlights from an unforgettable men's 5000m competition at the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympic Games. Athletes featured in this video : VIREN Lasse, Finland : www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org www.olympic.org For more Olympic videos go to www.youtube.com and visit the official website of the Olympic Movement at www.olympic.org for all information on Olympic Games, Sports and Athletes, National Olympic Committees and Olympic News.
- published: 01 Mar 2010
- views: 2083
- author: olympic
Nadia Comaneci in 1976 Summer Olympics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Nadia Comaneci in 1976 Summer Olympics
http://wn.com/Nadia_Comaneci_in_1976_Summer_Olympics
Eventing at the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:21
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
One of Rocky Mountain Show Jumping's great judges and good friend Phillip Rozon came across some rare footage from the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont. The footage is from the Eventing competition. See British Royalty Princess Anne and Mark Phillips. RMSJ TV is pleased to upload the footage to share with all equestrian fans.
http://wn.com/Eventing_at_the_1976_Olympic_Games_in_Bromont
One of Rocky Mountain Show Jumping's great judges and good friend Phillip Rozon came across some rare footage from the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont. The footage is from the Eventing competition. See British Royalty Princess Anne and Mark Phillips. RMSJ TV is pleased to upload the footage to share with all equestrian fans.
- published: 20 Oct 2011
- views: 36981
- author: rockymtnshow
1976 Olympic 1500m Final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Montreal 1500, 1976. John Walker of New Zealand wins.
http://wn.com/1976_Olympic_1500m_Final
Montreal 1500, 1976. John Walker of New Zealand wins.
- published: 24 Sep 2006
- views: 98376
- author: fr556
Show Jumping at the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:45
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
One of Rocky Mountain Show Jumping's great judges and good friend Phillip Rozon came across some rare footage from the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont. The footage is from the Individual & Team Show Jumping. RMSJ TV is pleased to upload the footage to share with all equestrian fans.
http://wn.com/Show_Jumping_at_the_1976_Olympic_Games_in_Bromont
One of Rocky Mountain Show Jumping's great judges and good friend Phillip Rozon came across some rare footage from the 1976 Olympic Games in Bromont. The footage is from the Individual & Team Show Jumping. RMSJ TV is pleased to upload the footage to share with all equestrian fans.
- published: 28 Sep 2011
- views: 22818
- author: rockymtnshow
Nadia Comaneci at the 1976 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
From the BBC programme Faster, Higher, Stronger: Stories of the Olympic Games, the Romanian gymnast looks back on her achievements in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Nadia_Comaneci_at_the_1976_Olympic_Games
From the BBC programme Faster, Higher, Stronger: Stories of the Olympic Games, the Romanian gymnast looks back on her achievements in Montreal.
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 14211
- author: lesterfontayne
Shun Fujimoto at the 1976 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
From the BBC programme Faster, Higher, Stronger: Stories of the Olympic Games, Japanese gymnast Shun Fujimoto recalls how, despite the agony of a broken knee, he won gold in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Shun_Fujimoto_at_the_1976_Olympic_Games
From the BBC programme Faster, Higher, Stronger: Stories of the Olympic Games, Japanese gymnast Shun Fujimoto recalls how, despite the agony of a broken knee, he won gold in Montreal.
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 5546
- author: lesterfontayne
Women's Rowing first Olympic competition - Montreal 1976 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Rowing has been an Olympic sport since the Paris 1900 Games. However, women only started competing at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games, in 1000m races. The former East Germany made history becoming the first female crew to win an Olympic medal in the eight, the sport's most traditional event. The former Soviet Union and the United States of America took second and third positions, respectively, and completed the podium.
http://wn.com/Women's_Rowing_first_Olympic_competition_Montreal_1976_Olympic_Games
Rowing has been an Olympic sport since the Paris 1900 Games. However, women only started competing at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games, in 1000m races. The former East Germany made history becoming the first female crew to win an Olympic medal in the eight, the sport's most traditional event. The former Soviet Union and the United States of America took second and third positions, respectively, and completed the podium.
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 5336
- author: olympic
EDWIN MOSES WIN GOLD MEDAL -1976 OLYMPIC GAMES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
EDWIN MOSES WINS THE GOLD MEDAL - 1976 OLYMPIC GAMES IN MONTREAL, CANADA Edwin Corley Moses (born 31 August 1955) is an American track and field athlete who won gold medals in the 400-meter hurdles at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics. Between 1977 and 1987, Moses won 107 consecutive finals (122 consecutive races) and set the world record in his event four times. In addition to his running, Moses was also an innovative reformer in the areas of Olympic eligibility and drug testing. In 2000, he was elected the first Chairman of the Laureus World Sports Academy, a position he still holds. Laureus is an international organization of world class athletes who use sports as a tool for social change. In his position with Laureus, Moses is a Global Ambassador committed to making the world a better place for children around the planet, through his involvement in the Laureus Sports For Good Foundation. For more information on these and other activities of Olympic Champion Edwin Moses, go to: www.edwinmoses.com http
http://wn.com/EDWIN_MOSES_WIN_GOLD_MEDAL_-1976_OLYMPIC_GAMES
EDWIN MOSES WINS THE GOLD MEDAL - 1976 OLYMPIC GAMES IN MONTREAL, CANADA Edwin Corley Moses (born 31 August 1955) is an American track and field athlete who won gold medals in the 400-meter hurdles at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics. Between 1977 and 1987, Moses won 107 consecutive finals (122 consecutive races) and set the world record in his event four times. In addition to his running, Moses was also an innovative reformer in the areas of Olympic eligibility and drug testing. In 2000, he was elected the first Chairman of the Laureus World Sports Academy, a position he still holds. Laureus is an international organization of world class athletes who use sports as a tool for social change. In his position with Laureus, Moses is a Global Ambassador committed to making the world a better place for children around the planet, through his involvement in the Laureus Sports For Good Foundation. For more information on these and other activities of Olympic Champion Edwin Moses, go to: www.edwinmoses.com http
- published: 03 Jul 2008
- views: 3154
- author: EDWINMOSES122
1976 Olympic Games Mac Wilkins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 02 Aug 2012
TV coverage highlighting Mac Wilkins from the 1976 Summer Olympics.
http://wn.com/1976_Olympic_Games_Mac_Wilkins
TV coverage highlighting Mac Wilkins from the 1976 Summer Olympics.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 1756
- author: JamesThrowing
1976 Olympic Games - final round USSR vs CSSR.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 107:35
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Only Russian comments
http://wn.com/1976_Olympic_Games_final_round_USSR_vs_CSSRavi
Bronze, Bronze, Bronze: Australia at the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:17
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Australia approached the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as we have all other Games, expecting a bagful of gold medals and some new sporting heroes, but our hopes were to be shattered. In fact we didn't win any gold medals. The result shocked the nation, and proved to be a crucial turning point in our sporting life. The Montreal Olympics were the first which Australians were able to see live on television. Amongst those watching Steve Holland's big race were his family and friends in Brisbane. They looked on in horror as he was passed late in the race by Goodell and Hackett. There was clear disappointment in Australia's response to Holland's third place. "I wore the whole blame," he recalls, "I mean we were all looked at like we shamed Australia into that position . . . we've broken the world record, how much more do you have to do? Still got a bronze - but you're failures. You're failures." But the Australian Olympic team was not prepared to take the criticism which was aimed against them lying down. When PM Malcolm Fraser and wife Tammy visited Montreal, they were told that Australia's government needed to invest more than goodwill in the future of Australian sport. Money was needed for training facilities, to enable the athletes to compete regularly overseas and to free the athletes up from work commitments. When Malcolm Fraser expressed the view that it was more important to participate than to win, the athletes were not impressed - "God, I never went to the Olympic ...
http://wn.com/Bronze,_Bronze,_Bronze_Australia_at_the_1976_Montreal_Summer_Olympics
Australia approached the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as we have all other Games, expecting a bagful of gold medals and some new sporting heroes, but our hopes were to be shattered. In fact we didn't win any gold medals. The result shocked the nation, and proved to be a crucial turning point in our sporting life. The Montreal Olympics were the first which Australians were able to see live on television. Amongst those watching Steve Holland's big race were his family and friends in Brisbane. They looked on in horror as he was passed late in the race by Goodell and Hackett. There was clear disappointment in Australia's response to Holland's third place. "I wore the whole blame," he recalls, "I mean we were all looked at like we shamed Australia into that position . . . we've broken the world record, how much more do you have to do? Still got a bronze - but you're failures. You're failures." But the Australian Olympic team was not prepared to take the criticism which was aimed against them lying down. When PM Malcolm Fraser and wife Tammy visited Montreal, they were told that Australia's government needed to invest more than goodwill in the future of Australian sport. Money was needed for training facilities, to enable the athletes to compete regularly overseas and to free the athletes up from work commitments. When Malcolm Fraser expressed the view that it was more important to participate than to win, the athletes were not impressed - "God, I never went to the Olympic ...
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 2151
- author: MrAgm65
Lasse Virén wins the Distance Double Double - Montreal 1976 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Lasse Virén had been considered an unlikely contender when he won his gold medals in the 5000m and 10000m during the previous Olympic Games in Munich 1972. Arriving at Montreal 1976, Virén was now a double Olympic champion and considered as one of the favorites for another medal. Could he follow the footsteps of the "Flying Finns" Hannes Kolehmainen, Paavo Nurmi and Ville Ritola who dominated long-distance running events during the Olympic Games between 1912 and 1928? Lasse Virén began by winning the 10000m with a comfortable 30 meters lead. However, the 5000m final was harder. Although Virén was in the lead at the beginning of the last lap, only five meters separated the first six runners. Coming out of the final turn, Virén beat back a fierce challenge by New Zealand's Dick Quax and won his fourth Olympic gold medal, while Quax took the silver. The podium was completed by Klaus-Peter Hildenbrand from West Germany who - in his fight for the bronze medal - lunged across the finish line, winning it by 0.12 seconds. With this race, Virén became the only repeat winner of the 5000m and therefore, the only athlete to win both the 5000m and 10000m in consecutive Olympic Games.
http://wn.com/Lasse_Virén_wins_the_Distance_Double_Double_Montreal_1976_Olympic_Games
Lasse Virén had been considered an unlikely contender when he won his gold medals in the 5000m and 10000m during the previous Olympic Games in Munich 1972. Arriving at Montreal 1976, Virén was now a double Olympic champion and considered as one of the favorites for another medal. Could he follow the footsteps of the "Flying Finns" Hannes Kolehmainen, Paavo Nurmi and Ville Ritola who dominated long-distance running events during the Olympic Games between 1912 and 1928? Lasse Virén began by winning the 10000m with a comfortable 30 meters lead. However, the 5000m final was harder. Although Virén was in the lead at the beginning of the last lap, only five meters separated the first six runners. Coming out of the final turn, Virén beat back a fierce challenge by New Zealand's Dick Quax and won his fourth Olympic gold medal, while Quax took the silver. The podium was completed by Klaus-Peter Hildenbrand from West Germany who - in his fight for the bronze medal - lunged across the finish line, winning it by 0.12 seconds. With this race, Virén became the only repeat winner of the 5000m and therefore, the only athlete to win both the 5000m and 10000m in consecutive Olympic Games.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 8134
- author: olympic
Hammer Throw Final 1976 Olympics.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:32
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Hammer Throw Final 1976 Olympics Montreal Summer Olympic Games The two favorites were Soviet Yury Sedykh and German Karl-Hans Riehm, but the other Soviets and German Walter Schmidt were also threats. The Soviets were 1-2-3 in round one, led by Aleksey Spiridonov with 75.74 (248-6), Sedykh second with 75.64 (248-2), and defending gold medalist Anatoly Bondarchuk third with 75.48 (247-7¾). Sedykh threw 77.52 (254-4) in the second round, which would be the winning mark. Nobody could dislodge the Soviet trio, who swept the medals Final Standings 1Yuriy Sedykh Soviet Union URS 77.52 (254-4) OR 2Aleksey Spiridonov Soviet Union URS 75.74 (248-6) 3Anatoliy Bondarchuk Soviet Union URS 75.48 (247-7¾) www.sports-reference.com muscle man male athletics track and field athletics CCCP atletica leggera leichtathletik
http://wn.com/Hammer_Throw_Final_1976_Olympicsmpg
Hammer Throw Final 1976 Olympics Montreal Summer Olympic Games The two favorites were Soviet Yury Sedykh and German Karl-Hans Riehm, but the other Soviets and German Walter Schmidt were also threats. The Soviets were 1-2-3 in round one, led by Aleksey Spiridonov with 75.74 (248-6), Sedykh second with 75.64 (248-2), and defending gold medalist Anatoly Bondarchuk third with 75.48 (247-7¾). Sedykh threw 77.52 (254-4) in the second round, which would be the winning mark. Nobody could dislodge the Soviet trio, who swept the medals Final Standings 1Yuriy Sedykh Soviet Union URS 77.52 (254-4) OR 2Aleksey Spiridonov Soviet Union URS 75.74 (248-6) 3Anatoliy Bondarchuk Soviet Union URS 75.48 (247-7¾) www.sports-reference.com muscle man male athletics track and field athletics CCCP atletica leggera leichtathletik
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 4833
- author: olimpsportas
Day 41 & 42 Olympic Torch Relay: Montreal, Quebec
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Torch Relay Reporter Chris Wheeler follows the Vancouver Olympic Torch Relay into Montreal, Quebec. There he visits Montreal's Olympic Stadium where the 1976 Olympic Games were held and speaks with Michel Guay, former executive vice-president of the Organizing Committee of the Montreal Olympics and Stephane Prefontaine, who (along with Sandra Henderson) lit the Olympic Cauldron at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games. Chris also sees Chinese Actor/Singer Eason Chan (Yik-Shun) and Formula One World Championship Jacques Villeneuve run with the flame before checking out the evening celebrations! More about Canada: www.canada.travel Torch Reporter on twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Day_41_42_Olympic_Torch_Relay_Montreal,_Quebec
Torch Relay Reporter Chris Wheeler follows the Vancouver Olympic Torch Relay into Montreal, Quebec. There he visits Montreal's Olympic Stadium where the 1976 Olympic Games were held and speaks with Michel Guay, former executive vice-president of the Organizing Committee of the Montreal Olympics and Stephane Prefontaine, who (along with Sandra Henderson) lit the Olympic Cauldron at the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games. Chris also sees Chinese Actor/Singer Eason Chan (Yik-Shun) and Formula One World Championship Jacques Villeneuve run with the flame before checking out the evening celebrations! More about Canada: www.canada.travel Torch Reporter on twitter twitter.com
- published: 13 Dec 2009
- views: 6245
- author: 2010torch
XXI Olympiad | Montreal 1976
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Highlights from the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympiad in Montreal.
http://wn.com/XXI_Olympiad_|_Montreal_1976
Highlights from the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympiad in Montreal.
- published: 12 Jul 2009
- views: 6257
- author: ChristosM1
photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool
16 Dec 2012
Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
16 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Fundamentalism is good for protest, good for revolution, and good for war, but not so good for development.". After a century of being persecuted and driven underground, mainly for their vibrant nationalism and their anti-imperialist and pro-Palestinian views, Egypt's Islamist Muslim Brotherhood has finally taken center-state ... Such actions will have to be avoided....(size: 6.9Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
18 Dec 2012
An increasing number of US congressmen have called for a national dialogue about measures to curb gun violence following the shooting last week at a primary school in Connecticut that killed 26 people, including 20 children and six adults. White House officials have said that President Barack Obama would make preventing gun-related violence a priority in his second term in office and stricter laws would be part of the effort. ... ....(size: 19.2Kb)
ABC News
14 Dec 2012
Newtown's schools went into lockdown this morning as SWAT teams descended on the Sandy Hook Elementary School after the shooting was reported to state police at 9.40 this morning ... "Their daughter was getting married this summer ... The town also has some famous residents, both past and present, perhaps most notably Suzanne Collins, author of "The Hunger Games" series, and Bruce Jenner, the 1976 Summer Olympics decathlon gold medalist ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
Stockhouse
01 Nov 2012
1, 2012) - Canadian Apartment Properties Real Estate Investment Trust ("CAPREIT") (TSX.CAR.UN) announced today that it has completed the acquisition of the landmark Olympic Village property in Montréal ... Originally constructed as the athlete's residence for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games in Montréal, the property has evolved into a landmark luxury residential complex offering an exceptional living and work environment....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Examiner
28 Sep 2012
Related topics. Major League BaseballexposNationalsSenatorsBaseball. Advertisement ... Thoughts of "should have been, could have been" most likely bounced around their baseball-batty brains when they heard the news. Why? ... According to our many sources, The Montreal Expos (French ... Location. Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ... Following the 1976 Summer Olympics, starting in 1977 the team's home venue was Montreal's Olympic Stadium ... home ... ....(size: 11.3Kb)
The Examiner
23 Sep 2012
Related topics. CruisingmontrealCanadaLe BorealPonant. Advertisement.
. */.
. By J.S. Fletcher and Kathy M. Newbern ©2012. Part 18 in a Series. Our 10-night, Bonston-Montreal cruise aboard Le Boreal along the St. Lawrence River ended in the world’s second-largest French speaking city (mais oui!) ... • The Olympic Stadium, built for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games, with its Observatory that boasts being the world’s highest innclined tower ... ....(size: 13.7Kb)
The Examiner
19 Sep 2012
Water Polo sensation, Ivan Perez, confirmed this past June that he would retire form the aquatic world after this summer's Olympic Games ... It wasn’t until Athens 2004 when he was able to represent the country that adopted him, at the Summer Olympic Games where they placed 6th ... Ivan Perez followed his dad’s as well -- he participated in the 1968, 1972, and 1976 Summer Olympic Games with Cuba....(size: 7.7Kb)
TSN Canada
31 Aug 2012
The Examiner
26 Aug 2012
Water Polo sensation, Ivan Perez, announced his retirement from the aquatic world after this summer’s Olympic Games ... It wasn’t until Athens 2004 when he was able to represent the country that adopted him, at the Summer Olympic Games where they placed 6th ... Ivan Perez followed his dad’s as well; he participated in the 1968, 1972, and 1976 Summer Olympic Games with Cuba....(size: 7.9Kb)
Zap2it
13 Aug 2012
CounterPunch
13 Aug 2012
The other is Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). “Rogge competed in in the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics, and played on the Belgian national rugby union team ... Fast-forward to the London 2012 Olympics ... While Bolt was an icon, said Rogge, he was not yet on the same level as Carl Lewis, the American former sprinter and long-jumper who won Olympic titles at each Games from 1984 to 1996 ... Patrick B....(size: 6.0Kb)
The New York Times
06 Aug 2012
At the conclusion of the swimming competition at the 2012 Olympics, Phelps’s fourth, he was emphatic about carrying out his plans to retire ... After there were 1-2-3 sweeps by countries in 6 of the 22 individual events at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, each country was limited to two participants per event, a rule change aimed at creating more inclusion at the top ... www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/sports/olympics, position....(size: 11.1Kb)
All Africa
04 Aug 2012
Huffington Post
01 Aug 2012
I can't help but feel pride when I watch these 2012 London Olympics. I feel pride in watching so many more Latinos than I have been use to seeing in previous Olympics. I began really paying attention to the Olympics in 1972 when they had baseball and of course, boxing, which always caught my attention ... The following 1976 Summer Olympics in Canada was a year I will never forget....(size: 4.5Kb)
The Examiner
01 Aug 2012
What is meant by Event and Olympic security ... However, the 2012 Olympics brought to mind an incident that involved me personally ... If you know your Olympic history, you will remember that Nadia at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal became the first Gymnast in history to score a perfect 10.00 ... 2012 Olympics. The latest results, videos, and news from the Olympics in London ... From medal counts to scandals, get the latest Olympics news....(size: 9.9Kb)
| File:Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics logo.svg | |
| Host city | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
|---|---|
| Nations participating | 92 |
| Athletes participating | 6,028 (4,781 men, 1,247 women) |
| Events | 198 in 21 sports |
| Opening ceremony | July 17 |
| Closing ceremony | August 1 |
| Officially opened by | Queen Elizabeth II |
| Athlete's Oath | Pierre St.-Jean |
| Judge's Oath | Maurice Fauget |
| Olympic Torch | Stéphane Préfontaine Sandra Henderson |
| Stadium | Olympic Stadium |
The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event celebrated in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1976. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12, 1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles, which later hosted the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympic Games respectively. These were the first Olympic Games held in Canada, preceding the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
Contents |
Host city selection[link]
Main article: Bids for the 1976 Summer Olympics
The vote occurred on May 12, 1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, Netherlands. One blank vote was cast in the second and final round.[1] One factor favoring Montreal was that the IOC did not want the Summer games hosted in a superpower for fears of political backlash, which would be proven later on in the Olympic boycotts of 1980 and 1984.[citation needed][2]
| 1976 Summer Olympics bidding results[2] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | Country | Round 1 | Round 2 | |||
| Montreal |  Canada |
25 | 41 | |||
| Moscow |  Soviet Union |
28 | 28 | |||
| Los Angeles |  United States |
17 | — | |||
Organization[link]
Robert Bourassa, then the Premier of Quebec, first pushed Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to advise Canada's monarch, Elizabeth II, to attend the opening of the games. However, Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists in the province, annoying Trudeau, who had already made arrangements.[3] The leader of the Parti Québécois at the time, René Lévesque, sent his own letter to Buckingham Palace, asking the Queen to refuse her prime minister's request, though she did not oblige the premier as he was out of his jurisdiction in offering advice to the sovereign.[4]
Highlights[link]
- At age 14, gymnast Nadia Comăneci of Romania scored seven perfect 10.0 and won three gold medals, including the prestigious All-Around. The score board could hold only 3 digits and the score was shown as 1.00. In women's gymnastics three gold medals were also won by Nellie Kim of the Soviet Union. Nikolai Andrianov of the USSR won four gold medals, including All Around, in men's gymnastics.
- Taro Aso was a member of the Japanese shooting team. 32 years later, he would be elected as the prime minister of Japan.
- The Games were opened by Elizabeth II, as head of state of Canada, and several members of the Royal Family attended the opening ceremonies. The Queen's daughter, The Princess Anne, competed in the games as part of the British riding team.
- The Olympic Flame was "electronically" transmitted via satellite from Athens to Ottawa, by means of an electronic pulse derived from the actual burning flame. From Ottawa, it was carried by hand to Montreal. After a rainstorm doused the Olympic flame a few days after the games had opened, an official relit the flame using his cigarette lighter. Organizers quickly doused it again and relit it using a backup of the original flame.
- When the Israeli team walked into the stadium at the Opening Ceremonies, their national flag was adorned with a black ribbon in commemoration of the 1972 Munich massacre.
- Women's events were introduced in basketball, handball and rowing.
- Canada, the host country, finished with five silver and six bronze medals. This was the first time that the host country of the Summer Games won no gold medals. This feat had occurred previously only in the Winter Games – 1924 in Chamonix, France and 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. This later occurred at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, and again at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada. Alexandre Bilodeau won Canada's first gold medal on home soil in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver as he won the men's moguls event.
- The Republic of China (Taiwan) team withdrew after Canada's Liberal government, under Pierre Elliott Trudeau, informed it that it could not compete under the name "Republic of China". This was done because Canada officially recognized the People's Republic of China. Canada did try to compromise by saying that the people of the Republic of China could retain their national flag and anthem, but they refused. This would lead to 1979's Nagoya Resolution, where the People's Republic and Taiwan agreed that Taiwan would compete in the Olympics and other international sporting events as Chinese Taipei with a custom flag.
- In protest at a tour of South Africa by the New Zealand All Blacks rugby union team early in the year, Congo's official Jean Claude Ganga led a boycott of 28 African nations as the IOC refused to bar the New Zealand team. Some of the nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated, however, as the teams withdrew only after the first day. From Southern and Central Africa, only Senegal and Ivory Coast took part. Both Iraq and Guyana also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott.
- Because of the Munich massacre, security at these games was visible, as it had been earlier in the year at the Winter games in Innsbruck, Austria.
- Viktor Saneyev of the Soviet Union won his third consecutive triple jump gold medal, while Klaus Dibiasi of Italy did the same in the platform diving event.
- Alberto Juantorena of Cuba became the first man to win both the 400 m and 800 m at the same Olympics. Finland's Lasse Virén also achieved a double in the 5000 and 10,000 m and finished 5th in the marathon, thereby failing to equal Emil Zátopek's 1952 achievements.
- Boris Onishchenko, a member of the Soviet Union's modern pentathlon team, was disqualified after it was discovered that he had rigged his épée to register a hit when there wasn't one. Because of this, the USSR modern pentathlon team was disqualified. Onischenko earned the enmity of other Soviet Olympic team members: for example, USSR volleyball team members threatened to throw him out of the hotel's window if they met him. Due to his disqualification, it was suggested that he earned the nickname of "Boris DISonish-chenko".
- Five American boxers – Sugar Ray Leonard, Leon Spinks, Michael Spinks, Leo Randolph and Howard Davis Jr. won gold medals in boxing. This has been often called the greatest Olympic boxing team the United States ever had, and, out of the five American gold medalists in boxing, all but Davis went on to become professional world champions.
- Princess Anne of the United Kingdom was the only female competitor not to have to submit to a sex test[citation needed]. She was a member of her country's equestrian team.
- Japanese gymnast Shun Fujimoto performed on a broken right knee, and helped the Japanese team win the gold medal for the team championship. Fujimoto broke his leg on the floor exercise, and due to the closeness in the overall standings with the USSR, he hid the extent of the injury. With a broken knee, Fujimoto was able to complete his event on the rings, performing a perfect triple somersault dismount, maintaining perfect posture. He scored a 9.7 thus securing gold for Japan. Years later, when asked if he would do it again, he stated bluntly "No, I would not."[5]
- The East German women's swimming team won all but two gold medals.
- The U.S. men's swimming team won all but one gold medal.
- Luann Ryon won the women's Archery gold for the USA; Ryon had never before competed at the international level.
- U.S. track and field athlete Bruce Jenner won the gold medal for decathlon, setting a world record of 8,634 points.
- Alex Oakley, the Canadian race walker, became the oldest track and field athlete to compete at the Olympic Games. He was aged 50, and taking part in his fifth Olympics.
- The New Zealand Black Sticks Men Hockey team beat Australia to win gold, becoming the first non-Asian/European team to win the gold medal in hockey.
Venues[link]
Main article: Venues of the 1976 Summer Olympics
Montreal Olympic Park[link]
- Olympic Stadium – Opening/Closing ceremonies, Athletics, Football (final), Equestrian (jumping team final)
- Olympic Pool – Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo (final)
- Olympic Velodrome – Cycling (track), Judo
- Montreal Botanical Garden – Athletics (20 km walk), Modern pentathlon (running)
- Maurice Richard Arena – Boxing, Wrestling
- Centre Pierre Charbonneau – Wrestling
- Olympic Village (Montreal) – Athletic residence
Venues in Greater Montreal[link]
- Olympic Basin, Île Notre-Dame – Canoeing, Rowing
- Claude Robillard Centre – Handball, Water polo
- Centre Étienne Desmarteau – Basketball
- St. Michel Arena – Weightlifting
- Paul Sauvé Centre – Volleyball
- Montreal Forum – Basketball (final), Boxing, Gymnastics, Handball, Volleyball
- Mount Royal Park – Cycling (individual road race)
- Quebec Autoroute 40 – Cycling (road team time trial)
- Streets of Montreal – Athletics (marathon)
- Winter Stadium, Université de Montréal – Fencing, Modern pentathlon (fencing)
- Molson Stadium, McGill University – Field hockey
Venues outside Montreal[link]
- Olympic Shooting Range, L'Acadie – Modern pentathlon (shooting), Shooting
- Olympic Archery Field, Joliette – Archery
- Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont – Equestrian (all but jumping team), Modern pentathlon (riding)
- Pavilion de l'éducation physique et des sports de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec – Handball preliminaries
- Sherbrooke Stadium, Sherbrooke, Quebec – Football preliminaries
- Sherbrooke Sports Palace, Sherbrooke, Quebec – Handball preliminaries
- Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, Kingston, Ontario – Sailing
- Varsity Stadium, Toronto, Ontario – Football preliminaries
- Lansdowne Park, Ottawa, Ontario – Football preliminaries
Medals awarded[link]
See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
Calendar[link]
| ● | Opening ceremony | Event competitions | ● | Event finals | Exhibition gala | ● | Closing ceremony |
| Date | July | August | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17th Sat |
18th Sun |
19th Mon |
20th Tue |
21st Wed |
22nd Thu |
23rd Fri |
24th Sat |
25th Sun |
26th Mon |
27th Tue |
28th Wed |
29th Thu |
30th Fri |
31st Sat |
1st Sun |
|
| Archery | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
| Athletics | ● ● | ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||
| Basketball | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
| Boxing | ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
|||||||||||||||
| Canoeing | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||||||
| Cycling | ● | ● | ● | ● ● | ● | |||||||||||
| Diving | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
| Equestrian | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| Fencing | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
| Field hockey | ● | |||||||||||||||
| Football (soccer) | ● | |||||||||||||||
| Gymnastics | ● | ● | ● ● | ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● |
|||||||||||
| Handball | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
| Judo | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
| Modern pentathlon | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
| Rowing | ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||||||
| Sailing | ● ● ● ● ● |
● | ||||||||||||||
| Shooting | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● ● | ● | ||||||||||
| Swimming | ● | ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● |
|||||||||
| Volleyball | ● ● | |||||||||||||||
| Water polo | ● | |||||||||||||||
| Weightlifting | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
| Wrestling | ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● |
||||||||||||||
| Total gold medals | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 26 | 21 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 17 | 36 | 1 | |
| Ceremonies | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||
| Date | 17th Sat |
18th Sun |
19th Mon |
20th Tue |
21st Wed |
22nd Thu |
23rd Fri |
24th Sat |
25th Sun |
26th Mon |
27th Tue |
28th Wed |
29th Thu |
30th Fri |
31st Sat |
1st Sun |
| July | August | |||||||||||||||
Medal count[link]
These are the top ten nations that won medals at these Games. Host country of Canada placed 27th with 11 medals total. To date, this is the only edition of the Summer Games where the host nation failed to win any gold medal(s).
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22x20px Soviet Union | 49 | 41 | 35 | 125 |
| 2 |  East Germany |
40 | 25 | 25 | 90 |
| 3 | United States |
34 | 35 | 25 | 94 |
| 4 |  West Germany |
10 | 12 | 17 | 39 |
| 5 |  Japan |
9 | 6 | 10 | 25 |
| 6 |  Poland |
7 | 6 | 13 | 26 |
| 7 |  Bulgaria |
6 | 9 | 7 | 22 |
| 8 |  Cuba |
6 | 4 | 3 | 13 |
| 9 |  Romania |
4 | 9 | 14 | 27 |
| 10 |  Hungary |
4 | 5 | 13 | 22 |
| 27 | Canada |
0 | 5 | 6 | 11 |
Further information: 1976 Summer Olympics medal table
Participating nations[link]
Three nations made their first Summer Olympic appearance in Montreal: Andorra (which had had its overall Olympic debut a few months before in Innsbruck Winter Olympics), Antigua and Barbuda, Cayman Islands, and Papua New Guinea.
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of athletes from each nation that competed at the Games.
^ WD: Athletes from Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed on July 18–20 before these nations withdrew from the Games.
Boycotting countries[link]
The following 28 countries boycotted the Games.[6] The boycott was due to the refusal of the IOC to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976.[7][8] South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 due to its apartheid policies.
Zaire did not compete, but claimed financial causes rather than political.[citation needed]
Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China boycotted the games over issues concerning the legitimacy of each other. In November 1976, the International Olympic Committee recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legal representative. In 1979, the IOC began referring to the Republic of China as Chinese Taipei as a result of the Nagoya Resolution; this led to the Republic of China boycotting the 1980 Summer Olympics outside of the US-led boycott that year.[citation needed]
Legacy[link]
The Olympics were a financial disaster for Montreal, as the city faced debts for 30 years after the Games had finished. The Quebec provincial government took over construction when it became evident in 1975 that work had fallen far behind schedule; work was still under way just weeks before the opening date, and the tower was not built. Mayor Jean Drapeau had confidently predicted in 1970 that "the Olympics can no more have a deficit than a man can have a baby", but the debt racked up to a billion dollars that the Quebec government mandated the city pay in full. This would prompt cartoonist Aislin to draw a pregnant Drapeau on the telephone saying, "Allo, Morgentaler?" in reference to a Montreal abortion provider.
The Olympic Stadium was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert. It is often nicknamed The Big O as a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof, though The Big Owe has been used to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole. It has never had an effective retractable roof, and the tower was completed only after the Olympics. In December 2006 the stadium's costs were finally paid in full.[9] The total expenditure (including repairs, renovations, construction, interest, and inflation) amounted to C$1.61 billion. Today, despite its huge cost, the stadium is devoid of a major tenant, after the Montreal Expos moved in 2005.
The boycott by African nations over the inclusion of New Zealand, whose rugby team had played in South Africa that year, was a contributing factor in the massive protests and civil disobedience that occurred during the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand. Official sporting contacts between South Africa and New Zealand did not occur again until after the fall of apartheid.
Australia's failure to win a gold medal led the country to create the Australian Institute of Sport.
With Montreal's own Canadiens winning the Stanley Cup the following year, Canada hosting an Olympics has been seen as a good omen to the NHL team in the host city the following year.[10] A year after Calgary hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics, their Flames won the Stanley Cup.[10] The Vancouver Canucks hoped to continue this in the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, a year after Vancouver hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics.[10][11] However, they ended up losing to the Boston Bruins.[12]
See also[link]
- 1976 Summer Paralympics
- 1976 Winter Paralympics
- 1976 Winter Olympics
- Olympic games celebrated in Canada
- 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal
- 1988 Winter Olympics – Calgary
- 2010 Winter Olympics – Vancouver
- Olympic games with significant boycotts
- 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal – African boycott
- 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow – United States-led boycott
- 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles – Soviet-led boycott
- Summer Olympic Games
- Olympic Games
- International Olympic Committee
- List of IOC country codes
Notes[link]
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xFvf0ufx. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Heinricks, Geoff (2000). Canadian Monarchist News (Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada) Winter/Spring 2000–01. 2001. Archived from the original on September 5, 2007. http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2001/opinion.htm. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ "Politics > Parties & Leaders > René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ". CBC. http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-74-870-5019/people/rene_levesque/clip6. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ "Fujimoto caps Japanese success", BBC, September 29, 2000
- ^ "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad" (PDF). Olympic Review. IOC. 1976. http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore109/ore109h.pdf. Retrieved April 3, 2006.
- ^ "The Montreal Olympics boycott | NZHistory.net.nz, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/montreal-olympics-boycott. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 17 | 1976: African countries boycott Olympics". London: News.bbc.co.uk. July 17, 1976. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3555000/3555450.stm. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ CBC News (December 19, 2006). "Quebec's Big Owe stadium debt is over". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2006/12/19/qc-olympicstadium.html. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Olympic history in Canucks' corner". NHL.com. National Hockey League. May 28, 2011. http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=564068&navid=mod-rr-headlines. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- ^ Morris, Jim (April 10, 2011). "Canucks look to re-write playoff history". Canadian Press. Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/nhl/news?slug=capress-hkn_canucks_playoffs-6525589&print=1. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ cbc.ca
References[link]
- "Montreal 1976". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Montreal-1976.
- "All the Medallists since 1896". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/All-Olympic-results-since-1896/?AthleteName=&Games=1333872&Country=&Sport=&TargetResults=true&resultsPageIPP=30.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1976 Summer Olympics |
- "Montreal 1976". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Montreal-1976.
- 1976: African countries boycott Olympics
- Official site by senior members of the Montreal Games Organizing Committee
| Preceded by Munich |
Summer Olympic Games Montreal XXI Olympiad (1976) |
Succeeded by Moscow |
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http://wn.com/1976_Summer_Olympics
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Giochi della XXI Olimpiade
http://cs.wn.com/Letní olympijské hry 1976
http://id.wn.com/Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976
http://es.wn.com/Juegos Olímpicos de Montreal 1976
http://ru.wn.com/Летние Олимпийские игры 1976
http://nl.wn.com/Olympische Zomerspelen 1976
http://pl.wn.com/Letnie Igrzyska Olimpijskie 1976
http://fr.wn.com/Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976
http://de.wn.com/Olympische Sommerspiele 1976
http://pt.wn.com/Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1976
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Summer Olympic Games | |
|---|---|
 The Olympic flame at Beijing during the 2008 Summer Olympics |
|
| Games | |
| 1896 • 1900 • 1904 • (1906) • 1908 • 1912 • |
|
| Sports (details) | |
| Archery • Athletics • Badminton • Basketball • Boxing • Canoeing • Cycling • Diving • Equestrian • Field hockey • Fencing • Football • Gymnastics • Handball • Judo • Modern pentathlon • Rowing • Sailing • Shooting • Swimming • Synchronized swimming • Table tennis • Taekwondo • Tennis • Triathlon • Volleyball • Water polo • Weightlifting • Wrestling |
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international multi-sport event, occurring every four years, organized by the International Olympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition that started in 1904. The Winter Olympics were also created due to the success of the summer Olympics.
The olympics have increased from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 male athletes to a 300-event sporting celebration with over 10,000 competitors from 205 nations. Organizers for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing expected approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the 302 events on the program for the games.[1]
The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics Games, more than any other nation. The United Kingdom will have hosted three Summer Olympics Games when they return to the British capital in 2012, all of them have been (and will be) in London, making it the first city to hold the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the summer Olympics are Belgium, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden. In the 2016 Summer Olympics, Rio de Janeiro will host the first Summer Games in South America. Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, London, Paris and Athens. Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting.[2] Events at the summer Olympics have also been held in Hong Kong and the Netherlands (both represented by their own NOCs), with the equestrian events at the 2008 Summer Olympics being held in Hong Kong and two sailing races at the 1920 Summer Olympics being held in the Netherlands.
Five countries – Greece, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and Australia (twice combined with New Zealand as Australasia) – have been represented at all Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain, ranging from one gold in 1904, 1952 and 1996 to fifty-six golds in 1908.
Contents |
Qualification[link]
Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federations (IFs) that governs that sport's international competition.[3]
For individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IF's ranking list. National Olympic committees may enter a limited number of qualified competitors in each event, and the NOC decides which qualified competitors to select as representatives in each event if more have attained the benchmark than can be entered.[3][4]
Nations qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, in which each continental association is given a certain number of spots in the Olympic tournament.
History[link]
|
|
Early years[link]
The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredy, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock since 1850.[5]
The first edition of de Coubertin's games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organized before. Female athletes were not allowed to compete, though one woman, Stamata Revithi, ran the marathon course on her own, saying "[i]f the committee doesn’t let me compete I will go after them regardless".[6]
The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens, Greece, from April 6 to April 15, 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the Modern era. Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also established during this congress.
Despite many obstacles and setbacks, the 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. Panathinaiko Stadium, the first big stadium in the modern world, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event.[7] The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spiridon Louis. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four gold medals.
After the Games, Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures including Greece's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens, to hold all the following Games in Athens. However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the 1906 Intercalated Games, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 20 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing, and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's Fair and lasted over 5 months. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time.
Numbers declined for the 1904 Games in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was used for practically every contest, including those exclusively for school boys or for Irish-Americans.
A series of smaller games were held in Athens in 1906. The IOC does not currently recognize these games as being official Olympic Games, although many historians do. The 1906 Athens games were the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to materialize. The games were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games, with over 900 athletes competing, and contributed positively to the success of future games.
The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). The winner of the first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a male-only race) was Spiridon "Spiros" Louis, a Greek water-carrier. He won at the Olympics in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds at a distance of 40 km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards) was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances.
At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds.
The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of amateurism after complaints from Avery Brundage. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Games at Stockholm were the first to fulfill Pierre de Coubertin's original idea. For the first time since the Games started in 1896 were all continents represented with athletes competing in the same stadium.
The scheduled Berlin Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I.
Interwar era[link]
The 1920 Antwerp games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games involved 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. "The Flying Finn", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 meter runs, the latter two on the same day.
The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from Coca-Cola. The 1928 games saw the introduction of a standard medal design with the IOC choosing Giuseppe Cassioli's depiction of Greek goddess Nike and a winner being carried by a crowd of people. This design was used up until 1972.
The 1932 in Los Angeles games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. Louis games. The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. The result, Olympia, was a masterpiece, despite Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by "non-Aryan" athletes. In particular, African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won four gold medals. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is an urban myth.[8] The 1936 Berlin Games also saw the reintroduction of the Torch Relay.[9]
Due to World War II, the Games of 1940 (due to be held in Tokyo and temporarily relocated to Helsinki upon the outbreak of war) were cancelled. The Games of 1944 were due to be held in London but were also cancelled; instead, London hosted the first games after the end of the war, in 1948.
After World War II[link]
The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin.
At the 1952 Games in Helsinki the USSR team competed for the first time and immediately became one of the dominant teams. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 meter races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins.
The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, barring a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams. Due to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict quarantine laws of Australia, the equestrian events were held in Stockholm.
At the 1960 Rome Games a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, arrived on the scene. Ali would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town of Louisville, Kentucky.[10] Soviet women's artistic gymnastics team members won 15 of 16 possible medals. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medalist in the 100 meters, 200 meters and 4x100 meters relay events.
The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics.
Performances at the 1968 Mexico City games were affected by the altitude of the host city,[11] specifically the long jump, in which American athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 meters. Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. The 1968 Games also introduced the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. Politics took center stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200 meter dash, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the United States; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement.
Politics again intervened at Munich in 1972, with lethal consequences. A Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and held 9 others as hostages. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused their demand, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the nine Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists, were killed. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events.[12] Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a then-record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, Lasse Virén (of Finland)'s back-to-back gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters (defeating American distance great Steve Prefontaine in the former), and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut. Korbut failed to win the all-around, losing to her teammate Ludmilla Tourischeva.
There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning and fraud led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. The Montreal Games were the most expensive in Olympic history, until the 2008 Summer Olympics, costing over $5 billion (equivalent to $20 billion in 2006). For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. In retrospect, the belief that contractors (suspected of being members of the Montreal Mafia) skimmed large sums of money from all levels of contracts while also profiting from the substitution of cheaper building materials of lesser quality, may have contributed to the delays, poor construction and excessive costs. In 1988, one such contractor, Giuseppe Zappia "was cleared of fraud charges that resulted from his work on Olympic facilities after two key witnesses died before testifying at his trial."[13] There was also a boycott by African nations to protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by a New Zealand rugby side. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci won the women's individual all around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. Another female gymnast to earn the perfect score and three gold medals there was Nellie Kim of the USSR. Lasse Virén repeated his double gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, making him the only athlete to ever win the distance double twice.
End of the 20th century[link]
Following the Soviet Union's participation in the Afghan Civil War, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the 1980 games held in Moscow. The boycott contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country.
In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 13 Soviet Allies, reciprocated by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era to make a profit. The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Again, without the participation of the Eastern European countries, the 1984 Games were dominated by their host country. The game was also the first time Mainland China (People's Republic) participated.
The 1988 games, in Seoul, were very well planned but the games were tainted when many of the athletes, most notably men's 100 metres winner Ben Johnson, failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games.
The 1992 Barcelona Games featured increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by US basketball's "Dream Team". 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the Soviet Union since World War II. These games also saw gymnast Vitaly Scherbo equal the record for most individual gold medals at a single Games set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Games, with five.
By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, in particular with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics. In the Atlanta games in 1996, the highlight was 200 meters runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savored Donovan Bailey's record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-meter dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of US television. The atmosphere at the Games was marred, however, when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Olympic Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was arrested.
New millennium[link]
The 2000 Games were held in Sydney, Australia, (actually the last games of the old millennium) and showcased individual performances by local favorite Ian Thorpe in the pool, Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, an Indigenous Australian whose triumph in the 400 meters united a packed stadium. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, had a memorably slow 100 meter freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained.[14] The Sydney Games were also memorable for the first appearance of a joint North and South Korean contingent (to a standing ovation) at the opening ceremonies, even if they competed as different countries. Controversy did not escape the 2000 Games in Women's Artistic Gymnastics, in which the vaulting horse was set to the wrong height during the All Around Competition. Several athletes faltered, including Russian Svetlana Khorkina, who had been favored to win gold after qualifying for the competition in first place.
In 2004 the Games returned to their birthplace in Athens, Greece. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone. Nonetheless, the Men's Gymnastics events were mired in controversy when it was discovered that Korean gymnast Yang Tae Young had been incorrectly credited with a lower start value, which placed him third behind American Paul Hamm, who won the competition. Later in the event finals, fans halted the Men's High Bar competition with chants of disapproval following the release of the score for Russian Alexei Nemov. Allegations of corrupt judging also marred the event finals in men's still rings. Although unfounded and wildly sensationalized reports of potential terrorism drove crowds away from the preliminary competitions of the first weekend of the games (14–15 August), attendance picked up as the games progressed. Still, a third of the tickets failed to sell.[15] The Athens Games witnessed all 202 NOCs participate with over 11,000 participants.
The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, People's Republic of China. This Olympics was the subject of much controversy, especially following the March Tibetan riots. Human rights activists unsuccessfully called for a boycott, and some even compared the 2008 Olympics to the 1936 ones held in Nazi Germany. Several new events were held, including the new discipline of BMX for both men and women. For the first time, women competed in the steeplechase. The fencing program was expanded to include all six events for both men and women. Women had not previously been able to compete in team foil or saber events (although women's team épée and men's team foil were dropped for these Games). Marathon swimming events, over the distance of 10 kilometers, were added. In addition, the doubles events in table tennis were replaced by team events.[1] American swimmer Michael Phelps set a record for gold medals at a single Games with eight, and tied the record of Heiden and Scherbo for most individual golds at a single Games. Another major star of the Games was Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, who became the first male athlete ever to set world records in the finals of both the 100 and 200 metres in the same Games.
London, United Kingdom will hold the 2012 Summer Olympics, making it the first city to host the Games three times. The International Olympic Committee has removed baseball and softball from the 2012 program. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil will be the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics, becoming the first South American city to host either the Summer or Winter Games. Also, this will be the first games held in a lusosphere country (a Portuguese speaking country). In October 2009, the IOC included golf and rugby sevens as part of the Olympic program for Rio de Janeiro (Rugby sevens, in particular, was not considered for inclusion in 2012).
All-time medal table[link]
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table
With reference to the top ten nations and according to official data of the International Olympic Committee.
Past nations
| # | Nation | Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) |
25 | 930 | 728 | 639 | 2297 | [16] |
| 2 | Soviet Union (URS) |
9 | 395 | 319 | 226 | 1010 | |
| 3 |  Great Britain (GBR) |
26 | 207 | 255 | 203 | 715 | [17] |
| 4 |  France (FRA) |
26 | 191 | 212 | 233 | 636 | |
| 5 |  Italy (ITA) |
25 | 191 | 157 | 174 | 522 | [18] |
| 6 |  China (CHN) |
8 | 163 | 117 | 105 | 385 | [19] |
| 7 | Germany (GER) |
14 | 163 | 163 | 204 | 530 | [20] |
| 8 | Hungary (HUN) |
24 | 159 | 141 | 159 | 459 | |
| 9 | East Germany (GDR) |
5 | 153 | 129 | 127 | 409 | |
| 10 |  Sweden (SWE) |
25 | 142 | 160 | 173 | 475 |
List of Olympic sports[link]
Main article: Olympic sports
43 different sports, spanning 56 different disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. 28 sports have comprised the schedule for the 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics, though baseball and softball have been removed to give a list of 26 for the 2012 Games.[21]
The Summer Olympic Sports or Federations are regrouped under a common umbrella association, called the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).
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List of modern Summer Olympic Games[link]
| Games | Year | Host | Dates | Nations | Competitors | Sports | Events | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Men | Women | |||||||||
| I | 1896 | 22x20px Athens, Greece | 6–15 April | 14 | 241 | 241 | 0 | 9 | 43 | [1] | |
| II | 1900 | Paris, France |
14 May – 28 October | 24 | 997 | 975 | 22 | 18 | 95 | [2] | |
| III | 1904 |  St. Louis, United States |
1 July – 23 November | 12 | 651 | 645 | 6 | 17 | 91 | [3] | |
| IV | 1908 | London, Great Britain |
27 April – 31 October | 22 | 2008 | 1971 | 37 | 22 | 110 | [4] | |
| V | 1912 | Stockholm, Sweden |
12 May – 27 July | 28 | 2407 | 2359 | 48 | 14 | 102 | [5] | |
| VI | 1916 | Originally awarded to Berlin, cancelled because of World War I | |||||||||
| VII | 1920 |  Antwerp, Belgium |
20 April – 12 September | 29 | 2626 | 2561 | 65 | 22 | 154 | [6] | |
| VIII | 1924 | Paris, France |
4 May – 27 July | 44 | 3089 | 2954 | 135 | 17 | 126 | [7] | |
| IX | 1928 |  Amsterdam, Netherlands |
17 May – 12 August | 46 | 2883 | 2606 | 277 | 14 | 109 | [8] | |
| X | 1932 |  Los Angeles, United States |
30 July – 14 August | 37 | 1332 | 1206 | 126 | 14 | 117 | [9] | |
| XI | 1936 |  Berlin, Germany |
1–16 August | 49 | 3963 | 3632 | 331 | 19 | 129 | [10] | |
| XII | 1940 | Originally awarded to Tokyo, then awarded to Helsinki, cancelled because of World War II | |||||||||
| XIII | 1944 | Originally awarded to London, cancelled because of World War II | |||||||||
| XIV | 1948 | London, Great Britain |
29 July – 14 August | 59 | 4104 | 3714 | 390 | 17 | 136 | [11] | |
| XV | 1952 |  Helsinki, Finland |
19 July – 3 August | 69 | 4955 | 4436 | 519 | 17 | 149 | [12] | |
| XVI | 1956 |  Melbourne, Australia |
22 November – 9 December | 72 | 3314 | 2938 | 376 | 17 | 145 | [13] | |
| XVII | 1960 | Rome, Italy |
25 August – 11 September | 83 | 5338 | 4727 | 611 | 17 | 150 | [14] | |
| XVIII | 1964 | Tokyo, Japan |
10–24 October | 93 | 5151 | 4473 | 678 | 19 | 163 | [15] | |
| XIX | 1968 |  Mexico City, Mexico |
12–27 October | 112 | 5516 | 4735 | 781 | 18 | 172 | [16] | |
| XX | 1972 | Munich, West Germany |
26 August – 11 September | 121 | 7134 | 6075 | 1059 | 21 | 195 | [17] | |
| XXI | 1976 | Montreal, Canada |
17 July – 1 August | 92 | 6084 | 4824 | 1260 | 21 | 198 | [18] | |
| XXII | 1980 | Moscow, Soviet Union |
19 July – 3 August | 80 | 5179 | 4064 | 1115 | 21 | 203 | [19] | |
| XXIII | 1984 | Los Angeles, United States |
28 July – 12 August | 140 | 6829 | 5263 | 1566 | 21 | 221 | [20] | |
| XXIV | 1988 |  Seoul, South Korea |
17 September – 2 October | 160 | 8391 | 6197 | 2194 | 23 | 237 | [21] | |
| XXV | 1992 |  Barcelona, Spain |
25 July – 9 August | 169 | 9356 | 6652 | 2704 | 25 | 257 | [22] | |
| XXVI | 1996 | Atlanta, United States |
19 July – 4 August | 197 | 10318 | 6806 | 3512 | 26 | 271 | [23] | |
| XXVII | 2000 | Sydney, Australia |
15 September – 1 October | 199 | 10651 | 6582 | 4069 | 28 | 300 | [24] | |
| XXVIII | 2004 |  Athens, Greece |
13–29 August | 201 | 10625 | 6296 | 4329 | 28 | 301 | [25] | |
| XXIX | 2008 | Beijing, China |
8–24 August | 204 | 10942 | 6305 | 4637 | 28 | 302 | [26] | |
| XXX | 2012 | London, Great Britain |
27 July – 12 August | future event | |||||||
| XXXI | 2016 |  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
5–21 August | future event | |||||||
| XXXII | 2020 |  Istanbul, Turkey or Tokyo, Japan or Madrid, Spain(TBD September 7, 2013) |
TBD | future event | |||||||
^ A: The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer considered official Games by the IOC.
^ B: Due to Australian quarantine laws, the equestrian events were held in Stockholm several months before the rest of the 1956 Games in Melbourne.
Note: Although the Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 had been cancelled, the Roman numerals for those Games were still used because the Summer Games' official titles count Olympiads, not the Games themselves; those Olympiads occurred anyway per the Olympic Charter. This is in contrast to the Roman numerals in the official titles of the Winter Olympic Games, which ignore the cancelled Winter Games of 1940 & 1944; those titles count Games instead of Olympiads.[citation needed]
See also[link]
- List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games
- All-time Olympic Games medal count
- Olympic Games scandals
- Winter Olympic Games
- Olympic Stadium
- Multi-sport event
- Olympic Games ceremony
- Summer Paralympic Games
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "Beijing 2008: Games program Finalized". International Olympic Committee. 27 April 2006. http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=1797. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
- ^ "Melbourne / Stockholm 1956". IOC. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1956. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ a b "Olympians". Olympic.org. IOC. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/The-IOC/Commissions/Athletes-Commission/Olympians/. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ "National Olympic Committees (NOCs)". Olympic.org. IOC. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/The-IOC/Governance/National-Olympic-Committees/. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ Jeffrey, Ben. "Father of the modern Olympics". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/2004/08/william_penny_brookes.shtml. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
- ^ Tarasouleas, Athanasios (Summer 1993). "The Female Spiridon Loues". Citius, Altius, Fortius 1 (3): 11–12. http://www.aafla.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n3/JOHv1n3e.pdf.
- ^ Young (1996), 153
- ^ "German Myth: Hitler and Jesse Owens". German Misnomers, Myths and Mistakes. About, Inc. http://german.about.com/library/blgermyth10.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
- ^ "The Olympic torch's shadowy past". BBC. 5 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
- ^ Wallechinsky, David; Jamie Loucky (2008). The Complete Book of the Olympics, 2008 Edition. Aurum Press. pp. 453–454. ISBN 978-1-84513-330-6.
- ^ "Games of the XIX Olympiad" (in British English). Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1968. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
- ^ "Games of the XX Olympiad" (in British English). Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1972. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
- ^ Schneider, Stephen;(April 2009).Ice: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada. p.551. ISBN 0-470-83500-1:
- ^ His female compatriot Paula Barila Bolopa also received media attention for her record-slow and struggling but courageous performance.
- ^ "Tickets to Olympic events in Beijing sold out". USA Today. 28 July 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2008-07-28-olympics-tickets_N.htm. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "United States of America". olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/united-states-of-america. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Great Britain". olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/great-britain. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Italy". olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/italy. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "People's Republic of China". olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/people-s-republic-of-china. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Germany". olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/germany. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "Fewer sports for London Olympics". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 8 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4658925.stm. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) |
External links[link]
- Official Site of the Olympic Movement
- Summer Olympic Games medalists and records (German)
- Candidate Cities for future Olympic Games
- LA84 Foundation archive of Official Reports
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http://wn.com/Summer_Olympic_Games
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Giochi olimpici estivi
http://cs.wn.com/Letní olympijské hry
http://es.wn.com/Juegos Olímpicos de Verano
http://ru.wn.com/Летние Олимпийские игры
http://nl.wn.com/Olympische Zomerspelen
http://id.wn.com/Olimpiade Musim Panas
http://pl.wn.com/Letnie igrzyska olimpijskie
http://fr.wn.com/Jeux olympiques d'été
http://de.wn.com/Olympische Sommerspiele
http://pt.wn.com/Jogos Olímpicos de Verão
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nationality | American | ||||||||||||||||||
| Born | (1949-10-28) October 28, 1949 (age 62) Tarrytown, New York, United States |
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| Weight | 194 pounds (88 kg) (1976) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Website | www.brucejenner.com | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | |||||||||||||||||||
| Country | US | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | Track and field | ||||||||||||||||||
| Event(s) | Decathlon | ||||||||||||||||||
| College team | Graceland College | ||||||||||||||||||
| Coached by | Randy Trentman | ||||||||||||||||||
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Medal record
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William Bruce Jenner (born October 28, 1949) is a former U.S. track and field athlete, motivational speaker, socialite and television personality. He won the gold medal for decathlon in the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics.
Following his Olympic victory and the related recognition, his professional career evolved into being a television celebrity. By 1981 he had starred in several made-for-TV movies and was Erik Estrada's replacement on the top rated TV series CHiPs. Since the 2007 debut of Keeping Up with the Kardashians he has appeared as the step-father to the Kardashian sisters.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bruce Jenner is originally from Mount Kisco, New York.[1] He attended Newtown High School in Newtown, Connecticut,[1] after spending a year at Sleepy Hollow High School in Sleepy Hollow, New York. Jenner earned a football scholarship and attended Graceland College (now Graceland University) in Iowa, but a knee injury forced him to stop playing football and he switched to the decathlon. He was mentored by Graceland's track coach L. D. Weldon, who was the first to recognize Jenner's potential and encouraged him to pursue the decathlon. Jenner debuted in the decathlon at the Drake Relays in 1970, placing fifth.
Olympic career[link]
Jenner placed third in the decathlon at the 1972 U.S. Olympic trials[2] and finished in tenth place at the 1972 Munich games.[3] His success prompted him to devote himself to an intense training regimen,[4] while also selling insurance outside training hours.[1] He acknowledged that he was supported and subsidized by his then wife, Chrystie Crownover, who worked as an airline stewardess.[5] In the era before professionalism was allowed in athletics, this kind of training was unheard of. During that period he spent eight hours a day at the San Jose City College track.[1][6] Centered around Bert Bonnano, the coach at SJCC, San Jose at the time was a hotbed for training aspiring Olympic athletes, including Jenner, along with Millard Hampton, Andre Phillips, John Powell, Mac Wilkins, Al Feuerbach and others.[6][7] In 1974 and 1976, Jenner was the American champion in the event.[8]
At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he won the gold medal in the Decathlon, setting the world record of 8,618 points. The world record was broken by just 4 points by Daley Thompson in 1980. In 1985, the IAAF Decathlon scoring table was changed, so Jenner's winning score has been reevaluated against that table and reported as 8634 for comparative purposes. As of 2011, Jenner is #25 on the world all-time list and the #9 American.[9]
As a result of winning the Olympic decathlon, Jenner was a national hero. He was the 1976 recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. Jenner was also the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year in 1976. He was inducted into the Olympic Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame, the Connecticut Sports Hall of Fame in 1994 and the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1980.
San Jose City College hosted the "Bruce Jenner Invitational" (frequently shortened to "Jenner") as a televised, annual stop on the United States Track and Field Circuit (a meet equivalent in stature to the Prefontaine Classic) for the better part of two decades. Records were set at the meet, with Jenner frequently hosting the telecasts.[10]
Celebrity[link]
In the 1970s, Olympic athletes were considered amateur and were absolutely not allowed to seek or accept payment for their position as a sports celebrity. In 1972, three major Olympic titles (basketball, 100 meters and decathlon), were won by Soviet athletes during the Cold War. Winning 'back' the decathlon title made Jenner an American hero. After his Olympic success, Jenner set out to cash in on his celebrity status (requiring him to give up any future Olympic appearances). He left his vaulting poles in the stadium, having no intention of ever using them again. Quickly after the Games, Jenner appeared on the front of Wheaties brand breakfast cereal as a "Wheaties champion." Of several hundred athletes who have been so featured, Jenner is one of seven Wheaties "spokesmen." He was invited to the White House to meet with President Gerald R. Ford, who autographed a political cartoon that featured the pair.
On November 22, 1977, Bruce went to San Francisco to refute charges filed by the district attorney that General Mills, the makers of Wheaties, had been engaged in false advertising. Jenner contended that he likes the cereal and consumes this breakfast cereal two to three times per week. Two days later District Attorney Joseph Freitas withdrew the false advertising suit against General Mills for its advertising campaign featuring Mr. Jenner, saying that it was "a case of overzealousness" on the part of his staff.[11]
In 1977, the Kansas City Kings selected Jenner with the 139th pick of the NBA Draft. Jenner had not actually played basketball since high school; the closest he came to a roundball career came when he sank a basket in the "YMCA" sequence of the film Can't Stop The Music in 1980. The movie was a disco-era comedy about the singing group The Village People. It gave Jenner a starring role, but the movie was a flop. Jenner was nominated for the 1980 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance That was the end of his theatrical movie career until he appeared in 2011's Jack and Jill in a scene with Al Pacino as an actor in a play. Adam Sandler won the Golden Raspberry as both Worst Actor and Worst Actress in that film. Both Can't Stop The Music and Jack and Jill won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture, making Jenner two for two in his movie career.
Jenner decided to try for a television career, and had some success, starring in the TV movies The Golden Moment: An Olympic Love Story (1980) and Grambling's White Tiger (1981). In 1981–82 he became a semi-regular on the police series CHiPs, guest-starring as Officer Steve McLeish (substituting for star Erik Estrada, who was lodged in a contract dispute with NBC and MGM), for a half-dozen episodes.
His "hero shot," the finish of the final event of 1976 Olympic decathlon, was parodied by John Belushi on Saturday Night Live endorsing "Little Chocolate Donuts" instead of Wheaties.[12]
Jenner also appears in the video games Olympic Decathlon (1981) and Bruce Jenner's World Class Decathlon (1996).
Auto racing career[link]
Jenner was a successful race driver in the IMSA Camel GT series (International Motor Sports Association) in the 1980s. His first victory came in the 1986 12 hours of Sebring in the IMSA GTO class driving the 7-Eleven Roush Racing Ford Mustang with co-driver Scott Pruett, not only winning their class but finishing 4th overall in the 12-hour endurance race. His most successful year was also 1986 finishing second in the championship to Pruett.
Further TV appearances[link]
Jenner has appeared as himself on a variety of game shows and reality TV programs. He starred with Grits Gresham in an episode of ABC's The American Sportsman. The program featured Gresham hunting, fishing, or shooting in exotic spots with celebrities. In the early 1990s he was the host of an infomercial for a stair-climbing exercise machine called the Stair Climber Plus.
In January 2002, Jenner participated in an episode of the American series of The Weakest Link featuring Olympic athletes. In February and March 2003, he was part of the cast of the American series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!, and made a cameo on a season three episode of The Apprentice that originally aired in May 2005. He was partnered with Tai Babilonia for Skating with Celebrities that aired January–March 2006 (they were eliminated during the fifth of seven episodes). Jenner has additionally served as a guest judge on Pet Star on Animal Planet, and appeared on NBC's game show Identity as well as Celebrity Family Feud with his family.
Additional television and talk show appearances by Jenner include Nickelodeon's made-for-TV film Gym Teacher: The Movie as well as episodes of Murder She Wrote, Family Guy, Pet Star on Animal Planet, Identity, Lingo Olympic Winners episode [13] and Celebrity Family Feud as well as such talk shows as Hannity and The Bonnie Hunt Show.[14]
Since late 2007,[15] Jenner has starred in the E! reality series Keeping Up with the Kardashians, along with wife Kris Jenner, stepdaughters Kourtney, Kim, Khloé, and stepson Rob (from Kris' marriage to attorney Robert Kardashian), and daughters Kylie and Kendall. Season two had an average of 1.6 million viewers, an increase over the previous cycle.[16] Jenner has also made cameo appearances on the show's spinoff series.
Personal life[link]
His company, Bruce Jenner Aviation, sells aircraft supplies to executives and corporations.[17] Jenner was the business development vice president for a staffing industry software application known as JennerNet, which was based on Lotus Domino technology.
Jenner was the marketing name for Bruce Jenner's Westwood Centers for Nautilus & Aerobics in the early '80s. Jenner had no ownership in the centers. The fitness centers were owned by David Cirotto and Chin Yi. The centers were sold to Super Fitness Centers, owned by martial arts expert Paul Snow. Chin Yi later became the founder of LA Fitness. Jenner also was diagnosed with dyslexia as a young child—he appeared on the sitcom Silver Spoons where he revealed his condition to the Stratton family—and after retiring from sports, built a successful career as a motivational speaker and television sports commentator (making an appearance on the series Learn To Read).
Jenner has a younger sister named Lisa. His younger brother, Burt was killed in an auto accident in Canton, Connecticut shortly after Jenner's success in the Olympics,[18] so Jenner named his first son after his deceased brother. In his first marriage to Chrystie Crownover (December 15, 1972 – January 2, 1980) he had two children, first son Burton William "Burt" Jenner (b. September 6, 1978) and daughter Cassandra Lynn "Casey" Jenner (b. June 10, 1980).[19][20] His second marriage was from 1981–1985 to Linda Thompson. Their two sons together Brandon Thompson (b. June 4, 1981) and Brody (born August 21, 1983) appeared in their own reality show The Princes of Malibu; which also featured them living with their stepfather David Foster. Brody was also on the reality show The Hills.
Jenner is married to Kris (née Houghton). After dating for five months, they married on April 21, 1991.[21] Kris was previously married to lawyer Robert Kardashian. Jenner has two daughters with Kris, Kendall Nicole (b. November 3, 1995) and Kylie Kristen (b. August 10, 1997). He is also the stepfather of Kim, Khloé, Kourtney and Rob Kardashian. In 2009 Jenner became a grandfather to Francesca, his daughter Casey's first child. He became a step-grandfather for the first time on December 14, 2009, when his stepdaughter Kourtney gave birth to her first child, Mason.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d Bruce Jenner. Novelguide. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
- ^ Richard Hymans (2008) The History of the United States Olympic trials – Track and Field. USA Track and Field
- ^ Athletics at the 1972 München Summer Games: Men's Decathlon | Olympics at. Sports-reference.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-06.
- ^ Pearls of Wisdom: "Just Trust In Yourself and You'll Climb Every Hill". Swansgems.blogspot.com (2008-05-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
- ^ Bruce Jenner, Graceland College, 1982. desmoinesregister.com. June 27, 2005
- ^ a b Bud Winter Biography, San Jose State University 1940–1970, Part 1. Speedendurance.com (2011-03-02). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
- ^ Bruce Jenner wins decathlon — History.com This Day in History — 7/30/1976. History.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
- ^ "USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions: Men's Decathlon". USA Track & Field. c. 2001–2009. http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAOutdoorTF/men/mDec.asp. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
- ^ Decathlon All Time. iaaf.org. Updated 29/08/2011. Retrieved on 2011-09-06.
- ^ “” (November 14, 2006). "YouTube". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWa3cBjPcQA. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ >"Report from court archives researched by Laura Perkins". SFGate.com. June 24, 2011. http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-11-22/news/17571905_1_false-advertising-war-veterans-professors. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "in this Belushi Youtube compilation". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIyS87SAu-2:02. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ "TV.com, "#141 Olympic Winners Episode" DailyVariety.com,". http://www.tv.com/shows/lingo/141-olympic-winners-episode-820817/. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ "Bonnie Hunt show". Bonniehunt.com. http://www.bonniehunt.com/as_seen_on/index.php#mon. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ "Cristina Kinon, "E! renews 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians'," NYdailynews.com, November 13, 2007". New York: Nydailynews.com. November 13, 2007. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2007/11/13/2007-11-13_e_renews_keeping_up_with_the_kardashians.html. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ By (July 17, 2008). "Daniel Frankel, "'Kardashians' gets third season," DailyVariety.com, July 13, 2008". Variety.com. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117989106.html?categoryid=14&cs=1. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Eric Davis Freelance Web Designs, http://www.emdavis.com/freelance. "Bruce Jenner Aviation website". Brucejenneraviation.com. http://www.brucejenneraviation.com/. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ "Fame Woes", by Nancy Faber, April 11, 1977, People, Vol. 7 No. 14. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
- ^ Bob Ottum (November 3, 1980). "''Hey, Mister Fantasy Man'', Sports Illustrated, 3 November 1980". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1123922/9/index.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ www.imdb.com Biography for Chrystie Jenner Chrystie was born Chrystie Crownover; she was Chrystie Jenner during her marriage to Bruce Jenner. She married Richard Scott on July 10, 1982, and is now known as Chrystie Scott.
- ^ Jenner-Kardashian The Day (newspaper published April 23, 1991, page A2)
External links[link]
- Official site
- Bruce Jenner at the Internet Movie Database
- IAAF profile for Bruce Jenner
- Wheaties spokesperson
- Jenner Communications
- The short film Ten for Gold (1976) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Bruce Jenner's U.S. Olympic Team bio
- USATF Hall of Fame bio
| Records | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mykola Avilov |
Men's decathlon world record holder August 10, 1975 – May 15, 1980 |
Succeeded by Daley Thompson |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Jenner, Bruce |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American decathlete |
| Date of birth | October 28, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Mount Kisco, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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In this Japanese name, the family name is "Fujimoto".
Shun Fujimoto (藤本 俊, Fujimoto Shun?, born May 11, 1950) is a retired Japanese gymnast.
| Shun Fujimoto | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discipline | Men's artistic gymnastics | ||||||
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Medal record
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He represented Japan at the 1976 Summer Olympics, where he won gold in the team competition.
Fujimoto achieved fame by continuing to compete in the team event right after breaking his knee during the floor exercise. He scored 9.5 on the pommel horse and 9.7 on the rings with a broken knee, dismounting from the rings from eight feet above ground and keeping his balance after landing on his feet. He "raised his arms in a perfect finish before collapsing in agony".[1][2] The dismount worsened his injury, dislocating his broken kneecap and tearing ligaments in his right leg. Doctors ordered him to withdraw from further competition or risk permanent disability.[3][4] One doctor stated:
- "How he managed to do somersaults and twists and land without collapsing in screams is beyond my comprehension."[5]
Fujimoto stated that he had not wanted to let his team down by revealing his injury.[6] His completing of the pommel horse and rings events enabled the team to win gold, defeating the team from the Soviet Union by a narrow margin.[7] Later, when asked whether he would do what he did again, he replied frankly, "No, I would not."[8]
References[link]
- ^ "1976 Olympics gymnastics Shun Fujimoto", YouTube video
- ^ "Shun Fujimoto - a pioneer in taking one for the team", official website of the 2008 Summer Olympics
- ^ "A bad break for a courageous athlete", CNN
- ^ "If Perspiration Could Be Quantified", Time, August 15, 1988
- ^ "A bad break for a courageous athlete", CNN
- ^ "A bad break for a courageous athlete", CNN
- ^ "Fujimoto caps Japanese success", BBC, September 29, 2000
- ^ The Joy of Six: great Olympians The Guardian, 7 Aug 2008
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fujimoto, Shun |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Gymnast |
| Date of birth | 1950 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's Athletics | ||
| Competitor for the United States |
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| Olympic Games | ||
| Gold | 1976 Montreal | Discus throw |
| Silver | 1984 Los Angeles | Discus throw |
| Pan American Games | ||
| Gold | 1979 San Juan | Discus throw |
Maurice "Mac" Wilkins (born November 15, 1950) is an American athlete, who competed mainly in the discus throw. He was born in Eugene, Oregon.
Wilkins competed for the United States in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada in the discus throw, where he won the gold medal with a distance of 221' 5" to defeat Wolfgang Schmidt of East Germany by four feet.
Wilkins also won a silver medal with the discus at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, after missing the 1980 games due to the American boycott.
Wilkins is the last thrower that Bill Bowerman coached in Eugene, Oregon. Wilkins was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1994. He currently coaches at Concordia University in Portland.[1]
With the death of Al Oerter on 1 October 2007, Wilkins is the earliest surviving Olympic Champion in the Men's Discus. He is not the oldest as Viktor Rashchupkin, the 1980 Champion, is almost exactly 1 month older.
During his discus throw series from May 1, 1976, he set the world record three times with throws of 69.80m, 70.24m, and 70.86m.
References[link]
- ^ "Concordia in a Nutshell". Concordia University. January 12, 2010. http://www.cu-portland.edu/documents/concordia_in_a_nutshell.pdf. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
External links[link]
| Records | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Powell |
Men's Discus World Record Holder April 24, 1976 – August 9, 1978 |
Succeeded by Wolfgang Schmidt |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wilkins, Mac |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Athletics (sport) competitor |
| Date of birth | November 15, 1950 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article about a track and field Olympic medalist of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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