Buttermilk (right) compared to fresh milk (left). Notice the thickness from the trails left behind on the glass.

Buttermilk refers to a number of dairy drinks. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left behind after churning butter out of cream. This type of buttermilk is known as traditional buttermilk.

The term buttermilk also refers to a range of fermented milk drinks, common in warm climates (e.g., Middle East, Pakistan, India, and the Southern United States) where unrefrigerated fresh milk otherwise sours quickly,^[1] as well as in colder climates such as Germany, Poland, Scandinavia and the Netherlands. This fermented dairy product known as cultured buttermilk is produced from cow's milk and has a characteristically sour taste caused by lactic acid bacteria. This variant is made using one of two species of bacteria—either Streptococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which creates more tartness. Buttermilk made with the latter is called Bulgarian buttermilk.

The tartness of buttermilk is due to acid in the milk. The increased acidity is primarily due to lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria while fermenting lactose, the primary sugar in milk. As the bacteria produces lactic acid, the pH of the milk decreases and casein, the primary milk protein, precipitates, causing the curdling or clabbering of milk. This process makes buttermilk thicker than plain milk. While both traditional and cultured buttermilk contain lactic acid, traditional buttermilk tends to be less viscous, whereas cultured buttermilk is more viscous.^[2]

Buttermilk is usually drunk straight, but it can also be used in cooking. Soda bread is a bread where the buttermilk acidifies the rising agent, sodium bicarbonate, to produce carbon dioxide.

Traditional buttermilk[link]

Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left over from churning butter from cultured or fermented cream. Traditionally, before cream could be skimmed from whole milk, the milk was left to sit for a period of time to allow the cream and milk to separate. During this time, naturally occurring lactic acid-producing bacteria in the milk fermented it. This facilitates the butter churning process, since fat from cream with a lower pH coalesces more readily than that of fresh cream. The acidic environment also helps prevent potentially harmful microorganisms from growing, increasing shelf-life.^[3] However, in establishments that used cream separators, the cream was hardly acidic at all.

On the Indian subcontinent, the term "buttermilk" refers to the liquid left over after extracting butter from churned yogurt (dahi). Today, this is called traditional buttermilk. Traditional buttermilk is still common in many Indo-Pakistani households but rarely found in western countries.^[2] In Southern India and most areas of the Punjab, buttermilk with added water, sugar and/or salt, asafoetida, and curry leaves is given at stalls in festival times.

Cultured buttermilk[link]

Commercially available cultured buttermilk is milk that has been pasteurized and homogenized (if 1% or 2% fat), and then inoculated with a culture of lactic acid bacteria to simulate the naturally occurring bacteria in the old-fashioned product. Some dairies add colored flecks of butter to cultured buttermilk to simulate residual flecks of butter that can be left over from the churning process of traditional buttermilk.^[2]

Condensed buttermilk and Dried buttermilk have increased in importance in the food industry.^[4] Buttermilk solids are used in ice cream manufacture.^[5] Adding specific strains of bacteria to pasteurized milk allows more consistent production.

In the early 1900s, cultured buttermilk was labeled artificial buttermilk, to differentiate it from traditional buttermilk, which was known as natural or ordinary buttermilk.^[6]

Acidified buttermilk[link]

Acidified buttermilk is a related product made by adding a food-grade acid (such as lemon juice) to milk.^[7] It can be produced by mixing 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice with 1 cup of milk and letting it sit until it curdles, about 10 minutes. Any level of fat content for the milk ingredient may be used, but whole milk is usually used for baking.

Powdered buttermilk[link]

Like powdered milk, buttermilk is available in a dried powder form. This stores well at room temperature and is usually used in baked goods.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buttermilk

• Milk
• Fermented milk products
• Whey, the liquid left over after producing cheese
• Doogh, a fermented milk drink from Iran
• Dhallë, a type of buttermilk from Albania
• Filmjölk, a type of buttermilk from Sweden
• Kefir, a fermented milk drink from the Caucasus
• Lassi, a South Asian yogurt drink
• Ghol, a South Asian buttermilk drink
• Mattha, a South Asian buttermilk drink
• Ayran, an Anatolian yogurt drink
• Clabber, a Southern United States soured milk drink

References[link]

External links[link]

• Making cultured buttermilk
• History of buttermilk at Slate.com

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (April 2011)

Sarah Carey is a former Esat Telecom employee^[1] and former columnist for The Sunday Times^[2] and The Irish Times.^[3] She is currently a radio presenter on Newstalk and has presented for TV3. She resigned from The Irish Times in March 2011 after an appearance on national television during which she defended leaking information from the Moriarty Tribunal about political donations from Denis O'Brien to Irish political parties.

Education and early work[link]

Carey has a degree in History from Trinity College, Dublin and a post-graduate diploma in Business Studies from the Michael Smurfit Business School in University College Dublin.^[4] She has performed freelance PR/marketing work for a number of companies and the political party Fine Gael. She has also worked for Esat Digifone.^[4]

Blogging and newspaper columns[link]

In 2002, she began writing the blog GUBU, "An Irish woman’s social, political and domestic commentary". Then Sunday Times Irish Editor Fiona McHugh, offered Carey a column after reading the blog. The Sunday Times column ended when she started writing a weekly opinion column for The Irish Times in 2008.^[5] The blog also ended in 2008.

Moriarty Tribunal[link]

Witness[link]

Because she had worked as Marketing Coordinator for ESat Telecom, she was a witness at the Moriarty Tribunal.^[6][7] In 2004, she leaked information provided to her by the tribunal about political donations made by Denis O'Brien. These leaks were published by journalist Stephen Collins in The Sunday Tribune. She denied to her legal team that she had been the source of the leak, and they then informed the Tribunal of her denial. Some days later she admitted to them she was the source and explained her role and motivations to the Tribunal when questioned under oath. The Tribunal judge publicly rebuked her in 2004 for wasting the tribunal's time in identifying the source of the leak, describing it as "irresponsible" and "not remotely justified".^[8]

Moriarty Tribunal report and aftermath[link]

When the final Tribunal report was published in March 2011, she appeared on Prime Time, a national TV news analysis show, in which she defended the leak and her support for Mr O'Brien.^[1] Days later, she resigned from her job with The Irish Times.^[9]. In a statement, the editor said that "her credibility as a columnist had been damaged by the findings of the report of the Moriarty tribunal and its aftermath. In order to protect the reputation of The Irish Times, her position as a columnist was untenable." She continues to write for other newspapers.^[10]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Website of Newstalk

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

Vince Gill
Gill playing at the Crossroads Guitar Festival in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Vincent Grant Gill
Born	(1957-04-12) April 12, 1957 (age 55)
Origin	Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.
Genres	Country Bluegrass Blue-eyed soul Country pop
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, Electric guitar, Mandolin, Dobro, Banjo
Years active	1979–present
Labels	RCA MCA MCA Nashville
Associated acts	The Notorious Cherry Bombs Pure Prairie League Rodney Crowell Amy Grant Dolly Parton Ricky Skaggs Emmylou Harris Carrie Underwood Sara Evans Alice Cooper
Website	VinceGill.com

Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American country singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has achieved commercial success and fame both as frontman to the country rock band Pure Prairie League in the 1970s, and as a solo artist beginning in 1983, where his talents as a vocalist and musician have placed him in high demand as a guest vocalist, and a duet partner. Gill has recorded more than twenty studio albums, charted over forty singles on the U.S. Billboard charts as Hot Country Songs, and has sold more than 22 million albums. He has been honored by the Country Music Association with 18 CMA Awards, including two Entertainer of the Year awards and five Male Vocalist Awards. Gill has also earned 27 Grammy Awards, more than any other male Country music artist. In 2007, Gill was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Biography[link]

Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill was born in Norman, Oklahoma. His father, J. Stanley Gill, was a lawyer and administrative law judge^[1] who played in a country music band part time and encouraged Gill to pursue a music career. At the encouragement of his father, Gill learned to play several instruments, including the banjo and guitar, before he started high school at Oklahoma City's Northwest Classen High School. He first played with a teenage band called Bluegrass Revues in the late 1970s. The other members were: Billy Perry on the banjo, Bobby Clark on the triangle and Mike Perry on the bass.

While in high school, he performed with Mountain Smoke, a bluegrass band that once opened for Pure Prairie League and Kiss. After he graduated, he played in a number of bluegrass bands, including Ricky Skaggs' Boone Creek and Byron Berline and Sundance; later, he became a member of Rodney Crowell's road band, The Cherry Bombs.

Career[link]

Gill debuted on the national scene with the country rock band Pure Prairie League in 1979, appearing on that band's album Can't Hold Back. Gill is the lead singer on their hit song "Let Me Love You Tonight".

Mark Knopfler once invited Gill to join Dire Straits, but Gill declined the offer (although he sang backup on Dire Straits' album On Every Street).

Gill provided background vocals for the song, "Tennessee Line", from Daughtry's second studio album, Leave This Town.

Gill was scheduled to appear at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on Nov 10, 2010.^[2]

Gill was mentioned at length by Lewis Black in Black's "Stark Raving Black" stand-up act. Black goes on to joke about how awful it was to follow Gill at a USO benefit show because of how well Vince and wife, Amy Grant, performed.

Gill is currently collaborating with Joe Bonamassa on his forthcoming album Dust Bowl.

In July 2011, Gill appeared as a guest on NPR's news quiz show Wait, Wait...Don't Tell Me.

On February 23, 2012 Vince announced after 23 years with MCA Nashville that he had parted ways with the label

On April 14 2012, it was confirmed that Gill had been working with Bonnie Tyler on her upcoming album, performing a duet with her entitled "What You Need From Me".^[3]

Personal life[link]

Gill married country singer Janis Oliver of Sweethearts of the Rodeo fame, in 1980, and they had one daughter, Jennifer Jerene Gill, born May 5, 1982. Gill occasionally mixed sound for his wife's band at concerts. Vince and Janis separated in the mid-1990s and eventually divorced in June 1998. Vince married Christian/pop singer Amy Grant in March 2000. They have one daughter, Corrina Grant Gill, born March 12, 2001.

Gill, along with his wife Amy, are fans of the Nashville Predators. They have been season ticket holders since the opening season and are often shown on the jumbo screen. In the 2007 playoffs, he and Amy sang the national anthem for each game.

Though Gill never attended college, he's a big fan of the University of Oklahoma football team. He also attends nearly every men's basketball game at Belmont University in Nashville.

Discography[link]

Albums

• 1984: Turn Me Loose
• 1985: The Things That Matter
• 1987: The Way Back Home
• 1989: When I Call Your Name
• 1991: Pocket Full of Gold
• 1992: I Still Believe in You
• 1993: Let There Be Peace on Earth
• 1994: When Love Finds You
• 1995: The Essential Vince Gill
• 1995: Souvenirs
• 1996: High Lonesome Sound
• 1998: The Key
• 1998: Breath of Heaven: A Christmas Collection
• 2000: Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye
• 2000: 'Tis The Season
• 2003: Next Big Thing
• 2006: These Days
• 2011: Guitar Slinger

Selected awards[link]

Academy of Country Music

• 1984 Top New Male Vocalist
• 1992 Song of the Year with John Barlow Jarvis - "I Still Believe In You"
• 1992 Top Male Vocalist
• 1993 Top Male Vocalist

Country Music Association

• 1990 Single of the Year - "When I Call Your Name"
• 1991 Male Vocalist of the Year
• 1992 Male Vocalist of the Year
• 1992 Song of the Year with Max D. Barnes - "Look At Us"
• 1993 Album of the Year - "I Still Believe in You"
• 1993 Male Vocalist of the Year
• 1993 Song of the Year with John Barlow Jarvis - "I Still Believe in You"
• 1994 Entertainer of the Year
• 1994 Male Vocalist of the Year
• 1995 Male Vocalist of the Year
• 1999 Vocal Event of the Year with Patty Loveless - "My Kind of Woman, My Kind of Man"

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

• Inducted in 2007

Grammy Awards

• 1990 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male - "When I Call Your Name"
• 1991 Best Country Vocal Collaboration with Ricky Skaggs and Steve Wariner - "Restless"
• 1992 Best Country Song with John Barlow Jarvis - "I Still Believe in You"
• 1992 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male - "I Still Believe in You"
• 1993 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Asleep at the Wheel, Chet Atkins, Eldon Shamblin, Johnny Gimble, Marty Stuart, and Reuben "Lucky Oceans" Gosfield - "Red Wing"
• 1994 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male - "When Love Finds You"
• 1995 Best Country Song - "Go Rest High on That Mountain"
• 1995 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "Go Rest High on That Mountain"
• 1996 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "Worlds Apart"
• 1997 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Randy Scruggs - "A Soldier's Joy"
• 1997 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "Pretty Little Adriana"
• 1998 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "If You Ever Have Forever In Mind"
• 1999 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Tommy Allsup, Asleep at the Wheel, Floyd Domino, Larry Franklin, and Steve Wariner - "Bob's Breakdowns"
• 2001 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Jerry Douglas, Gen Duncan, Albert Lee, Steve Martin, Leon Russell, Earl Scruggs, Gary Scruggs, Randy Scruggs, Paul Shaffer and Marty Stuart - "Foggy Mountain Breakdown"
• 2002 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "The Next Big Thing"
• 2006 Best Male Country Vocal Performance - "The Reason Why"
• 2007 Best Country Album - "These Days"
• 2008 Best Country Instrumental Performance with Brad Paisley, James Burton, John Jorgenson, Albert Lee, Brent Mason, Redd Volkaert and Steve Wariner - "Cluster Pluck"

Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame

• Inducted in 2005

See also[link]

• Best selling music artists

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Official Vince Gill UMG Nashville Artist Page
• How to Capture Vince Gill’s Guitar Tone
• Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Gill, Vince
• Vince Gill - Guitar Slinger Album Tracks Lyrics

John Hughey (born December 27, 1933 in Elaine, Arkansas; died November 18, 2007 in Hendersonville, Tennessee) was an American musician. He was known for his work as a session pedal steel guitar player for various country music acts, most notably Vince Gill and Conway Twitty. A member of the Pedal Steel Guitar Hall of Fame, Hughey was known for a distinctive playing style called "crying steel", which focused primarily on the higher range of the guitar.

Biography[link]

John Hughey was born December 27, 1933 in Elaine, Arkansas. He began playing guitar at age nine, when his parents bought him an acoustic guitar from Sears.^[1] In the seventh grade, he befriended a classmate named Harold Jenkins, who would later become a prominent country singer under his stage name Conway Twitty.^[1] (Hughey and Jenkins also attended high school together.)^[2]

Influenced by Eddy Arnold's steel guitarist, Little Roy Wiggins, Hughey asked his father to buy him a lap steel guitar. Along with Jenkins and other high school friends, Hughey performed in a local band called the Phillips County Ramblers.^[1] Hughey first played professionally as a member of Slim Rhodes and The Mother's Best Mountaineers, a Memphis, Tennessee-based band. After leaving this band, Hughey joined Twitty on the road as his pedal steel guitarist, and backed Twitty from 1968 to 1988.^[3] He also recorded with various other acts, such as Marty Stuart, Willie Nelson, Elvis Presley, and Dickey Betts.^[2] By the 1980s, he began playing for Loretta Lynn, then moved on to play steel for Vince Gill for twelve years.^[3] Hughey was inducted into the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame in 1996.^[1][3] In the 2000s, he and several other Nashville musicians formed a Western swing band called The Time Jumpers, who performed every Monday at a club in Nashville.^[2]

Hughey died on November 18, 2007 from heart complications, one month after having had a stint put in his heart.^[2][4] His funeral was held on November 21, 2007 at the First Baptist Church in Hendersonville, Tennessee.^[2][5]

Style and legacy[link]

Hughey's method of steel guitar playing was known as the "crying steel" method, because of his use of tremolo on the instrument's higher range.^[2] Vince Gill has cited Hughey as giving "definition" to his music, citing the single "Look at Us" (from 1991's Pocket Full of Gold) as an example. According to Gill, that song's steel guitar intro "makes that song recognizable by what happens before any words even get sung."^[2] Marty Stuart, for whom Hughey played on the 1992 album This One's Gonna Hurt You, described him as "a top drawer statesman who helped define the whole 20th century sound of country music".^[2]

Family[link]

For 45 years, Hughey was married to his wife, Jean, who often sat in the audience during The Time Jumpers' performances. Together, they had one daughter.^[2] Hughey also has four brothers and four sisters.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• John Hughey website
• John Hughey at Find a Grave