Toxandri
The Toxandri (or Texuandri, Taxandri, Toxandrians etc.) were a people living at the time of the Roman empire. Their territory was called Toxandria, Toxiandria or Taxandria, a name which survived into the Middle Ages. It was roughly equivalent to the modern Campine (Dutch Kempen) geographical region of northeastern Flanders and southern Netherlands. In modern terms this covered all or most of North Brabant, the east of Antwerp Province, and the north of Belgian Limburg.
Their name is also preserved in modern placenames such as Tessenderlo, which is in the modern Belgian province of Limburg where it borders upon the provinces of Antwerp and Flemish Brabant.
Early reports
Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia reported that they were divided into "various peoples with many names". He placed them at the extreme edge of Gallia Belgica, "beyond" the River Scaldis (modern Scheldt) which apparently separated them from the Menapii. This means that the Toxandria were either within, or very close to, the part of the river delta frontier area of Belgic Gaul, that later became part of Roman "Lower Germany".
