- published: 20 Jun 2011
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Alaska
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 64th-largest city and northernmost major city in the United States. With 291,826 residents in 2010 (and 380,821 residents within its Metropolitan Statistical Area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough), it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; amongst the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
Anchorage has been named All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984/1985 and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax friendly city in the United States.
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). The deal was lampooned by political rivals as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska -
Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham (
/ˈbɜrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham) is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to the 2010 United States Census, Birmingham had a population of 212,237. The Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one-quarter of Alabama's population.
Birmingham was founded in 1871, just after the American Civil War, through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns, notably, former Elyton. It grew from there, annexing many more of its smaller neighbors, into an industrial and railroad transportation center with a focus on mining, the iron and steel industry, and railroading. Birmingham was named for Birmingham, one of the major industrial cities of the United Kingdom. Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. The city was planned as a place where cheap, non-unionized, and African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city's steel mills and blast furnaces, giving it a competitive advantage over industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast.
wn.com/Birmingham,_Alabama -
Blooming Grove, Ohio
Blooming Grove is an unincorporated community in northeastern North Bloomfield Township, Morrow County, Ohio, United States. The community is located at the junction of State Route 97 and Morrow County Road 20. The nearest city is Galion, Ohio, located to the northwest. Mount Gilead, the county seat of Morrow County, is located southwest of Blooming Grove on State Route 61.
Founded under the name of "Corsica", the community is the nearest settlement to the birthplace of Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States of America. The Harding birthplace is no longer standing; however, the site is marked by an Ohio Historical Society Marker.
The community was laid out by Salmon E. Harding.
Coordinates: 40°42′28″N 82°43′00″W / 40.70778°N 82.7166667°W / 40.70778; -82.7166667
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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British Columbia
British Columbiai/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
wn.com/British_Columbia -
Butte, Montana
Butte /ˈbjuːt/ is a city in Montana and the county seat of Silver Bow County, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. As of the 2010 census, Butte's population was 34,200. Butte is currently Montana's fifth largest city.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Butte experienced every stage of development of a mining town, from camp to boomtown to mature city to center for historic preservation and environmental cleanup. Unlike most such towns, Butte's urban landscape includes mining operations set within residential areas, making the environmental consequences of the extraction economy all the more apparent. Despite the dominance of the Anaconda Company, Butte was never a company town. It prided itself on architectural diversity and a civic ethos of rough-and-tumble individualism. In the 21st century, efforts at interpreting and preserving Butte's heritage are addressing both the town's historical significance and the continuing importance of mining to its economy and culture.
wn.com/Butte,_Montana -
Caledonia, Ohio
Caledonia is a village in Marion County, Ohio, United States. The population was 578 at the 2000 census.
Caledonia is located at 40°38′10″N 82°58′9″W / 40.63611°N 82.96917°W / 40.63611; -82.96917 (40.636068, -82.969301).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 578 people, 230 households, and 169 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,568.0 people per square mile (970.3/km²). There were 242 housing units at an average density of 1,075.2 per square mile (406.2/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 99.31% White, 0.35% African American, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.
There were 230 households out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.92.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
wn.com/California -
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids ( /ˈsiːdər ˈræpɨdz/) is the second largest city in Iowa and is the county seat of Linn County. The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River, 20 miles (32 km) north of Iowa City and 100 miles (160 km) east of Des Moines, the state's capital and largest city. City hall and the Linn County Courthouse are located on Mays Island in the Cedar River; Cedar Rapids is one of few cities in the world with governmental offices on a municipal island.
A flourishing center for arts and culture in Eastern Iowa, the city is home to the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library, the Paramount Theatre, Theatre Cedar Rapids, and the Iowa Cultural Corridor Alliance. Cedar Rapids is an economic hub of the state, located in the core of the Interstate 380 Cedar Rapids/Iowa City Technology Corridor of Linn, Benton, Jones, Johnson, and Washington counties. The estimated population of the three-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha, was 255,452 in 2008. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was to 126,326. Cedar Rapids has been residence to famous figures for the United States, including American Gothic painter Grant Wood, journalist and historian William L. Shirer, writer and photographer Carl Van Vechten, and aerodynamics pioneer Dr. Alexander Lippisch. In the 1990s and 2000s, Hollywood would feature several Cedar Rapidians including actors Bobby Driscoll, Ashton Kutcher, Elijah Wood and Ron Livingston. The area has also produced a number of professional athletes such as Ryan Sweeney, Trent Green, and Kurt Warner. The city is also the setting for a musical, The Pajama Game and the comedy film Cedar Rapids.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
wn.com/Chicago -
Chickaloon, Alaska
Chickaloon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Anchorage, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 272 at the 2010 census.
Chickaloon is located at 61°47′38″N 148°28′58″W / 61.79389°N 148.48278°W / 61.79389; -148.48278 (61.793994, -148.482733).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 80.2 square miles (208 km2), of which, 79.4 square miles (206 km2) of it is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2) of it (1.05%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there are 213 people, 87 households, and 58 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 2.7 people per square mile (1.0/km²). There are 208 housing units at an average density of 2.6/sq mi (1.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 77.93% White, 1.41% Black or African American, 15.49% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 1.88% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races. 1.41% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati (pronounced /sɪnsɨˈnæti/) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Settled in 1788, the city is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits was 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's third-largest city. According to the 2011 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,138,038, the 27th most populous Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States, and the most populous in Ohio. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was the first American boomtown in the heart of the country to rival the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. As the first major inland city in the country, it is sometimes thought of as the first purely American city. It developed initially without as much recent European immigration or influence as took place in eastern cities. However, by the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads, Cincinnati's growth had slowed considerably and the city became surpassed in population and prominence by another inland city, Chicago.
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Des Moines, Iowa
Des Moinesi/dɨˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the US state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County. A small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines which was shortened to "Des Moines" in 1857. It is named after the Des Moines River, which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, literally meaning "River of the Monks." The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 88th in terms of population in the United States with 569,633 residents according to the 2010 count by the United States Census Bureau. The city proper population was 203,433 at the 2010 census.
Des Moines is a major center for the insurance industry and also has a sizable financial services and publishing business base. In fact, Des Moines was credited with the "number one spot for U.S. insurance companies" in a Business Wire article. The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group, Aviva insurance (West Des Moines) the Meredith Corporation, Ruan Transportation, EMC Insurance Companies, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield. Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo, ING Group, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, Marsh, Monsanto and Pioneer Hi-Bred have large operations in or near the metro area. Forbes magazine ranked Des Moines as the "Best Place for Business" in 2010 and, in 2011, ranked the city #1 among "America's Best Cities for Young Professionals."Kiplinger's Personal Finance 2008 Best Cities List featured Des Moines as #9. In November 2011, the city of Des Moines was listed as the #1 Greenest city for Women by Self Magazine.
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Dunsmuir, California
Dunsmuir is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 1,650 at the 2010 census, down from 1,923 at the 2000 census. The official city slogan is "Home of the best water on Earth" Dunsmuir is currently a hub for tourism in Northern California as visitors enjoy fishing, skiing, climbing, or sight-seeing. During steam engine days, it was notable for being the site of an important Central Pacific (and later Southern Pacific) railroad yard, where extra steam locomotives were added to assist trains on the grade to the north.
Located in the Shasta Cascade area of Northern California, Dunsmuir is a popular destination for tourists. Visitors come to trout fish in the Sacramento and McCloud Rivers, or to see and climb Mount Shasta, Castle Crags or the Trinity Alps. Visitors ski (both alpine and cross-country) and bicycle, or can hike to the waterfalls, streams and lakes in the area, including nearby Mossbrae Falls, Lake Siskiyou, Castle Lake and Shasta Lake.
The town is also a destination for historical and cultural tourists, as the town has preserved an authentic 1920s and 1930s look and feel. Dunsmuir's long connection with the railroad draws railfans to enjoy the sights and sounds of the railroad in the steep Sacramento River canyon. Fly fishing is allowed all year round in town (catch and release in Winter) and skiing is close by at Mount Shasta Ski Park.
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Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
In the early part of his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), the nation's first industrial union. When the ARU struck the Pullman Palace Car Company over pay cuts, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was later imprisoned for failing to obey an injunction against the strike.
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Fairbanks, Alaska
Fairbanks ( /ˈfɛərbæŋks/) is a home rule city in and the borough seat of the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.
Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska, and second largest in the state behind Anchorage. It is the principal city of the Fairbanks, Alaska, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of the Fairbanks North Star Borough and is the northernmost Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States.
According to 2010 census, the population of the city was 31,535, and the Fairbanks metropolitan area's population was 97,581. Fairbanks is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the oldest of Alaska's current colleges.
Captain E. T. Barnette founded Fairbanks in August 1901 while headed to Tanacross (or Tanana Crossing, where the Valdez-Eagle trail crossed the Tanana River), where he intended to set up a trading post. The steamboat on which Barnette was a passenger, the Lavelle Young, ran aground while attempting to negotiate shallow water. Barnette, along with his party and supplies, were deposited along the banks of the Chena River 7 miles (11 km) upstream from its confluence with the Tanana River. The sight of smoke from the steamer's engines caught the attention of prospectors working in the hills to the north, most notably an Italian immigrant named Felice Pedroni (better known as Felix Pedro) and his partner Tom Gilmore. The two met Barnette where he disembarked and convinced him of the potential of the area. Barnette set up his trading post at the site, still intending to eventually make it to Tanacross.
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Findlay, Ohio
Findlay is a city in Hancock County, Ohio, United States. Findlay serves as the county seat. The city metro area is often referred as The Greater Findlay Area. Located in northwestern Ohio, Findlay lies approximately 40 miles (80 km) south of Toledo. The population was 41,202 at the 2010 census. It is home to the University of Findlay. The city's official nickname is "Flag City, USA". Findlay is one of two cities in Hancock County, along with Fostoria. Findlay is one of the few areas in Northwest Ohio that is still growing and is the second largest city in that region.
The Findlay and Hancock County community was named a winner in the first-ever national competition to identify the 100 Best Communities for Young People in September 2005. The honor was awarded through the America's Promise Alliance. Findlay and Columbus were the only two cities in Ohio to receive the distinction. In 2007, Findlay-Hancock County was once again selected (one of 52 repeat honorees), and joined Toledo as the only two cities in Ohio to receive this designation. Findlay is home to Blanchard Valley Regional Hospitals, which has been rewarded one of the best 100 hospitals in the United States.
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Hammond, Indiana
Hammond ( /ˈhæmənd/) is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area. The population was 80,830 at the 2010 census.
Hammond is located at 41°36′40″N 87°29′35″W / 41.61111°N 87.49306°W / 41.61111; -87.49306 (41.611185, -87.493080).
The city's elevation above sea level ranges from 577 feet (176 m) to 610 feet (190 m). The city sits within the boundaries of the former Lake Chicago. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand has been removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass. According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 24.88 square miles (64.4 km2), of which 22.78 square miles (59.0 km2) (or 91.56%) is land and 2.11 square miles (5.5 km2) (or 8.48%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 83,048 people, 32,026 households and 20,880 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,630.0 per square mile (1,401.4/km²). There were 34,139 housing units at an average density of 1,492.2 per square mile (576.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.35% White, 14.57% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 9.32% from other races, and 2.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.04% of the population.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Hotel Vancouver
The Hotel Vancouver (branded currently as the Fairmont Hotel Vancouver) is a hotel located on West Georgia Street and Burrard Street, in the heart of Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia.
Constructed at 111 metres (17 stories) high, its architects were John S. Archibald and John Schofield. It became part of the Canadian Pacific Hotels chain after that company purchased CN Hotels in 1988. CP Hotels was later renamed to Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.
This building is the third hotel to be named "Hotel Vancouver". The second Hotel Vancouver, this building's predecessor a block away, was built in 1916, and became a troop barracks during the Second World War, and was finally torn down in 1949 to fulfill a commitment made by the city with the developers of the third Hotel Vancouver to demolish it - as the new hotel's design was not as lavish and impressive, and the older hotel was perceived to be too much of a potential rival. The second hotel was in a grand Italianate revival style, and was considered one of the great hotels of the British Empire. In the time of this building the names of the Spanish Grill (a cafe-restaurant), the Panorama Roof (and dine-and-dance show club), the Timber Club (a drinking lounge), the Pacific Empire Ballroom, and the Red Barrel (a beer parlour) became famous as part of the city's social whirl (names that are used by facilities in the third Hotel Vancouver). It had several ballrooms and lounges, as well as an adjacent opera house cum cinema (originally the Orpheum, later restyled the Lyric), and all the bathrooms were fitted with marble sinks and gold-plate faucetry.
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Iberia, Ohio
Iberia is a census-designated place in western Washington Township, Morrow County, Ohio, United States. The community is served by the Northmor Local School District which operates Iberia Elementary School in the community. Iberia is near to Galion, and Martel. The ZIP code assigned to Iberia by the United States Postal Service is 43325. The current population of Iberia is less than 200 as of the 2000 census. Iberia is northwest of Mount Gilead, the county seat.
Iberia is located in Central Ohio at 40°67'034" North, 82°84'357" West (40.67034, -82.84357), at the junction of State Route 309 and Morrow County Road 30.
Iberia was founded in 1827 and plated in 1832 by Frederick Meyers and Samuel Foster. The name of the community was suggested by Robert Rowland who was visiting family members that had settled in the area. On modern maps, the town is located at the junction of State Route 309 and Morrow County Road 30.
Iberia was once the home of Iberia College, later Ohio Central College, a Presbyterian Church affiliated institution of higher learning. The college is most closely aligned with its most notable graduate, Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States. Following the cessation of classes, the records and alumni of Ohio Central College were assumed by Muskingum College of New Concord, Ohio.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Juneau, Alaska
The City and Borough of Juneau ( /ˈdʒuːnoʊ/) is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. The municipality unified on July 1, 1970, when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.
The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau 58°18′07″N 134°25′11″W / 58.30194°N 134.41972°W / 58.30194; -134.41972 is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2010 census, the City and Borough had a population of 31,275.
Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris). The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.
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Ketchikan, Alaska
Ketchikan ( /ˈkɛtʃɨkæn/) is a city in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska, United States, the southeasternmost sizable city in Alaska. With an estimated population of 14,070 in 2010 within the city limits, it is the fifth most populous city in the state.
Ketchikan's economy is based upon tourism and fishing, and the city is known as the "Salmon Capital of the World." The Misty Fjords National Monument is one of the area's major attractions. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, a large portion of Ketchikan's economy and life centered around the Ketchikan Pulp Company pulp mill in nearby Ward Cove.
Ketchikan is named after Ketchikan Creek, which flows through the town. Ketchikan comes from the Tlingit name for the creek, Kitschk-hin, the meaning of which is unclear. It may mean "the river belonging to Kitschk"; other accounts claim it means "Thundering Wings of an Eagle."
Ketchikan's secondary post office box ZIP code, 99928, is the highest ZIP code ever assigned in the United States, although most residents use the ZIP code 99901. Ketchikan also has the world's largest collection of standing totem poles, found at three major locations: the City of Saxman, Totem Bight State Park, and the Totem Heritage Center. Some totem poles are replicas made during the Roosevelt Administration through the CCC, which employed Natives in replicating their heritage through carving totems.
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Marion County, Ohio
Marion County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 66,501, which is an increase of 0.4% from 66,217 in 2000. Its county seat is the city of Marion and is named for General Francis "The Swamp Fox" Marion, an officer in the Revolutionary War.
The Marion Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Marion County.
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 404.11 square miles (1,046.6 km2), of which 403.76 square miles (1,045.7 km2) (or 99.91%) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2) (or 0.09%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 66,217 people, 24,578 households, and 17,253 families residing in the county. The population density was 164 people per square mile (63/km²). There were 26,298 housing units at an average density of 65 per square mile (25/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 92.10% White, 5.75% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. 1.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Marion, Ohio
Marion is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Marion County. The municipality is located in north-central Ohio, approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Columbus.
The population was 35,318 at the 2000 census. According to the US Census 2008 estimate, Marion has a population of 35,841, while Ohio's Columbus–Marion–Chillicothe Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people. Marion is the county's largest city and the center of the Marion Micropolitan Statistical Area (as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003). President Warren G. Harding was a native of Marion. The current administration is led by Mayor Scott Schertzer who started his second term in January of 2012.
The origins of Marion can be traced back to the War of 1812 when Jacob Foos, a surveyor for General Harrison's army, discovered a spring at the top of a hill and established a well there which was named "Jacob's Well". At the time it was a stopover for troops on their way from Ft. Franklin (Columbus) to Toledo. Legend has it that in the middle of the night Foos awoke with a terrible thirst. He began to dig and told his fellow travelers that he was going to dig till he found either water or hell. This well was located near what is now Marion Towers on Delaware Ave. The town of Marion was platted north of Jacob's Well in 1822 by Alexander Holmes and Eber Baker; Marion County was established in 1824.
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Metlakatla, Alaska
Metlakatla ( /ˌmɛtləˈkætlə/) is a census-designated place (CDP) on Annette Island in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,375.
Metlakatla comes from Maxłakxaała, a Tsimshian word meaning "Salt Water Passage." Metlakatla was named after another village of the same name ("Old Metlakatla") in British Columbia, which is on Metlakatla Pass, near Prince Rupert. In a more ancient time, it was a Tlingit hunting ground known as "Taquan". The Tsimshians were granted permission to own the land by Chief Johnson of the Tlinget tribe.
In 1886, William Duncan, an English tannery employee and lay minister of the Anglican Church, had a doctrinal dispute with the Church authorities in Metlakatla, B.C. He and a devoted group of Tsimshian followers decided to leave Metlakatla. Duncan went to Washington, D.C., in the United States and asked the U.S. government to give his group land in Alaska. The U.S. under President Cleveland gave them Annette Island after a search committee in sea-going canoes discovered its calm bay, accessible beaches, nearby waterfall, and abundant fish.
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Mount Gilead, Ohio
Mount Gilead is a village in Morrow County, Ohio, United States.
Mount Gilead's population was 3,290 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Morrow County and the center of population of Ohio.[1] The village was established in 1832, eight years after white settlers arrived in the region. Before their arrival, the forest was a hunting area for the Shawnee tribe.
Located in the center of the village is Morrow County's historic World War I Victory Memorial Shaft, unique in the United States, and Mount Gilead State Park is nearby on State Route 95. Other areas drawing tourism include the Amish farms, shops and stores east of Mount Gilead, near Chesterville and Johnsville. Mount Gilead is also home to the Morrow County Hospital.
Four properties in Mount Gilead are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the floral hall at the county fairgrounds, Levering Hall, the Morrow County Courthouse, and the James S. Trimble House. Levering Hall in particular is distinguished by its ornate Italianate architecture and its place as the center of community life for several decades.
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Myrl Shoemaker
Myrl Howard Shoemaker (April 14, 1913 – July 30, 1985) was an American politician of the Democratic party who served as the 57th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1983 until his death in 1985.
Shoemaker served for 24 years in the Ohio House of Representatives. Celeste's choice of Shoemaker for Lieutenant Governor was pivotal for him to receive downstate support in the election to offset the political support of his opponent, U.S. Rep. Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. Wags claimed that if elected, Celeste would be the Governor above Interstate 70 and Shoemaker would be the Governor below Interstate 70, the highway that bisects Ohio.
He was elected lieutenant governor in 1982 as running mate of Richard F. Celeste.
Shoemaker died of cancer in 1985 while serving as lieutenant governor.
His son Mike Shoemaker served for many years in the Ohio House of Representatives and the Ohio State Senate.
The Convocation center on the campus of the University of Cincinnati bears his name. The main arena is sponsored by Fifth Third Bank and is legally named "Fifth Third Arena at Shoemaker Center"
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Nenana, Alaska
Nenana ( /nɛˈnænə/) is a Home Rule City in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Nenana lies at the juncture of the Nenana River and the Tanana River. The population was 402 at the 2000 census. "Nenana" means 'a good place to camp between two rivers.'[citation needed]
Nenana is in the western-most portion of Tanana Athabascan Indian territory. It was first known as Tortella, an interpretation of the Indian word "Toghotthele" (TOG-uh-TEE-lee), which means "mountain that parallels the river." Early explorers such as Allen, Harper and Bates first entered the Tanana Valley in 1875 and 1885. However, the Tanana people were accustomed to contact with Europeans, due to trading journeys to the Village of Tanana, where Russians bartered Western goods for furs.
The discovery of gold in Fairbanks in 1902 brought intense activity to the region. A trading post/roadhouse was constructed by Jim Duke in 1903 to supply river travelers and trade with Indians. St. Mark's Episcopal mission and school was built a short distance upriver in 1905. Native children from other communities, such as Minto, attended school in Nenana. A post office opened in 1908. In 1915, construction of the Alaska Railroad doubled Nenana's population. The community incorporated as a city in 1921.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.
Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in half the time previously required. The shorter, faster, safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and along the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy.
Ownership of the territory that is now the Panama Canal was first Colombian, then French and then American before coming under the control of the Panamanian government in 1999. The Panama Canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships when it opened in 1914, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, the latter measuring a total of 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons. By 2008, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal, many of them much larger than the original planners could have envisioned; the largest ships that can transit the canal today are called Panamax. The American Society of Civil Engineers has named the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
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Philippine
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Plymouth Notch
Plymouth Notch is a small unincorporated village in the town of Plymouth, Windsor County, Vermont, United States.
All or most of the village is included in the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District, a National Historic Landmark. John Calvin Coolidge, Sr., the father of Calvin Coolidge, was Justice of the Peace in this town and here Coolidge was sworn in as president almost immediately upon the death of his predecessor, Warren G. Harding, who died suddenly in 1923. President Coolidge is buried in Notch Cemetery, along with seven generations of Coolidges.
In addition to the museum buildings, the village contains a restaurant, general store, and a still operative cheese factory founded by the Coolidge family in 1890.
Coordinates: 43°32′08″N 72°43′19″W / 43.5356°N 72.7219°W / 43.5356; -72.7219
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the U.S. state of Oregon, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest region, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. Approximately 2,260,000 people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States.
Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the county seat of Multnomah County. The city extends west into the Cedar Mill neighborhood in Washington County and south towards Lake Oswego in Clackamas County. With a commission-based government headed by a mayor and four other commissioners, the city and region are noted for strong land-use planning and investment in light rail, supported by Metro, a distinctive regional government. Because of its public transportation networks and efficient land use planning, Portland has been referred to as one of the most environmentally friendly, or "green", cities in the world.
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Samuel Hopkins Adams
Samuel Hopkins Adams (January 26, 1871 – November 15, 1958) was an American writer, best known for his investigative journalism.
Adams was born in Dunkirk, New York. In 1891, he graduated from Hamilton College.
From 1891 to 1929, he was a reporter for the New York Sun and then joined McClure's Magazine, where he gained a reputation as a muckraker for his articles on the conditions of public health in the United States.
In a series of eleven articles he wrote for Collier's Weekly in 1905, "The Great American Fraud", Adams exposed many of the false claims made about patent medicines, pointing out that in some cases these medicines were damaging the health of the people using them. The series had a huge impact and led to the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.
In 1911 the Supreme Court ruled that the prohibition of falsifications referred only to the ingredients of the medicine. This meant that companies were again free to make false claims about their products. Adams returned to the attack and another series of articles in Collier's Weekly, Adams exposed the misleading advertising that companies were using to sell their products.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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Seattle, Washington
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Seward, Alaska
Seward is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 3,016.
It was named after William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1867, he fought for the U.S. purchase of Alaska which he finally negotiated to acquire from Russia.
In 1793 Alexander Baranov of the Shelikhov-Golikov company (precursor of the Russian-American Company) established a fur trade post on Resurrection Bay where Seward is today, and had a three-masted vessel, the Phoenix, built at the post by James Shields, an English shipwright in Russian service.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.5 square miles (56 km2), of which, 14.4 square miles (37 km2) of it is land and 7.1 square miles (18 km2) of it (32.93%) is water.
Adjoining communities include Bear Creek and Lowell Point.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,830 people, 917 households, and 555 families residing in the city. The population density was 196.0 people per square mile (75.7/km²). There were 1,058 housing units at an average density of 73.3 per square mile (28.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.12% White, 2.44% Black or African American, 16.68% Native American, 1.84% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 5.87% from two or more races. 2.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Sitka, Alaska
The City and Borough of Sitka, formerly called New Archangelsk (Russian: "Новоaрхангельск" or "Ново-Архангельск"; transliterated: "Novoarkhangelsk" or "New-Arkhangelsk") under Russian Rule, is a unified city-borough located on Baranof Island and the southern half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle), in the U.S. state of Alaska. With a population of 8,881 as of 2010, Sitka is the fourth-largest city by population in Alaska. Urban Sitka (Downtown) 57°03′5.62″N 135°20′19.11″W / 57.0515611°N 135.3386417°W / 57.0515611; -135.3386417, the part that is usually thought of as the "city" of Sitka, is situated on the west side of Baranof Island.
The current name "Sitka" (derived from Sheet’ká, a contraction of the Tlingit name Shee At'iká) means "People on the Outside of Shee", Sheet’-ká X'áat'l (often expressed simply as Shee) being the Tlingit name for Baranof Island.
Sitka's location was originally settled by the Tlingit people over 10,000 years ago. The Russian heritage of Sitka did not begin until Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov, the governor of Russian America. Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian-American Company, a "semi-official" colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I.
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Steubenville, Ohio
Steubenville is a city located along the Ohio River in Jefferson County, Ohio on the Ohio-West Virginia border in the United States. It is the political county seat of Jefferson County. It is also a principal city of the Weirton–Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 18,659.
Steubenville is called the City of Murals because more than 25 murals can be found in the downtown area and Ohio's Cookie Capital. It is the home of Franciscan University of Steubenville, Eastern Gateway Community College (formerly Jefferson Community College), and Old Fort Steuben.
It is the birthplace of singer and actor Dean Martin, actress Traci Lords, television commentator and oddsmaker Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Museum Director and Curator Mason Paul and Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Rollie Fingers.
Steubenville was platted as a town in 1797, immediately after the creation of Jefferson County. It was built on the site of Fort Steuben which was erected in 1786–1787 and named in honor of Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. Steubenville received a city charter in 1851. The city was also a stop along the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad that connected Pittsburgh to Chicago and St. Louis. Bezaliel (Bezaleel) Wells and James Ross were the founders of the city. Wells, a government surveyor born in Baltimore, received about 1,000 acres (4 km2) of land west of the Ohio River, and Ross, a lawyer from Pittsburgh, owned land north of his. The two men were responsible for the layout of the city.
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Tomb of the Unknowns
Coordinates: 38°52′35″N 77°04′20″W / 38.87638°N 77.07217°W / 38.87638; -77.07217
The Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to American service members who have died without their remains being identified. It is also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier; it has never been officially named. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in the United States. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by the U.S. presidents who presided over their funerals.
On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred inside a three-level marble tomb. (The source of the marble is not stated). The top two levels are six marble sections each and the bottom at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone other than marble covers the rectangular opening.
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Valdez, Alaska
Valdez ( /vælˈdiːz/) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to the 2010 US Census, the population of the city is 3,976. The city is one of the most important ports in Alaska. The port of Valdez was named in 1790 after the Spanish naval officer Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán.
Valdez is a fishing port, both for commercial and sport fishing. Freight moves through Valdez bound for the interior of Alaska. Sightseeing of the marine life and glaciers, together with both deep-sea fishing, and heli skiing support a tourist industry in Valdez. The oil from the Trans-Alaska pipeline is loaded onto ships at the Valdez oil terminal. It is sometimes called the Switzerland of Alaska.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is one of the biggest employers in town but it started to move several positions to its headquarters in Anchorage since the town council passed a resolution charging a tax to all the tankers coming into the port to be loaded with oil. This has had an impact in the population size and the economy.
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Warren, Ohio
Warren is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Trumbull County. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio, approximately 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Youngstown and 15 miles (24 km) west of the Pennsylvania state line.
The population was 41,557 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ephraim Quinby founded Warren in 1798, on 441 acres (1.78 km2) of land that he purchased from the Connecticut Land Company, as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Quinby named the town for the town's surveyor, Moses Warren. The town became the Trumbull County seat in 1801.
Warren had a population of nearly 1,600 people in 1846. In that same year the town had five churches, twenty stores, three newspaper offices, one bank, one woolen factory and two flourmills. In June 1846, a fire destroyed several buildings on one side of the town square, but residents soon replaced them with new stores and other businesses. Warren became an important center of trade for farmers living in the surrounding countryside during this period. Songwriter Stephen Foster, his wife Jane McDowell, and their daughter Marion lived briefly in Warren.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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Wasilla, Alaska
Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska. It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state. The city's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census. Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 364,701 in 2008.
Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road, the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik. Historically entrepreneurial, the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure. The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage. Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla, including the Alaska Departments of Environmental Conservation, Labor and Divisions of Public Assistance, Social Services.
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West Indian
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Willow, Alaska
Willow is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is part of the Anchorage, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 1,658.
The community got its start in 1897 when miners discovered gold on Willow Creek. Ships and boats brought supplies and equipment up Cook Inlet, landing at Knik or Tyonek. From Knik, a 26-mile summer trail went northwesterly. The trail along Willow Creek heading east became Hatcher Pass Road, currently an adventurous scenic road used during the summer tour season.
In 1920, the Alaska Railroad built its Willow station house at mile 185.7 along the tracks leading from Seward to Fairbanks.
During World War II, a radar warning station and airfield were built near the railroad tracks; a post office was established in 1948.
By 1954, Willow Creek was Alaska's largest gold mining district, with a total production approaching 18 million dollars.
Around 1970, before construction of the Parks Highway, Willow had a population of 78 until land disposals, homestead subdivisions, and completion of the George Parks Highway in 1972 fueled growth in the area.
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A. Victor Donahey
Alvin Victor Donahey (also known as A. Victor Donahey, A. Vic Donahey, Vic Donahey, A. V. Donahey, or Honest Vic Donahey) (July 7, 1873 – April 8, 1946) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. Donahey was the 50th Governor of Ohio and a United States Senator from Ohio.
Donahey was born in Cadwallader, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. His parents were John C. Donahey and Catherine (Chaney) Donahey. After high school he attended the Cleveland Institute of Art and graduated from there. Donahey married Mary Edith Harvey on January 5, 1897. They had ten children.
Donahey served as County Auditor from 1905 to 1909. After serving as a delegate to the 1912 Constitutional Convention, Donahey served as State Auditor from 19121921. He did not seek re-election in 1920, running instead for Governor. Donahey lost that election but won the position two years later, serving three terms from 1923 to 1929. He did not run for re-election in 1928. He won election to the United States Senate in 1934, unseating Republican Simeon Fess by a wide margin (1,276,208 to 839,068) and served one term in the Senate from 1935 until 1941, before retiring.
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Aaron S. Watkins
Aaron S. Watkins (1863–1941), born in Ohio, was president of Asbury College in Kentucky. Before his ordination as a Methodist minister, he practiced law with his brother. He was the grandfather of Prohibition candidate for Vice President of the United States, W. Dean Watkins.
Long dedicated to promoting the temperance movement, Watkins served as Prohibition Party candidate for various political offices. These included:
Watkins received honorary degrees of Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Doctor of Laws, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Humane Letters and Doctor of Philosophy.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincolni/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Al Jolson
Al Jolson (May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer, comedian, and actor. In his heyday, he was dubbed "The World's Greatest Entertainer".
His performing style was brash and extroverted, and he popularized a large number of songs that benefited from his "shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach". Numerous well-known singers were influenced by his music, including Bing CrosbyJudy Garland, rock and country entertainer Jerry Lee Lewis, and Bob Dylan, who once referred to him as "somebody whose life I can feel". Broadway critic Gilbert Seldes compared him to "the Greek God Pan", claiming that Jolson represented "the concentration of our national health and gaiety."
In the 1930s, he was America's most famous and highest paid entertainer. Between 1911 and 1928, Jolson had nine sell-out Winter Garden shows in a row, more than 80 hit records, and 16 national and international tours. Although he's best remembered today as the star in the first (full length) talking movie, The Jazz Singer in 1927, he later starred in a series of successful musical films throughout the 1930s. After a period of inactivity, his stardom returned with the 1946 Oscar-winning biographical film, The Jolson Story. Larry Parks played Jolson with the songs dubbed in with Jolson’s real voice. A sequel, Jolson Sings Again, was released in 1949, and was nominated for three Oscars. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Jolson became the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II, and again in 1950 became the first star to perform for G.I.s in Korea, doing 42 shows in 16 days. He died just weeks after returning to the U.S., partly due to the physical exertion of performing. Defense Secretary George Marshall afterward awarded the Medal of Merit to Jolson's family.
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Al Stewart
Al Stewart (born Alastair Ian Stewart, 5 September 1945) is a Scottishsinger-songwriter and folk-rock musician.
Stewart came to stardom as part of the British folk revival in the 1960s and 1970s, and developed his own unique style of combining folk-rock songs with delicately woven tales of the great characters and events from history.
He is best known for his 1976 hit single "Year of the Cat", the title song from the platinum album of the same name.
Though Year of the Cat and its 1978 platinum follow-up Time Passages brought Stewart his biggest worldwide commercial successes, earlier albums such as Past, Present and Future from 1973 are often seen as better examples of his intimate brand of historical folk-rock - a style to which he has returned in recent albums.
Stewart was a key figure in a fertile era in British music and he appears throughout the musical folklore of the age. He played at the first ever Glastonbury Festival in 1970, knew Yoko Ono before she met John Lennon, shared a London apartment with a young Paul Simon, and hosted at the legendary Les Cousins folk club in London in the 1960s.
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Albert Lasker
Albert Davis Lasker (May 1, 1880 - May 30, 1952) was an American businessman who is often considered to be the founder of modern advertising. He was born in Freiburg, Germany when his American parents Morris and Nettie Heidenheimer Davis Lasker were visiting their homeland; he was raised in Galveston, Texas, where Morris was the president of several banks.
He started out as a newspaper reporter while a teenager, but his father persuaded him to move to Chicago to try an advertising position at Lord & Thomas advertising agency, which he did in 1898. After he worked as an office boy for a year, one of the agency's salesmen left, and Lasker acquired his territory. It was during this time that Lasker created his first campaign. He hired a friend, Eugene Katz, to write the copy for a series of Wilson Ear Drum Company ads. They featured a photograph of a man cupping his ear. George Wilson, president of the Ear Drum company, adopted the ads and sales increased.
When Lord retired in 1903, Lasker purchased his share and became a partner. He purchased the firm in 1912 at the age of 32.
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Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 – July 12, 1804) was a Founding Father, soldier, economist, political philosopher, one of America's first constitutional lawyers and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington Administration, especially the funding of the state debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He became the leader of the Federalist Party, created largely in support of his views, and was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Hamilton served in the American Revolutionary War. At the start of the war, he organized an artillery company and was chosen as its captain. He later became the senioraide-de-camp and confidant to General George Washington, the American commander-in-chief. He served again under Washington in the army raised to defeat the Whiskey Rebellion, a tax revolt of western farmers in 1794. In 1798, Hamilton called for mobilization against France after the XYZ Affair, and secured an appointment as commander of a new army, which he trained for a war. However, the Quasi-War, although hard-fought at sea, was never officially declared. In the end, President John Adams found a diplomatic solution that avoided war.
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Alf Landon
Alfred Mossman Landon, known as Alf Landon (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987), was an American Republican politician, who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. He was best known for having been the Republican Party's (GOP) nominee for President of the United States, defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election.
Born in 1887 in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, Landon grew up in Marietta, Ohio. He moved with his family to Kansas at age 17 and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1908. He first pursued a career in banking, but in 1912 he became an independent petroleum producer in Independence, Kansas. During World War I, Landon served in the Army as a first lieutenant in chemical warfare. By 1929 the oil industry had made him a millionaire.
Landon supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party in 1912, and, in 1922, was private secretary to the governor of Kansas. He later became known as the leader of the liberal Republicans in the state. He was elected chairman of the Republican state central committee in 1928 and directed the Republican successful presidential and gubernatorial campaigns in Kansas in that year.
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Allan Meltzer
Allan H. Meltzer is an American economist and professor of Political Economy at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was born February 6, 1928, in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the author of dozens of academic papers and books on monetary policy and the Federal Reserve Bank, and is considered one of the world's foremost experts on the development and applications of monetary policy.
Meltzer's study A History of the Federal Reserve is considered the most comprehensive history of the central bank. Volume I was released in Novermber 2002; Volume II, which covers the years since the Federal Reserve accord in 1951 to 1969, was released in February, 2010.
Meltzer has confirmed to have originated the aphorism "Capitalism without failure is like religion without sin. It doesn't work."
Allan Meltzer received his A.B. and M.A. degrees from Duke University in 1948 and 1955, respectively. He earned his Ph.D. degree from UCLA in 1958.
Dr. Meltzer served, from 1973 to 1999, as the Chair of the Shadow Open Market Committee, a group of economists, academics, and bankers that met to critique the actions of the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee. He served on the Council of Economic Advisors for both Presidents Kennedy and Ronald Reagan. He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.
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Allen G. Thurman
Allen Granberry Thurman (November 13, 1813 – December 12, 1895) was a Democratic Representative, Ohio Supreme Court justice, and Senator from Ohio, as well as the nominee of the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States in 1888.
He was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, to Pleasant Thurman and Mary Granberry Allen Thurman. Both his parents were teachers; his father also a Methodist minister. In 1815, his parents emancipated their slaves and moved to Chillicothe, Ohio. He attended the academy run by his mother, and then studied law as an apprentice to his uncle, William Allen (who later became a Senator from Ohio). At the age of eighteen, Thurman worked on a land survey, and at twenty-one became private secretary to the Governor of Ohio, Robert Lucas. In 1835 he was admitted to the Ohio bar and became his uncle's law partner. In 1837 his uncle entered the Senate. On November 14, 1844, Thurman married Mary Dun Thomplins (or Tompkins), and they were the parents of three children.
The same year he was elected to the House of Representatives as its youngest member. He generally supported the majority of the Democrats on all issues except internal improvements, on which he tended to vote with the Whigs. He supported the Polk Administration's conduct of the Mexican-American War, spoke in favor of the 54°40' northern limit to the Oregon territory, and voted for the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery from the territory gained from Mexico. Ironically, his support for the latter was due to anti-African-American prejudice, as he wanted to reserve this territory for white settlement. After a single two-year term, he left the House voluntarily to resume private law practice.
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Allen Trimble
Allen Trimble (November 24, 1783 – February 3, 1870) was a Federalist politician from Ohio. He served as the eighth and tenth Governor of Ohio.
Trimble was born in Augusta County, Virginia to James Trimble, Revolutionary War veteran, and Jane Allen Trimble. He was of Ulster Scots ancestry. In October 1784 his father moved his family to a veterans land grant in then Fayette County, Kentucky. In October 1804 James Trimble died leaving Allen head of the family. Allen Trimble moved them to a homestead he and his father had established outside of Hillsboro, Ohio. After briefly serving during the War of 1812, Trimble served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1818 to 1826. Trimble became Speaker of the Senate, and it was in this capacity that he became governor from January to December 1822 when Governor Ethan Allen Brown resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate. Trimble ran for re-election in 1822, but narrowly lost. He won election four years later, and then won a second full term in 1828. Trimble did not seek re-election in 1830. He then retired to farming, but did consent to accepting the nomination of the Know-Nothings for governor in 1855. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Constitutional Union Party convention in Baltimore. A street in Hillsboro, Ohio, Governor Trimble Place, is named in his honor. His daughter, Eliza, helped to initiate the temperance movement in the United States.
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Alphonso Hart
Alphonso Hart (July 4, 1830 – December 23, 1910) was a Republican politician from the U.S. State of Ohio who was a U.S. Representative, in the Ohio State Senate, and the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
Hart was born in Vienna, Ohio. His father died when he was age twelve, and he was bound out to a farmer for three years. After seven months he started out alone. Hart attended the common schools and Grand River Institute, Austinburg, Ohio, and studied law in Warren, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar August 12, 1851. He moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, remained two years, and was then elected Assistant Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives. He purchased the Democratic newspaper "Portage Sentinel" in Ravenna, Ohio, which he edited until he sold it in 1857. He also practiced in Ravenna. He served as prosecuting attorney for Portage County from 1861 to 1864, when he resigned. He served as member of the Ohio Senate 1865, 1872, and 1873, and was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1873-1875. Presidential elector for Grant/Wilson in 1872. In 1874 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1878 to Hillsboro, Ohio. In 1880 he was nominated for the Forty-seventh Congress in the seventh district but lost to John P. Leedom.
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Andrew Hickenlooper
Andrew Hickenlooper (August 10, 1837 – May 12, 1904) was an Ohio civil engineer, politician, industrialist, and most famously, an officer who served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Hickenlooper was born in the village of Hudson, Ohio. He attended Woodward College and Xavier College. When he was nineteen, he entered the office of A. W. Gilbert, then the city surveyor of Cincinnati, and thoroughly mastered the duties of the position. Three years later, he became the city surveyor himself. After spending two years in this position, the Civil War broke out.
Although he was only twenty-four, he recruited what was known as Hickenlooper's Battery or the 5th Ohio Independent Battery, and joined Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont at Jefferson City, Missouri. In 1862, his battery was made a part of the Army of the Tennessee and took a distinguished part in the Battle of Shiloh. Hickenlooper managed to save four of his six guns after the initial Confederate attack. He later defended the famous Hornet's Nest in support of Benjamin M. Prentiss's division. For gallantry at Shiloh, he became commandant of artillery in Thomas J. McKean's division and later chief of staff of the XVII Corps.
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Andrew J. Volstead
Andrew John Volstead (October 31, 1860 – January 20, 1947) was an American member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota,1903–1923, and a member of the Republican Party. His name is closely associated with the National Prohibition Act of 1919, usually called the Volstead Act. The act was the enabling legislation for the enforcement of national prohibition beginning in 1920.
Volstead was born in Kenyon, Goodhue County, Minnesota, to Norwegian-American parents Jon Einartson Vraalstad (John Vrolstad), a distant relative of Queen Sonja of Norway, and wife Dorothea Mathea Lillo. He was educated at St. Olaf College, became a lawyer and served as mayor of Granite Falls, Minnesota, from 1900 to 1902.
While in Congress, he served as chairman of the House Judiciary Committee from 1919 to 1923. Although often considered the author of the Volstead Act, he collaborated with Wayne Wheeler of the anti-Saloon League, who conceived and largely drafted the bill. However, Volstead sponsored the bill and championed, promoted and facilitated its passage. He also helped author the Capper-Volstead Act, which enabled farmers to form locally owned coopratives without fear of prosecution under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The law is still in effect.
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Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), and the British at the Battle of New Orleans (1815). A polarizing figure who dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s, as president he destroyed the national bank and relocated most Indian tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River. His enthusiastic followers created the modern Democratic Party. The 1830–1850 period later became known as the era of Jacksonian democracy.
Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his toughness and aggressive personality; he fought in duels, some fatal to his opponents. He was a rich slaveholder, who appealed to the common men of the United States, and fought politically against what he denounced as a closed, undemocratic aristocracy. He expanded the spoils system during his presidency to strengthen his political base.
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Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). As Vice President of the United States in 1865, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln following the latter's assassination. Johnson then presided over the initial and contentious Reconstruction era of the United States following the American Civil War. Johnson's reconstruction policies failed to promote the rights of the Freedmen, and he came under vigorous political attack from Republicans, ending in his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives; he was acquitted by the U.S. Senate.
Johnson, born in poverty and of Scots-Irish descent, became a master tailor and was self-educated, married and had five children. He served as an alderman and as Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee and then sat in both houses of the Tennessee legislature. He went on to spend five consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and two terms as Governor of Tennessee, all as a Democrat. His signature legislative endeavor in the state and federal arenas was passage of the Homestead Act.
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Andrew L. Harris
Andrew Lintner Harris (also known as The Farmer-Statesman) (November 17, 1835 – September 13, 1915) was one of the heroes of the Battle of Gettysburg and the last Civil War general to serve as a governor in the U.S., serving as the 44th Governor of Ohio.
Harris was born in Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio, and was educated in the local schools. After graduating from Miami University in 1860, Harris enlisted as a private in the Union Army, and quickly rose to the rank of Colonel of the 75th Ohio Infantry, seeing action in many of the Army of the Potomac's engagements. At Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, he led his men in a successful withdrawal through the hotly contested streets to Cemetery Hill, where they entrenched on the northeastern slope. Assuming command of a brigade, Harris played a key role in delaying repeated attacks the next day by Harry T. Hays's famed Louisiana Tigers, helping secure the critical hill for George G. Meade. Harris continued to lead troops through the war, although he suffered an embarrassing defeat in August 1864 at the Battle of Gainesville in Florida.
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Andrew McBurney
Andrew Graham McBurney (November 13, 1817 – April 23, 1894) was an American Republican politician who served as the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1866 to 1868.
McBurney, eldest son of James and Magdalen Falen McBurney was born 1815 near Montgomery, Ohio. The family soon moved to Lebanon, Ohio, where finished his apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker in 1836. He read law starting 1840, and was admitted to the bar 1843. He was a Democrat until the start of the Civil War, when he became a Republican. In 1861, and again in 1863 he was elected to the Ohio Senate, representing the Second District (Butler and Warren counties) in the Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth General Assembly. In 1865 he was elected Lieutenant Governor, serving one term. He was an elector on the Grant/Colfax ticket in 1868, but did not again participate in Politics. He died 1894 in Lebanon.
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Arthur Summerfield
Arthur Ellsworth Summerfield (Pinconning, Michigan, 17 March 1899 – 26 April 1972 in West Palm Beach, Florida) was a U.S. political figure and the 54th Postmaster General of the United States.
Before embarking on his political career, Summerfield had become well known in Michigan as the owner of one of the largest General Motors automobile dealerships in the state; and one of the largest in the Midwest.
Summerfield ran unsuccessfully for the governorship of his home state of Michigan in 1946. He served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1952 and 1953. At the 1952 Republican National Convention he played a key role in winning the GOP presidential nomination for General Dwight Eisenhower. As Michigan's delegate chairman Summerfield convinced the large, uncommitted Michigan delegation to support Eisenhower, thus providing "Ike" with a major boost before the voting.
In December 1952, President-Elect Eisenhower chose Summerfield as the federal Postmaster General; he served in that post from 1953 to 1961.
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Asa W. Jones
Asahel Wellington Jones (September 18, 1838 – October 9, 1918) was an American Republican politician who served as the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1896 to 1900.
Jones was born September 18, 1838 at Johnstonsville, Trumbull County, Ohio, son of William P. Jones, born in Trumbull County, and Mary J. Bond, born in New York. He was raised on a farm and educated in the public schools. He attended Western Reserve Academy. He read law in Warren, and was admitted to the bar 1859. In 1861, he opened an office in Mecca, Ohio, during the oil boom there. In 1864, he moved to Youngstown. His practice there concentrated on personal injury lawsuits involving railroads. In 1869, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Mahoning County, and re-elected in 1871. He later was general council for the Pittsburg and Western Railroad, and attorney for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He was director and a large stockholder of the Second National Bank of Youngstown, and the Dollar Savings and Trust Company.
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Atlee Pomerene
Atlee Pomerene (December 6, 1863 – November 12, 1937) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. He represented Ohio in the United States Senate from 1911 until 1923.
Pomerene studied at Princeton University and the University of Cincinnati Law School. He began practicing law in Canton, Ohio in 1886. After serving in a variety of city, county, and state positions as solicitor and prosecutor, Pomerene was elected the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1910. He briefly served in the post in early 1911 before being elected by the State Legislature to the U.S. Senate. Pomerene was re-elected in 1916, but lost a bid for a third term six years later. Pomerene was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to serve as a special prosecutor to deal with the Teapot Dome scandal. He ran unsuccessfully for the other U.S. Senate seat from Ohio in 1926 and for the Democratic nomination to the U.S. presidency in 1928. In 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Pomerene to succeed Charles G. Dawes as head of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation after Dawes' sudden resignation on June 7.
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B. Carroll Reece
Brazilla Carroll Reece (December 22, 1889–March 19, 1961) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee.
Reece was born on a farm near Butler, Tennessee, one of thirteen children of John Isaac and Sarah Maples Reece. He was named for Brazilla Carroll McBride, an ancestor who served in the War of 1812, but never used his first name.
He attended Watauga Academy in Butler, and Carson-Newman College in Jefferson City, Tennessee. At Carson-Newman he played basketball and football. After graduating from Carson-Newman in 1914 as class valedictorian, he worked as a high school principal for one year, then enrolled in New York University, where he earned a master's degree in economics and finance in 1916. He also studied at the University of London.
He was an assistant secretary and instructor at New York University in 1916 and 1917. During the First World War, he enlisted in May 1917 and served with the American Expeditionary Forces from October 1917 to July 1919. He was decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Purple Heart, and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm; as a First Lieutenant[citation needed] in the 102nd Infantry Regt., 26th Division. He was director of the School of Business Administration of New York University in 1919 and 1920.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Barry Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's right-wing campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
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Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889–1893). Harrison, a grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there. During the American Civil War, he served the Union as a Brigadier General in the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he unsuccessfully ran for the governorship of Indiana, and was later appointed to the U.S. Senate from that state.
Harrison, a Republican, was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland. His administration is most remembered for economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act, and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress", and used the issue, along with the growing unpopularity of the high tariff, to defeat the Republicans, both in the 1890 mid-term elections and in Harrison's bid for re-election in 1892. Harrison advocated, although unsuccessfully, for federal education funding and legislation to protect voting rights for African Americans. He also saw the admittance of six states into the Union.
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Benjamin Ruggles
Benjamin Ruggles (February 21, 1783 – September 2, 1857) was a National Republican and Whig politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate.
Born in Abington, Windham County, Connecticut, he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Ruggles moved to Marietta, Ohio to practice law in 1807. He moved to St. Clairsville, Ohio in 1810. He married in Connecticut in 1812. His first wife died in St. Clairsville in 1817, and he re-married in 1825. After serving as a judge in the Ohio state courts from 1810 to 1815, Ruggles was elected to the Senate, serving three terms from 1815-1833. He did not run for re-election in 1832. Ohio Presidential elector in 1836 for Whig William Henry Harrison.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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Benjamin Stanton
Benjamin Stanton (June 4, 1809 – June 2, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, Stanton pursued academic studies, and thereafter learned the tailor's trade. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1834 and commenced practice in Bellefontaine, Ohio. He served as member of the Ohio Senate in 1841 and 1843. He served as delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1850.
Stanton was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851-March 3, 1853).
Stanton was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1855-March 3, 1861). He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs (Thirty-sixth Congress).
Stanton served as lieutenant governor of Ohio in 1862, during the American Civil War. After the battle of Shiloh, in April 1862, at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, Stanton visited the Union Army and soon published a statement critical of the Union generals. He opined that Ulysses S. Grant and Benjamin M. Prentiss, both appointed from Illinois, should be court-martialed and shot. General William Tecumseh Sherman, appointed from Ohio, published a sharp rebuttal. This led to Stanton's criticizing Sherman as well.
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Benjamin Wade
Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the Radical Republicans of that time.
Born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts, on October 27 to Mary Wade and James Wade. Benjamin Wade's first job was as a laborer on the Erie Canal. He also taught school before studying law in Ohio with Elisha Whittlesey. After being admitted to the bar in 1828, he began practicing law in Jefferson, Ohio.
Wade formed a partnership with Joshua Giddings, a prominent anti-slavery figure in 1831. He became the prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County by 1836, and as a member of the Whig Party, Wade was elected to the Ohio State Senate, serving two two-year terms between 1837 and 1842. He established a new law practice with Rufus P. Ranney and was elected presiding judge of the third district in 1847. Between 1847 and 1851, Wade was a judge of common pleas in what is now Summit County (Ohio).
After the decline of the Whigs' power, Wade joined the Republican Party, and in 1851 he was elected by his legislature to the United States Senate. There, he associated with such eventual Radical Republicans as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. He fought against the controversial Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was one of the most radical politicians in America at that time, supporting women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equality for African-Americans. He was also critical of how certain aspects of capitalism were practiced in the 19th century.
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Bill Brock
William Emerson "Bill" Brock III (born November 23, 1930) is a former Republican United States senator from Tennessee, having served from 1971 to 1977. He is the grandson of William Emerson Brock I, who was a Democratic U.S. senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931.
Brock was a native of Chattanooga, where his family owned a well-known candy company. He is a 1949 graduate of McCallie School and a 1953 graduate of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, in 1953 and subsequently served in the U.S. Navy until 1956. He then worked in his family's candy business. Brock had been reared as a Democrat, but became a Republican in the 1950s. In 1962, he was elected to Congress from Tennessee's 3rd congressional district, based in Chattanooga. The 3rd had long been the only Democratic outpost in traditionally heavily Republican East Tennessee; indeed, Brock's victory ended 40 years of Democratic control in the district.
Brock served four terms in the House and then won the Republican nomination to face three-term incumbent U.S. Sen. Albert A. Gore Sr. in 1970, defeating country singer Tex Ritter in the primary. Brock's campaign was able successfully to make an issue of Gore's friendship with the Kennedy family and Gore's voting record, which was somewhat liberal by Southern standards, and defeated him.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Black person
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.
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Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. Dole represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, was Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
In 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dole as a co-chair of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, along with Donna Shalala, a former member of the Clinton cabinet. Dole is married to former U.S. cabinet member and former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Bob Dole is currently a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
Bob Dole was born in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975). His father, who had moved the family to Russell while Dole was still a toddler, made a living by running a small creamery. Among his father's customers was the father of Arlen Specter who ran a junkyard in the town and used Dole's scales to weigh junk. Specter, who was six years younger than Dole and graduated Russell High School in 1947, was not a Dole contemporary although Specter's brother Morton Specter and Dole's brother Kenny Dole were friends. During the Great Depression, which hit Kansas very hard, the Dole family moved into the basement of their home and rented out the rest of the house. As a boy, he took many odd jobs around Russell, and he would later work as a soda jerk in the local drug store.
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Bob Newhart
George Robert "Bob" Newhart (born September 5, 1929), is an American stand-up comedian and actor. Noted for his deadpan and slightly stammering delivery, Newhart came to prominence in the 1960s when his album of comedic monologues The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart was a worldwide bestseller and reached #1 on the Billboard pop music charts—it remains the 20th best-selling comedy album in history. The follow-up album, The Button-Down Mind Strikes Back! was also a massive success, and both albums held the Billboard #1 and #2 spots simultaneously, a feat unequaled until the 1991 release of Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II by hard rock band Guns N' Roses.
Newhart later went into acting, starring in two long-running and prize-winning situation comedies, first as psychologist Dr. Robert "Bob" Hartley on the 1970s sitcom The Bob Newhart Show and then as innkeeper Dick Loudon on the 1980s sitcom Newhart. He also had a third, short-lived sitcom in the nineties titled Bob. Newhart also appeared in film roles such as Major Major in Catch-22, and Papa Elf in Elf. He provided the voice of Bernard in the Walt Disney animated films The Rescuers and The Rescuers Down Under. One of his most recent roles is the library head Judson in The Librarian. In 2011, Newhart appeared in the film Horrible Bosses.
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Bob Taft
Robert Alphonso "Bob" Taft II (born January 8, 1942) is an Ohio Republican Party politician. He was elected to two terms of office as the 67th Governor of the U.S. state of Ohio between 1999-2007. After leaving office, Taft started working for the University of Dayton beginning August 15, 2007.
Taft was born in 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. and Blanca Duncan Noel. His grandfather was U.S. Senate Majority Leader Robert A. Taft, his great-grandfather was U.S. President and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and his great-great-grandfather was Attorney General and Secretary of War Alphonso Taft.
He was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he attended the Cincinnati Country Day School through the ninth grade and graduated from The Taft School. He attended Yale University, where he was a member of the Yale Political Union, and graduated with a B.A. in government in 1963. From 1963 to 1965, he served as a Peace Corps volunteer, teaching in the African nation of Tanzania. He later attended the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, receiving an M.A., again in government, in 1967. In 1976, he received his Juris Doctor from the University of Cincinnati College of Law.
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C. Wesley Roberts
Charles Wesley Roberts (December 14, 1902 – 1976) was a Kansas businessman who was Chairman of the Republican National Committee for four months in 1953 under Dwight D. Eisenhower.
C. Wesley Roberts (or Wes Roberts) was born in Oskaloosa, Kansas, where he died, to Daisy Marian (née Needham) and Francis Henry "Frank" Roberts. The Roberts family has published the smalltown weekly Oskaloosa Independent for more than a century.
He was the father of U.S. Senator Pat Roberts.
Alvin Scott McCoy of The Kansas City Star won a Pulitzer Prize in 1954 for local reporting for a series of articles that drove Roberts to resign his RNC chairmanship. Roberts was accused of collecting a $10,000 commission on the sale of a hospital to the State of Kansas which the state already owned.
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C. William O'Neill
C. William O'Neill (The C stands for nothing) (February 14, 1916 - August 20, 1978) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was born in Marietta, Ohio. He was the 59th Governor of Ohio. He graduated from both Marietta College (1938) and The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law (1942). While at Marietta he joined The Delta Upsilon University.
O'Neill served as a state representative and as Speaker of the House. He was then elected the State Attorney General in 1950, being the youngest person elected to the office at age 34. He served from 1951–1957, when he was elected to the governorship. O'Neill served until 1959. He was defeated for reelection due to his support of the controversial proposed "right to work" amendment to the Ohio Constitution. He served on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1960 until his death serving as an associate justice, then Chief Justice. O'Neill was the only Ohioan to serve in top leadership positions in the legislative, executive and judicial branches of Ohio.
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Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His conduct during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.
Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer put it, "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge praised the achievement of widespread prosperity in 1928, saying: "The requirements of existence have passed beyond the standard of necessity into the region of luxury." Some later criticized Coolidge as part of a general criticism of laissez-faire government. His reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan Administration, but the ultimate assessment of his presidency is still divided between those who approve of his reduction of the size of government programs and those who believe the federal government should be more involved in regulating and controlling the economy.
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Calvin S. Brice
Calvin Stewart Brice (September 17, 1845 – December 15, 1898) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Born in Denmark, Morrow County, Ohio, Brice dropped out of Miami University in 1861 to join the Union Army. After a short stint in the army he returned to Miami and earned his undergraduate degree in 1863. After the Civil War, Brice studied law at the University of Michigan and then started a business career where he amassed a fortune, largely in railroads. In 1879, he became president of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad and built the Nickel Plate Road in 1882. A Democrat, Brice was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1889 until 1892 and won elected to the Senate in 1890, serving a single term in office.
Calvin Brice was born on September 17, 1845 in the small town of Denmark, Ohio, to Elizabeth Stewart and William Kilpatrick Brice, a Presbyterian minister of no great wealth. Originally home-schooled, he later entered the Columbus Grove public school system in Putnam County. Showing some promise as a student, Brice began preparations for higher education and in 1859 gained admission to Miami University. After graduating in 1863 with high honors, he would become a devoted alumnus later in life. His efforts in 1885 and 1888 to provide funding for the University were largely responsible for its survival, and a science building, Brice Hall (now demolished) was named in his honor.
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Carl L. Nippert
Carl Louis Nippert (October 11, 1852 - September 5, 1904) was a German engineer and politician, who served as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1902.
Nippert was born in Frankfurt to American parents, Louis and Meta Nippert. His father was from Cincinnati, Ohio, and was sent to Frankfurt to run a Methodist Episcopal Church seminary. The father returned to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati in the 1870s.
Nippert studied engineering at the universities of Karlsruhe, Germany, and Zürich, Switzerland. After finishing his studies in 1874, he started working as an engineer in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1876 he migrated to the United States to work on the construction of the world fair in Philadelphia.
Nippert worked as a school teacher (1877–1889) and principal (after 1891) in Cincinnati. During this time he advocated the German language. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School, In 1891 he became a lawyer. Eight years later he became a member of the Ohio State Senate for the Republican party.
In 1901, Nippert was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. He began his term January, 1902. A vacancy opened for the Hamilton County Probate Judge, and Governor Nash appointed Nippert to the seat on May 1, 1902. He was elected to a three year term on the court in 1903.
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Charles Curtis
Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was a United States Representative, a longtime United States Senator from Kansas later chosen as Senate Majority Leader by his Republican colleagues, and the 31st Vice President of the United States (1929–1933). He was the first person with significant acknowledged Native American ancestry and the first person with significant acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach either of the two highest offices in the United States government's executive branch. His maternal ancestry was three-quarters' Native American, of ethnic Kaw, Osage and Pottawatomie ancestry. Curtis spent years of childhood living with his maternal grandparents on their Kaw reservation.
As an attorney, Curtis entered political life early, winning multiple terms from his district in Topeka, Kansas, starting in 1892 as a Republican to the US House of Representatives. He was elected to the US Senate first by the Kansas Legislature (in 1906), and then by popular vote (in 1914, 1920 and 1926), serving one six-year term from 1907 to 1913, and then most of three terms from 1915 to 1929 (when he became Vice President). His long popularity and connections in Kansas and national politics helped make Curtis a strong leader in the Senate; he marshaled support to be elected as Senate Minority Whip from 1915–1925 and then as Senate Majority Leader from 1925–1929. In these positions he was instrumental in managing legislation and accomplishing Republican national goals.
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Charles Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States (1925–1929). For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Dawes was married to Caro Blymyer on January 24, 1889, and they had four children: Rufus Fearing Dawes, Carolyn Dawes, Dana McCutcheon, and Virginia Dawes (Waller 1998: 273).
Dawes was born in Marietta, Washington County, Ohio to Civil War soldier Rufus R. Dawes and Mary Beman Gates. He graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886. While attending Marietta College he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, between 1887 and 1894. When Lt. John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending the law school, he and Dawes became acquainted, forming a lifelong friendship.
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Charles E. Sawyer
Charles Elmer Sawyer, also known as Dr. C. E. Sawyer (January 24, 1860 – September 23, 1924), was a homeopathic physician who is blamed for giving a false diagnosis of U.S. President Warren G. Harding that led to Harding's premature death.
Sawyer was born near Nevada, Ohio in Wyandot County. He married May E. (Elizabeth) Barron, (1859–1945). He died in Marion County, Ohio.
Dr. Sawyer was an 1881 graduate of the Cleveland Homeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, Ohio, earning his degree in homeopathy, and began his practice outside of LaRue, Ohio in western Marion County, Ohio. Following a brief stint in Indianapolis, Indiana, the Sawyers returned to Marion where Dr. Sawyer began the construction of a modern sanatorium for the treatment of medical and emotional maladies. This building was built in three stages and is currently located on South Main Street in Marion, Ohio; the building is currently known as the Elite (E-light) Apartments. Sawyer also operated the Parkview Sanatorium in Columbus, Ohio.
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Charles Evans Hughes
Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.
Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a staunch supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and was known for being swing voter when dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative.
Charles Evans Hughes was born in Glens Falls, New York. He was active in the Northern Baptist church, a Mainline Protestant denomination.
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Charles G. Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States (1925–1929). For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and, in later life, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Dawes was married to Caro Blymyer on January 24, 1889, and they had four children: Rufus Fearing Dawes, Carolyn Dawes, Dana McCutcheon, and Virginia Dawes (Waller 1998: 273).
Dawes was born in Marietta, Washington County, Ohio to Civil War soldier Rufus R. Dawes and Mary Beman Gates. He graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886. While attending Marietta College he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, between 1887 and 1894. When Lt. John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending the law school, he and Dawes became acquainted, forming a lifelong friendship.
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Charles H. Lewis
Charles Hendrickson Lewis (April 25,1871 – 1965) was an American politician who served as the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1925 to 1927.
Charles Hendrickson Lewis was born April 25, 1871 at Egypt, Pitt Township, Wyandot County, Ohio. His father organized and was manager of the Harpster Bank in Harpster, Ohio. Charles' mother died when he was three years old, and he grew up in Harpster, attending the public schools. He graduated from the music department of Ohio Northern University in 1889. He was a trustee of the university, and was awarded an honorary degree in 1927. He taught school for two years, and entered Ohio Wesleyan University. He graduated Bachelor of Science in 1895, and worked in his father's bank for thirty years until 1925.
Lewis was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1924. At that time, Governor and Lieutenant were elected separately, and Lewis (a Republican) served with Democrat Governor A. Victor Donahey. They got along amicably, and Lewis represented the state at the inauguration of Calvin Coolidge in 1925. He was also dispatched to lead an official inspection of the locks and dams of the Ohio River.
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Charles L. McNary
Charles Linza McNary (June 12, 1874 – February 25, 1944) was a United States Republican politician from Oregon. He served in the Senate from 1917 to 1944, and was Senate Minority Leader from 1933 to 1944. In the Senate, McNary helped to pass legislation that led to the construction of Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, and worked on agricultural and forestry issues. He also supported many of the New Deal programs at the beginning of the Great Depression. Until Mark O. Hatfield surpassed his mark in 1993, he was Oregon’s longest serving senator.
McNary was the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1940, on the ticket with presidential candidate Wendell Willkie. They lost to the Democratic ticket, composed of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was running for his third term as president, paired with Henry A. Wallace. McNary was a justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1913 to 1915 and was dean of Willamette University College of Law, in his hometown of Salem, from 1908 to 1913. Before that, he was a deputy district attorney under his brother John Hugh McNary, who later became a federal judge for the District of Oregon.
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Charles R. Forbes
Charles Robert Forbes (February 14, 1878 - April 10, 1952) was appointed the first Director of the Veterans' Bureau by President Warren G. Harding on August 9, 1921 and served until February 28, 1923. Caught for Army desertion in 1900, he went on to serve in the military and was a decorated World War I veteran. He first became active in politics in the Pacific Northwest. In 1912, Forbes moved to Hawaii and served as chairman on various federal commissions. While Senator Warren G. Harding was on vacation in Hawaii the two met by chance and became friends. After the 1920 U.S. Presidential election, President Harding appointed Forbes director to the newly created Veterans Bureau, a powerful position in charge of millions of dollars in government expenditures and supplies.
His tenure as the first Veterans Bureau Director was characterized by corruption and scandal. Forbes was considered the "dashing playboy" of Washington and a favorite of President Harding. Having returned to the United States after fleeing to Europe in 1923, he was convicted of conspiracy to defraud the U.S. Government and sent to federal prison in 1926, where he was cell mates with Frederick Cook, the person who is often credited with being the first to reach the North Pole. Forbes was released 8 months later in 1927. He died in 1952.
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Charles W. F. Dick
Charles William Frederick Dick (November 3, 1858 – March 13, 1945) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
Born in Akron, Ohio, his parents were Gottlieb Dick (a German immigrant), and Mary M. (Handel) Dick, also of German lineage. Dick first won election in 1886 as a Republican for Summit County Auditor. He was re-elected in 1888. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1894. He was a delegate to the 1892 and 1896 Republican National Conventions. Dick served on the Republican National Committee from 1896 to 1900. During this time, he also volunteered for the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives by a special election in 1898 to fill a vacancy created by the death of Stephen A. Northway, serving the 19th district. Dick served until he resigned in 1904, having been elected to the Senate in March 1904 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Marcus A. Hanna. He served until 1911, when he lost a bid for a second term.
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Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was an American politician who served as a Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 and the 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909.
Born in a log cabin near Delaware, Ohio, Fairbanks's ancestry traced back to Puritan followers of Oliver Cromwell, with Jonathan Fayerbankes the first family member to reach America in 1632. The son of a wagon-maker, Fairbanks in his youth saw his family's home used as a hiding place for runaway slaves. After attending country schools and working on a farm, Fairbanks attended Ohio Wesleyan University, where he graduated in 1872. While there, Fairbanks was co-editor of the school newspaper with Cornelia Cole, whom he married after both graduated from the school.
Fairbanks, Alaska is named after Charles W. Fairbanks.
Fairbanks' first position was as an agent of the Associated Press in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reporting on political rallies for Horace Greeley during the 1872 presidential election. Fairbanks then moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he briefly attended law school before his admittance to the Ohio bar in 1874. He then moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year. Although not generally known his uncle was Ohio Governor and United States President Rutherford B. Hayes who treated his nephew as a political advisor.
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Charles W. Sawyer
Charles W. Sawyer (February 10, 1887 – April 7, 1979) was United States Secretary of Commerce from May 6, 1948 to January 20, 1953 in the administration of Harry Truman.
Sawyer was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He served as a member of Cincinnati City Council from 1912–1916. Prior to his political career, he worked at the Cincinnati law firm of Dinsmore & Shohl. Between the world wars, he was a prominent Democratic politician in Ohio. In the 1930s, a faction led by Sawyer vied with a faction led by Martin L. Davey for control of the state Democratic party. He was the 44th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1933–1935. In 1938, Sawyer was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Ohio governor.
Charles Sawyer authored the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.Sawyer, Concerns of a Conservative Democrat,Southern Illinois University Press, Pgs 48-51.
He was also appointed as United States Ambassador to Belgium by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and was Minister to Luxembourg during the difficult period 1944–1946 in this country, the beginning of the Belgian royal question concerning King Leopold III of Belgium.
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Clarence J. Brown
Clarence J. Brown, Sr. (July 14, 1893 - August 23, 1965) was an American newspaper publisher who represented Ohio as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 to 1965.
Brown was born in Blanchester, Clinton County, Ohio or West Union, Clermont County, Ohio, the son of Owen and Ellen Barerre (McCoppin) Brown. His middle name is "J" and does not stand for anything. He attended the Blanchester public schools, and then attended law school at Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia, from 1913 to 1915.
On his twenty-first birthday Brown married Ethel McKinney. He was state statistician in 1915 and 1916 in the Ohio Secretary of State's office. Brown was engaged in newspaper work in Blanchester in 1917 and was publisher of several country newspapers. He then was president of the Brown Publishing Company in Blanchester and also owned and operated several large farms. In 1918, at age 25, he was elected the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, serving from 1919 to 1923, the youngest man ever to hold the office. In 1926, he was elected Ohio Secretary of State and served from 1927 to 1933. He ran for governor twice: in 1932, he lost the primary; in 1934, he won the Republican nomination but lost the general election. Brown was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1936, 1940, 1944 and 1948, and a member of the Republican National Committee beginning in 1944.
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Cyrus Locher
Cyrus Locher (March 8, 1878 – August 17, 1929) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate.
Locher studied at Ohio Wesleyan University and Western Reserve University Law School. He also studied briefly at the University of Michigan.
Locher served in various capacities as a prosecutor and public solicitor, as well as law professor in Cleveland, Ohio during the 1910s and 1920s. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate on April 5, 1928 upon the death of Senator Frank B. Willis. Locher served until December 14, 1928, having lost a bid for the nomination in a special election to fill the remainder of Willis's term.
His nephew, Ralph S. Locher, would serve as both the mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1962–67, and as a Ohio Supreme Court Justice for two terms between 1977-89.
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D. Leigh Colvin
David Leigh Colvin (January 28, 1880 – September 7, 1959) was an American politician and member of the Prohibition Party and the Law Preservation Party.
He attended the American Temperance University and Ohio Wesleyan University before going on to study law at the University of California, Berkeley, University of Chicago, and Columbia University.
He ran for U.S. Senator from New York in 1916 and 1932, for Mayor of New York City in 1917, for Vice President of the United States in 1920, for U.S. Representative from New York in 1922, and for President of the United States in 1936.
Colvin was Chairman of the Prohibition National Committee from 1926 to 1932.
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Dan Quayle
James Danforth "Dan" Quayle ( /ˈkweɪl/; born February 4, 1947) served as the 44th Vice President of the United States, serving with President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993). He served as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Indiana.
Quayle was born in Indianapolis but spent most of his childhood living in Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana with his wife before being elected to the United States Congress in 1976, aged 29. In 1980, Quayle was elected to the Senate.
In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush was nominated for the presidency by the Republican Party and asked his party to nominate Quayle as his vice presidential running mate. Although this choice was met with some dismay, the Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council. He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992 but the Bush/Quayle ticket was defeated by Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice-presidential running mate, Al Gore.
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David Tod
David Tod (February 21, 1805 – November 13, 1868) was a politician and industrialist from the U.S. state of Ohio. As the 25th Governor of Ohio, Tod gained recognition for his forceful and energetic leadership during the American Civil War.
A Democrat who supported the war effort, Tod helped to maintain a fragile alliance between the state's Republicans and War Democrats and took steps to secure Ohio's borders. In 1864, the state's pro-Union party failed to nominate Tod for a second term because of his tepid support for the abolition of slavery and his unpopularity among the state's myriad political factions.
After completing his two-year term as Ohio governor, Tod turned down an invitation to serve in the government of President Abraham Lincoln, citing poor health. Tod died of a stroke in 1868, four years after the end of the war.
Tod was born in Youngstown, Ohio, to a family actively involved in local and state politics. His father, George Tod, born to a Scottish immigrant in Suffield, Connecticut, had relocated to the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1800. There, George Tod pursued a career in public life, serving as an Ohio lawmaker between 1804 and 1806, and winning a seat as a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court in 1807.
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Dean Burch
Dean Burch (December 20, 1927 – August 4, 1991) served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from October 31, 1969 to March 8, 1974, and as chairman of the Republican National Convention.
Burch was born in Enid, Oklahoma. He earned a bachelor of laws degree from the University of Arizona. Burch worked on Senator Barry Goldwater's staff and then served as the Republican National Chairman in 1964-1965.
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Dick Celeste
Richard Frank "Dick" Celeste (born November 11, 1937) is an American politician from Ohio, and a member of the Democratic Party. He served as the 64th Governor of Ohio from 1983-1991.
In 1959, Celeste was graduated magna cum laude from Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut). He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Celeste then received a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Oxford University (Oxford, England). There he met Dagmar Ingrid Braun, whom he married in Austria in 1962. After returning to the United States, Celeste served as staff liaison office in the Peace Corps and as special assistant to Chester Bowles, then United States Ambassador to India.
Celeste was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Cuyahoga County in 1970. His Ohio House District included western Cleveland and Lakewood, where his father Frank, had once served as mayor. He was subsequently elected the 55th Lieutenant Governor in 1974 (defeating Republican John W. Brown, serving under the Republican James A. Rhodes—at the time, Ohio's lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor, so the victors could be of different parties). In 1978, Celeste ran for governor, but lost to incumbent Rhodes. President Carter appointed Celeste Director of the Peace Corps from 1979 to 1981, where he was responsible for programs in 53 countries.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
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Douglas Brinkley
Douglas Brinkley (born December 14, 1960) is an American author, professor of history at Rice University and a fellow at the James Baker Institute for Public Policy. Brinkley is the history commentator for CBS News and a contributing editor to the magazine Vanity Fair. He joined the faculty of Rice University as a professor of history in 2007.
Brinkley was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were high school teachers. Raised in Perrysburg, Ohio he earned his B.A. from Ohio State University (1982), and his M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1989) from Georgetown University in U.S. Diplomatic History. He has taught at Tulane University, Princeton University, the U.S. Naval Academy, has received an honorary doctorate for his contributions to American letters from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.[dead link]
During the early 1990s, Brinkley taught American Arts and Politics out of Hofstra aboard the Majic Bus [sic], a roving transcontinental classroom, from which emerged the book, The Majic Bus: An American Odyssey (1993). In 1993, he left Hofstra to teach at the University of New Orleans, where he taught the class again using two natural-gas fueled buses. According to the Associated Press, "...if you can't tour the United States yourself, the next best thing is to go along with Douglas Brinkley aboard The Majic Bus."
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Douglas Fairbanks
Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro.
An astute businessman, Fairbanks was a founding member of United Artists. Fairbanks was also a founding member of The Motion Picture Academy and hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty and Fairbanks was referred to as "The King of Hollywood", a nickname later passed on to actor Clark Gable. His career rapidly declined with the advent of the "talkies".
Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman (spelled "Ulman" by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. in his memoirs) in Denver, Colorado, the son of H. Charles Ullman (born September 15, 1833) and Ella Adelaide Marsh (born 1847). He had a half-brother, John Fairbanks, Jr. (born 1873), and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman (March 13, 1882 – February 22, 1948).
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Duncan McArthur
Duncan McArthur (June 14, 1772 – April 29, 1839) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 11th Governor of Ohio.
Born to Scottish immigrants in Dutchess County, New York, McArthur grew up in western Pennsylvania and later moved to Kentucky, where he was employed as an Indian ranger. McArthur moved across the Ohio River in 1797 to the new town of Chillicothe, Ohio, which was to become the state capital in 1803. McArthur grew wealthy investing in land in the surrounding area.
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 3rd congressional district while serving in the militia during the War of 1812, but never qualified for office, preferring to continue serving in the military. He was appointed colonel of Ohio volunteers and was second-in-command to General William Hull at Fort Detroit. He and Colonel Lewis Cass were not present at Detroit when Hull surrendered and were greatly angered to hear that Hull had included both of them in the capitulation. When a British officer notified him of the surrender, McArthur is said to have torn off his epalettes and broke his sword in a fit of rage, although historians note similar stories were told about other officers as well. He was paroled and returned to Ohio. He was appointed a Brigadier General in the U.S. Army and commanded a brigade under William H. Harrison during the battle of the Thames. Shortly thereafter he was placed in charge of the Army of the Northwest following Harrison's resignation. He did not face much action but was instead engaged in negotiating treaties with the Indians. In 1817, he was one of two commissioners (along with Lewis Cass) who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, which was signed September 29 of that year with several Native American tribes.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/, EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and was reared in a large family in Kansas, by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background. As one of five sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point, and later was married with two sons. After World War II Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed the post of President at Columbia University.
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Dwight M. Sabin
Dwight May Sabin (April 25, 1843 – December 22, 1902) was an American politician. He lived in Stillwater, Minnesota, where he had lumber and manufacturing interests. He served as a Republican in the United States Senate from Minnesota from March 4, 1883, to March 4, 1889 in the 48th, 49th, and 50th congresses. He was not renominated by his party. He served in both houses of the Minnesota State Legislature.
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Earl D. Bloom
Earl D. Bloom (May 29, 1871 – June 8, 1930) was an American politician who served as the 35th, 37th and 39th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1917 to 1919, 1923 to 1925, and 1927 to 1928.
Bloom ran in for governor in 1928 but lost in the Democratic primary. He was a lawyer and a banker.
Earl Bloom was born in Wood County, Ohio May 29, 1871 to James L. and Lydia A. (Ackerman) Bloom. He attended public schools of Wood County, and from 1889 to 1895 Ohio Northern University College of Law, where he received an LL.B.
In 1895, Bloom was admitted to the bar and was married to Eleanor G. Lathrop July 24. They had one child, Alice G. Bloom. Bloom practiced law in Bloomdale, Ohio, before moving to Bowling Green, Ohio in 1905.
During World War I, Bloom was director of the Red Cross in Wood County. He was a member of F. & A.M., R. A. M., Knights Templar, Scottish Rite, 32nd Degree, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, B.P.O.E., and the Wood County Bar Association.
Bloom died in Toledo, and is buried in Old Maplewood Cemetery, North Baltimore, Ohio.
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Earl Warren
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the 30th Governor of California.
He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966).
Warren is one of only two people to be elected Governor of California three times, the other being Jerry Brown. Before holding these positions, he was a district attorney for Alameda County, California, and Attorney General of California.
Warren was also the vice-presidential nominee of the Republican Party in 1948, and chaired the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
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Ed Gillespie
Edward W. Gillespie is an American Republican political strategist, senior advisor to Mitt Romney 2012 and former Counselor to the President in the George W. Bush White House. Gillespie, along with Jack Quinn, former Chief of Staff to Vice President Al Gore, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm. Gillespie is also the founder of Ed Gillespie Strategies, a strategic consulting firm that provides high-level advice to companies and CEOs, coalitions, and trade associations.
Gillespie was born August 1, 1962 in Browns Mills, New Jersey. He is a graduate of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. While at CUA he began his career on Capitol Hill as a Senate parking lot attendant. He is married to Cathy Gillespie and has three children.
He began his political career as a telephone solicitor for the Republican National Committee in 1985. He later worked for a decade as a top aide to former House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX), and was a principal drafter of the GOP's 1994 "Contract With America." In 1996, he became Director of Communications and Congressional Affairs for the Republican National Committee under Haley Barbour. In 1997, Gillespie formed Policy Impact Communications, a public affairs communications firm, with Barbour.[citation needed]
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Edward Doheny
Edward Laurence Doheny (August 10, 1856 - September 8, 1935) was an American oil tycoon, who in 1892, along with business partner Charles A. Canfield, drilled the first successful oil well in the Los Angeles City Oil Field, setting off the petroleum boom in Southern California.
At first he was an unsuccessful prospector in the state of New Mexico and Southwestern United States. Later Doheny became very wealthy through his California oil interests, and was also successful in the oil fields of Tampico, Mexico. During the administration of President Warren G. Harding, Doheny was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal and was accused of offering a $100,000 bribe to Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall in order to secure drilling rights without competitive bidding to the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve in central California. He was twice acquitted of offering the bribe that Fall was convicted of accepting. Doheny and his second wife and widow, Carrie Estelle, were noted philanthropists in Los Angeles. The character Vern Roscoe in Upton Sinclair's 1927 novel Oil! (the inspiration for the 2007 film There Will Be Blood) is loosely based on Doheny.
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Edward I. Edwards
Edward Irving Edwards (December 1, 1863 – January 26, 1931) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 37th Governor of New Jersey from 1920 to 1923 and in the United States Senate from 1923 to 1929.
Born in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1863, Edwards attended the Jersey City public schools and New York University. He later studied law in the office of his brother, William David Edwards, who was also a state senator.[clarification needed] On November 14, 1888, he married Blanche Smith. They had two children, Edward Irving, Jr. and Elizabeth Jules. He engaged in banking and in the general contracting business. He later became president and chairman of the board of directors of the First National Bank of Jersey City.
Edwards entered politics and became part of the Democratic Organization, being elected state senator in 1918. He became a friend and close political ally of Mayor Frank "Boss" Hague, who ran the Democratic machine in Hudson County, and later the whole state of New Jersey. Hague supported Edwards's gubernatorial run in 1919.
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Edward Tiffin
Edward Tiffin (June 19, 1766 – August 9, 1829) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio, and first Governor of the state.
Sources indicate that he was born in Carlisle; however he may have been born in or near Workington — also in the then county of Cumberland, England. His family emigrated to Virginia, where, in 1789, he married Mary Worthington of Berkeley County, sister of future Governor of Ohio Thomas Worthington. She died, childless, in 1808. A year after their marriage, the Tiffins joined the Methodist church after hearing the preaching of Thomas Scott, who would be their neighbor and friend for many years. Bishop Asbury ordained Tiffin a deacon of the Methodist church November 19, 1792, authorizing him to preach. Tiffin and Worthington inherited sixteen slaves when Worthington's father died. The each decided to manumit their slaves and move to the Northwest Territory, where slavery was outlawed. Tiffin headed westward, along with Thomas Worthington, in 1798, settling in Chillicothe, Ohio.
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Edwin C. Denby
Edwin Denby (February 18, 1870 – February 8, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of the Navy in the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge from 1921 to 1924. He also played a notable role in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal which took place during the Harding presidency. He was the son of Charles Harvey Denby, grandson of Graham N. Fitch and brother of Charles Denby, Jr..
Denby was born in Evansville, Indiana, where he attended the public schools. In 1885, his father, Charles Harvey Denby, was appointed United States minister at Peking, China, by President Grover Cleveland, and Edwin accompanied him. He worked in the maritime customs service from 1887 to 1894. He then returned to the United States and graduated from law school at the University of Michigan in 1896. While attending the University of Michigan, Denby played on the 1895 Michigan Wolverines football team. He was subsequently admitted to the bar and began practicing as a lawyer in Detroit.
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Edwin D. Morgan
Edwin Denison Morgan (February 8, 1811 – February 14, 1883) was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War.
Morgan was born in Washington, Massachusetts on February 8, 1811. He began his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council. In 1836, he removed to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker.
He was an alderman, member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, and State Commissioner of Immigration.
Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876.
He was Governor of New York from 1859 through 1862, elected in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed major general of volunteers in September 1861 and commanded the Department of New York until he resigned on January 3, 1863, serving simultaneously as governor and head of the military department.
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Elbert L. Lampson
Elbert L. Lampson (July 30, 1852 – November 18, 1930) was an interesting figure and striking personality in Ohio politics and public affairs during the second half of the nineteenth century. Hailing from Jefferson, Lampson was the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and former State Senator. A lawyer by profession, his time had been taken up with a diversity of interests. He was a banker, and for many years was a newspaper publisher.
Lampson was born at Windsor, in Ashtabula County, July 30, 1852. He was of old New England ancestry, the Lampsons settling in Connecticut when they came from England in Colonial times. His grandfather, Ebenezer Lampson, was born in Connecticut in 1754. He served three enlistments as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. In the cemetery at Windsor, Ohio, is a monument erected to the memory of the soldiers of the American Revolution, and one of the names on that monument is Ebenezer Lampson. He came West and settled in the Western Reserve, at Windsor, in 1809. He served as a member of the first grand jury of Ashtabula County in 1811. He was a farmer, and developed a good home, though he lost part of his property through a defective title. He died at Windsor March 12, 1835. His second wife and the grandmother of Elbert L. Lampson bore the maiden name of Martha Griggs. She was born in Connecticut in 1777, and died at Windsor in 1862.
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Ephraim Morgan
Ephraim Franklin Morgan (January 16, 1869 – January 15, 1950) was born on a farm near Forksburg, Marion County, West Virginia, a descendent of the first white settler of western Virginia, Morgan Morgan, and his son David Morgan. He studied at Fairmont State Normal School and graduated from the West Virginia University law school in 1897. After establishing a law practice in Fairmont, Morgan enlisted in the First West Virginia Infantry during the Spanish-American War. Following the war, he became the Fairmont city attorney. He served as a judge of the Marion County Intermediate Court from 1907 to 1912 and as a member of the West Virginia Public Service Commission from 1915 to 1920. In 1902, he married Alma Bennett.
At the time Morgan became governor, a virtual state of war existed between union coal miners and coal operators. The United Mine Workers union was protesting for the right to organize miners in the southwestern part of the state. In late summer 1921, the governor called upon President Warren G. Harding to dispatch federal troops to end an armed miners' march in Boone and Logan counties. After the conflict ended, Morgan used National Guard troops to discourage miners from again taking up arms. A more detailed discussion of the 1921 armed miners' march and the Battle of Blair Mountain can be found in Clayton D. Laurie's "The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921" in West Virginia History, Volume 50 (1991).
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Ethan Allen Brown
Ethan Allen Brown (July 4, 1776 – February 24, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican politician. He served as the seventh Governor of Ohio.
Brown was born in Darien, Connecticut to a Revolutionary War veteran. He moved near Cincinnati, Ohio in 1803. He was appointed to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1810 and was re-elected in 1817. Brown was elected to the governorship a year later and was re-elected in 1820. He resigned on January 3, 1822 to take office in the U.S. Senate after the death of William A. Trimble. He was defeated for re-election in 1824 by William Henry Harrison.
Ohio Presidential elector in 1828 for Andrew Jackson.
An active supporter of Andrew Jackson, Brown was appointed Chargé d'Affaires to Brazil in 1830 and served for four years. In 1836, he retired to a family farm in Indiana most likely staying at the David Brown House in Ohio County. Brown later served a single term in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1841-1843. Brown died in Marion County, Indiana and is buried in the Cedar Hedge Cemetery located in Rising Sun the county seat of Ohio County, Indiana.
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Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
In the early part of his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), the nation's first industrial union. When the ARU struck the Pullman Palace Car Company over pay cuts, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was later imprisoned for failing to obey an injunction against the strike.
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Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding (previously DeWolfe; August 15, 1860, Marion, Ohio – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
She married the somewhat-younger Harding when he was a newspaper publisher in Ohio, and she was acknowledged as the brains behind the business. Known as The Duchess, she adapted well to the White House, where she gave notably elegant parties.
She was born Florence Kling, the daughter of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion, Ohio banker, and Louisa Bouton Kling.
Pregnant at age 19, Florence eloped with Henry "Pete" Athenton DeWolfe, her childhood friend and neighbor, in 1880. To date, scholastic researchers have been unable to locate official documentation or a legal marriage license for the couple, leading to the belief that DeWolfe and Harding were never civilly married, but instead declared common law marriage as allowed at the time in Ohio. DeWolfe proved a spendthrift and a heavy drinker. Shortly after the birth of their son Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (also known as Marshall Eugene Kling) in 1880, Florence left her husband and returned to Marion. She divorced DeWolfe in 1886 and resumed her maiden name; he died in 1894 at age 35.
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Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain John Ross Key at the family plantation Terra Rubra in what was Frederick County and is now Carroll County, Maryland. His father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a judge and an officer in the Continental Army. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner, both born in London, England, immigrated to Maryland in 1726.
He studied law at St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland and also learned under his uncle Philip Barton Key.
During the War of 1812, Key, accompanied by the American Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel John Stuart Skinner, dined aboard the British ship HMS Tonnant, as the guests of three British officers: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn, and Major General Robert Ross. Skinner and Key were there to negotiate the release of prisoners, one being Dr. William Beanes. Beanes was a resident of Upper Marlboro, Maryland and had been captured by the British after he placed rowdy stragglers under citizen's arrest with a group of men. Skinner, Key, and Beanes were not allowed to return to their own sloop: they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and with the British intent to attack Baltimore. As a result of this, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on the night of September 13–14, 1814.
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Francis W. Treadway
Francis Wilcox Treadway (January 7, 1869 – December 24, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 30th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1909 to 1911.
Francis W. Treadway was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1869, and was moved to Cleveland, Ohio when ten years of age. He was educated at Cleveland grammar and high schools. He graduated with BS from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1890, and Yale Law School in 1892. He wrote Ohio Mechanics Lien Law, 1901. He was United States Commissioner for Northern District of Ohio, 1902-1903.
Treadway was elected to represent Cuyahoga County in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1903 for the 76th General Assembly, (1904–1905), as a Republican.
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Frank B. Willis
Frank Bartlett Willis (December 28, 1871 – March 30, 1928) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 47th Governor of Ohio.
Born on a farm near the hamlet of Lewis Center, Ohio, Willis was the son of a Civil War veteran, Vermont-born J.B. Willis and his wife Lavinia A. (Buell). Willis graduated from Ohio Northern University in 1894. After teaching at Ohio Northern for twelve years, Willis was admitted to the bar and began practicing law. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1900 to 1904 while teaching at Ohio Northern school of law, and was subsequently elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1910, serving from 1911 to 1915. Elected to the governorship in 1914, he served one two-year term from 1915 to 1917, but was not re-elected, being defeated by James M. Cox, whom he had defeated in 1914. Cox also defeated Willis in 1918.
After placing Warren Harding's name in nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention, Willis was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1920, replacing Harding, who then resigned his seat to take the presidency, allowing Willis to take his seat early. During his Senate tenure, Willis served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions, which had jurisdiction over territories including Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, from 1923 to 1928.
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Frank Knox
William Franklin "Frank" Knox (January 1, 1874 – April 28, 1944) was an American newspaper editor and publisher. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936, and Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II.
William Franklin Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were both Canadian: his father was from New Brunswick and his mother Sarah Barnard, was from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. When he was nine, his family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where his father ran a grocery store. He attended Alma College in Michigan, where he was a member of the Zeta Sigma Fraternity.
During the Spanish-American War, he joined the Army, and served in Cuba with the Rough Riders .
After the war, Knox became a newspaper reporter in Grand Rapids. This was the beginning of a career that included ownership of several papers.
He changed his first name to Frank around 1900. In 1912 as founding editor of New Hampshire's Manchester Leader, forerunner to the New Hampshire Union Leader, he supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket. However, with that exception, he adhered to the Republican Party.
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Frank Lausche
Frank John Lausche (November 14, 1895 – April 21, 1990) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 47th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, as the 55th and 57th Governor of Ohio, and as a United States Senator from Ohio for two terms (1957–1969).
His family originates from Slovenia. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War I, he returned to law school, graduating from the John Marshall School of Law in 1920. Lausche served as Municipal Court judge from 1932 to 1937 and Common Pleas Court judge from 1937 to 1941, before winning election as Mayor of Cleveland in 1941. He served until 1944, when he first won election as Governor of Ohio, becoming the state's first Catholic governor. Lausche served as governor from 1945 to 1947, when he narrowly lost to Thomas J. Herbert. Lausche defeated Herbert in a 1948 rematch, however, serving from 1949 to 1957. He was reelected as Governor in 1952, defeating Cincinnati Mayor Charles Phelps Taft II, and 1954, defeating state Auditor Jim Rhodes, who later became Governor himself. Lausche resigned in early 1957, having won election to the United States Senate in 1956, unseating incumbent Republican George Bender.
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Frank Lowden
Frank Orren Lowden (January 26, 1861 – March 20, 1943) was a Republican Party politician from Illinois, who served as the 25th Governor of Illinois and as a United States Representatives from Illinois. He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928.
Born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, he lived in Iowa from the age of 7 until his graduation from Iowa State University in 1885. He graduated from Chicago, Illinois's Union College of Law in 1887, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He practised law in Chicago for about 20 years. His wife, Florence, was the daughter of George Pullman. In 1899, he was professor of law at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
In 1900, Lowden declined the first assistant postmaster-generalship, offered him by President McKinley, whom he had supported. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900 and 1904, and from 1904 to 1912 was a member of the Republican National Committee. He was also a member of the executive committee in 1904 and 1908. Lowden was elected to the U.S. Representative from Illinois in 1906 to fill the unexpired term of Robert R. Hitt, deceased. He was re-elected for succeeding terms until 1911, when he declined to run for another term.
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Frank Orren Lowden
Frank Orren Lowden (January 26, 1861 – March 20, 1943) was a Republican Party politician from Illinois, who served as the 25th Governor of Illinois and as a United States Representatives from Illinois. He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928.
Born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, he lived in Iowa from the age of 7 until his graduation from Iowa State University in 1885. He graduated from Chicago, Illinois's Union College of Law in 1887, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He practised law in Chicago for about 20 years. His wife, Florence, was the daughter of George Pullman. In 1899, he was professor of law at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
In 1900, Lowden declined the first assistant postmaster-generalship, offered him by President McKinley, whom he had supported. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900 and 1904, and from 1904 to 1912 was a member of the Republican National Committee. He was also a member of the executive committee in 1904 and 1908. Lowden was elected to the U.S. Representative from Illinois in 1906 to fill the unexpired term of Robert R. Hitt, deceased. He was re-elected for succeeding terms until 1911, when he declined to run for another term.
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Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army. His private law practice in his home state, New Hampshire, was so successful that he was offered several important positions, which he turned down. Later, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King won by a landslide in the Electoral College. They defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham by a 50 percent to 44 percent margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote.
He made many friends, but he suffered tragedy in his personal life; all of his children died when young. As president, he made many divisive decisions which were widely criticized and earned him a reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Pierce's popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which replaced the Missouri Compromise and renewed debate over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto. The historian David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration.... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism."[citation needed] More importantly, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular sovereignty" as political doctrines.
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Garret Hobart
Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was the 24th Vice President of the United States (1897–1899), serving under President William McKinley. He was the sixth American vice president to die in office.
Hobart was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore, and grew up in nearby Marlboro. After attending Rutgers College, Hobart read law with prominent Paterson attorney Socrates Tuttle. Hobart both studied with Tuttle, and married his daughter. Although he rarely set foot in a courtroom, Hobart became wealthy as a corporate lawyer.
Hobart served in local governmental positions, and then successfully ran for office as a Republican, serving in both the New Jersey General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate. He became Speaker of the first, and president of the latter. Hobart was a longtime party official, and New Jersey delegates went to the 1896 Republican National Convention determined to nominate the popular lawyer for vice president. Hobart's political views were similar to those of McKinley, who was the presumptive Republican presidential candidate. With New Jersey a key state in the upcoming election, McKinley and his close adviser, future senator Mark Hanna, decided to have the convention select Hobart. The vice-presidential candidate emulated his running mate with a front porch campaign, though spending much time at the campaign's New York City office. McKinley and Hobart were elected.
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Gaston Means
Gaston Bullock Means (July 11, 1879 – December 12, 1938) was an American private detective, salesman, bootlegger, forger, swindler, murder suspect, blackmailer, and con artist.
While not involved in the Teapot Dome scandal, Means was associated with other members of the so-called Ohio Gang that gathered around the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Means also tried to pull a con associated with the Lindbergh kidnapping, and died in prison following his criminal conviction.
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George B. Cortelyou
George Bruce Cortelyou (July 26, 1862 – October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century.
Born to Rose Seery and Peter Crolius Cortelyou, and part of an old New Netherlands family whose immigrant ancestor arrived in 1652, he was educated at public schools in Brooklyn, the Nazareth Military Academy in Pennsylvania, and the Hempstead Institute on Long Island. At the age of 20, he received a BA degree from Massachusetts State Normal School, a teacher's college in Westfield, Massachusetts. He then studied at and graduated from law schools of Georgetown University and Columbian University (the latter now being George Washington University). Courtelyou then began teaching, later taking a stenography course and mastering shorthand.
In 1891, he obtained a position as secretary to the chief postal inspector of New York. The following year a promotion led to a job as the secretary to the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General in Washington, D.C. In 1895 President Grover Cleveland hired Cortelyou as his chief clerk on the recommendation of Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell. President Cleveland recommended him as a personal secretary to his successor, William McKinley. Cortelyou was working on improvements in office efficiency in 1901 when President McKinley was assassinated.
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George C. Braden
George C. Braden was an American politician who served as the 41st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1928 to 1929.
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George D. Nye
George D. Nye (6 August 1898 – January 1969), born and died in Waverly, Ohio, was an American politician of the Democratic party.
During the World War I, Nye served in the United States Navy. In 1928, Nye ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives, losing to incumbent Republican Charles C. Kearns. In 1929, he was elected to a common please court judgeship, in which he served from 1930-1937. In 1938, Nye was a member of the Ohio Democratic State Central Committee. In 1940, he served as an alternate delegate to the Democratic National Convention.
In 1942 and the six succeeding elections, Nye was nominated by the Democratic party for the office of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. He won three two-year terms to the office in two separate tenures, serving as the 48th and 50th Lieutenant Governor, from 1945 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953.
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George E. Pugh
George Ellis Pugh (November 28, 1822 – July 19, 1876) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Pugh attended Miami University. He began practicing law in 1843, later serving as a Captain in the 4th Ohio Regiment in the Mexican-American War. After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1848–1850, he served as State Attorney General from 1852-1854. Pugh served a single term in the United States Senate from 1855–1861, losing a re-election bid to Salmon P. Chase, who he had replaced. Pugh ran for the Lieutenant Governorship in 1863 and the United States House of Representatives in 1864, losing both times.
George Ellis Pugh descended from Ellis Pugh, Sr. (1656–1718) an early Welsh immigrant to Pennsylvania. Ellis was a Quaker minister who, with his wife Sinah, emigrated to Pennsylvania to escape religious persecution in 1686. George's branch of this line migrated from Philadelphia to Prince George, Virginia, Bush River, South Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio. George was the son of Lot and Rachel (Anthony) Pugh who were married in Hamilton County, Ohio on July 7, 1814. George had three brothers and a sister.
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George H. Bender
George Harrison Bender (September 29, 1896 – June 18, 1961) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 to 1947 and 1951 to 1954, and also in the U.S. Senate from 1954 to 1957.
The son of Joseph Bender, an employee at General Electric, and Anna Sir, Bender attended West Commerce High School, graduating in 1914. With an early interest in politics, he at age fifteen collected 10,000 signatures on a petition encouraging former president Theodore Roosevelt to run for the presidency in 1912. Bender presented the petition to Roosevelt personally and was rewarded when Roosevelt wrote him with news of his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination shortly before it was publicly announced. In 1916 Bender served as a delegate to the abortive Progressive party convention, which voted to dissolve rather than nominate its own presidential candidate. During the November election, Bender campaigned for Republican party candidates. His shifting party orientation reflected the internal divisions between "progressive" and "Old Guard" Republicans of the period from 1912 to 1916.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
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George Hoadly
George Hoadly (July 31, 1826 - August 26, 1902) was a Democratic politician. He served as the 36th Governor of Ohio.
Hoadly was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 31, 1826. As the son of George Hoadley and Mary Ann Woolsey Hoadley, his birth name was George Hoadley, but he later dropped the "e" from his surname.
Hoadly served as Governor from 1884 to 1886. During his term in office, the Cincinnati Riots of 1884 broke out over a case in which a jury gave a verdict of manslaughter rather than murder in a case that many suspected was rigged. Hoadly was slow to react as the violence escalated, and 45 people died during three days of rioting before troops reestablished calm.
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George K. Nash
George Kilbon Nash (August 14, 1842 – October 28, 1904) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 41st Governor of Ohio.
Nash was born in York Township, Medina County, Ohio. He attended the preparatory school at Western Reserve College. At 20 years of age he entered Oberlin College and stayed until his sophomore year, when he enlisted as a private in the One hundred fiftieth regiment of the Ohio National Guard of the Union Army during the Civil War. After the war he studied law in the offices of Robert B. Warden, who had been a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar in 1867 in Columbus, Ohio. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Franklin County, Ohio in 1870, and re-elected in 1872. He re-entered private practice, and in 1876 lost a bid for Congress, and lost for Ohio Attorney General in 1877. In October, 1879, he was elected Ohio Attorney General. In 1881 he was re-elected. In 1883, he was appointed a member of the supreme court commission of Ohio for two years. He then devoted time to lucrative private practice, including significant railroad litigation, and party politics. Nash served as Governor of Ohio from January 8, 1900 to January 11, 1904.
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George Voinovich
George Victor Voinovich (born July 15, 1936) is a former United States Senator from the state of Ohio, and a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he served as the 65th Governor of Ohio from 1991 to 1998, and as the 54th mayor of Cleveland from 1980 to 1989.
George Voinovich has served more than 46 years in public service – first as assistant attorney general of Ohio in 1963, and finally as the senior United States Senator representing Ohio. He is the 15th person to serve as both governor of Ohio and U.S. senator and one of only two people to be mayor of Cleveland, governor of Ohio and United States Senator; the other was Frank J. Lausche, who like Voinovich was Slovenian. George Voinovich has been elected to more public offices than any other Ohioan. He is the only person to have served as both chairman of the National Governors Association and president of the National League of Cities.
In his 2004 re-election to the U.S. Senate, Voinovich garnered more than 3.4 million votes, nearly 64 percent. No other candidate in Ohio’s recorded history has received as many votes as Senator Voinovich did in 2004. Also in 2004, Senator Voinovich won all 88 of Ohio’s counties, a feat accomplished only once before – more than 100 years ago.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States of America, serving from 1789 to 1797, and the dominant military and political leader of the United States from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. Washington became the first president, by unanimous choice, and oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Washington is universally regarded as the "Father of his country."
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Grover Cleveland
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for president three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1861 to 1913.
Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. Cleveland relentlessly fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. Indeed, as a reformer his prestige was so strong that the reform wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP ticket and swung to his support in 1884.
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H. W. Curtiss
Dr. Harvey Willard Curtiss (February 22, 1824 – April 30, 1902) was a Republican legislator from the U. S. State of Ohio who, as President of the Ohio Senate, became Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1877-1878 when the Governor resigned, and the Lieutenant Governor was promoted.
Harvey Willard Curtiss was born at Charlestown Township, Portage County, Ohio February 22, 1824, or perhaps 1823. He graduated from the Grand River Institute, and began study of medicine in 1849. He graduated from the Cleveland Medical College, or Western College of Homeopathy in 1851, and located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to practice medicine for a short time before locating in Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where lived the rest of his life.
Curtiss was an abolitionist, and his home was a stop on the Underground Railroad. He was among the first in Cuyahoga County, Ohio to join the newly formed Republican Party. He was on the City Council of Chagrin Falls, and was Mayor from 1861 to 1865. Curtiss was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1869 and 1871, and to the Ohio State Senate in 1873, 1875 and 1877. In the spring of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes resigned as Governor of Ohio to become President of the United States. Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Thomas L. Young became Governor, and Curtiss, as President pro tem of the Senate, became acting Lieutenant Governor.
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Haley Barbour
Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is an American Republican politician who served as the 63rd Governor of Mississippi, from 2004 to 2012. He gained a national spotlight in August 2005 after Mississippi was hit by Hurricane Katrina. Barbour won re-election as Governor in 2007. Under Mississippi's term limits, Barbour could not seek reelection in 2011. Before being elected Governor, Barbour "had a long career on the national stage and has been well-known as a Republican operative since the Reagan years." He worked as a lawyer and lobbyist, was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate and also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1993 to 1997, during which time the Republicans captured both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1954. On June 24, 2009, Barbour was elected the new chairman of the Republican Governors Association, following the resignation of South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford as its leader.
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Hannibal Hamlin
Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809 – July 4, 1891) was the 15th Vice President of the United States (1861-1865), serving under President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. He was the first Vice President from the Republican Party.
Prior to his election in 1860, Hamlin served in the United States Senate, the House of Representatives, and, briefly, as the 26th Governor of Maine.
Hamlin was born to Anna (née Livermore) and Cyrus Hamlin in Paris, Maine. He was a descendant in the sixth generation of James Hamlin who had settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. Hamlin was a great nephew of U.S. Senator Samuel Livermore II of New Hampshire,[citation needed] and a grandson of Stephen Emery, Maine's Attorney General in 1839–1840.
Hamlin attended the district schools and Hebron Academy and later managed his father's farm. For the next few years he worked at several jobs: schoolmaster, cook, woodcutter, surveyor, manager of a weekly newspaper in Paris, and a compositor at a printer's office. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He began practicing in Hampden, a suburb of Bangor, where he lived until 1848.
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Harold G. Mosier
Harold Gerard Mosier (July 24, 1889 - August 7, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Mosier was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended East High School in Cleveland, Ohio. He was graduated from Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1912 and from the law department of Harvard University in 1915. He was admitted to the bar in 1916 and commenced practice in Cleveland. He served as a member of the Ohio Senate 1933-1935 and was the 45th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1935-1937.
Mosier was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth Congress (January 3, 1937-January 3, 1939). He sat on the Dies Committee. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1938. He resumed the practice of law in Cleveland, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.. He was Counsel to Glenn L. Martin Co. and the Aircraft Industries Association. He retired in 1961.
He resided in Washington, D.C., until his death there on August 7, 1971. He was interred in Fort Lincoln Cemetery.
Mosier married Grace Hoyt Jones of Columbus, Ohio, April 20, 1918.
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Harry L. Davis
Harry Lyman Davis (January 25, 1878 – May 21, 1950) was an American politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 38th and 44th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio and as the 49th Governor of Ohio.
Davis was born in Cleveland, Ohio in the Newburgh area to Evan and Barbara Jones Davis. At age thirteen, he left school to work in the steel mills, studying at home and night school. He became a solicitor for the Cleveland Telephone Co. at age twenty-one and later founded the Davis Rate Adjustment Co., selling telephone securities and the Harry L. Davis Co., selling insurance.
In 1909, Davis was elected Republican city treasurer. David defeated his opponent Peter Witt in the 1915 Cleveland mayoral election. As the city's new mayor, Davis established the Mayor's Advisory War Committee in 1917 to aid the American effort in World War I. His work gained national recognition. Mayor Davis also had to deal with the communist May Day Riots of 1919 and the bombing of his home by communist agitators; the Red Scare presented a new set of dilemmas. Davis responded to the outrages by campaigning for the expulsion of all "Bolsheviks" from America. [1] Since 1919 was an election year, Davis resigned from the mayorship and went on to successfully campaign for governor of Ohio.
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Harry L. Gordon
Harry Lincoln Gordon (August 27, 1860 – November 1, 1921) was an American politician who served as the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1902 to 1904.
Harry Lincoln Gordon was born August 27, 1860 at Metamora, Indiana, and attended schools there. His parents were M.B. and Sophia (Tracy) Gordon. He graduated from DePauw University in 1882 with high honors in mathematics. He studied law at the office of McDonald, Butler, & Mason in Indianapolis, Indiana, was admitted to the bar and moved to Wichita, Kansas. Gordon was chosen city solicitor of Wichita, and was elected to represent Sedgwick County in the Kansas State Senate 1895-1896.
In December, 1896, Gordon moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he practiced law. Mayor Tafel appointed him a member of the Board of Supervisors, and he became president of the body in 1900. He was appointed to a second term in 1902 by Mayor Fleischmann.
In 1902, Carl L. Nippert resigned as Ohio Lieutenant Governor, and Governor Nash appointed Gordon to the position June 26, 1902. In 1905, Gordon was the Republican candidate for Mayor, but lost to Edward J. Dempsey. This was his last campaign.
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Harry New
Harry Stewart New (December 31, 1858 – May 9, 1937) was a U.S. politician, journalist, and Spanish-American War veteran.
Harry Stewart New was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 31, 1858, the son of John C. New and his wife, Melissa (Beeler) New. He attended Butler University before going to work with the Indianapolis Journal where he was a reporter, editor, part owner, and publisher from 1878 to 1903. He served in the Indiana State Senate from 1896 to 1900 and served in the Spanish-American War as captain and assistant adjutant general of the 7th Army Corps. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1900 to 1912, serving as chairman from 1907 to 1908, and later engaged in the stone quarrying and construction business.
New got back into politics when he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent John W. Kern. In the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. He was also a "wet" or an anti-prohibitionist, and in August 1919 introduced early legislation proposing an independent United States Air Force.
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Harry S. New
Harry Stewart New (December 31, 1858 – May 9, 1937) was a U.S. politician, journalist, and Spanish-American War veteran.
Harry Stewart New was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 31, 1858, the son of John C. New and his wife, Melissa (Beeler) New. He attended Butler University before going to work with the Indianapolis Journal where he was a reporter, editor, part owner, and publisher from 1878 to 1903. He served in the Indiana State Senate from 1896 to 1900 and served in the Spanish-American War as captain and assistant adjutant general of the 7th Army Corps. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1900 to 1912, serving as chairman from 1907 to 1908, and later engaged in the stone quarrying and construction business.
New got back into politics when he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent John W. Kern. In the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. He was also a "wet" or an anti-prohibitionist, and in August 1919 introduced early legislation proposing an independent United States Air Force.
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
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Harry Stewart New
Harry Stewart New (December 31, 1858 – May 9, 1937) was a U.S. politician, journalist, and Spanish-American War veteran.
Harry Stewart New was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 31, 1858, the son of John C. New and his wife, Melissa (Beeler) New. He attended Butler University before going to work with the Indianapolis Journal where he was a reporter, editor, part owner, and publisher from 1878 to 1903. He served in the Indiana State Senate from 1896 to 1900 and served in the Spanish-American War as captain and assistant adjutant general of the 7th Army Corps. He was a member of the Republican National Committee from 1900 to 1912, serving as chairman from 1907 to 1908, and later engaged in the stone quarrying and construction business.
New got back into politics when he was elected to the United States Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent John W. Kern. In the Senate, he served as chairman of the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. He was also a "wet" or an anti-prohibitionist, and in August 1919 introduced early legislation proposing an independent United States Air Force.
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Harvey Firestone
Harvey Samuel Firestone (December 20, 1868 – February 7, 1938) was an American businessman, and the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, one of the first global makers of automobile tires.
Firestone was born on the Columbiana, Ohio farm built by his paternal grandfather. He was the second of Benjamin and Catherine (née Flickinger) Firestone's three sons; Benjamin had a son and a daughter by his first wife.
Firestone's paternal great-great-great grandfather, Nicholas Hans Feuerstein, immigrated from Berg/Alsace/France, in 1753, and settled in Pennsylvania. Three of Nicholas's sons - including Harvey's great-great grandfather, Johan Nicholas - changed their surname to "Firestone". Firestone's birthplace was moved years later to Greenfield Village, a 90-acre (360,000 m2) historical site founded by Henry Ford.
On 20 November 1895, Firestone married Idabelle Smith, and had seven children. Andrew Firestone, William Clay Ford, Jr. (the son of Henry Ford's grandson William and Harvey and Idabelle's granddaughter Martha), and Nick Firestone are among their great-grandchildren.
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Hazel Rowley
Hazel Joan Rowley (16 November 1951 – 1 March 2011) was a British-born Australian author and biographer.
Born in London, Rowley emigrated with her parents to Adelaide at the age of eight. She studied at the University of Adelaide, graduating with Honours in French and German. Later she acquired a PhD in French. She taught literary studies at Deakin University in Melbourne, before moving to the United States.
Rowley's first published biography, of Australian novelist Christina Stead, was critically acclaimed and won the National Book Council's "Banjo" Award for non-fiction in 1994. Her next biographical work was about the African American writer Richard Wright. Her best known book, Tête-à-tête (2005), covers the lives of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre (de Beauvoir had been the subject of Rowley's PhD thesis). Her last published book is Franklin & Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage, about Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt (2011).
Rowley suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in New York in February 2011 and died there on 1 March.
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Henry B. Payne
Henry B. Payne (November 30, 1810 – September 9, 1896) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served in both houses of the United States Congress.
Born in Hamilton, Madison County, New York, Payne attended Hamilton College. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio by 1834. He studied law under Sherlock J. Andrews. He commenced the practice of law. He formed a partnership with Hiram V. Willson.Presidential elector in 1848 for Cass/Butler. A member of the Ohio Senate from 1849 to 1851, Payne ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1851 and for Governor of Ohio in 1857. He served a single term in the House from 1875 to 1877, representing the 20th District, based in Cleveland. Payne served on the 1876 Electoral Commission on the disputed presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Payne ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1880 and 1884, but won election in 1884 to the Senate. He served a single term and did not seek a second term.
In 1836 Payne married Mary Perry. They had five children. His oldest son was Nathan P. Payne. Another son was Oliver Payne and his son in law was William Collins Whitney.
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Henry C. Wallace
Henry Cantwell "Harry" Wallace (1866 – 1924) was a American farmer, journalist, and political activist. Wallace served as the Secretary of Agriculture between 1921 and 1924. He was the father of Henry A. Wallace, who would follow in his footsteps as Secretary of Agriculture under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was editor of Wallaces' Farmer from 1916 to 1921.
Henry C. Wallace, known to his friends as "Harry," was born May 11, 1866 in Rock Island, Illinois. His father, Henry Wallace, Sr., was a prominent farm journalist with political connections. His grandfather, John Wallace (1805–1872), was an immigrant from County Antrim, Ireland.
Harry Wallace attended from Iowa State Agricultural College (today's Iowa State University) from 1885 to 1887.
Harry Wallace also farmed near Orient, Iowa, where his son Henry A. Wallace was born. Harry handled much of the daily details at Wallaces' Farmer and became editor when his father died.
Harry Wallace helped establish 4-H clubs and extension programs in Iowa, and helped start the Iowa Farm Bureau.
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Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. Ford spent most of his life making headlines, good, bad, but never indifferent. Celebrated as both a technological genius and a folk hero, Ford was the creative force behind an industry of unprecedented size and wealth that in only a few decades permanently changed the economic and social character of the United States. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout most of North America and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
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Henry Jarvis Raymond
Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist and politician and founder of The New York Times.
He was born on January 24, 1820, on the family farm near Lima, New York, a son and the eldest child of Lavinia Brockway, the daughter of Clark Brockway and Sally Wade and Jarvis Raymond, the son of Jonathan P. Raymond and Hannah Jarvis.
He was an 8th generation direct lineal descendant of Captain Richard Raymond, (1602–1692), and his wife, Judith. There is no evidence to suggest that he was born in Essex, England, although Samuel Raymond's family history makes that claim, and he arrived in Salem, Massachusetts about 1629/30, possibly with a contingent led by the Rev. Francis Higginson. The first actual date given for Richard is on August 6, 1629, when he is on the list of the 30 founding members of the First Church (Congregational) of Salem. He was about 27 years old. He was made a Freeman of Salem in 1634 and was later a founder of Norwalk, Connecticut, and an "honored forefather of Saybrook".
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Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (16 February 1812 – 22 November 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States (1873–1875) and a Senator from Massachusetts (1855–1873). Before and during the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican, and a strong opponent of slavery. He devoted his energies to the destruction of the "Slave Power" - the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti-slavery Americans saw as dominating the country.
He was considered a "Radical Republican". After the Civil War, he supported the Radical program for Reconstruction. in 1872, he was elected Vice President as running mate with President Ulysses S. Grant, and served from 4 March 1873 until his death on 22 November 1875.
Wilson was born Jeremiah Jones Colbath in Farmington, New Hampshire. In 1833 he had his name legally changed by the legislature to Henry Wilson. Henry Wilson moved to Natick, Massachusetts in 1833 and became a shoemaker. He attended several local academies, and also taught school in Natick, where he later engaged in the manufacture of shoes. He was a member of the state legislature between 1841 and 1852, and was owner and editor of the Boston Republican from 1848 to 1851.
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Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected-office experience. Hoover is the most recent cabinet secretary to be elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) to have been elected without previous electoral experience or high military rank. America was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith.
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Howard Metzenbaum
Howard Morton Metzenbaum (June 4, 1917 – March 12, 2008) was an American politician who served for almost 20 years as a Democratic member of the U.S. Senate from Ohio (1974, 1976–1995). He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives and Senate from 1943 to 1951.
Metzenbaum was born in Cleveland, to a poor Jewish family, the son of Anna (née Klafter) and Charles I. Metzenbaum. He graduated from Ohio State University, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1939 and a law degree in 1941. During the 1940s, he practiced law in Cleveland, mostly for large labor unions, first the Communications Workers of America and then the International Association of Machinists.
Metzenbaum served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1943 to 1947. He then served in the Ohio Senate from 1947 to 1951. In 1958, he was the campaign manager for U.S. Senator Stephen M. Young, who narrowly unseated Republican Senator John Bricker, the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in 1944, in a major upset.
Metzenbaum became independently wealthy through investments, particularly in real estate near what became the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, which Metzenbaum and his partner, Alva "Ted" Bonda, correctly envisioned would make for extremely profitable, 24-hour, well-lit parking lots. The business expanded to become APCOA, the world's largest parking lot company. By 1970 he had sold his interest in his airport parking lot company for $20 million. In the early 1970s, Metzenbaum co-owned the Sun Newspapers chain of weeklies in the Cleveland suburbs. Bonda and Metzenbaum also started one of the country's first car-rental companies, now Avis.
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Howard Sutherland
Howard Sutherland (September 8, 1865 – March 12, 1950) was an American politician. He was a Republican who represented West Virginia in both houses of the United States Congress.
Sutherland was born near Kirkwood, Missouri. He lived in Missouri until the age of 25, attending St. Louis public schools and Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. He was a newspaper editor in Fulton from 1889 to 1890. In 1890 he moved to Washington, D.C. where he studied law at Columbian University (now The George Washington University) and worked for the Census office.
In 1893, Sutherland moved to Elkins, West Virginia where he participated in the mining, railroad and timber businesses. In 1908, he entered politics and was elected to the West Virginia State Senate. He was a state senator until 1912 when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He was reelected in 1914 and served in the House until 1917. In 1916 he was elected to the United States Senate and was a US Senator from 1917 to 1923. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on the Census from 1919 to 1921 and the Chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills from 1921 to 1923. In 1920, he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President of the United States. He received 17 delegates, about 2%, on the first ballot, and even less support on the following two ballots after which he withdrew.
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Hubert Work
Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 – December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator and physician. He served as the Postmaster General between 1922 and 1923 in the presidency of Warren G. Harding. He then served as the Secretary of the Interior from 1923-1928 during the administration of Calvin Coolidge.
Work was born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania. Attended medical school at the University of Michigan from 1882-1883, but ultimately received an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He settled in Colorado and founded Woodcroft Hospital in Pueblo in 1896. In 1920, Work served as president of the advocacy group, the American Medical Association.
Work was active in the Republican Party, having served as the Colorado state chairman in 1912. In 1914, Work ran unsuccessfully in a special election for the United States Senate having been defeated by the Democrat Charles Spalding Thomas, later the governor of Colorado. Work polled 98,728 votes (39 percent) in a multi-candidate to field to Thomas' 102,037 ballots (40.3 percent). This was Colorado's first Senate election by popular vote under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Hugh L. Nichols
Hugh Llewellyn Nichols (March 25, 1865 – December 29, 1942) was an American politician who served as the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1911 to 1913 and Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Ohio 1913 to 1920.
Hugh L. Nichols was born March 25, 1865 at New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio from parents of Scotch-Irish descent. He was educated in the public schools of Batavia, Ohio, and at the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity and the Cincinnati Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1886.
In 1887 Nichols married to Miss Dean Stirling of Batavia, Ohio.
In the Autumn of 1897, Nichols was elected to the Ohio State Senate to represent the 2nd and 4th Districts, (Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown County, Ohio), for the 73rd General Assembly, 1898-1899. In the 1898 election, he was nominated by the Democrats for a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court, but lost to Republican William T. Spear. He was a delegate to the 1900 Democratic National Convention, and was Chairman of the Democratic State Executive Committee, where he managed the successful campaign of Governor Harmon.
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Hugh Scott
Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. (November 11, 1900 – July 21, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives (1941–1945, 1947–1959) and the U.S. Senate (1959–1977). As a Senator, he served as Senate Minority Leader from 1969 to 1977. He was also chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1948 to 1949.
The son of Hugh Doggett and Jane Lee (née Lewis) Scott, Hugh Doggett Scott, Jr. was born on an estate in Fredericksburg, Virginia, that was once owned by George Washington. His grandfather served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War under General John Hunt Morgan, and his great-grandmother was the niece of President Zachary Taylor. After attending public schools in Fredericksburg, he studied at Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, from where he graduated in 1919. He enrolled in the Student Reserve Officers Training Corps and the Students' Army Training Corps during World War I.
In 1922, Scott earned his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law at Charlottesville, where he was a member of the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society and the Alpha Chi Rho fraternity. His interest in politics was established after frequently attending committee hearings in the Virginia House of Delegates.
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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Jabez W. Fitch
Jabez Warner Fitch (May 1823 – April 5, 1884) was an American politician who served as the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1878 to 1880. He was a Democrat from Cuyahoga County.
Jabez Fitch was born in 1823, and moved to Cuyahoga County, Ohio in 1826. His father was Guerdon Fitch, a well known citizen. He attended common schools, and entered the Cleveland law offices of Bolton & Kelly, where he worked and studied law. In 1846, he was admitted to the bar, and was appointed city solicitor.
When Franklin Pierce was elected, Fitch was appointed United States Marshall for the Northern District of Ohio. He was city councilman in 1851 He was a longtime member of the volunteer fire department, and was elected chief in 1852.
During the United States Civil War, Fitch was general of volunteers, in charge of Camp Taylor in Cleveland. Regiments were sent out under other commanders, so Fitch volunteered as private in the 19th Ohio Infantry under General Beatty, who appointed him quartermaster.
After the war, he returned to real estate interests in Cleveland, and, in 1877 he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio on a Democratic Party ticket with Richard M. Bishop. He held no later offices, except trustee of the Northern Ohio Insane Asylum and United States jury commissioner.
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Jack Kemp
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.
Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.
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Jacob Burnet
Jacob Burnet (February 22, 1770 – May 10, 1853) was an American jurist and statesman from Ohio.
He was born in Newark, New Jersey on February 22, 1770, the son of Dr. William Burnet. He studied law, moved to the Northwest Territory and settled in Cincinnati in 1796. His half-brother David G. Burnet was the first president of the Republic of Texas.
Jacob Burnet was considered the "father of the Ohio constitution" and was an associate justice on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1821 to 1828, and U.S. Senator from 1828 to 1831. His "Notes on the Early Settlement of the North-western Territory" is a primary reference on the early Northwest.
He died in Cincinnati on May 10, 1853, aged 83, and is buried in the Spring Grove Cemetery there.
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Jacob Dolson Cox
Jacob Dolson Cox, (Jr.) (October 27, 1828 – August 4, 1900) was a lawyer, a Union Army general during the American Civil War, and later a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 28th Governor of Ohio and as United States Secretary of the Interior.
Cox was born in Montreal, Canada, to American parents, Jacob Dolson Cox and Thedia Redelia Kenyon Cox. The elder Cox was a well-known contractor in New York City, living temporarily in Montreal while he superintended the roof construction of the Church of Notre Dame. He returned with his parents to New York City a year later. His early education included private readings with a Columbia College student. His practical education began at the age of 14 as he worked in a law office as a clerk, and at 16 learned bookkeeping at a brokerage firm. Although as a youth he considered a career at sea, his parents joined the Congregational Church and he decided to study for the ministry. He was influenced by the Reverends Samuel D. Cochran and Charles Grandison Finney, leaders of Oberlin College, which he attended and with which he maintained a lifelong association, including service as a trustee from 1876 to 1900.
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Jacob Mueller
Jacob Mueller (March 10, 1822 – August 31, 1905) was an American politician who served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1872 to 1874.
Jacob Mueller was born at Rhenish, Bavaria in 1822. In 1848 he participated in the revolution in that country, and served for a short time as Chief Commissary, or Governor of his home district. He was compelled to leave the country, and emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio. He was naturalized, and affiliated with the Republican Party. He was elected to City Council. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1871, and served one term. He afterward became a member of the Democratic Party.
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James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) served as the 20th President of the United States, after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Garfield's accomplishments as President included a controversial resurgence of Presidential authority above Senatorial courtesy in executive appointments; energizing U.S. naval power; and purging corruption in the Post Office Department. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U.S. Supreme Court justice. Garfield appointed several African-Americans to prominent federal positions.
Garfield was a self-made man who came from a modest background, having been raised in obscurity on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother and endearing brother Thomas, who was nine years his senior. Next door were his uncle Amos and aunt Alpha Boynton. The families were very close as Amos was James' father's half brother, and Alpha was his mother's sister. James and his Boynton cousins cherished their memories of childhood together. Upon entering higher education James worked as a school janitor, bellringer, carpenter, teacher, and preacher to help finance his education. He completed his studies and graduated from Williams College, Massachusetts in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican, after campaigning for the party's antislavery platform in Ohio. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and in 1860 was admitted to practice law while serving as an Ohio State Senator (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a Major General in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 as Representative of the 19th District of Ohio.
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James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868, English pronunciation: /bjuːˈkænən/) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–1861). He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane played the role as lady of the house.
Buchanan (often called Buck-anan by his contemporaries) was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was also Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After he turned down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Minister to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend Manifesto.
Buchanan was nominated in the 1856 election. Throughout most of Franklin Pierce's term he was stationed in London as a Minister to the Court of St. James's and therefore was not caught up in the crossfire of sectional politics that dominated the country. Buchanan was viewed by many as a compromise between the two sides of the slavery question. His subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race with John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore. As President, he was often called a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies, who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War. Buchanan's view of record was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. Buchanan, first and foremost an attorney, was noted for his mantra, "I acknowledge no master but the law."
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James E. Campbell
James Edwin Campbell (July 7, 1843 – December 18, 1924) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 38th Governor of Ohio.
Campbell was born in Middletown, Ohio where he attended the public schools and then Miami University. He served in the Union Army as a member of the Mississippi River Squadron during the Civil War. He was a master's mate on the gunboats Elk and Naiad until his health gave out and he returned home emaciated.
James Campbell was admitted to the bar in 1865 and began practicing law in Hamilton, Ohio two years later. Campbell was married to Maud Elizabeth Owens of Hamilton, Ohio on January 4, 1870. They had four children. He was a Republican who voted for Lincoln and Grant for President, and after 1872 became a Democrat. After serving as a prosecutor in Butler County, Ohio from 1876–1880, Campbell was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives twice from Ohio's 7th congressional district (Forty-eighth and Fiftieth Congresses) and once from the third district (Forty-ninth Congress), a seat once held by his uncle Lewis D. Campbell, serving from 1884-1889. In the 49th Congress, he was chairman of the House Committee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic.
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James E. Ferguson
James Edward "Pa" Ferguson, Jr. (August 31, 1871 - September 21, 1944), was a Democratic politician from the state of Texas.
Ferguson was born to the Reverend James Ferguson, Sr., and Fannie Ferguson near Salado in south Bell County, Texas. He entered Salado College at age twelve but was eventually expelled for disobedience. At the age of sixteen, he left home and drifted through the states of the American West, having been employed in a vineyard, a mine, a barbed wire factory, and a grain ranch. After he returned to Texas, he studied law in Bell County was admitted to the bar. On December 31, 1899, he married Miriam A. "Ma" Wallace at the Wallace family home. In 1903, he became the city attorney in Belton and established Farmers State Bank. In 1906, he sold Farmers bank and established Temple State Bank. He also managed several local political campaigns.
In 1914, Ferguson was elected Governor of Texas running as an anti-prohibitionist Democrat. He served in this position from January 19, 1915 to August 25, 1917.
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James G. Blaine
James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was an American Republican politician who served as United States Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, and twice as Secretary of State. He was nominated for President in 1884, but was narrowly defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland. Blaine was one of the late 19th century's leading Republicans and champion of the moderate reformist faction of the party known as the "Half-Breeds".
Blaine was born in western Pennsylvania and moved to Maine where he became a newspaper editor. Nicknamed "the Magnetic Man," he was a charismatic speaker in an era that prized oratory. He began his political career as an early supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union war effort in the American Civil War. In Reconstruction, Blaine was a supporter of black suffrage, but opposed some of the more coercive measures of the Radical Republicans. Initially a protectionist, he later worked for a reduction in the tariff and an expansion of American trade with foreign countries. Railroad promotion and construction were important issues in his time, and as a result of his interest and support Blaine was widely suspected of corruption in the awarding of railroad charters; these allegations plagued his 1884 presidential candidacy.
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James J. Davis
James John Davis (October 27, 1873 – November 22, 1947) was an American steel worker and Republican Party politician in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. He was also known by the nicknames of the "Iron Puddler" and "Puddler Jim."
Born as James John Davies in Tredegar, Wales, he emigrated with his parents, David James Davies and Esther Ford Nicholls Davies, to the United States in 1881 at the age of eight.
They settled in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later in Sharon, Pennsylvania. He was apprenticed as a puddler's assistant in a steel mill, and as a result, acquired his nickname. In 1893, he moved to Elwood, Indiana, and served as city clerk from 1898 to 1902. From 1903 to 1907, he served as Recorder of Madison County, Indiana, before returning to Pittsburgh. He personally signed his name as James J. Davies even though his surname had been Americanized to Davis and he became well known through his Americanized surname. He was married and had five children.
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James K. Polk
James Knox Polk ( /ˈpoʊk/ "poke"; November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as the 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). Polk was the surprise (dark horse) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System.
Polk was the last strong pre–Civil War president, and he is the earliest of whom there are surviving photographs taken during a term in office. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which nation owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker tariff of 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913.
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James M. Cox
James Middleton Cox (March 31, 1870 – July 15, 1957) was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920.
Cox was born in the tiny Butler County, Ohio, village of Jacksonburg. Cox practiced a variety of trades throughout his life: high school teacher, reporter, owner and editor of several newspapers, and secretary to Congressman Paul J. Sorg.
Cox represented Ohio in the United States House of Representatives (1909–1913), resigning after winning election as Governor of Ohio (1913–1915, and 1917–1921). A capable and well-liked reformer, he was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic party while serving as Governor. Cox supported the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson and favored U.S. entry into the League of Nations. However, Cox was defeated in the 1920 presidential election by a fellow Ohioan and newspaperman, U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion. The public had grown weary of the turmoil of the Wilson years, and eagerly accepted Harding's call for a "return to normalcy." Cox's running mate was future president, then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. One of the better known analyses of the 1920 election is in author Irving Stone's book about defeated Presidential candidates, They Also Ran. Stone rated Cox as superior in every way over Warren Harding, claiming the former would have made a much better president; the author argued that there was never a stronger case in the history of American presidential elections for the proposition that the better man lost.
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James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 (O.S. March 5) – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and political theorist, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights. He served as a politician much of his adult life. Like other Virginia statesmen in the slave society, he was a slaveholder and part of the élite; he inherited his plantation known as Montpelier, and owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime to cultivate tobacco and other crops.
After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced the Federalist Papers (1788). Circulated only in New York at the time, they would later be considered among the most important polemics in support of the Constitution. He was also a delegate to the Virginia constitutional ratifying convention, and was instrumental to the successful ratification effort in Virginia. Like most of his contemporaries, Madison changed his political views during his life. During the drafting and ratification of the constitution, he favored a strong national government, though later he grew to favor stronger state governments, before settling between the two extremes late in his life.
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James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was injured in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As an anti-federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Monroe was of French and Scottish descent.
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James S. Clarkson
James S. Clarkson (May 17, 1842 – May 30, 1918) was born in Brookville, Indiana, but raised a native of Polk County, Iowa. Clarkson was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1876 to 1896; a member of the Republican National Committee from 1880 to 1896; chairman of the Committee from 1891 to 1892, and President of the Republican League of the United States from 1891 to 1893. He died at the home of his son in Newark, New Jersey with his wife by his side. Clarkson was buried in the family mausoleum in Des Moines, Iowa.
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James S. Sherman
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 – October 30, 1912) was a United States Representative from New York and the 27th Vice President of the United States, 1909-1912 under William Howard Taft. He was a member of the inter-related Baldwin, Hoar, and Sherman families, prominent lawyers and politicians of New England (no relation to General William T. Sherman).
Although not a high-powered administrator, he made a natural committee chairman, and his genial personality eased the workings of the House, so that he was known all his life as 'Sunny Jim'. He was the first Vice President to fly in a plane (New York, 1911), and also the first to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game.
Sherman was born in Utica, New York, son of Richard Updike Sherman and his distant cousin Mary Frances (Sherman). His paternal grandfather was a successful local farmer and glass manufacturer, under whose influence Sherman developed his strong pro-business convictions, according to neighbour and future colleague Elihu Root.
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James W. Faulkner
James W. Faulkner (April 1863 – May 5, 1923) was an American political journalist from Cincinnati, Ohio, whose career spanned local politics in Cincinnati; state politics in Ohio; and whose writings covered the Presidential campaigns of both parties from 1892 through 1920. Faulkner started his newspaper career with the Cincinnati Post in 1877 and joined the Cincinnati Enquirer in 1887. In 1890 at the age of 27 he was assigned to Columbus, Ohio to report on the General Assembly and state politics. He observed many lobbyists had invaded the chambers of the Legislature posing as newspapermen, causing special interest group influence on the floor of the House and Senate. He formed the Ohio Legislative Correspondents Association, requiring newsmen to submit credentials before gaining floor privileges. He served as its president for 24 years.
Faulkner covered every political convention for both parties from 1892 to his death in 1923. Aside from writing political editorial columns Faulkner wrote articles for various publications during his career. He died, aged 60, while attending a newspaper editors meeting and Associated Press convention in New York City on May 5, 1923.
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James W. Huffman
James Wylie Huffman (September 13, 1894 – May 20, 1980) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. He represented Ohio in the United States Senate from 1945 until 1946.
Born in Chandlersville, Muskingum County, Ohio, Huffman graduated from law school at the University of Chicago in 1922 and began practicing law in Illinois. He returned to Ohio a year later. In 1944, Huffman contested for the Democratic nomination for Ohio governor, but he came in third. After serving in various capacities to the state government, Huffman was appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Harold H. Burton. He served from October 8, 1945 to November 5, 1946, when a special election was held to choose a successor to fill the remainder of the term.
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Jennette Bradley
Jennette Bradley (born October 2, 1952), her family would settle in a neighborhood on Columbus' east side, after her father retired from the United States Army. Bradley graduated from East High School in 1970. Upon graduation, Bradley attended Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, and would earn a degree in psychology. Bradley would take a job with the Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority, which she would later be promoted to head of the authority when she was twenty-eight years old. In 1986, Bradley moved to Washington, D.C. Bradley would move back to Columbus in 1989 and work for Huntington National Bank.
Bradley entered the 1991 City Council race, with her newly wed husband as her campaign manager. Bradley ran as a Republican, and won, becoming the first African American woman to serve on the council. She would be reelected in 1995 and 1999. During her tenure she was in charge of the parks and recreation and public utilities commissions.
In 2002 Governor Taft announced he had chosen Bradley to replace Maureen O'Connor as his running mate. Many conservatives did not support Bradley because she was pro-choice. Critics of the Taft-Bradley ticket were also concerned about her City Council vote to extend city worker's health care benefits to include domestic partners and same-sex couples. Bradley was then criticized for having later voted against this extension.
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Jeremiah Morrow
Jeremiah Morrow (October 6, 1771 – March 22, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican Party politician from Ohio. He served as the ninth Governor of Ohio, and the last Democratic-Republican to do so.
Morrow was born near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the descendants of Scots-Irish immigrants. He moved to the Northwest Territory in 1795. He lived at the mouth of the Little Miami River for a short time before moving to what is now Warren County.
After serving in the Territorial House of Representatives and Territorial Senate, and as a Hamilton county delegate to the 1802 Constitutional Convention, he was elected to the first State Senate a year later and served six months before becoming Ohio's first member of the United States House of Representatives. Morrow won four additional full terms. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1812 and served a single term from 1813 to 1819, and did not seek re-election. Ohio Presidential elector in 1816 for James Monroe. He won election to the governorship in 1822 and served for two two-year terms. He declined to serve a third term, instead returning to the Ohio House of Representatives and State Senate. Morrow was sent back to Washington again in 1841, and served two more years in the House, but refused to be renominated in 1842, believing himself too old.
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Jess Smith
Jesse W. "Jess" Smith (1871 – May 30, 1923) was a member of President Warren G. Harding's Ohio Gang. He was born and raised in Washington Court House, Ohio, where he became a friend of Harry M. Daugherty. There, Daugherty helped him to become the successful owner of a department store. Smith became Daugherty's gofer during the 1920 campaign.
Smith came to Washington as an aide to Daugherty as U.S. Attorney General. He had a desk at the Department of Justice, but no official title. He nevertheless wielded considerable influence.
He was also Daugherty's roommate at Washington, D.C.'s Wardman Park Hotel. Daugherty's wife had remained behind in Columbus because of illness; Smith was divorced.
Smith's activities (it's said[who?] he sold bonded liquor to bootleggers, and was associated with a notorious house at 1625 K Street) became an embarrassment to Harding and Daugherty as the Teapot Dome scandal focused increased scrutiny on Harding and his supporters. Before leaving for Alaska, Harding told Daugherty he wanted Smith out of Washington.
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Jim Gilmore
James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III (born October 6, 1949) is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, former 68th Governor of Virginia, and a member of the Republican Party. A native Virginian, Gilmore studied at the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent. He later was elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia from 1994 to 1998, and as the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002.
Gilmore campaigned for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination until July 2007, when he became the first major Republican candidate to leave the race. Gilmore was nominated as the Republican candidate for Virginia's United States Senate seat being vacated by John Warner. In the November 2008 election, Gilmore lost to his Democratic opponent Mark Warner.
Gilmore was born in Richmond, Virginia to Margaret Evelyn (née Kandle), a church secretary, and James Stuart Gilmore, Jr., a grocery store butcher. He graduated from John Randolph Tucker High School and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia in 1971. Gilmore associated himself with the University's College Republicans chapter, and the Jefferson Literary & Debating Society.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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John A. Caldwell
John Alexander Caldwell (April 21, 1852 – May 24, 1927) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Fairhaven, Ohio, Caldwell was educated in the common schools of his native county and also by private teachers. He taught school for several years. He was graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1876. He was admitted to the bar the same year. He again engaged in teaching. He commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1878. He served as prosecuting attorney of the Cincinnati police court 1881-1885.
Caldwell was elected judge of the city police court in 1887.
Caldwell was elected president of the Ohio League of Republican Clubs in 1887.
Caldwell was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third Congresses and served from March 4, 1889, until May 4, 1894, when he resigned. He served as mayor of Cincinnati 1894-1897. The 25th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 1900-1902.
Caldwell was elected judge of the court of common pleas in 1902, and served until his death in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 24, 1927. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
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John Brough
John Brough (rhymes with "huff") (September 17, 1811– August 29, 1865) was a War Democrat politician from Ohio. He served as the 26th Governor of Ohio during the final years of the American Civil War, dying in office of gangrene shortly after the war concluded.
Born in Marietta, Ohio, to an English immigrant and a Pennsylvania-born mother, Brough was orphaned at the age of 11. To support himself, he became a printer's apprentice, and later received three years of part-time education at Ohio University, where he worked part-time as a reporter for the Athens Mirror. He rose to become a newspaper publisher in Marietta and then in Lancaster, where he and his brother Charles purchased the Ohio Eagle, a paper that espoused the views of the Democratic Party.
Brough served two years as Clerk of the Ohio Senate (where he also served as the capital correspondent for his newspaper, as well as the Ohio Statesman). He was elected as a Democrat to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1837, representing the Fairfield-Hocking district, and served from 1838–39, chairing the Committee on Banks and Currency. He then took office as State Auditor, serving until 1845, when the Whigs swept most of the state's Democrats out of office in the Election of 1844.
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John C. Frémont
John Charles Frémont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890), was an American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, that era's penny press accorded Frémont the sobriquet The Pathfinder. He is sometimes called The Great Pathfinder. He retired from the military and moved to the new territory California, after leading a fourth expedition which cost ten lives seeking a rail route over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849.
He became one of the first two U.S. Senators elected from the new state in 1850. He was soon bogged down with lawsuits over land claims between the dispossessions of various land owners during the Mexican-American War, and the explosion of Forty-Niners immigrating during the California Gold Rush. He lost the 1856 presidential election to Democrats James Buchanan and John C. Breckenridge when Democrats warned his election would lead to civil war.
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John C. Lee
John Calvin Lee (January 7, 1828 – March 24, 1891) was an American Republican politician who served as the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1868 to 1872.
Lee was born January 7, 1828 at Brown Township, Delaware County, Ohio. He received a public education and attended Central College Franklin County for one year, went to Western Reserve College in 1845 and graduated in 1848. He taught school for two years, then began study of law at Atwater, Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar July 6, 1852. He ran for Common Pleas Judge in 1857, but lost.
Whitelaw Reid wrote this of Lee's service:
In 1867, General Lee was nominated for Lieutenant Governor after Samuel Galloway declined the nomination. He won that year, and again in 1869.
In 1868, Lee was Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and in 1872 Presidential Elector-at-large. In 1877 he was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio, for the term ending 1881. He died at Toledo on March 24, 1891, and is buried at Greenlawn Cemetery in Tiffin.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy
pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John F. O'Ryan
John Francis O'Ryan (August 21, 1874 - January 29, 1961) was Commanding General of the 27th Division during World War I.
John F. O'Ryan received a law degree from New York University and became an attorney in 1898. He enlisted in the New York National Guard while still a college student and received his commission as a Second Lieutenant in 1900.
In 1912 O'Ryan was appointed Major General and commander of the New York National Guard. He graduated from the Army War College in 1914 and served in the 1916 Villa Expedition.
At the start of World War I the New York National Guard was organized as the 27th Infantry Division. The 27th saw action in Belgium and France, and O'Ryan, the Army's youngest division commander when he arrived in Europe, was the only National Guard general to remain in command throughout the war. After returning to the United States O'Ryan was a founder of the American Legion.
From 1922 to 1926 he was New York State Transit Commissioner. In 1926 he became prominent in the development of commercial aviation as a partner in Pan American Airways, later becoming President of Colonial Airlines. In 1934 he was a candidate for Mayor of New York, but withdrew and accepted appointment as Mayor LaGuardia's Police Commissioner.
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John Fremont Hill
John Fremont Hill (October 29, 1855, Eliot, Maine – March 16, 1912) was an American capitalist and politician. He served in a number of positions in Maine government, including as Governor of Maine from 1901-1905.
He graduated from the Medical School of Maine (Bowdoin College) in 1877 and studied at the Long Island College Hospital Medical School, but practiced medicine only a year. In 1879 he became a member of the law firm (later a publishing house) of J.F. Hill & Co. in Augusta, Maine. He was active in many railroad, steamship, telephone, and banking enterprises.
He was best known as a Republican politician, serving as a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1888-92, of the Maine Senate from 1892–96, and of the Executive Council in 1898-99; and he was the 45th Governor of Maine from 1901 to 1905. He was acting chairman in 1908-11, and chairman in 1911-12, of the Republican National Committee.
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John G. Warwick
John George Warwick (December 23, 1830 - August 14, 1892) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in County Tyrone, Province of Ulster, Ireland, Warwick attended the common schools of his native land. Warwick immigrated with his brother to the United States about 1850 and resided in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a short time. He moved to Navarre, Ohio, and became a bookkeeper in a dry-goods establishment, and later moved to Massillon, Ohio, and clerked in a dry-goods store, subsequently becoming interested in flour milling, coal mining, and agricultural pursuits. He also was a promoter of railroad construction.
Warwick was elected as the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and served from 1884 to 1886. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1886.
Warwick was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress and served from March 4, 1891, until his death in Washington, D.C., August 14, 1892.
He defeated William McKinley by 302 votes in an intensely fought race that gained national attention. McKinley was in favor of an import tariff on tinware. Warwick sent fake peddlers out into the rural 16th district who charged 50 cents for 25 cent tinware goods. When asked why the prices were so high, the peddlers replied: "This is the result of McKinley's tariff!". He died from food-poisoning at a meeting in New York City of the board of directors of a railroad on whose board he served. He was interred in Protestant Cemetery, Massillon, Ohio.
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John Glenn
John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (born July 18, 1921) is a former United States Marine Corps pilot, astronaut, and United States senator who was the first American to orbit the Earth and the third American in space. Glenn was combat aviator in the Marine Corps and one of the seven elite US military test pilots to be selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (more commonly referred to as "NASA") to test fly and operate the experimental Mercury spacecraft outside of the mesosphere at altitudes above 115 miles (185 km) and at speeds exceeding 5,000 miles per hour (8,000 km/h) to become the first officially recognized American (US) astronauts. He flew the Friendship 7 mission on February 20, 1962. In 1965, Glenn retired from the military and resigned from NASA so he could be eligible to stand for election to public office. As a member of the Democratic Party he was elected to represent Ohio in the United States Senate from 1974 to 1999.
Glenn received a Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. He was inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990. On October 29, 1998, he became the oldest person to fly in space, and the only one to fly in both the Mercury and Space Shuttle programs, when at age 77, he flew on Discovery (STS-95). As of 2012, Glenn and M. Scott Carpenter are the last living members of the Mercury Seven.
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John H. Arnold
John Holmes Arnold (December 11, 1862 – March 29, 1944) was an American politician who served as the 34th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1915 to 1917.
A 1917 publication of the Ohio General Assembly had this to say about Arnold:
Arnold died March 29, 1944, and is interred at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.
John H. Arnold at Find a Grave
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John J. Gilligan
John Joyce ("Jack") Gilligan (born March 22, 1921) is a American Democratic politician from the state of Ohio who served as a U.S. Representative and the 62nd Governor of Ohio. He is the father of Kathleen Sebelius. Gilligan and Sebelius are the only father and daughter ever have been elected state governors.
Gilligan was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Harry and Blanche Gilligan. He graduated from St. Xavier High School in 1939, the University of Notre Dame in 1943 and the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1947, serving in between in the United States Navy during World War II in the Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean as a destroyer gunnery officer. He was awarded a Silver Star for gallantry in action at Okinawa.
After the war, Gilligan returned to Cincinnati to teach literature at Xavier University from 1948 to 1953. He also served as member of the Cincinnati city council from 1953 to 1963, and was a candidate for Ohio Congressman-at-Large in 1962. In 1964 he was elected to the Eighty-ninth Congress as a representative for Ohio's 1st district, serving from January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967. Gilligan narrowly lost his re-election bid to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966 to Republican Robert Taft Jr. after the Republican-controlled Ohio General Assembly redrew his district to favor the Republican Party. In 1968, Gilligan defeated sitting U.S. Senator Frank J. Lausche in the Democratic primary; however, he narrowly lost in the general election to Republican William B. Saxbe after Lausche refused to support him in the general election.
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John M. Pattison
John M. Pattison (June 13, 1847–June 18, 1906) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Pattison was the 43rd Governor of Ohio, serving for a shorter period than any other person elected to the office before his untimely death.
Pattison was born near Owensville, Ohio. He joined the Union Army during the American Civil War in 1864. After the war ended, Pattison attended Ohio Wesleyan University, graduating in 1869. He graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1872, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. Pattison briefly served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1873 before working as an executive at an insurance company. Pattison was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1890 after briefly serving in the Ohio State Senate. He served one term from 1891 to 1893, but lost an 1892 bid for re-election. Pattison was elected governor in 1905. He entered office in January 1906 and served until his death in June.
Pattison attended his inauguration, but returned home ill that day. He never again returned to the executive office. Pattison directed the government from his bed until he died at his home Promont, near Milford, Ohio. His cause of death was Bright's disease.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
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John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adamsi/ˈkwɪnzi/ (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He served as an American diplomat, Senator, and Congressional representative. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of former President John Adams and Abigail Adams. As a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating many international treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. As Secretary of State, he negotiated with the United Kingdom over America's northern border with Canada, negotiated with Spain the annexation of Florida, and authored the Monroe Doctrine. Historians agree he was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history.
As president, he sought to modernize the American economy and promoted education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt. He was stymied by a Congress controlled by his enemies, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians eager to undercut him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. In doing so, he became the first President since his father to serve a single term.
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John T. Adams
John Taylor Adams (December 22, 1862 – October 28, 1939) was a noted businessman in the Dubuque, Iowa area and also a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee (1921–1924)
Adams was born in Dubuque to Shubael Pratt and Diancy Taylor Adams. He was educated in the public schools of Dubuque.
As a youth, he began his career in 1881 as an office boy for the firm of Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company, which was the predecessor of Carr, Adams, and Collier Company of which he later became President. In 1883 he left Dubuque for a business venture in Bismarck, North Dakota. He remained in Bismarck for about a year and then he returned to Dubuque. After his return he became again associated with Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company. He rose very rapidly within the company and in 1895 he became president of Carr, Ryder, and Adams.
During the last few years of the 19th century, Mr. Adams was one of few in the woodworking industry who realized that forests in northern Wisconsin were about depleted and that new sources of raw materials needed to be found. He developed a relationship with a California company (West Side Lumber and Flume Company, of which he would become general manager) and also established one of the first cutting mills on the West Coast.
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John T. Brown
John T. Brown (1876–1951) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1929 to 1931.
Brown was born in Plain City, Madison County, Ohio. He was a Republican and a Methodist.
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John Tyler
John Tyler (29 March 1790 – 18 January 1862) was the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845), after being the tenth Vice President of the United States (1841). A native of Virginia, Tyler served as a state legislator, governor, U.S. representative, and U.S. senator before being elected Vice President in 1840. He was the first to succeed to the office of President on the death of the incumbent. Tyler's opposition to nationalism and emphatic support of states' rights endeared him to his fellow Virginians but alienated him from most of the political allies that brought him to power in Washington. His presidency was crippled by opposition from both parties. Near the end of his life, he supported the secession movement in the southern states, and was elected to the Congress of the Confederate States of America.
Tyler was born to an aristocratic Virginia family of English descent and he came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s, the nation's only political party, the Democratic-Republicans, split into factions, most of which did not share Tyler's strict constructionist ideals. Though initially a Democrat, his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to alliance with the Whig Party; he was elected Vice President In 1840 on the Whig ticket. Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison on 4 April 1841, only a month after his inauguration, a short Constitutional crisis arose over the succession process. Tyler immediately moved into the White House, took the oath of office, and assumed full presidential powers, a precedent that would govern future successions and eventually be codified in the Twenty-fifth Amendment.
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John W. Bricker
John William Bricker (September 6, 1893 – March 22, 1986) was a United States Senator and the 54th Governor of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, he was the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944.
Bricker was born on a farm near Mount Sterling, Ohio. He attended The Ohio State University at Columbus, where he divided his time between the debating team and the varsity baseball team. After graduating with a B.A. from Ohio State in 1916 and from its law department in 1920, he was admitted to the bar in 1917 and commenced practice in Columbus in 1920.
He was married to the former Harriet Day.
During World War I, Bricker served as first lieutenant and chaplain in the United States Army in 1917 and 1918. He subsequently served as solicitor for Grandview Heights, Ohio from 1920 to 1928, Assistant Attorney General of Ohio from 1923 to 1927, a member of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio from 1929 to 1932 and Attorney General of Ohio from 1933 to 1937.
He was elected Governor of Ohio for three two-year terms, serving from 1939 to 1945, each time winning with a greater margin of victory. Bricker espoused a stance against centralized government, preferring to increase involvement in state and local governments, and made this known in his inaugural address as Governor:
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John W. Davis
John William Davis (April 13, 1873 – March 24, 1955) was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia (1911–1913), then as Solicitor General of the United States and US Ambassador to the UK under President Woodrow Wilson. Over a 60-year legal career, he argued 140 cases before the US Supreme Court.
Davis is best known as the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States during the 1924 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge.
Davis's great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the Shenandoah Valley. In 1816, his grandfather, John Davis, moved to Clarksburg in what would later become West Virginia, which had a population of 600–700 at the time, and ran a saddle and harness business. His father, John James Davis, attended Lexington Law School, which later became the Washington and Lee University School of Law, and by the age of twenty, had established a law practice in Clarksburg. John J. Davis was a delegate in the Virginia General Assembly, and after the northwestern portion of Virginia broke away from the rest of Virginia in 1863 and formed West Virginia, he was elected to the new state's House of Delegates and later to the United States House of Representatives.
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John W. Weeks
John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860 – July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. He served as a United States Representative for Massachusetts from 1905 to 1913, as a United States Senator from 1913 to 1919, and as Secretary of War from 1921 to 1925.
Weeks was born and raised in Lancaster, New Hampshire. He received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, graduating in 1881, and served two years in the United States Navy. He married Martha Aroline Sinclair on 7 October 1885.
Weeks made a fortune in banking during the 1890s, after co-founding the Boston financial firm Hornblower & Weeks in 1888. With his financial well-being assured, Weeks became active in politics, first at a local level in his then-home of Newton, Massachusetts, serving as alderman in 1899–1902 and as mayor in 1903–04. He then moved on to the national scene in 1905, when he was elected to serve the 12th Congressional District of Massachusetts in United States Congress.
As a member of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate, Weeks made various contributions to important banking and conservation legislation. His most notable accomplishment as Congressman was the passage of the Weeks Act in 1911, his name-sake bill that enabled the creation of national forests in the eastern United States.
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John William Brown
John William Brown (December 28, 1913 – October 29, 1993) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He briefly served as the 58th Governor of Ohio from January 3, 1957 to January 14, 1957 and served as the 51st and 54th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
Brown also served as mayor of Medina, in the Ohio House, and in the Ohio Senate.
John W. Brown is Ohio's longest serving Lieutenant Governor, having served under three different governors from 1953–1957 and 1963–1975. In 1952, he unseated the incumbent lieutenant governor, Democrat George D. Nye and took office as lieutenant governor in 1953. (At the time, the office of lieutenant governor was elected separately from the office of Governor of Ohio). Brown defeated Nye again in 1954 to win a second two-year term.
In January 1957, during Brown's second term as lieutenant governor, Frank J. Lausche, the Democratic governor of Ohio, resigned in order to take a seat in the United States Senate, which he had won in the 1956 election. Brown, thus, was elevated to the office of governor. Lausche's successor, C. William O'Neill, had already been elected; however, at the time, the U.S. Senate term began on January 3, but the Ohio gubernatorial term did not end until the 14th.
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Joseph B. Foraker
Joseph Benson Foraker (July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 37th Governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890.
Joseph B. Foraker was born on a farm near the town of Rainsboro, Highland County, Ohio on July 5, 1846 to Henry Stacey Foraker and Margaret Reece Foraker. The family emigrated to the Middle West from the Bombay Hook area on the Delaware Bay. Foraker spent his childhood working on the family farm and obtained only limited schooling during those years. When Foraker was only sixteen years old, he decided to join the Union Army during the American Civil War. He enlisted in Company A, 89th Ohio Infantry. During the war, Foraker participated in military actions in West Virginia and Tennessee, under the overall command first of Don Carlos Buell and later William Rosecrans, and over whose campaigns Senator Charles Sumner was a Congressional observer. Foraker also served with General William T. Sherman, Major General Carl Schurz and Brigadier General Adolph von Steinwehr, during the March to the Sea and the Tennessee and North Carolina campaigns respectively. His actions at Missionary Ridge, Bentonville and the capture of Savannah were notable. By the time that Foraker left the military in June 1865, he had participated in 13 principal battles and obtained the rank of brevet captain. After serving in the Union Army during the Civil War, Foraker prepared for legal studies at the Salem Academy and Ohio Wesleyan University before matriculating at Cornell University. He received his B.A. in 1869 along with the seven other members of Cornell's first graduating class, including his roommate Morris Lyon Buchwalter and their friend, John Andrew Rea. There, he was a tri-founder of the New York Alpha chapter of Phi Kappa Psi, its first chapter north of the Susquehanna River and east of the Ohio river. He was also a member of the Irving Literary Society.
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Joseph Kerr
Joseph Kerr (1765 – August 22, 1837) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States Senate.
Born in Kerrtown, Pennsylvania (now Chambersburg), Kerr (pronounced "car") moved to Ohio in 1792. He served in a number of positions as clerk, judge and justice of the peace in the Northwest Territory. After statehood was declared, he was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1808, 1816, 1818, and 1819 and the Ohio State Senate in 1804 and 1810. He also served as a brigadier general of Ohio Volunteers during the War of 1812, in charge of supplying provisions to the Army of the Northwest. Kerr was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1814 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Thomas Worthington. Kerr served from December 10, 1814, to March 3, 1815. He did not seek re-election. Kerr's extensive farm went bankrupt in 1826, and he moved to Memphis, Tennessee and then to rural Louisiana, where he purchased a homestead.
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Joseph Nathan Kane
Joseph Nathan Kane (January 23, 1899 - September 22, 2002) was an American non-fiction writer and journalist.
Kane was the oldest of three children born to Jewish parents. His father was Albert Kane and his mother was Hulda Ascheim. He grew up on the Upper West Side in New York City. He had a brother called Albert and a sister called Ann. Kane's grandfather on his mother's side was a wholesaler of woollens while his paternal grandfather was a composer. He in turn followed his father's father's steps playing musical instruments. As a young boy he learned to play the mandolin as well as the violin and banjo.
Kane attended Public School 10 in New York City where he was very interested in world geography. The school was conveniently located directly across the street from his home. Other alumni included Bennett Cerf (the publisher of Random House) and Richard Rodgers (the composer). It also educated many high court justices. Kane attended Townsend Harris High School, one of New York City's elite public secondary schools. Kane went up to Columbia University at age 18 in 1917. He dropped out without graduating. There he had taken courses in theatre and journalism. Off campus he studied foreign languages. He then went to Columbia School of Engineering and earned a certificate in electrical engineering. He became a Morse Code operator. He enlisted in the army expecting to use his engineering skills in the First World War, however he never saw active service, having contracted influenza in the 1918 epidemic, which nearly killed him.
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Joseph Vance
Joseph Vance (March 21, 1786 – August 24, 1852) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He was the 13th Governor of Ohio and the first Whig to hold the position.
Vance was born in Catfish (now Washington), Pennsylvania. He moved with his father, a Revolutionary War veteran, to Vanceburg, Kentucky and then to Urbana, Ohio.
A farmer, Vance gained a commission during the War of 1812 and rose quickly from Major to Major General. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1812-1813, 1815–1816 and 1818-1819. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1820, Vance served seven terms before losing a bid for an eighth term in 1834. Vance ran for governor in 1836 and served a single two-year term, losing a bid for re-election in 1838.
He intended to retire but was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and served there from 1840 to 1841. Vance then ran again for the House of Representatives in 1842, and served two more terms there before refusing to run for re-election in 1846.
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Joseph W. Fordney
Joseph Warren Fordney (November 5, 1853 – January 8, 1932) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
Fordney was born on a farm near Hartford City, Indiana where he attended the common schools. He moved to Saginaw, Michigan in June 1869 and engaged in the lumber industry. Afterward became the owner of extensive lumber enterprises and the vice president of the Saginaw Board of Trade. He was also a member of the Saginaw Board of Aldermen from 1896 to 1900.
In November 1898, Fordney defeated incumbent Democrat Ferdinand Brucker to be elected as a Republican from Michigan's 8th congressional district to the 56th United States Congress. He was subsequently re-elected to the eleven succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1899 to March 3, 1923. Fordney served as the chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy in the 59th Congress; and of the Committee on Ways and Means in the 66th and 67th Congresses. He co-sponsored the 1922 Fordney-McCumber Tariff. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1922. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1908, 1924, and 1928.
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Judge Gary
Elbert Henry Gary (October 8, 1846 – August 15, 1927) was an American lawyer, county judge and corporate officer. He was a key founder of U.S. Steel in 1901, bringing together partners J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and Charles M. Schwab. The city of Gary, Indiana, a steel town, was named for him when it was founded in 1906. When trust busting President Theodore Roosevelt said that Gary was head of the steel trust, Gary considered it a compliment. The two men communicated in a non-confrontational way unlike Roosevelt's relationship with leaders of other trusts.
Elbert Gary was born near Wheaton, Illinois on October 8, 1846 to Erastus Gary and Susan A. Vallette. He attended Wheaton College (IL) and graduated first in his class from Union College of Law in 1868. The school later became the Northwestern University School of Law. Gary started to practice law in Chicago in 1871 and also maintained an office in Wheaton. He was a co-founder with his uncle, Jesse Wheaton, of the Gary-Wheaton Bank that merged with Bank One Corporation in the middle 1990s.
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Judson Harmon
Judson Harmon (February 3, 1846 – February 22, 1927) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as United States Attorney General under President Grover Cleveland and later served as the 45th Governor of Ohio.
Harmon was born in Newtown, Ohio. He graduated from Denison University in 1866. He graduated from the Cincinnati Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1869. Harmon was elected judge of the Common Pleas Court in 1876, but left months later to run unsuccessfully for the State Senate. He was elected judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1878 and served until he resigned in 1887 to resume the practice of law.
He was appointed Attorney General by President Cleveland on June 8, 1895 upon the elevation of Richard Olney to become United States Secretary of State, serving out the remainder of Cleveland's term. As Attorney General, he issued the most explicit statement of what became known as the American doctrine of absolute sovereignty, that "the rules, principles and precedents of international law impose no liability or obligation upon the United States," in a case involving a claim by Mexico for damages from diverting the waters of the Rio Grande.
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Julia Lathrop
Julia Clifford Lathrop (June 29, 1858 - April 15, 1932) was an American social reformer in the area of education, social policy, and children's welfare. As director of the United States Children's Bureau from 1912 to 1922, she was the first woman ever to head a United States federal bureau.
The daughter of Adeline Potter and William Lathrop, Julia Clifford Lathrop was born in Rockford, Illinois. Julia's father, a lawyer and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, had helped establish the Republican Party and served in the state legislature (1856–57) and Congress (1877–79). Her mother was a suffragist active in women's rights activities in Rockford.
Lathrop attended Rockford Female Seminary where she met Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. After two years, she transferred to Vassar College, developing her own multidisciplinary studies in statistics, institutional history, sociology, and community organization and graduated in 1880. Afterwards, she worked in her father's law office first as a secretary and then studying the law for herself.
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Ken Mehlman
Kenneth Brian Mehlman (born August 21, 1966, Baltimore, Maryland) is an American businessman, attorney, and political figure who served as the campaign manager for the 2004 re-election campaign of George W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2005 to 2007. In 2007, President Bush appointed Mehlman to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council.
On August 26, 2010, Mehlman came out as gay, making him one of the most prominent openly gay figures in the Republican Party.
Mehlman is currently a member and Head of Global Public Affairs for Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.. Ken Mehlman is responsible for overseeing the firm's global external affairs activities, including corporate marketing, regulatory affairs and public policy, communications, and engagement with the firm and portfolio companies' key stakeholders. He previously served as a partner at the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld.
Mehlman is the son of Judith A. Mehlman and Arthur S. Mehlman, a director of MuniMae and formerly a partner at KPMG, for which he was the head of the firm's auditing department in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Mehlman's brother Bruce Mehlman works as a lobbyist at Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti.
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Kingsley A. Taft
Kingsley Arter Taft (July 19, 1903 – March 28, 1970) was an American politician and distant relative of Ohio's more famous Taft family. He served as chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and also served briefly as a United States Senator. Kingsley's father, Frederick Lovett Taft, II was also a noted figure in the Ohio legal profession.
Taft was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from high school there and received a bachelor's degree from Amherst College, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi, in 1925. He received a law degree from Harvard University in 1928. Taft then practiced as a lawyer in Ohio. He rose to a partnership in the law firm that would eventually become Arter and Hadden.
Taft served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1933 to 1934 and then in 1940, he was elected to the Shaker Heights, Ohio, board of education on which he served until 1942, the last year as president. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II, eventually rising to the rank of Major.
In 1946, when U.S. Senator Harold H. Burton (R-Ohio) resigned in order to accept an appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, the vacancy was filled by a special election. In that election Taft ran and defeated Democrat Henry P. Webber. Taft served out Burton's term, which expired in 1947, but Taft did not run for election to the next full term.
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Laddie Boy (dog)
Laddie Boy (July 26,1920 – January 23, 1929) was an airedale terrier owned by US President Warren G. Harding and was a celebrity during the Harding administration. Laddie Boy was a faithful kind of dog. When the president played golf and hit a tree, Laddie Boy would run up to the tree and get the ball. Laddie Boy had his own hand carved chair to sit in during cabinet meetings. The White House held birthday parties for the dog, invited other neighborhood dogs to join, and served them dog biscuit cake. Newspapers published mock interviews with the dog. Laddie Boy was so famous, he even has a caretaker. Purportedly, the dog howled constantly the three days prior to the President's death at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, knowing of his master's imminent demise. In memory of President Harding, newsboys collected 19,134 pennies to be remelted and sculpted into a statue of Laddie Boy. Harding's widow died before the statue was completed in 1927 and the statue was presented to the Smithsonian Institution where it currently resides.
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Lee Atwater
Harvey LeRoy "Lee" Atwater ((1951-02-27)February 27, 1951 – March 29, 1991(1991-03-29)) was an American political consultant and strategist to the Republican Party. He was an advisor of U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
Atwater was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Harvey Dillard, an insurance adjustor, and Alma "Toddy" Page Atwater. He had two siblings, Ann, and Joe. He grew up in Aiken, South Carolina where his childhood was marred with tragedy when his three-year-old brother, Joe, was scalded to death when he pulled a deep fryer full of hot oil on himself.
In 1970, Atwater graduated from Newberry College, a small private Lutheran institution in Newberry, South Carolina where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. While attending Newberry, Atwater served as Governor of the South Carolina Student Legislature. Atwater earned a Master of Arts in communications from the University of South Carolina in 1977. Atwater married his wife, Sally Dunbar, in 1978 and together they had three children, Sara Lee, Ashley Page, and Sally Theodosia.
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Lee Fisher
Lee Fisher (born August 7, 1951) was the 64th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, who served with Governor Ted Strickland from 2007 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
In addition to serving as Lt. Governor, he also served as the Director of the Ohio Department of Development and Chair of both the Ohio Third Frontier Commission and the Clean Ohio Council.
Before his election as Lieutenant Governor, Fisher served as a member of the Ohio General Assembly, first in the State House of Representatives (1981–1982) and then in the State Senate (1982–1990). He was Attorney General of Ohio from 1991 to 1995. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1998.
From 1999 to 2006, he served as President and CEO of the Center for Families and Children (CFC) in Cleveland. CFC is a $20 million human services nonprofit with over 300 staff. In 2001 he graduated from the Center for Creative Leadership's "Leadership at the Peak" program. In January 2006 then-Congressman Ted Strickland asked Fisher to be his running mate in the 2006 gubernatorial election. Fisher left CFC on March 1, 2006 to run with Strickland.
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Leonard W. Hall
Leonard Wood Hall (October 2, 1900 – June 2, 1979) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Oyster Bay, Nassau County, he attended the public schools and graduated from the law department of Georgetown University in 1920. He was admitted to the bar in 1922 and commenced practice in New York City; he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1927 and 1928 and from 1934 to 1938, and from 1929 to 1931 was sheriff of Nassau County. He was a delegate to the Republican State conventions from 1930 to 1958 and to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1968.
Hall was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth Congress, was reelected to the six succeeding Congresses and held office from January 3, 1939 until December 31, 1952. He did not seek reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress and in November 1952 he was elected surrogate of Nassau County. He resigned that office to become chairman of the Republican National Committee, serving from 1953 to 1957. He was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's personal representative at opening of the Brussels World's Fair in April 1958, and resumed the practice of law in Garden City and New York City. He resided in Locust Valley and in 1979 died in Glen Cove. Interment was in Memorial Cemetery of St. John's Church, Laurel Hollow.
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Leonard Wood
Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines. Early in his military career, he received the Medal of Honor. Wood also holds officer service #2 in the Regular Army (John Pershing holds officer service #1). He was complicit in the 1906 Moro Crater massacre.
Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, he attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts and Harvard Medical School, earning an M.D. degree in 1884 as an intern at Boston City Hospital.
He took a position as an Army contract physician in 1885, and was stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Wood participated in the last campaign against Geronimo in 1886, and was awarded the Medal of Honor, in 1898, for carrying dispatches 100 miles through hostile territory and for commanding an infantry detachment whose officers had been lost. He received the rank of captain in 1891.
While stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, in 1893, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech, then known as the Georgia School of Technology, and became the school's second football coach and, as a player, its team captain. Wood led the team to its first ever football victory, 28 to 6, over the University of Georgia.
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Leonidas C. Dyer
Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer (June 11, 1871 – December 15, 1957) was an American politician, reformer, civil rights activist, and military officer who served 11 terms in the U.S. Congress as a Republican Representative from Missouri from 1911 to 1933. In 1898 enrolling in the U.S. Army as a private, Dyer served notably in the Spanish–American War; and was promoted to Colonel at the war's end.
Working as an attorney in St. Louis, Dyer started an anti-usury campaign and was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1910. As a progressive reformer, Dyer authored an anti-usury law in 1914 that limited excessive loan rates by bank lenders in the nation's capital, then still governed by Congress.
Horrified by the race riots in Saint Louis and East Saint Louis in 1917 and the high rate of reported lynchings in the South, in 1918 Dyer was notable for proposing the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. In 1920 the Republican Party supported such legislation in its platform from the National Convention. In January 1922, Dyer's bill was passed by the House, which approved it by a wide margin due to "insistent countrywide demand". The bill was defeated by the white Democratic voting bloc of the South in filibusters in the Senate in December 1922, in 1923 and 1924.
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Leonidas Dyer
Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer (June 11, 1871 – December 15, 1957) was an American politician, reformer, civil rights activist, and military officer who served 11 terms in the U.S. Congress as a Republican Representative from Missouri from 1911 to 1933. In 1898 enrolling in the U.S. Army as a private, Dyer served notably in the Spanish–American War; and was promoted to Colonel at the war's end.
Working as an attorney in St. Louis, Dyer started an anti-usury campaign and was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1910. As a progressive reformer, Dyer authored an anti-usury law in 1914 that limited excessive loan rates by bank lenders in the nation's capital, then still governed by Congress.
Horrified by the race riots in Saint Louis and East Saint Louis in 1917 and the high rate of reported lynchings in the South, in 1918 Dyer was notable for proposing the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. In 1920 the Republican Party supported such legislation in its platform from the National Convention. In January 1922, Dyer's bill was passed by the House, which approved it by a wide margin due to "insistent countrywide demand". The bill was defeated by the white Democratic voting bloc of the South in filibusters in the Senate in December 1922, in 1923 and 1924.
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Levi P. Morton
Levi Parsons Morton (May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920) was a Representative from New York and the 22nd Vice President of the United States (1889–1893). He also later served as the 31st Governor of New York.
Morton was born in Shoreham, Addison County, Vermont. His parents were the Rev. Daniel Oliver Morton (1788–1852), a Congregationalist minister of old New England stock, and Lucretia Parsons (1789–1862). His older brother, David Oliver Morton (1815–1859), was Mayor of Toledo, Ohio from 1849 to 1850.
He left school early and worked as a clerk in a general store in Enfield, Massachusetts, taught school in Boscawen, New Hampshire, engaged in mercantile pursuits in Hanover, New Hampshire, moved to Boston, entered the dry-goods business in New York City, and engaged in banking there. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to the 45th Congress, but he was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes to be an honorary commissioner to the Paris Exhibition of 1878.
Morton was elected, as a Republican, to the 46th and 47th Congresses. He served from March 4, 1879, until his resignation, effective March 21, 1881. The 1880 Republican presidential nominee, James A. Garfield, asked Morton to be his vice presidential running mate, but Morton declined the offer. If he had accepted and history continued on the same course, Morton would have become the 21st President, instead of Chester A. Arthur, after Garfield's assassination.
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Lillian Russell
Lillian Russell (December 4, 1860 – June 6, 1922) was an American actress and singer. She became one of the most famous actresses and singers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, known for her beauty and style, as well as for her voice and stage presence.
Russell was born in Iowa but raised in Chicago. Her parents separated when she was eighteen, and she moved to New York with her mother. She quickly began to perform professionally, singing for Tony Pastor and playing roles in comic opera, including Gilbert and Sullivan works. She married composer Edward Solomon in 1884 and created roles in several of his operas in London, but in 1886 he was arrested for bigamy. Russell was married four times, but her longest relationship was with Diamond Jim Brady, who supported her extravagant lifestyle for four decades.
In 1885, Russell returned to New York and continued to star in operetta and musical theatre. For many years, she was the foremost singer of operettas in America, performing continuously through the end of the 19th century. In 1899, she joined the Weber and Fields's Music Hall, where she starred for five years. After 1904, she began to have vocal difficulties and switched to dramatic roles. She later returned to musical roles in vaudeville, however, finally retiring from performing around 1919. In later years, Russell wrote a newspaper column, advocated women's suffrage and was a popular lecturer.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963). He is one of only four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President. Johnson, a Texas Democrat, served as a United States Representative from 1937–1949 and as a Senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader and two as Senate Majority Whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.
Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, completed the rest of Kennedy's term and was elected President in his own right, winning by a large margin in the 1964 election. Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and as President, he was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty." He was renowned for his domineering personality and the "Johnson treatment," his coercion of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.
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Marc Racicot
Marc F. Racicot ( /ˈrɑːskoʊ/; born July 24, 1948) is a U.S. politician and lobbyist and member of the Republican Party. He was the governor of Montana from 1993 until 2001. After leaving office, Racicot worked as a lobbyist for the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His notable clients included Enron, Burlington Northern Santa Fe, and the Recording Industry Association of America. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2002 until 2003, when he was appointed as the chairman of the Bush re-election campaign. In 2000 as well as 2004 he was rumored to be Bush's choice for Attorney General. During the 2000 election some saw him as a possible running mate for Bush. The Washington Post described him as "one of Bush's closest friends and advisers".
Racicot was born in Thompson Falls, Montana and raised in Miles City and Libby.
Prior to being elected governor of Montana, he served as a prosecutor in the Army JAG Corps (1973–1976), as deputy county attorney for Missoula County (1976–1977), as assistant attorney general and special prosecutor for the state of Montana (1977–1988) and as Montana attorney general (1988–1993). Racicot received an undergraduate degree from Carroll College and a Juris Doctor from the University of Montana.
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Marcus Lawrence Ward
Marcus Lawrence Ward (November 9, 1812 – April 25, 1884) was an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 21st Governor of New Jersey from 1866–1869, and represented the state in Congress for one term, from 1873-1875.
Republicans nominated Ward for Governor in 1862, but he lost to Democrat Joel Parker. Ward was nominated again in 1865 and was elected Governor of New Jersey, serving from 1866 to 1869. After a Democratic-controlled legislature had not passed the Thirteenth Amendment, Ward worked with the new Republican-controlled New Jersey Legislature to secure state passage of both the Thirteenth and the Fourteenth Amendment, with its Due Process and Equal Protection clauses. Ward was chosen as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1866 to 1868.
Ward served a single term in the United States House of Representatives from the newly-created New Jersey's 6th congressional district, from 1873-1875.
He died in Newark, New Jersey, and was buried there in Mount Pleasant Cemetery.
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Marshall Jewell
Marshall Jewell (October 20, 1825 – February 10, 1883) was a political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U.S. Minister to Russia, and the 25th United States Postmaster General. Jewell, distinguished for his fine "china" skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the "Porcelain Man". As Postmaster General, Jewell was intent on reforming the Postal Service from internal corruption and profiteering, however, President Grant became suspicious of Jewell's loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond. Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring.
A native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier; having apprenticed in his father's tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier. In 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his father's business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a skilled telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio, and Tennessee. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency. Having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his father's tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, having returned to the United States during the onset of the American Civil War. In 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land.
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Martin L. Davey
Martin Luther Davey (July 25, 1884 – March 31, 1946) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He was the 53rd Governor of Ohio.
Davey was born in Kent, Ohio in 1884. His father was John Davey, better known as the tree doctor and founder of the Davey Tree Expert Company. His mother was Bertha Reeves, the daughter of a minister. Martin was one of seven children. Two of his siblings died before reaching maturity. His siblings were Belle, Wellington, Martin, Jim, and Paul.
Their family struggled with money, leading the young Martin to start making and selling his own horseradish as a child. All of the profits from this went to help his family. He also helped with his fathers farm and greenhouse. He was an excellent salesman, developing friendships with his customers.
He attending a country fair where he heard the famous speech "Cross of Gold" given by William Jennings Bryan. This led to him wanting to be a politician.
Davey graduated from Kent High School in Kent, Ohio. After graduating high school, he worked for a time for the Oliver Typewriter Company in Cleveland, Ohio. He made $10.00 a week plus commission. He was an excellent salesman, and soon earned $200.00 a month. He decided to continue his education and attended Oberlin College, where he played football and was on the track team. He was third in his class, when he stopped his education to help found the family business. He returned to school for a time, until he met and married his wife. The marriage and birth of their first child ended his school career.
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Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831).
Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch, and the first president from New York.
As Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State and then Vice President, Van Buren was a key figure in building the organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy, particularly in New York State. As president, he did not want the United States to annex Texas, an act which John Tyler would achieve eight years after Van Buren's initial rejection. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained.
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Martin Welker
Martin Welker (April 25, 1819 – March 15, 1902) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
Born in Knox County, Ohio, Welker attended the common schools.
He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840, commencing practice at Millersburg, Ohio. He served as clerk of the Holmes County Court of Common Pleas from 1846 to 1851.
In 1848, Welker was the Whig nominee for the Congress, but lost in the largely Democratic district. In 1850, he again was offered the nomination, but declined it. In January, 1851, he re-entered private practice. He served as judge of the sixth district of the Ohio Courts of Appeal from 1852 to 1857. He moved to Wooster, Ohio, in 1857. He served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and President of the Ohio Senate in the Fifty-third General Assembly in 1858 and 1859 under Governor Salmon P. Chase. He declined to be a candidate for re-nomination in 1859.
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, on May 14, 1861, Welker was appointed judge-advocate of the second brigade of the Ohio Volunteer Militia at rank of major, and served with General Jacob Dolson Cox. Welker was appointed as an aide-de-camp, with rank of colonel to the Governor of Ohio on August 10, 1861. He then served as Judge Advocate General of the State of Ohio for the balance of 1861, and was the superintendent of drafting under Governor Tod, commencing August 15, 1862. He served as assistant adjutant general in 1862. As the war waned, Welker enlisted on February 16, 1865 in the Union Army as a private in Company I, 188th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered out September 21, 1865.
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Mary Pickford
Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 - May 29, 1979) was a Canadian-American motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Known as "America's Sweetheart," "Little Mary" and "The girl with the curls," she was one of the Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood and a significant figure in the development of film acting.
Because her international fame was triggered by moving images, she is a watershed figure in the history of modern celebrity and, as one of silent film's most important performers and producers, her contract demands were central to shaping the Hollywood industry. In consideration of her contributions to American cinema, the American Film Institute named Pickford 24th among the greatest female stars of all time.
Mary Pickford was born Gladys Marie Smith in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father, John Charles Smith, was the son of English Methodist immigrants, and worked a variety of odd jobs. Her mother, Charlotte Hennessy, was Irish Catholic. Mary had two younger siblings, Jack and Lottie Pickford, who would also become actors. To please the relatives, Pickford's mother baptized her in both the Methodist and Catholic churches (and used the opportunity to change her middle name to "Mary"). She was raised Roman Catholic after her alcoholic father left his family in 1895. He died three years later of a cerebral hemorrhage.
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Matthew Quay
Matthew Stanley Quay (September 30, 1833 – May 28, 1904) was an immensely powerful Pennsylvania political boss once dubbed a "kingmaker" by President Benjamin Harrison. "Boss" Quay's political principles and actions stood in contrast to an unusually attractive personality. He was a resident of Beaver, northwest of Pittsburgh; today, his house is a National Historic Landmark.
Quay was born in Dillsburg, York County, Pennsylvania, the son of a preacher, Anderson Quay. He graduated at Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in 1850 and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He served in various capacities in the American Civil War and Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Fredericksburg.
From 1865–1867 he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. From 1869, when he had served as secretary of the Republican State Committee, until his death, he was the most influential Republican politician in Pennsylvania. He served as Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1873–1878 and again from 1879–1882. He was the County Recorder of Philadelphia from 1878–1879, and state treasurer from 1886–1887. He became chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1888, and was a member of the United States Senate from March 4, 1887 until March 3, 1899.
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Maureen O'Connor
Maureen O'Connor (born August 7, 1951) is an American jurist and the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. Prior to this, O'Connor served as an Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and as the 61st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, serving under Governor Bob Taft. She is a Republican.
O'Connor earned a bachelor's degree at Seton Hill University, Greensburg, Pennsylvania in 1973 and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1980. In 1981, O'Connor began practicing law in Summit County, Ohio. In 1985 she was appointed a magistrate of the Summit County Probate Court. She was then elected as a judge of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas, serving on the bench from 1993 to 1995. In 1994 she was elected to the office of Summit County prosecutor and served in that office from 1995 to 1999.
In 1998, O'Connor was elected Ohio's 61st Lieutenant Governor and served in that office from 1999 to 2003 under Governor Bob Taft.
In 2002, O'Connor ran for and was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court, defeating Democrat Timothy Black. She began serving in 2003. She was reelected in 2008 with 67.14% of the vote against Democrat Joseph Russo. Her current term will expire in 2016. O'Connor defeated Chief Justice Eric Brown in the 2010 general election with 67.59% of the vote. Brown had been appointed Chief Justice by Gov. Ted Strickland in May 2010 after the death of Thomas J. Moyer. She is the sixth woman to have served as an Ohio Supreme Court justice and is the first woman to hold the post of Chief Justice.
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Meade Alcorn
Hugh Meade Alcorn, Jr. (October 20, 1907 – January 13, 1992) was a U.S. lawyer and political figure. He was a native of Suffield, Connecticut.
He attended Dartmouth College and Yale Law School. An attorney, he was a partner in the once-prominent Connecticut law firm Tyler, Cooper & Alcorn, originally founded by his father in 1897. The firm closed in 2008, and its practice was taken over by the Providence firm Hinckley, Allen & Snyder.
Alcorn was a key figure in Connecticut politics following World War II. He served as State Representative, Republican floor leader, and then Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He also served as Hartford State's Attorney. As the Republican leader in the Connecticut General Assembly, he was often paired against John Bailey, his legendary Democratic counterpart.
Alcorn joined the Republican National Committee in 1953, and was the chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1957 and 1959, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. He was also the great-great nephew of Senator and Governor of Mississippi James Lusk Alcorn.
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Mel Martinez
Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz, usually known as Mel Martinez (born October 23, 1946), is a former United States Senator from Florida and served as Chairman of the Republican Party from November 2006 until October 19, 2007, the first Latino to serve as chairman of a major party. Previously, Martínez served as the 12th Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under President George W. Bush. Martínez is a Cuban-American and Roman Catholic. He announced he was resigning as Chairman of the Republican National Committee on October 19, 2007. He is an honorary initiate of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity through the Eta Rho Chapter at the University of Central Florida in Orlando.
Martínez resigned his cabinet post on December 12, 2003, to run for the open U.S. Senate seat in Florida being vacated by retiring Democratic Senator Bob Graham. Martínez secured the Republican nomination and narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, Betty Castor. His election made him the first Cuban-American to serve in the U.S. Senate. Furthermore, he and Ken Salazar (who is Mexican-American) were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977. They were joined by a third, Bob Menéndez (who is also Cuban-American) in January 2006, until Salazar resigned from the Senate on January 20, 2009, to become Secretary of the Interior. On December 2, 2008, Martinez announced he would not be running for re-election to the Senate in 2010.
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Michael DiSalle
Michael Vincent DiSalle (January 6, 1908 – September 14, 1981) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the Mayor of Toledo, Ohio and the 60th Governor of Ohio.
He was born in New York City to Italian American immigrant parents, Anthony and Assunta DiSalle. His family moved to Toledo, Ohio, when he was three years old. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and married the former Myrtle E. England. The couple had four daughters and one son.
DiSalle attended law school and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1932. He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1937, then ran for and was elected to a series of positions in Toledo. In 1946, DiSalle ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives but lost to the incumbent, Republican Homer A. Ramey. DiSalle was elected as mayor of Toledo, and served from 1948 to 1950.
He ran (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in 1950. In December 1950, President Harry S. Truman named DiSalle director of the Office of Price Stabilization, a Korean War-era agency which established and enforced wartime price controls. He resigned on January 23, 1952, to run for the Senate again, and lost in the general election to incumbent Republican Senator John W. Bricker.
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Michael Steele
Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician who served as the first African-American chairman of the Republican National Committee from January 2009 until January 2011. From 2003 to 2007, he was the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, the first African American elected to statewide office in Maryland. During his time as Lieutenant Governor, he chaired the Minority Business Enterprise taskforce, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world.
In 2006, Steele made an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. He then served as chairman of GOPAC, the political training organization of the Republican party, was a political commentator for Fox News and a partner at the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae LLP before making his bid for RNC Chairman. He co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee, in 1993. On December 13, 2010, he announced his intentions to seek a second term as Republican National Committee Chair. On January 14, 2011, after four rounds of voting, Steele dropped out of the race and endorsed Maria Cino. Reince Priebus went on to win the election to succeed Steele. He commenced as a columnist for online magazine The Root in May 2011.
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Mike DeWine
Richard Michael "Mike" DeWine (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician who has been Ohio Attorney General since 2011. DeWine has held numerous offices on the state and federal level, including one term in the Ohio Senate, four terms in the United States House of Representatives, one term as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and two terms in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.
Born in Springfield, Ohio, to Jean and Richard L. DeWine, DeWine lives in Cedarville, Ohio but grew up in neighboring Yellow Springs, Ohio. DeWine earned his Bachelor of Science degree in education from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1969 and a Juris Doctor from Ohio Northern University College of Law in 1972.
He and his wife Frances have had eight children, one of whom died in an automobile accident in 1993. Current Hamilton County, Ohio Common Pleas Court Judge R. Patrick DeWine is Mike DeWine's son. Ohio Republican Party Chairman Kevin DeWine (R-Fairborn) is DeWine's second cousin.
At age 25, DeWine started working as an Assistant Prosecuting Attorney for Greene County, Ohio, and in 1976 was elected County Prosecutor. In 1980 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and served one term.
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Mike Duncan
Robert M. "Mike" Duncan (born 1951 in Oneida, Tennessee) was the 60th Chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was elected in January 2007, replacing Ken Mehlman, and served until January 30, 2009, when he withdrew from renomination to the chairmanship. He became the chairman of the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority effective May 18, 2009. Duncan stepped down as TVA Chairman in May of 2010 to become the founding Chairman of American Crossroads, a 527 Super PAC organization.
Duncan is active in numerous professional and nonprofit organizations. He served as chairman of a state university and currently serves as chairman of the Board of Trustees at Alice Lloyd College, a private four-year liberal arts college in Pippa Passes, Kentucky. He has served as Chairman for the Center for Rural Development in Somerset, Kentucky, a $30 million state-of-the-art regional center emphasizing telecommunications, training, and development. President George W. Bush appointed him to the President’s Commission on White House Fellows in 2001. Duncan is a former trustee of the Christian Appalachian Project, the fifteenth largest private social services agency in America. Duncan is also a former chairman and director of the Kentucky Governor’s Scholars Program. His student-mentoring program, which began in 1979, was featured on CBS News Sunday Morning and in the Los Angeles Times.
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Miles Poindexter
Miles Poindexter (April 22, 1868 – September 21, 1946) was an American politician. As a Republican and later a Progressive, he served as a United States Representative and United States Senator.
Poindexter was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He attended the Fancy Hill Academy in Virginia, and Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, where he graduated with a law degree in 1891.
After he graduated, he settled in Walla Walla, Washington, where he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. In 1892 he became the prosecuting attorney of Walla Walla County. He moved to Spokane, Washington in 1897 where he continued the practice of law. He served as the assistant prosecuting attorney for Spokane County from 1898 to 1904, and as a judge of the superior court from 1904 to 1908.
He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-first Congress, and served from March 4, 1909 to March 4, 1911. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1910 and was reelected in 1916, serving from March 4, 1911 to March 4, 1923. Poindexter left the Republican Party in 1913 to join the Progressive Party, rejoining the Republicans in 1915. He was unsuccessful in his candidacy for reelection in 1922. He was one of only three Republican Senators to vote, on June 1, 1916, to confirm Louis Brandeis as a Supreme Court Justice—the other two Republicans being Robert M. La Follette and George W. Norris.
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Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States (1850–1853) and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the office of president. As Zachary Taylor's Vice President, he assumed the presidency after Taylor's death.
Fillmore opposed the proposal to keep slavery out of the territories annexed during the Mexican–American War in order to appease the South and so supported the Compromise of 1850, which he signed, including the Fugitive Slave Act ("Bloodhound Law") which was part of the compromise. On the foreign policy front, he furthered the rising trade with Japan and clashed with the French over Napoleon III's attempt to annex Hawaii and with the French and the British over the attempt of Narciso López to invade Cuba. After his presidency, he joined the Know-Nothing movement; throughout the Civil War, he opposed President Abraham Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Andrew Johnson. He is consistently included in the bottom 10 of historical rankings of Presidents of the United States.
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Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
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Mordecai Bartley
Mordecai Bartley (December 16, 1783 – October 10, 1870) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 18th Governor of Ohio. Bartley succeeded his son, Thomas W. Bartley as governor, one of only a few instances of this happening in the United States in high offices.
Bartley was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. After attending school in Virginia, he moved to Jefferson County, Ohio. Following his service under General William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812, Bartley moved to Richland County, Ohio, near Mansfield. Engaged as a farmer, he served in the Ohio State Senate from 1816 to 1818. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1822, Bartley served four terms before declining to be renominated in 1830.
Bartley was an Ohio Whig Party Presidential elector in 1836 for William Henry Harrison.
He ran for governor in 1844 as a Whig - his son was a Democrat - after the candidate whom the Whigs had originally nominated, David Spangler, declined the nomination. Bartley served a single term from 1844 to 1846 before retiring once again. While he was Governor, Ohio raised forty companies and 7000 men for the Mexican-American War.
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Myers Y. Cooper
Myers Young Cooper (November 25, 1873 – December 6, 1958) was a Republican politician from Ohio. Cooper was the 51st Governor of Ohio.
Born In St. Louisville, Ohio, the youngest of eleven children, Cooper had a public school education, and attended the National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio for three years. In 1893, at age 20, he joined his brothers in Cincinnati in a large real-estate and homebuilding business. On December 15, 1897, he married Martha Kinney of Newport, Kentucky. His business interests also included lumber, building supplies and banking. After losing in 1926, he won election to the governorship in 1928, serving from 1929-1931. He was again nominated in 1930, but lost to George White.
His former home is now the grounds for Clark Montessori High School.
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Myrl Shoemaker
Myrl Howard Shoemaker (April 14, 1913 – July 30, 1985) was an American politician of the Democratic party who served as the 57th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1983 until his death in 1985.
Shoemaker served for 24 years in the Ohio House of Representatives. Celeste's choice of Shoemaker for Lieutenant Governor was pivotal for him to receive downstate support in the election to offset the political support of his opponent, U.S. Rep. Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. Wags claimed that if elected, Celeste would be the Governor above Interstate 70 and Shoemaker would be the Governor below Interstate 70, the highway that bisects Ohio.
He was elected lieutenant governor in 1982 as running mate of Richard F. Celeste.
Shoemaker died of cancer in 1985 while serving as lieutenant governor.
His son Mike Shoemaker served for many years in the Ohio House of Representatives and the Ohio State Senate.
The Convocation center on the campus of the University of Cincinnati bears his name. The main arena is sponsored by Fifth Third Bank and is legally named "Fifth Third Arena at Shoemaker Center"
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Myron T. Herrick
Myron Timothy Herrick (October 9, 1854 – March 31, 1929) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 42nd Governor of Ohio.
He was born in Huntington, Lorain County, Ohio, the son of Timothy Robinson Herrick a local farmer. He studied at Oberlin College and Ohio Wesleyan University, but graduated from neither. He married Carolyn M. Parmely of Dayton, Ohio on June 30, 1880. They had one son, Parmely Webb Herrick.
From 1885 to 1888 he was a member of Cleveland City Council. In 1886, he helped to finance the founding of The National Carbon Company, along with W. H. Lawrence, James Parmelee, and James Webb Cook Hayes (see Webb Hayes), son of U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, in Cleveland, Ohio. This company would come to figure prominently in the history of the consumer battery and the flashlight.
Herrick was a Presidential elector in 1892 for Harrison/Reid.
Herrick served as the Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906; (future United States President) Warren G. Harding served as his Lieutenant Governor. He had been a protege of political boss Mark Hanna, but in 1906 was defeated by the efforts of Wayne Wheeler and the Anti-Saloon League after he refused to support their plan for prohibition of alcohol in Ohio. He subsequently served as United States Ambassador to France from 1912 to 1914 and again from 1921 to 1929, when he died from a heart attack while in office. He is the only American ambassador to France with a street named after him in Paris, in the 8th arrondissement. Herrick was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1916 against Atlee Pomerene. He died on March 31, 1929. Myron T. Herrick was the ambassador who hosted Charles Lindbergh in Paris after his successful New York to Paris Atlantic crossing in 1927.
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Nan Britton
Nan P. "Nanny" Britton (November 9, 1896–March 21, 1991) was a figure associated with the Presidency of Warren G. Harding due to her claim that Harding fathered her illegitimate daughter shortly before his election as President.
Born in Marion, Ohio, Britton developed an obsession with Harding, a friend of her father. As a girl, her bedroom walls were covered with images of Harding from local papers and magazine. While still less than 16 years old, she would also dawdle near his Marion Daily Star building in downtown Marion, Ohio hoping to bump into him on his walk home from work.
Her father, Dr. Britton, talked to Harding about his daughter's infatuation, and in turn, Harding spoke with the girl, assuring her that one day she would find the man of her dreams. At the time, Harding was involved in a very passionate affair with Carrie Fulton Phillips, wife of James Phillips, co-owner of Marion's Uhler-Phillips Company, a local department store. Following her graduation from Marion High School in 1914, Britton moved to New York City, where she hoped to start a career as a secretary.
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Nancy Hollister
Nancy Putnam Hollister (born May 22, 1949) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. Hollister was the first, and to this date only, female Governor of Ohio. She attended Kent State University, and upon leaving college she became a housewife. She began her political career in the 1980s.
Nancy Hollister first entered public office when she was elected to the Marietta City Council in 1980. Hollister would serve on city council until being elected Mayor of Marietta in 1984. As Mayor, Hollister worked to attract new businesses to the area, promote tourism, and secured funding for a new bridge across the Ohio River.
Since Hollister was a mayor in Southeastern Ohio, Governor Voinovich appointed Nancy Hollister as director of the Governor's Office of Appalachia. In this position, Hollister would advise the Governor on how to improve the economy, and life, for twenty-nine counties.
Hollister was elected Ohio's 60th Lieutenant Governor in 1994 to replace incumbent lieutenant governor Mike DeWine, who was elected to the U.S. Senate. Hollister would oversee several State and Local Government Commissions. These included the Governor's Office of Appalachia, the Governor's Workforce Development Board,the Ohio Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, the Ohio School-to-Work Initiative, the Office of Housing and Community Partnership, the Ohio Coal Development Office, and the Ohio Farmland Preservation Task Force.
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Oscar E. Keller
Oscar Edward Keller (July 30, 1878 – November 21, 1927) was a Representative from Minnesota; born in Helenville, Wisconsin; attended the public schools and the University of Wisconsin–Madison; moved to Minnesota in 1901 and settled in St. Paul; employed as a billing clerk and later engaged in mercantile pursuits; member of the city council of St. Paul 1910 – 1914; city commissioner 1914 – 1919; commissioner of public utilities from 1914 until July 1, 1919; elected as an Independent Republican to the 66th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Carl Van Dyke; reelected as a Republican to the 67th, 68th, and 69th congresses and served from July 1, 1919, to March 3, 1927; chairman of the Committee on Railways and Canals (68th and 69th congresses); unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1926; engaged in the real estate business; died in St. Paul, Minnesota; interment in Elmhurst Cemetery.
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Othniel Looker
Othniel Looker (October 4, 1757 – July 23, 1845) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served briefly as the fifth Governor of Ohio.
Looker was born on Long Island. He moved with his mother to Hanover Township, New Jersey after the death of his father. He enlisted with the New Jersey militia in 1776 and served out the remainder of the war as a Private. Looker moved to Vermont and then to New York, working as a school-teacher.
He served in the New York State Assembly from 1803 to 1804. After receiving a land grant for his war services, Looker moved to Harrison (Hamilton County), Ohio in 1804, and served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1807 to 1810. He served in the Ohio State Senate from 1810 to 1817. While serving as Speaker of the Senate from 1813 to 1814, Looker was concurrently elevated to the governorship after Governor Return J. Meigs, Jr. resigned to become Postmaster General. Looker sought re-election but was badly defeated by the far more well-known Thomas Worthington. He continued to live in Ohio until his wife's death, and later moved to Palestine, Illinois to be with his daughter Rachel Kitchell, and is buried there in Kitchell Cemetery.
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Paul Krugman
Paul Robin Krugman ( /ˈkruːɡmən/; born February 28, 1953) is an American economist, Professor of Economics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics, and an op-ed columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman won the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences (informally the Nobel Prize in Economics) for his contributions to New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography. According to the Nobel Prize Committee, the prize was given for Krugman's work explaining the patterns of international trade and the geographic concentration of wealth, by examining the impact of economies of scale and of consumer preferences for diverse goods and services.
Krugman is known in academia for his work on international economics (including trade theory, economic geography, and international finance),liquidity traps and currency crises. He is the 17th most widely cited economist in the world today and is ranked among the most influential academic thinkers in the US.
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Paul M. Herbert
Paul Morgan Herbert (December 2, 1889, in Marseilles, Ohio – July 5, 1983, in Dublin, Ohio) was an American politician of the Republican party who served three separate tenures as the 47th, 49th and 52nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.
During the First World War, Herbert served in the United States Army. From 1922 to 1926, he served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives and then was elected to the Ohio State Senate, where he served from 1926 to 1930.
In 1938, he was elected to the lieutenant governorship for the first time, beginning his service in 1939. In 1940, he won re-election by defeating challenger Robert S. Cox. He won a third term in 1942 against George D. Nye. His first stint as lieutenant governor ended in 1945.
In 1946, Herbert unseated Nye from the lieutenant governorship, which he had won in 1944. He took office again in 1947. However, this time he served only one term, being bested by Nye in 1948. Herbert ran again for the office in 1956, defeating John Taylor. However, he was again limited to one term, being unseated in 1958 by John W. Donahey.
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Paul P. Yoder
Paul P. Yoder was an American politician who served as the 46th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1937 to 1939.
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Porter J. McCumber
Porter James McCumber (February 3, 1858 – May 18, 1933) was a United States Senator from North Dakota. Born in Crete, Illinois, he moved with his parents to Rochester, Minnesota the same year. He attended the common schools and taught school for a few years, and graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1880. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Wahpeton, Dakota Territory in 1881. He was a member of the Territorial House of Representatives in 1885 and a member of the Territorial Senate in 1887. He served as State's attorney of Richland County from 1889 to 1891 and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1899. McCumber won reelection in 1905, 1911, and 1916 and served from March 4, 1899, to March 4, 1923; he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1922. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (Fifty-seventh Congress) and a member of the Committee on Pensions (Fifty-eighth through Sixty-second and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses), the Committee on Indian Affairs (Fifty-ninth Congress), the Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses), and the Committee on Finance (Sixty-seventh Congress). One of his main legislative accomplishments was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922.
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Ray C. Bliss
Ray Charles Bliss (December 16, 1907 – August 6, 1981) was one of the important national U.S. Republican Party leaders of the 1960s and served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1965 to 1969. He helped to pull the Republican party back together after Barry Goldwater's defeat in 1964 and his work culminated in the election of Richard M. Nixon as president in 1968. He had been Ohio Republican state chair (1954–1965) and was a delegate to Republican National Convention from Ohio in 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1972.
Bliss was an Akron, Ohio native and 1935 graduate of the University of Akron where he was initiated as a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Bliss is the namesake of the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics established in 1986 at the University of Akron to promote citizen knowledge and participation in the political process, values in which Bliss strongly believed. Bliss served over nine years on the University of Akron Board of Trustees and was chair of the board at the time of his death.
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Ray L. Wilbur
Ray Lyman Wilbur (April 13, 1875 – June 26, 1949) was an American medical doctor who served as the third president of Stanford University and the 31st United States Secretary of the Interior.
Wilbur was born in Boone County, Iowa, to Dwight Locke Wilbur and Edna Maria Lyman. A brother, Curtis Dwight Wilbur, became United States Secretary of the Navy under President Calvin Coolidge and a Judge of the Supreme Court of California. The Wilbur family moved to Riverside, California when Ray Lyman was twelve.
Wilbur studied at Stanford University, receiving a B.A. degree in 1896 and an M.A. degree in 1897. He then studied at Cooper Medical College, receiving a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1899. While a freshman at Stanford, he met future US President Herbert Hoover, who was drumming up campus business for a local laundry. The two men became lifelong friends. Wilbur's wife, the former Marguerite May Blake, was a college friend of Hoover's wife, and was one of Lou Hoover's closest friends in Washington during Mrs. Hoover's years as First Lady. Mrs. Wilbur was severely injured when she fell from a horse in 1922, breaking several vertebrae in her spine and becoming permanently incapacitated. She died in 1946.
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Rees G. Richards
Rees Griffith Richards (July 22, 1842 – February 10, 1917) was an American Republican politician who served as the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1882 to 1884.
Rees G. Richards was born July 22, 1842 near Swansea, Wales, and lived there until age 10. His family then moved to Ontario, Canada before removing to Tioga County, Pennsylvania.
At the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War, he enlisted as a first sergeant in Company G of the 45th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry September 18, 1861. He was promoted to second lieutenant July 31, 1862, to captain September 14, 1862. He re-enlisted as a veteran January 1, 1864, and was captured at the Crater, July 30, 1864. He was held prisoner at Asylum Prison Camp near Charleston, South Carolina until his escape February 16, 1865. He and two colleagues made it to Union lines at Chattanooga, Tennessee March 16, 1865. He was appointed brigade inspector May 11, 1865, and mustered out July 17, 1865.
After the war, he moved to Youngstown, Ohio and engaged in mercantile business for two years, then six years in Irondale, Ohio. In 1873, and again in 1875, he was elected to represent Jefferson County, Ohio in the Ohio House of Representatives at the 61st and 62nd General Assemblies In 1876 he was admitted to the bar. He represented the 22nd district in the Ohio Senate in the 63rd and 64th General Assemblies (1878–1881). In 1881, he defeated Democrat Edgar M. Johnson for election as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and could have had the nomination in 1883, had he wanted it.
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Reince Priebus
Reinhold Reince Priebus ( /raɪns ˈpriːbəs/; born March 18, 1972) is the chairman of the Republican National Committee. He is also a previous chair of the Republican Party of Wisconsin.
Priebus is of Greek and German descent, the son of Richard and Dimitra Priebus. His father is a former electrician and his mother deals in real estate.
Raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin by age 16 he was volunteering for political campaigns. He graduated from George Nelson Tremper High School in 1990. He graduated cum laude from University of Wisconsin–Whitewater in 1994, where he was elected student body president and earned his bachelor's degree in political science and English.
After college, he worked as a committee clerk in the Wisconsin Legislature and then went to law school at the University of Miami School of Law where he was president of the student bar association and where he received his Juris Doctorate cum laude in 1998. During law school, he interned for the NAACP legal defense fund in Los Angeles.
Priebus met his wife Sally in high school, where the two attended prom together. They married in 1999 and have two children.
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Return J. Meigs, Jr.
Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. ( /ˈmɛɡz/; November 17, 1764 – March 29, 1825) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the fourth Governor of Ohio, fifth United States Postmaster General, and as a U.S. Senator.
Meigs was born in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Return J. Meigs, Sr. and the descendant of early Puritan settlers in Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale College in 1785 and studied law there. In 1788, after being admitted to the bar in Connecticut, he moved to Marietta, Ohio, where his father had been one of the first settlers, arriving earlier that year.
In Marietta, Meigs was a lawyer, storekeeper and farmer, as well as serving in public offices. He was appointed the first court clerk for the court established at Marietta in 1788. When a post office was established in Marietta in 1794 he became its first postmaster. In 1798 he was named to a judgeship on the Northwest Territory's territorial court, and in 1799 he won election to the territorial legislature.
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Reuben Wood
Reuben Wood (1792 or 1793 – October 1, 1864) was a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. He served as the 21st Governor of Ohio.
Wood was born near Middletown, Rutland County, Vermont. While living with an uncle in Canada, he was conscripted into the Canadian Army at the outset of the War of 1812, but escaped across Lake Ontario and briefly served in the U.S. Army. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio – then a tiny village of 600 residents – in 1818 with his wife and infant daughter. He reputedly arrived with only $1.25 left to his name to work as a lawyer. He served in the Ohio State Senate from 1825to 1830. In 1830, he was elected president judge of the third judicial circuit. He was elected in 1833 to the Ohio Supreme Court, and served two seven-year terms from 1833 to 1847. He was defeated in a bid for a third term by a Whig candidate. He took office in late 1850 as Governor. His first term was cut short by the implementation of a new state constitution, and he was re-elected in late 1851, re-inaugurated in early 1852. He resigned on July 13, 1853 to take a position as the American consul in Valparaíso, Chile. He remained there until 1855, when he retired to Cleveland.
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Richard Bond
Richard N. Bond (Richard Norman Bond) is a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) and currently a government relations consultant based in Washington, D.C.. His firm, Bond & Company, specializes in strategic consulting services at both the federal and state level.
Bond served in a variety of positions at the Republican National Committee under Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush prior to being elected Chairman in 1992. Despite the President’s tough defeat that year, the GOP held their ground in the U.S. Senate and gained 10 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives - the only time in history House seats have been gained during a presidential loss. The GOP also held their gubernatorial seats and net gained control of seven additional state legislative chambers.
In addition to his credentials at the RNC, Bond has served five presidential campaigns over the past twenty years, including the management of fifty state operations as national political director in Bush’s successful 1988 presidential campaign. Government posts include Deputy Chief of Staff to Vice President Bush, congressional press secretary, and member of the Board of Directors of the United States Peace Corps.
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Richard M. Bishop
Richard Bishop (November 4, 1812 – March 2, 1893), also known as Richard M. Bishop and Papa Richard, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. Bishop served as the 34th Governor of Ohio.
Richard Moore Bishop was born in Fleming County, Kentucky, and received business training in his home state. He came to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848, and had a wholesale grocery business on the Public Landing as Bishop and Wells and later R. M. Bishop and Company. In 1857 he became councilman, and 1858, president of the Council. He was Mayor from 1859 to 1861, and declined re-nomination.
While Bishop was mayor, the Prince of Wales accepted his invitation to visit the city, and, despite being a Democrat, Bishop made the address of welcome to President Lincoln as he passed through on the way to his inauguration. He presided over the great Union meeting held the first year of the war.
From 1859 to 1869, Bishop was President of the Ohio Missionary State Society, and he also served as President of the General Christian Missionary Convention. He was also a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1873. He was a mover in promoting the Cincinnati Southern Railway.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
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Rob Portman
Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (born December 19, 1955) is a lawyer and the junior United States Senator from Ohio. He is a member of the Republican Party. He succeeded retiring Senator George Voinovich.
From 1993 to 2005, Portman served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 2nd congressional district, which stretches along the Ohio River from the Hamilton County suburbs of Cincinnati east to Scioto County and Pike County. Portman won seven consecutive congressional elections with over 70 percent of the vote.
Portman served in two federal cabinet positions under the administration of President George W. Bush. From May 2005 to May 2006, he was the U.S. Trade Representative. From May 2006 to June 2007, he was Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He is considered a possible pick for Vice President on the Republican presidential ticket in 2012.
Portman was born in 1955 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Joan (née Jones) and entrepreneur William C. "Bill" Portman II. His patrilineal great-grandfather, surnamed "Portmann", immigrated from Switzerland; Portman also has Scottish, Northern Irish, English, and German ancestry. When he was young, his father borrowed money to start the Portman Equipment Company, a forklift dealership where he and his siblings all worked growing up. The company grew from a small business with five employees and Joan Portman as bookkeeper to one that employed over 300 people. According to a 2010 Weekly Standard profile, Portman "developed a political philosophy grounded in entrepreneurship," having grown up "[hearing] talk about regulations, and taxes, and government getting in the way of small business" because of his early experiences with his family business.
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Robert C. Kirk
Robert C. Kirk was an American politician who served as the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1860 to 1862.
Robert C. Kirk was born February 26, 1821 in Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio. He attended the schools in Mount Pleasant and entered Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio, but did not graduate. Other sources say he entered Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He returned to his native town and studied medicine, and then took a course at University of Pennsylvania medical school in Philadelphia.
Kirk moved to Fulton County, Illinois and began a medical practice. Some years later, he returned to Ohio and was in the mercantile business in Mount Vernon. He moved to Winona, Minnesota for a year and then returned to Mount Vernon. In 1855, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate, and in 1859 he was elected Lieutenant Governor on the Republican ticket, serving one two year term. Three years later, President Lincoln appointed him Minister to the Argentine Republic. He resigned in 1866 and returned to Ohio.
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Robert J. Bulkley
Robert Johns Bulkley (October 8, 1880 – July 21, 1965) was a United States Democratic Party politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives, and in the United States Senate from 1930 until 1939.
A graduate of Harvard University for undergraduate studies and law school, Bulkley commenced the practice of law in Cleveland, Ohio in 1906. Bulkley served two terms in the House from 1911-1915 from the 21st District on Cleveland's East Side. During World War One he served as chief of the legal section of the War Industries Board. He was later elected to the U.S. Senate in 1930 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Theodore E. Burton. Bulkley was re-elected in 1932, but lost a bid for a second full term in 1938 to Robert Taft. After his term in the Senate ended, he resumed his practice of law.
The Bulkley Building located in Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio is named after him.
Bulkley was married February 17, 1909 to Katherine Pope of Helena, Montana.
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Robert Latham Owen
Robert Latham Owen, Jr. (February 2, 1856 – July 19, 1947) was one of the first two U.S. senators from Oklahoma. He served in the Senate between 1907 and 1925. He earlier came to public notice as a successful lawyer of part-Cherokee ancestry, who in 1906 won a major court case on behalf of the Eastern Cherokees seeking compensation from the US Government for eastern lands the Cherokees had given up at the time of the Indian removals.
A Democrat active in many progressive causes, including efforts to strengthen public control of government, and the fight against child labor, Owen is especially remembered as the Senate sponsor of the Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which created the Federal Reserve System. He subsequently became highly critical of what he saw as the Federal Reserve's bias towards deflationary policies during the early 1920s and again in the early 1930s, which he attributed to excessive influence by the largest banks upon the Fed, and which he identified as largely responsible for causing the Great Depression: a minority view at the time, but one widely accepted by economists in recent decades. In 1920 Owen unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party's nomination for the presidency.
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Robert P. Kennedy
Robert Patterson Kennedy (January 23, 1840 – May 6, 1918) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Born in Bellefontaine, Ohio, Kennedy attended the public schools and Geneva College in Northwood, Ohio. He was studying at Yale University when the American Civil War broke out. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 23rd Ohio Infantry on June 11, 1861. He served as a captain and assistant adjutant general dating from October 7, 1862, and was promoted to major and assistant adjutant general on November 16, 1864. He resigned April 8, 1865.
Kennedy was commissioned as colonel of the 196th Ohio Infantry, on April 14, 1865. He was brevetted as lieutenant colonel of volunteers and brigadier general of volunteers, both dating from March 13, 1865.
Upon the end of the war and his resignation from the volunteer army, Kennedy returned to Bellefontaine. He studied law with judge William H. West. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Bellefontaine. He was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes as collector of internal revenue for the fourth district of Ohio, serving from 1878 to 1883. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1885–87.
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Robert Taft
Robert Alphonso Taft (September 8, 1889 – July 31, 1953), of the Taft political family of Cincinnati and the son of President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft, was a Republican United States Senator and a prominent conservative statesman. As the leading opponent of the New Deal in the Senate from 1939 to 1953, he led the successful effort by the conservative coalition to curb the power of labor unions, and was a major proponent of the foreign policy of non-interventionism. However, he failed in his quest to win the presidential nomination of the Republican Party in 1940, 1948 and 1952. From 1940 to 1952 he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the leader of the GOP's moderate "Eastern Establishment" for control of the Republican Party. In 1957, a Senate committee chaired by John F. Kennedy named Taft as one of the five greatest senators in American history, along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and Robert La Follette.
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Rogers Morton
Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (September 19, 1914 – April 19, 1979) was an American politician who served as Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, respectively. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, representing Maryland's 1st congressional district.
Though he was born in Kentucky, Morton moved to a farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s. In 1962, he was elected to the House of Representatives by the people of the Eastern Shore, where he established an environmental record. (Morton would joke that his two middle initials stood for "Chesapeake Bay.") In 1968, Morton played a major role in Richard Nixon's campaign for president, and was chosen by Nixon in 1969 to serve as Chairman of the Republican National Committee.
In the elections of 1970, Morton was considered a strong candidate to challenge Joseph Tydings for his U.S. Senate seat from Maryland, but he chose instead to remain as chairman of the RNC. In 1971, President Nixon tapped Morton to serve as Secretary of the Interior, during which time he oversaw the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and the 1973 oil crisis. Morton was the only person to serve as head of the Interior Department from the east coast in the 20th century.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
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Roscoe C. McCulloch
Roscoe Conkling McCulloch (November 27, 1880 – March 17, 1958) was a Republican politician from Ohio who served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
Born in Millersburg, Ohio, McCulloch attended the University of Wooster, Ohio State University and Case Western Reserve University School of Law. He commenced the practice of law in Canton, Ohio, in 1903. After serving as an assistant prosecutor in Stark County, he ran for the House in 1912. He lost, but won a second bid two years later and served three terms. In 1920, he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for governor. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate on November 5, 1929, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Theodore E. Burton. He lost a special election on November 30, 1930, to Robert J. Bulkley to fill out the remainder of the term.
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Roy Asa Haynes
Roy Asa Haynes (1881–1940) was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of Prohibition enforcement from 1920-1925. He was succeeded by political appointee Lincoln Clark Andrews, who reorganized the enforcement bureau. He was the editor of a daily newspaper in Hillsboro, Ohio. Haynes was appointed by Warren Harding and considered a puppet of the Anti-Saloon League.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.
Born in Delaware, Ohio, Hayes practiced law in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont) and was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, Hayes left a successful political career to join the Union Army. Wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain, he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of major general. After the war, he served in the U.S. Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, serving from 1867 to 1871. After his second term had ended, he resumed the practice of law for a time, but returned to politics in 1875 to serve a third term as governor.
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Salmon P. Chase
Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States.
Chase was one of the most prominent members of the new Republican Party before becoming Chief Justice. Chase articulated the "Slave Power conspiracy" thesis well before Lincoln, devoting his energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power – the conspiracy of Southern slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men."
Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire to Ithamar Chase and his wife Janet Ralston. His father died when the boy was nine years old. Janet Chase was left a widow with "a small amount of property and ten surviving children". Salmon was raised by his uncle, Philander Chase, an Episcopal bishop. Another uncle was United States Senator Dudley Chase of Vermont.
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Samuel H. Huntington
Samuel H. Huntington (October 4, 1765 – June 8, 1817) was an American jurist who was the third Governor of Ohio from 1808 to 1810.
He was the nephew and adopted son of Samuel Huntington, the fourth President of the Continental Congress and First President of the United States in Congress Assembled under the Articles of Confederation. A 1785 graduate of Yale College. He was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Connecticut. He moved to Ohio in 1801, moving with his wife and small sons to the tiny village of Cleveland. After serving as a Trumbull county delegate to the State's first constitutional convention, Huntington was selected to the State Supreme Court as an Associate Justice and succeeded Return J. Meigs, Jr. as Chief Justice a year later. He served until being elected Governor in 1808. His tenure was stormy, with much controversy over the impeachment of two judges for upholding the principle of judicial review (Huntington would have been impeached as well had it not been being elected governor), the move of the state capital from Zanesville to Chillicothe, and the Tiffin Resolution, which terminated the terms of all sitting judges. Huntington did not stand for re-election, but instead ran for the U.S. Senate, losing to Thomas Worthington.
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Samuel Hopkins Adams
Samuel Hopkins Adams (January 26, 1871 – November 15, 1958) was an American writer, best known for his investigative journalism.
Adams was born in Dunkirk, New York. In 1891, he graduated from Hamilton College.
From 1891 to 1929, he was a reporter for the New York Sun and then joined McClure's Magazine, where he gained a reputation as a muckraker for his articles on the conditions of public health in the United States.
In a series of eleven articles he wrote for Collier's Weekly in 1905, "The Great American Fraud", Adams exposed many of the false claims made about patent medicines, pointing out that in some cases these medicines were damaging the health of the people using them. The series had a huge impact and led to the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.
In 1911 the Supreme Court ruled that the prohibition of falsifications referred only to the ingredients of the medicine. This meant that companies were again free to make false claims about their products. Adams returned to the attack and another series of articles in Collier's Weekly, Adams exposed the misleading advertising that companies were using to sell their products.
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Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
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Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax, Jr. ( /ˈskaɪlər ˈkoʊlfæks/; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana (1855–1869), Speaker of the House of Representatives (1863–1869), and the 17th Vice President of the United States (1869–1873). To date, he is one of only two Americans (John Nance Garner in the 20th century being the other) to have served as both House speaker and vice president.
President Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax, 46 and 45 respectively at the time of their inauguration, were the youngest Presidential team until the inauguration of Bill Clinton and Al Gore in 1993.
Colfax was born in New York City to Schuyler Colfax, Sr. and Hannah Stryker. His grandfather, William Colfax, had served in George Washington's Life Guard during the American Revolution, became a general in the New Jersey militia and married Hester Schuyler, a cousin of general Philip Schuyler.
In 1836, Colfax moved with his mother and stepfather to New Carlisle, Indiana. As a young man, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune and formed a friendship with the editor, Horace Greeley. He established a reputation as rising young Whig and at 19 became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. In 1845, Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register.
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Seabury Ford
Seabury Ford (October 15, 1801– May 8, 1855) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 20th Governor of Ohio and the last Whig to do so.
Ford was born in Cheshire, Connecticut and moved to Burton, Ohio with his parents in 1804. He attended Yale University. While at Yale, he was elected by his classmates as class "bully", a term of honor for the physically strongest man in the class. He graduated from Yale in 1825. He returned to Ohio, and read law under the direction of his uncle, Judge Peter Hitchcock. He commenced practice of law in 1827. Ford married Harriet E. Cook of Burton in 1828.
He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Geauga County, serving as speaker for one term, and then to the Ohio State Senate.
After serving in the General Assembly, Ford was elected to the governorship in late 1848, by a margin of 311 votes out of nearly 300,000 cast. Ford served only a single term before returning home. His term was marred by fighting in a highly partisan Assembly that was divided over issues related to slavery and the Mexican-American War, as well as by a cholera epidemic that swept through Columbus. On the first Sunday after his retirement, he was stricken by paralysis, from which he never recovered. He died at home in Burton in 1855.
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Seymour Stedman
Seymour Stedman (1871 - 1948) was a prominent civil liberties lawyer and a leader of the Socialist Party of America. He is best remembered as the 1920 Vice Presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America, when he ran for office on a ticket headed by Eugene V. Debs.
Seymour Stedman was born in Hartford, Connecticut on July 4, 1871, the son of ethnic Anglo-Saxon parents with ancestors dating back to the time of the American Revolution. Financial difficulties forced the Stedman family to move west, settling in Solomon, Kansas, where adverse weather conditions forced the family still further towards poverty. Young Seymour was forced to drop out of school in the third grade to take a job tending sheep for $5 a month as a way of helping his family make ends meet.
The Stedman family moved to Chicago in 1881 and Seymour took a job for a manufacturing company, working as a uniformed messenger boy. Stedman later took a job as a janitor for another Chicago firm, an occupation which allowed him ample time for reading in his spare time. During the course of his reading, Stedman became interested in political ideas for the first time and he frequently debated the problems of the world with friends. As a byproduct of his reading and discussions, Stedman became an adherent of the Single Tax system advocated by Henry George, a reform program then in popular vogue.
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Sherrod Brown
Sherrod Campbell Brown (born November 9, 1952) is the senior United States Senator from Ohio and a member of the Democratic Party. Before his election to the U.S. Senate, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 13th congressional district from 1993 to 2007. He previously served as the Ohio Secretary of State (1983–1991) and a member of the Ohio House of Representatives (1974–1982).
Brown defeated two-term Republican incumbent Mike DeWine in the 2006 U.S. Senate election. In the U.S. Senate, he is chairman of the Agriculture Subcommittee on Hunger, Nutrition and Family Farms and the Banking Subcommittee on Economic Policy, and is also a member of the Committee on Appropriations, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, and Select Committee on Ethics.
Brown was born in Mansfield, Ohio, the son of Emily (née Campbell) and Charles Gailey Brown, M.D. He was named after his maternal grandfather. He became an Eagle Scout in 1967. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Russian studies from Yale University in 1974. At Yale, he was in Davenport College, the same residential college as U.S. Presidents George H. W. and George W. Bush. He went on to receive a Master of Public Administration degree and a Master of Arts degree in education from the Ohio State University in Columbus in 1979 and 1981, respectively. He taught at the Mansfield branch campus of The Ohio State University from 1979 to 1981.
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Sid Hatfield
William Sidney "Sid" Hatfield (15 May 1891 or 1893 – 1 Aug 1921), was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan, a shootout that followed a series of evictions carried out by detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency.
Hatfield was born in Blackberry, Pike, Co., Kentucky, one of twelve children (of whom nine survived infancy) of Jacob Hatfield (1845 - 1923), a tenant farmer, and his wife Rebecca Crabtree (b. circa 1856). His grandfather, Jeremiah Hatfield b. 1804, was a half brother to Valentine Hatfield (1789 - 1867), grandfather of William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield, leader of the Hatfield family involved in the famous Hatfield-McCoy Feud. According to the 1900 Census, two older brothers, Orison and Hereford, an older sister Chloe, and a younger sister and brother, Martha Alice and Freeland, were then still living at home with him and their parents. His eldest sister Vandalia or Vandella was already married by this time, and an older brother, Melvin, had left home.
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Silas A. Conrad
Silas A. Conrad (June 7, 1840 – September 11, 1913) was an American politician who served as the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1887 to 1888.
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Simeon D. Fess
Simeon Davison Fess (December 11, 1861 – December 23, 1936) was a Republican politician and educator from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
Born on a farm near Harrod, Ohio to Henry and Barbara (Herring) Fess, he was educated in country schools and graduated at Ohio Northern University of Ada in 1889 and married Eva C. Thomas the following year. After graduation he taught history and law at the university as well was working in the university administration from 1889-1896. Fess graduated from the law department at ONU in 1894 and served as dean of that department from 1896-1900. He then served as vice president of the university 1900-1902. He left for Illinois to become a graduate student and lecturer at the University of Chicago from 1902-1907. He then returned to Ohio and served as the president of Antioch College of Yellow Springs from 1907 to 1917.
In 1912, while still serving at Antioch College, Fess was a delegate to the state constitutional convention as well as being elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1913-March 3, 1923 (6th District 1913-15, 7th District 1915-23). He served as chairman of the Committee on Education during the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses and chairman of the Republican National Congressional Committee from 1918-1922. In 1922 he did not seek re-election, but ran for the U.S. Senate and won serving from March 4, 1923, to January 3, 1935. He served as chairman of the Committee on the Library during Sixty-ninth through Seventy-second Congresses and as Republican Whip from 1929 to 1933. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1930-32. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a third term as Senator in 1934.
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Spiro Agnew
Spiro Theodore Agnew (pronunciation: /ˈspɪroʊ ˈæɡnjuː/; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States (1969–1973), serving under President Richard Nixon, and the 55th Governor of Maryland (1967–1969). He was the first Greek American to hold these offices.
During his fifth year as Vice President, in the late summer of 1973, Agnew was under investigation by the United States Attorney's office in Baltimore, Maryland, on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery and conspiracy. In October, he was formally charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, and Vice President of the United States. On October 10, 1973, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President. Nixon replaced him by appointing by then House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford to the office of Vice President.
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Stanley Griswold
Stanley Griswold (November 14, 1763 – August 21, 1815) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate.
Born in Torrington, Connecticut, Griswold served in the militia during the Revolutionary War. After graduating from Yale College in 1786, he taught for a time in Norwich, and began studying Theology in 1787. In 1789 he was called to the First Congregational Church in New Milford, Connecticut where he preached until 1802. In 1803 he went to Walpole, New Hampshire as editor of the new Democratic newspaper The Political Observatory. Griswold continued with the paper until the spring of 1805 when he received the appointment of Secretary to the new Territory of Michigan from President Thomas Jefferson. He served as the first territorial secretary of Michigan Territory from 1805-1808. In 1806, while serving as acting governor in the absence of Governor William Hull, Griswold ordered the erection of Fort Croghan, also known as Fort Nonsense, to protect livestock from raids by Native Americans. Griswold Street in Detroit is named in his honor. His tenure ended largely due to disagreements with the Governor, who accused Griswold of causing dissension between the Governor and the militia. In January 1808, Griswold lost a trial, which has been characterized as a farce, and was obliged to pay a penalty of $1,000. He left office on March 18, 1808, and moved to Ohio. He was appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Edward Tiffin, serving from May 18, 1809 until a special election was held to choose a successor on December 11, 1809. Griswold then moved to the Illinois Territory, where he was appointed as a federal judge, serving on the bench and as a lawyer until his death.
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Stephen M. Young
Stephen Marvin Young (May 4, 1889 – December 1, 1984) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Ohio. He was a United States Senator from Ohio from 1958 until 1971.
He was born in Norwalk, Ohio, the fourth and youngest child of Stephen Marvin Young and Isabella Margaret Wagner. He and his father were namesakes of his great-grandfather, Stephen Marvin (1797-1868), the first pioneer of Shelby, Ohio.
Young received a law degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law in Cleveland, Ohio in 1911.
He served as an Ohio state representative from 1913 to 1917, and as an assistant prosecutor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, from 1917 to 1918. He then served in the U.S. Army during World War I. In 1919, he returned to the Cuyahoga County prosecutor's office.
In 1922, Young ran for the office of Ohio attorney general and lost. In 1930, he ran for the nomination to be the Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio but lost to fellow Democrat George White, who went on to win the governorship.
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Ted Strickland
Theodore "Ted" Strickland (born August 4, 1941) was the 68th Governor of Ohio, serving from 2007 to 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 6th congressional district (1993-1995, 1997-2007).
In the 2006 gubernatorial election, Strickland was elected to succeed term-limited Republican incumbent Bob Taft after defeating Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, receiving 60% of the vote. However, he was narrowly defeated for re-election in the 2010 gubernatorial election by former U.S. Representative John Kasich.
Strickland currently serves as a member of the Governors' Council at the Bipartisan Policy Center.
Born in Lucasville, Ohio, Strickland was one of nine children; his father was a steelworker. A 1959 graduate of Northwest High School, Strickland went on to be the first member of his family to attend college. Strickland was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in history with a minor in psychology from Asbury College in 1963. In 1966, he received a Master of Arts degree in guidance counseling from the University of Kentucky and a Master of Divinity from the Asbury Theological Seminary in 1967. He then returned to the University of Kentucky to earn his Ph.D in counseling psychology in 1980. He is married to Frances Strickland, an educational psychologist and author of a widely used screening test for kindergarten-age children.
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Thaddeus Caraway
Thaddeus Horatius Caraway (October 17, 1871 – November 6, 1931) was a Democratic Party politician from Arkansas who represented the state first in the U.S. House of Representatives (1913–1921) and then in the U.S. Senate (1921–1931).
Caraway was born on a farm near Springhill, Stoddard County, Missouri, the youngest of three children. His father, Tolbert Caraway, was a country doctor and Confederate veteran; his mother was Mary Ellen Caraway. When he was 6 months old, his father was assassinated in a feud, leaving his family impoverished. He worked as a farmhand from age 7, then later as a railroad section hand, a farm tenant, and as a share-cropper. He studied at night and attended the common schools as a boy.
In 1883 he moved with his parents to Clay County, Arkansas; in 1896 he graduated from Dickson College in Tennessee, and taught in country schools until 1899. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1900, beginning practice in Osceola, Arkansas; later that year he moved to Lake City, Arkansas, and in 1901 he moved again, to Jonesboro. Each time he continued his practice. In 1902, he married Hattie Wyatt, whom he had met at Dickson College. Together they had three children, Robert Easley, Forrest, and Paul Wyatt.
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The Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register (it became The Times on 1 January 1788). The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International, itself wholly owned by the News Corporation group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (1838), The Straits Times (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the "London Times" or "The Times of London".
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Theodore E. Burton
Theodore Elijah Burton (December 20, 1851 – October 28, 1929) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.
Born in Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Burton attended the public schools, Grand River Institute, Austinburg, Ohio, and Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1872. He studied law in Chicago with Lyman Trumbull, friend of Lincoln, and Senator of the United States for eighteen years. He commenced the practice of law in 1875, becoming a prominent attorney in Cleveland. His first public office was member of Cleveland City Council.
He was elected to the House of Representatives for the Fifty-first United States Congress in 1888 from the Ohio 21st District in Cleveland. but was defeated for re-election in 1890. He was not the Republican nominee in 1892, but was nominated again in 1894 and won election to the Fifty-fourth United States Congress. He was re-elected seven times, serving in the House until 1908.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. Roosevelt was also one of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the other two being Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.
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Thomas A. Burke
Thomas Aloysius Burke (October 30, 1898 – December 5, 1971) was a Democratic Party politician from Ohio. He served as the 48th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio and in the United States Senate from November 10, 1953 until December 2, 1954. Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport is named after him.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Burke served in the U.S. Army before attending the College of the Holy Cross and Western Reserve University Law School. After serving in various capacities in the law offices of the city of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, and the state of Ohio, Burke was elected Mayor of Cleveland in 1945. He was appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Frank Lausche upon the death of Robert A. Taft. Burke lost a special election for the remainder of the term in late 1954 to George H. Bender by a very narrow margin. Bender in turn lost to Lausche in 1956.
Burke resumed the practice of law forming the influential Cleveland law firm of Burke, Haber and Berick (now McDonald Hopkins Burke and Haber).
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Thomas E. Dewey
Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the 47th Governor of New York (1943–1954). In 1944 and 1948, he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost both times. He led the liberal faction of the Republican Party, in which he fought conservative Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft. Dewey was an advocate for the professional and business community of the Northeastern United States, which would later be called the "Eastern Establishment". This organization accepted the majority of New Deal social-welfare reforms enacted during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It consisted of internationalists who were in favor of the United Nations and the "Cold War" fight against communism and the Soviet Union. In addition, he played a large part in the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as President in 1952. Dewey's successor as leader of the liberal Republicans was Nelson Rockefeller, who became governor of New York in 1959. The New York State Thruway is named in Dewey's honor.
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Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
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Thomas Ewing
Thomas Ewing, Sr. (December 28, 1789 – October 26, 1871) was a National Republican and Whig politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate as well as serving as the Secretary of the Treasury and the first Secretary of the Interior.
Born in West Liberty, Ohio County, Virginia (now West Virginia), was the son of Revolutionary War veteran George Ewing. After studying at Ohio University and reading law under Philemon Beecher, Ewing commenced the practice of law in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1816.
As a colorful country lawyer, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1830 as a Whig and served a single term. He was unsuccessful in seeking a second term in 1836. Ewing served as Secretary of the Treasury in 1841, serving under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. He resigned on September 11, 1841, along with the entire cabinet (except Secretary of State Daniel Webster), in protest of Tyler's veto of the third Bank of the United States[disambiguation needed
].
Ewing was later appointed to serve as the first Secretary of the Interior by President Zachary Taylor. Ewing served in the position from March 8, 1849–July 22, 1850 under Taylor and Millard Fillmore. As first secretary, he consolidated bureaus from various Departments, such as the Land Office from the Treasury Department and the Indian Bureau from the War Department. The bureaus were being kicked out of their offices as unwanted tenants in their former departments. However, the Interior Department had no office space, so Ewing rented space. Later, the Patent Office building, with a new east wing, provided permanent space in 1852. Ewing initiated the Interior Department's culture of corruption by wholesale replacement of officials with political patronage. Newspapers called him "Butcher Ewing" for his efforts.
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Thomas H. Carter
Thomas Henry Carter (October 30, 1854 – September 17, 1911) was a delegate, a United States Representative, and a U.S. Senator from Montana.
Carter was born near Portsmouth, Ohio, and later his family moved to Pana, Illinois. Carter attended the common schools in Illinois. He engaged in farming, school teaching, and railroading; at the same time studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1882, he moved from Burlington, Iowa, to Helena, Montana. In Montana he was elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fifty-first Congress and served from March 4, 1889, to November 7, 1889, when the Territory was admitted as a State into the Union; elected as its first Representative and served from November 8, 1889, to March 3, 1891.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Fifty-first Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1890 for reelection; Commissioner of the General Land Office 1891-1892, when he was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.
He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1895, until March 3, 1901. As a Senator he was chairman of the Committee on Relations with Canada (Fifty-fourth Congress), the Committee on the Census (Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses). President William McKinley appointed him a member of the board of commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and served as its president; again elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for reelection. He died in Washington, D.C., September 17, 1911. Carter County, Montana is named in his honor.
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Thomas H. Ford
Thomas H. Ford (August 23, 1814 – February 29, 1868) was an American Republican politician who served as the third Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1858.
Ford was born August 23, 1814 at Rockingham County, Virginia. He had little formal education and his occupation was a farmer. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He moved to Mansfield, Ohio, and became an anti-slavery leader. After delivering a speech at Philadelphia espousing the Republican party, he was offered the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1855, and won election to a single term. In 1860, he was chosen Government Printer by the United States House of Representatives. He served in the Mexican War, and was Colonel of the 32nd Ohio Infantry, Ohio Volunteer Militia during the U.S. Civil War. Ford was arrested in 1862, and sent to Washington, D.C. for trial by a military commission. He was charged with having neglected his duty in the defense of Maryland Heights at the Battle of Harpers Ferry, September , 1862. After trial, Ford was ordered dismissed from the service on November 8, 1862, by order of the War Department. He located in Washington, D.C., where he had a lucrative law practice, and where he died February 29, 1868.
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Thomas J. Herbert
Thomas James Herbert (October 28, 1894 - October 26, 1974) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He was the 56th Governor of Ohio.
Herbert was born in Cleveland, Ohio. After serving in the Army Air Service during World War I, Herbert returned to Ohio, where he graduated from Case Western Reserve University School of Law in 1919, and practiced law. He served as State Attorney General from 1939 to 1945. In the Republican landslide year of 1946, Herbert defeated incumbent governor Frank J. Lausche. Lausche defeated Herbert in the latter's bid for re-election two years later. Herbert served as a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1957 until 1963. He suffered a stroke March 21, 1961, and decided not to run for re-election.
Herbert married Jeanette Judson of Cleveland on April 30, 1919, and they had three children. Jeanette died December 30, 1945. Herbert re-married while Governor to Mildred Helen Stevenson of Indianapolis on January 3, 1948. They had one daughter. Mildred died in 1962. Herbert died October 26, 1974, after years of illness.
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743 O.S.) – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). At the beginning of the American Revolution, Jefferson served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia. He then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended, from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris, initially as a commissioner to help negotiate commercial treaties. In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France. He was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) during the administration of President George Washington. Upon resigning his office, with his close friend James Madison he organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Elected Vice-President in 1796, under his opponent John Adams, Jefferson with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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Thomas Kirker
Thomas Kirker (1760 – February 20, 1837) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the second Governor of Ohio.
Kirker was born in County Tyrone, Ireland. He moved with his father to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1779. He moved with his new wife to Kentucky in 1790 and then Liberty Township, Adams County, Ohio three years later. He was a delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1802. He served in the first Ohio House of Representatives in 1803 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1803 to 1815. While serving as Speaker of the Senate, Kirker became Governor upon the resignation of Edward Tiffin to take a seat in the U.S. Senate. Kirker's term was extended through the 1807–1808 meeting of the Assembly due to the disqualification of Return J. Meigs, Jr. who had won the 1807 election to the governorship but had been disqualified by the Assembly as he had not met the residency requirements. Kirker ran for re-election in 1808, but lost badly to Samuel H. Huntington. Kirker later returned to the Assembly, serving in the House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and in the State Senate from 1821 to 1825. Ohio Presidential elector in 1824 for Henry Clay.
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Thomas L. Young
Thomas Lowry Young (December 14, 1832 – July 20, 1888) was a Republican politician from Ohio. Young served as the 33rd Governor of Ohio.
Young was born in Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, and immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1847. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1848, originally as a musician, and advanced through the ranks of the artillery to become a First Sergeant in the 3rd US Artillery by the time he finished his service in 1858, serving under Brevet Major John F. Reynolds.
Young joined Company F, of the Benton Cadets (a Missouri militia unit) as a captain in September 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War, but resigned in December. He later received a commission as major in the 118th Ohio Infantry in September 1862 and served until September 1864, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel in April 1863 and colonel in April 1864. "At the Battle of Resaca Colonel Young led the first charge on the center of the enemy's works, where his regiment was repulsed with great slaughter, losing one hundred and sixteen men out of two hundred and seventy in a few minutes. For this and other acts of gallantry the President, on the 13th of March, 1865, brevetted him Brigadier-General of volunteers."
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Thomas W. Bartley
Thomas Welles Bartley (also known as Thomas W. Bartley) (February 11, 1812– June 20, 1885) was a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. He served as the 17th Governor of Ohio. Bartley was succeeded in office by his father, Mordecai Bartley, one of only a few instances of this occurring in high elected office in the United States.
Bartley was born in Jefferson County, Ohio. After attending Jefferson College, Bartley began practicing law in 1831. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1839–1841 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1841-1845. He was elected Speaker of the Senate in 1843. When Wilson Shannon resigned as Governor on April 15, 1844, to take a diplomatic appointment, Bartley became Governor while concurrently remaining in the Senate. He served out the remainder of Shannon's term until December 3. Bartley sought renomination under the Democratic Party, but lost at the state convention by a single vote - avoiding a contest against his father, who accepted the Whig nomination. Bartley later served a contentious term on the State Supreme Court from 1852-1859.
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Thomas W. Miller
Thomas Woodnutt Miller (June 26, 1886 – May 5, 1973) was an American businessman, lawyer and politician, from Wilmington, Delaware, and Reno, Nevada. He was a veteran of World War I and a member of the Republican Party, who served as U. S. Representative from Delaware.
Miller was born in Wilmington, Delaware, son of Governor Charles R. Miller and Abigail Morgan Woodnutt Miller. He attended the Hotchkiss School and graduated from Yale University in 1908. He was initially employed as a steel roller by the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1908 and 1909.
Miller worked as secretary to U.S. Representative William H. Heald from 1910 until 1912, and during this period studied law in Washington, D.C.. He was appointed by his father, Governor Charles R. Miller, to the position of Delaware Secretary of State from 1913 until 1915.
Miller was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1914, defeating incumbent Democratic U.S. Representative Franklin Brockson. During this term, he served in the Republican minority in the 64th Congress. Seeking reelection in 1916, he lost to Democrat Albert F. Polk, a lawyer from Georgetown. Miller served from March 4, 1915, until March 3, 1917, during the administration of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.
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Thomas Woods
Thomas E. "Tom" Woods, Jr. (born August 1, 1972) is an American historian, economist, political analyst, and New York Times-bestselling author. He has written extensively on the subjects of American history, contemporary politics, and economic theory. Woods is considered a libertarian, anarcho-capitalist, and a proponent of the Austrian school of economics.
Woods graduated high school in 1990 and intended to major in math entering Harvard University. However, in a desire to strengthen his ability to argue against students supporting communism switched to majoring in history. A key turning point for the development of Woods' views was his attendance of the 1992 Mises University conference, held by the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and meeting Austro-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard while there. He then headed to Columbia University in 1994 to obtain a Ph.D. in history. He served as a history department faculty member at Suffolk County Community College in New York until 2006, and is now a scholar and senior faculty member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute (LvMI) in Auburn, Alabama, as well as a member of the editorial board for the institute's Journal of Libertarian Studies and Libertarian Papers. He is also an associate scholar of the Abbeville Institute.
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Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and effectively ended the war with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox. As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery; he effectively destroyed the Ku Klux Klan in 1871. His reputation was marred by his repeated defense of corrupt appointees, and by the deep economic depression (called the "Panic of 1873") that dominated his second term. Although his Republican Party split in 1872 with reformers denouncing him, Grant was easily reelected. By 1874 the opposition was gaining strength and as he left the White House in March 1877, conservative white Southerners, as federal troops were withdrawn, regained control of every state in the South and Reconstruction ended on a note of failure as the civil rights of blacks were not secure.
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W. A. Greenlund
William A. Greenlund (February 20, 1873 – August 23, 1935) was an American politician who served as the 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1913 to 1915.
W. A. Greenlund was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania, February 20, 1873. His father was an immigrant from Denmark. W. A. was educated at public schools and high school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1891 he moved to Cleveland, Ohio and engaged in the real estate business.
In 1901, Greenlund married Burleigh M. Fritz of Cleveland. The only office he held before becoming Lieutenant Governor was as a Democratic State Senator from Cuyahoga County in the 80th General Assembly.
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Walter L. Cohen
Walter L. Cohen, Sr. (January 22, 1860 – December 29, 1930) was an African American Republican politician and businessman in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
The New Orleans native was the son of Bernard Cohen and the former Amelia Bingaman. Like his better-known compatriot Homer Adolph Plessy, Cohen was a free black prior to passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was also a Kohen, as he himself humorously noted in coping with and explaining that he was part of the two most-hated ethnic groups and most-hated religious group by the resurging Ku Klux Klan.
Educated in New Orleans, he was married to the former Antonia Manadé, and the couple had three children: Walter Cohen, Jr., Bernard J. Cohen, and Margot C. Farrell.
Cohen's political activity mushroomed in the 1890s, after the Reconstruction era, when he became one of the few blacks to hold appointed office into the 20th century. U.S. President William McKinley named Cohen a customs inspector in New Orleans. McKinley's successor, Theodore Roosevelt, appointed him register of the federal land office. (Louisiana at the time elected a register of state lands, among them the first woman in statewide elected office in the 20th century, Lucille May Grace.)
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Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923). A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903), as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1904–1906) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921). He was also the first incumbent United States Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected President.
His conservativism, affable manner, and "make no enemies" campaign strategy made Harding the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention. During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I, he promised a return of the nation to "normalcy". This "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence. Harding departed from the progressive movement that had dominated Congress since President Theodore Roosevelt. In the 1920 election, he and his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox in the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history (60.36% to 34.19%) since popular vote totals were first recorded in 1824.
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Wayne B. Wheeler
Wayne Bidwell Wheeler (November 10, 1869 – September 5, 1927) was an American attorney and prohibitionist. Using deft political pressure and what might today be called a litmus test, he was able to influence many governments, and eventually the U.S. government, to prohibit alcohol.
Wheeler was born in Brookfield, Ohio, to Mary Ursula Hutchinson Wheeler and Joseph Wheeler. He graduated from Oberlin in 1894 and in law from Western Reserve University in 1898. While a student he engaged in temperance work, and after graduation joined the Anti-Saloon League as a field secretary. In 1902 he became superintendent, and in 1906 led a successful fight against the reelection of Governor Myron T. Herrick. The defeat of the Herrick campaign was the first significant victory of the Anti-Saloon League in American politics. Wheeler became the attorney and general counsel for the National Anti-Saloon League, a member of the executive committee, and its head lobbyist. He became widely known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and power.
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Wendell Willkie
Wendell Lewis Willkie (/ˈwɛndl[unsupported input] ˈl[unsupported input]ɨs ˈwɪlki/; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and a dark horse who became the Republican Party nominee for the president in 1940. A member of the liberal wing of the GOP, he crusaded against those domestic policies of the New Deal that he thought were inefficient and anti-business. Willkie, an internationalist, needed the votes of the large isolationist element, so he waffled on the bitterly debated issue of America's role in World War II, losing support from both sides. His opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote and 85% of the electoral vote.
Afterward, Roosevelt found Willkie to be compatible politically with his plans and brought him aboard as an informal ambassador-at-large. Willkie criss-crossed the globe on the former army bomber The Gulliver, bringing home a vision of "One World" freed from imperialism and colonialism. "One World" was Willkie's travelogue of his travels and meetings of the then-Allies heads of state, as well as ordinary citizens and soldiers in regions such as Russia and Iran. His liberalism lost him supporters in the GOP and he dropped out of the 1944 race, then died of a heart attack. He never held political office.
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Whitelaw Reid
Whitelaw Reid (October 27, 1837 – December 15, 1912) was a U.S. politician and newspaper editor, as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War.
Born James Whitelaw Reid on a farm near Xenia, Ohio, Reid attended Xenia Academy and went on to graduate from Miami University with honors in 1856. At Miami, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Kappa chapter), and lobbied for the expulsion of the six members who ultimately founded Sigma Chi.
He was the longtime editor of the New York Tribune and a close friend of Horace Greeley. He was a leader of the Liberal Republican movement in 1872.
A Republican, he had an illustrious career as a diplomat, serving as United States Ambassador to France from 1889 to 1892, and as U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James's from 1905 to 1912.
In 1892, Reid became the Republican vice presidential nominee when President Benjamin Harrison chose to drop Vice President Levi P. Morton from the ticket. Harrison and Reid lost to the Democratic ticket of Grover Cleveland and Adlai Stevenson, as Cleveland became the first former president to recapture the office.
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Will H. Hays
William Harrison Hays, Sr. (November 5, 1879 – March 7, 1954), was the namesake of the Hays Code for censorship of American films, chairman of the Republican National Committee (1918–1921) and U.S. Postmaster General from 1921 to 1922.
Hays was born in Sullivan, Indiana. He was the manager of Warren G. Harding's successful campaign for the Presidency of the United States in the 1920 election and subsequently was appointed by Harding as Postmaster General. After a year in office, he resigned to become the choice of the Hollywood movie studios to become the first president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) until he retired in 1945. In the postwar period, this organization would be renamed the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).
Hays resigned his cabinet position on January 14, 1922, in order to become the President of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) shortly after the organization's founding. He began his new job, at a $100,000 annual salary, on March 6 of that year. The goal of the organization was to renovate the image of the movie industry in the wake of the Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle rape and murder scandal and amid growing calls by religious groups for federal censorship of the movies. Hiring Hays to "clean up the pictures" was, at least in part, a public relations ploy and much was made of his conservative credentials, including his roles as a Presbyterian deacon and past chairman of the Republican Party.
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William A. Trimble
William Allen Trimble (April 4, 1786 – December 13, 1821) was a National Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States Senate.
Born in Woodford, Kentucky the son of James and Jane Allen Trimble, Trimble attended Transylvania College. He briefly practiced law in Highland County, Ohio in 1811-1812. In the subsequent years he served in a variety of capacities, mostly in Indian campaigns, with the Ohio militia and U.S. Army. He was a major of the Ohio Volunteers 1812; major of the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry 1813; raised to lieutenant colonel in 1814; lieutenant colonel of the First United States Infantry 1814; transferred to the Eighth United States Infantry 1815 and resigned in 1819, after being elected to the U.S. Senate for the term beginning in 1819. Trimble served in the Senate until his death two years later.
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William A. Wheeler
William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819 – June 4, 1887) was a Representative from New York and the 19th Vice President of the United States (1877–1881).
Wheeler was born in Malone, New York, and attended Franklin Academy and the University of Vermont, although monetary concerns forced him to drop out without graduating. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, practiced law in Malone, and served as district attorney for Franklin County from 1846 to 1849. He became a member of the New York State Assembly in 1850 and 1851 and member of the state Senate from 1858 to 1860. He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh United States Congress (March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1863). He was President of the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867-68, and was elected to the Forty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877).
Wheeler was also President of the New York Northern Railroad.
When Congress voted a pay raise in 1873 and made it retroactive for five years, Wheeler not only voted against the raise, but returned his salary adjustment to the Treasury department.
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William Allen White
William Allen White (February 10, 1868 – January 29, 1944) was a renowned American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death White became the iconic spokesman for middle America.
Born in Emporia, Kansas, White moved to El Dorado with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White, where he spent the majority of his childhood. He loved animals and reading various books. He attended the College of Emporia and University of Kansas and in 1892 started work at The Kansas City Star as an editorial writer.
In 1895 White bought the Emporia Gazette for $3000 and became its editor.
In 1896 White attracted national attention with a scathing attack on William Jennings Bryan, the Democrats, and the Populists titled "What's the Matter With Kansas?" White sharply ridiculed Populist leaders for letting Kansas slip into economic stagnation and not keeping up economically with neighboring states because their anti-business policies frightened away economic capital from the state. The Republicans sent out hundreds of thousands of copies of the editorial in support of William McKinley during the United States presidential election, 1896.
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William B. Saxbe
William Bart "Bill" Saxbe (June 24, 1916 – August 24, 2010) was an American politician affiliated with the Republican Party, who served as a U.S. Senator from Ohio, as U.S. Attorney General under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald R. Ford, and as United States Ambassador to India.
At the time of his death, Saxbe was the second-oldest living Senator over all, after Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of Virginia, and the oldest living Republican Senator.
Saxbe was born in Mechanicsburg, Ohio, to Bart Rockwell and Faye "Maggie" Henry Carey Saxbe.
He received a bachelor's degree from the Ohio State University, Class of 1940, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. He served in the Army Air Corps during World War II, from 1940 to 1945.
When he returned from World War II, he entered Ohio State University law school. However, while still in law school, he ran for a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1947 and won. In 1948, near the end of second term, he received a law degree.
He remained in the Ohio National Guard and was on active duty during the Korean War, from 1951 to 1952. He was discharged from the reserve with the rank of colonel in 1963. He served as the Ohio House majority leader in 1951 and 1952, and as speaker of the House in 1953 and 1954.
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William Bebb
William Bebb (December 8, 1802 – October 23, 1873) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 19th Governor of Ohio, he was the third native Ohioan to be elected to the office.
Bebb was born in Butler County, Ohio to Welsh immigrants. He is the son of Edward Bebb. They were early residents of Paddy's Run, now known as Shandon, Ohio. In 1826 the Paddy's Run school was organized under the new state law, a new building was erected, and William Bebb was employed as the first teacher. On Oct 16, 1824 he married Sarah Shuck, later Bebb and his wife opened a boarding school for boys. While he taught school he studied for the bar. He began practicing law in 1831. He was a devoted campaigner for William Henry Harrison in 1840 and for Henry Clay four years later, and a Presidential elector in 1844 for Clay/Frelinghuysen. Bebb was nominated by the Whigs in 1846 for the governorship. Bebb served a single term beginning in December 1846. His term technically expired in December 1848, but was extended into January 1849 due to a number of close statewide elections which necessitated delaying the inauguration of a successor.
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William C. Lyon
William Cotter Lyon (July 7, 1841 – after 1890) was an American Republican politician who served as the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1888 to 1890.
Lyon was born July, 1814 at Homer, Medina County, Ohio. His mother died in Michigan in 1847, and his father was murdered in Putnam County, Ohio in 1853. He was left at age twelve to care for himself and his younger orphan siblings. He learned the shoemaker's trade, educated himself and sometimes attended the Seville Academy. At outbreak of the Insurrection, he enlisted in the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment. He served two years as a private before being made a commissioned officer. Thirteen months before the end of the war, he was captured and imprisoned in a POW camp. After release he was made a captain. After the war he returned to the shoe business in Medina County, and moved to Newark, Licking County in 1870. In 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him Postmaster of that city, and he was re-appointed by President Chester A. Arthur. He resigned with the election of Grover Cleveland, but it was not accepted until January 1, 1886. In 1884, he purchased the Newark American. In 1887 he was nominated and elected Ohio Lieutenant Governor. He was not re-nominated in 1889
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William E. Miller
William Edward Miller (March 22, 1914 – June 24, 1983) was a New York politician. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1964 election.
Miller was born in Lockport, New York, of Irish and German ancestry, the son of Edward J. Miller, a factory floor sweeper., and Elizabeth Hinch, who owned a small millinery shop [1]. Miller attended the University of Notre Dame and Albany Law School. He served in the United States Army during World War II, and later helped prosecute German war criminals at the Nuremberg trials. Miller was appointed district attorney of Niagara County, New York in 1948, by Governor Thomas E. Dewey. Miller served in the United States House of Representatives from 1951 to 1965 and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1961 to 1964.
Following the defeat of the Goldwater-Miller ticket, Miller returned to his hometown of Lockport, where he resumed his law practice. He also appeared in one of the first "Do you know me?" commercials for American Express. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
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William G. Pickrel
William G. Pickrel (1888-1966) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 40th and 43rd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1928 and 1931-1933.
A member of the Democratic Party, Pickrel would subsequently run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate against Republican incumbent Robert A. Taft in 1944; he received 49.7% of the vote to Taft's 50.3%.
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William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930). He is the only person to have served in both of these two offices.
Before becoming President, Taft was selected to serve on the Ohio Superior Court in 1887. In 1890, Taft was appointed Solicitor General of the United States and in 1891 a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft Governor-General of the Philippines. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Taft Secretary of War in an effort to groom Taft, then his close political ally, into his handpicked presidential successor. Taft assumed a prominent role in problem solving, assuming on some occasions the role of acting Secretary of State, while declining repeated offers from Roosevelt to serve on the Supreme Court.
Riding a wave of popular support for fellow Republican Roosevelt, Taft won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the presidency.
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William L. Dayton
William Lewis Dayton (February 17, 1807 – December 1, 1864) was an American politician.
A distant relation of U.S. House Speaker and U.S. Constitution signatory Jonathan Dayton, he was born in Basking Ridge, New Jersey to farmer Joel Dayton and his wife. He graduated from College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1825 and worked as a lawyer in Freehold.
In 1837, he was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council, then became an associate judge of the New Jersey Supreme Court the following year. Following the death of U.S. Senator Samuel L. Southard he was appointed to the United States Senate starting July 2, 1842 and was re-elected by the New Jersey Legislature as a Whig in 1845, but lost in 1851, ending his service on March 4.
In 1856, he was selected by the nascent Republican Party as their first nominee for Vice President of the United States over Abraham Lincoln at the Philadelphia Convention. He and his running mate, John C. Fremont, lost to the Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge. Afterwards, he served as New Jersey Attorney General until 1861, when President Lincoln appointed him Minister to France, serving in that role from 1861–1864 throughout most of the American Civil War. There, Dayton successfully lobbied the government of Napoleon III not to recognize the independence of the Confederacy or allow it the use of French ports. Dayton died in Paris in 1864 while serving in that capacity. He was buried in Riverview Cemetery, Trenton, New Jersey.
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William M. Butler
William Morgan Butler (January 29, 1861 – March 29, 1937) was a lawyer and legislator for the State of Massachusetts, and a United States Senator.
Butler was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts where he attended the public school and studied law. He was admitted to the State bar in 1883. After graduating from the law department of Boston University in 1884, he practiced law in New Bedford until 1895. He was a member of the State house of representatives from 1890 to 1891, and a member of the State senate from 1892 to 1895, serving as its president in 1894 and 1895.
Butler moved to Boston in 1895, and continued the practice of law until 1912, when he engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. He was a member of the commission to revise the statutes of Massachusetts from 1896 to 1900, and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1924 to 1928.
On November 13, 1924, Butler was appointed as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Cabot Lodge, and served from November 13, 1924, to December 6, 1926, when a successor was elected. His bid for election to fill the vacancy was unsuccessful.
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William McKinley
William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his death. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. McKinley's administration ended with his assassination in September 1901, but his presidency began a period of over a third of a century dominated by the Republican Party.
McKinley served in the Civil War and rose from private to brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton. In 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Party's expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial; controversy over it, together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymanderinging him out of office, led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890. He was elected Ohio's governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896, amid a deep economic depression. He defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated "sound money" (the gold standard unless altered by international agreement) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity.
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William Medill
William Medill (1802 or 1803 - September 2, 1865) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. He served as the 22nd Governor of Ohio.
Born in New Castle County, Delaware, Medill was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, where he served from 1835–1838, serving as Speaker of the House from 1836-1837. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1838, serving from 1839-1843. He lost a bid for a third term in 1842. After briefly serving as the second assistant postmaster general, Medill was appointed by President Polk as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He returned to Ohio in 1850 to serve as the President of the 1850-1851 Constitutional Convention. Elected to the new post of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1851, Medill entered office in 1852, serving until the resignation of Governor Reuben Wood on July 13, 1853 to take up a Consular office in Chile. Medill was re-elected in his own right in 1853, but was defeated in a bid for a second full term in 1855 by the anti-slavery Salmon P. Chase. He was First Comptroller of the United States Treasury 1857-1861.
wn.com/William_Medill -
William R. Wilcox
William R. Willcox was an American politician from New York who served as the Postmaster of New York City. Some sources spell his name as "Wilcox," but the proper spelling is "Willcox."
Willcox served as chairman of the Republican National Committee 1916-1918. He encouraged Republican congressmen during votes for the 19th Amendment
Willcox resigned after being appointed to the Railroad Wage Commission, also known as the U.S. Railroad Commission. Others appointed by the Woodrow Wilson administration were U.S. Secretary of the Interior Franklin Lane, Charles C. McChord of the Interstate Commerce Commission and D.C. chief justice J. Harry Covington. The commission investigated railroad wages in the country in relation to the wages of the different classes of railroad labor.
wn.com/William_R._Wilcox -
William V. Marquis
William Vance Marquis (May 1, 1828 – December 17, 1899) was an American politician who served as the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1890 to 1892.
Marquis was born at Mt. Vernon, Ohio May 1, 1828. He was moved to Bellefontaine, Ohio at age five. He was in merchandising. He worked at his father's store until it closed in 1848. He was named postmaster of Bellefontaine in 1853 by President Pierce, serving until 1861. 1862-1870 he was in partnership as a hardware merchant, and continued alone after that. Along with William Lawrence, he organized the Bellefontaine National Bank in 1871.
Marquis was a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention, (St. Louis). He was nominated in 1878 for the 4th Congressional District, but lost to J. Warren Keifer. In the 1889 election for Lieutenant Governor, Republican Elbert L. Lampson defeated Democrat Marquis by a margin of 375,090 to 375, 068. Lampson was unseated after serving eighteen days, when the Democratic Ohio State Senate seated Marquis in his place.
wn.com/William_V._Marquis -
William Wesley Cox
William Wesley Cox (February 5, 1865 — October 29, 1948) was a Presidential, Vice Presidential, and perennial U.S. Senate candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Cox was born in Illinois, later moving to Missouri. He was the Missouri state chairman of the SLP, and was an interior decorator by profession. He was an agnostic and member of the American Civil Liberties Union.
After serving as SLP vice-presidential candidate in 1904, Cox was nominated by the SLP for President in 1920, winning 31,084 votes. He ran in many elections, and his last attempt at office was in 1944, running for the United States Senate seat in Missouri, at the age of 79. Cox died of an apoplexy four years later on October 29, 1948, at the age of 83.
wn.com/William_Wesley_Cox -
Wilson Shannon
Wilson Shannon (February 24, 1802 - August 30, 1877) was a Democratic politician from Ohio and Kansas. He served as the 14th and 16th Governor of Ohio, and was the first governor of Ohio born in the state. Shannon was the second governor of Kansas Territory.
Shannon was born in Belmont County, Ohio, the son of an Irish immigrant, George Shannon, who fought in the Revolutionary War. Wilson Shannon's elder brother, Thomas Shannon, served a partial term in the United States House of Representatives from 1826-1827. His oldest brother, George Shannon, was the youngest member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
After attending Ohio University and Transylvania University, Shannon was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in 1830. He ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1832, losing by only 37 votes. Shannon then served as a prosecutor in Belmont County before winning election to the governorship in 1838. He lost a re-election bid to the Whig candidate, Thomas Corwin in 1840, but defeated Corwin for a second term two years later. Shannon resigned on April 15, 1844 to take up an appointment from President John Tyler as Minister to Mexico.
wn.com/Wilson_Shannon -
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. Running against Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party candidate Theodore Roosevelt and Republican candidate William Howard Taft, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
In his first term as President, Wilson persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass major progressive reforms. Historian John M. Cooper argues that, in his first term, Wilson successfully pushed a legislative agenda that few presidents have equaled, and remained unmatched up until the New Deal. This agenda included the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and an income tax. Child labor was curtailed by the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, but the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1918. He also had Congress pass the Adamson Act, which imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads. Wilson, after first sidestepping the issue, became a major advocate for the women's suffrage.
wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I -
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. He was a planter and slaveholder based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the United States Army, serving in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War.
As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
Taylor died July 9, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration; the third-shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of gastroenteritis. President Taylor was succeeded by his Vice President, Millard Fillmore.
wn.com/Zachary_Taylor
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Warren G. Harding: America's 29th President
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:44
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Visitors to the Warren Harding Home and Museum in Marion, Ohio are now able to experience the triumph and tragedy in the life of America's 29th President. A Blu-ray version of this HD video is shown prior to the walking tour at the museum. Harding Home site manager Sherry Hall wrote the script, and we brought it to life thanks to photos and newsreel footage provided by the Ohio Historical Society. President Harding deserves a lot more credit for the good things he did for our country. It's our hope that this video is a big step in that direction. This video was produced in collaboration with Badertscher Communications of Marion.
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_America's_29th_President
The real President Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
"Sunday Morning" correspondent Mo Rocca explores the life and times of Warren G. Harding, the president remembered most for scandal and womanizing.
http://wn.com/The_real_President_Warren_G_Harding
Warren G. Harding: "Return to Normalcy"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
"Americas present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality."
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_Return_to_Normalcy
A Night with Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 09 May 2012
From Dollar Tree Home Video it's "A Night with Warren G. Harding." A video about our 29th president.
http://wn.com/A_Night_with_Warren_G_Harding
The Presidents: Number 29: Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Presidency of Warren G. Harding
http://wn.com/The_Presidents_Number_29_Warren_G_Harding
Sen. Warren G. Harding - America First (1920)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
From a speech in which Sen. Warren G. Harding (Republican candidate) repeatedly uses the term: "America First", 1920 Presidential election. Warren G. Harding (1865-1923), 29th US President (1921-1923).
http://wn.com/Sen_Warren_G_Harding_America_First_1920
Warren G. Harding High School - Warren, Ohio - Final Look
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
This final walk-through of Warren Ohio's Warren G. Harding High School was taken on May 23, 2008. Many former students and teachers were there to say a final farewell to their alma mater. Shortly after this video was shot, the demolition began on the school. The building's facade may be kept as a monument, but as of yet, no final decision has been made.
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_High_School_Warren,_Ohio_Final_Look
WARREN G. HARDING IS ELECTED (1920)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
For licensing inquiries please contact Historic Films Archive (www.historicfilms.com / info@historicfilms.com) 05:35:46 WARREN G. HARDING IS ELECTED. (1920) #12 FAMED & FAMILIAR FACES OF THE PAST LIVE AGAIN IN THIS FILM ACCOUNT OF A DARK HORSE'S VICTORY. 05:36:08 HIRAM JOHNSON IN MIDDLE OF SUPPORTERS. LIFTED 05:36:15 1920 REPUBLICAN NAT'L. CONVENTION, CHICAGO. CU MARCHING BAND PLAYING 05:36:27 SUFFRAGETTES MARCH WITH HUGE BANNERS. 05:36:34 DELEGATES SIT DOWN EN MASSE. 05:36:42 OLDER MAN ON PLATFORM ANNOUNCES CANDIDATE, MOS INTERCUTS DELEGATES CLAPPING. 05:36:51 CANDIDATE WARREN HARDING GETS UP WITH PAPER IN HAND. GIVES SPEECH, MOS. 05:37:03 1920 DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION, SAN FRANCISCO. PEOPLE WALK INTO BUILDING. PANS INSIDE DELEGATES. PLACARDS, BANNERS, FLAGS 05:37:14 WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN GIVES ANIMATED SPEECH, MOS 05:37:19 DELEGATES MARCH, CHEER, WAVE FLAGS. HATS, CANES. 05:37:25 MONTAGE CU'S PEOPLE GOING WILD. MAN WAVES HANDS MADLY AS IF LEADING BAND. WOMAN GOING NUTS. USES ARMS, HANDS, ROOTING. SHOWING SUPPORT. SHOUTING, MOS. 05:37:34 DELEGATES MARCH OUTDOORS. PARADE. 05:37:39 CANDIDATES MARCH IN THE PARADE. OHIO'S JAMES M. COX. CU 38 YEAR OLD FDR 05:37:48 HUGE CROWD OF MEN OUTSIDE AT PARADE. SEA OF HATS 05:37:53 MONTAGE OF YOUNG FDR 05:38:02 TOWN OF MARIAN, OHIO. OUTDOOR POLITICAL RALLY 05:38:07 LINE OF DRESSED UP MEN CARRY UMBRELLAS OVER SHOULDERS. SHORT CAPES ON. 05:38:11 WOMEN IN PARADE MARCH TOWARD CAMERA. LITTLE BOY DRESSED LIKE UNCLE SAM. 05:38:22 HARDING ...
http://wn.com/WARREN_G_HARDING_IS_ELECTED_1920
Presidential Minute With Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Minute long video highlighting the life of America's 29th President Warren G. Harding. This video is being offered as a sneak peek into our "Presidential Minute" collection available June 2011 exclusively at FreedomProject.com Special thanks to voice talent Frank Montenegro.
http://wn.com/Presidential_Minute_With_Warren_G_Harding
Why Warren G. Harding Sucked
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
www.whyeverypresidentsucked.com Follow Eric on Twitter @eolsencreative #29. Warren G. Harding Capo 3 A, C, G, D names warren g like the rapper Im a gangsta Underneath this tweed and the powder in my hair Administration entourage the death of me Their costly choices, my legacy Talking about low friends In high places Talking about me and my home-slices Run the gambit crime and more disgraces Teapot dome scandal tops these cases Secretary of the interior, albert fall Was my homey, my boy, and the worst one of all He took a 100 gs on the side Leasing out our oil reserves in Wyoming Something he couldnt hide this temptation led to litigation a great great stain upon this great nation
http://wn.com/Why_Warren_G_Harding_Sucked
Jalyn Powell #2 Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:30
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Jalyn Powell #2 Warren G. Harding
http://wn.com/Jalyn_Powell_2_Warren_G_Harding
LiberalOasis Radio Show: Dirty Sexy Warren G. Harding Edition (ENTIRE SHOW 10/11/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:48
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
If you liked this clip of Liberal Oasis TV, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.liberaloasis.com Follow Us on Twitter www.twitter.com Liberal Oasis TV is part of The David Pakman Show YouTube Network. Find out more: www.youtube.com Subscribe to Liberal Oasis TV for more: www.youtube.com Originally broadcast on October 11, 2012
http://wn.com/LiberalOasis_Radio_Show_Dirty_Sexy_Warren_G_Harding_Edition_ENTIRE_SHOW_10_11_12
Maurice Clarett Highlight Film: Warren G. Harding High School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Highlights from one of the best to ever touch a football in Ohio.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Clarett_Highlight_Film_Warren_G_Harding_High_School
Dirty Sexy ... President Warren G. Harding?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
If you liked this clip of Liberal Oasis TV, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.liberaloasis.com Follow Us on Twitter www.twitter.com Liberal Oasis TV is part of The David Pakman Show YouTube Network. Find out more: www.youtube.com Subscribe to Liberal Oasis TV for more: www.youtube.com Originally broadcast on October 11, 2012
http://wn.com/Dirty_Sexy_President_Warren_G_Harding?
Real Men of Genius - Warren G Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Real_Men_of_Genius_Warren_G_Harding
Ron Paul FLIX Daily News - Apr 26 2012 - Warren G. Harding - Marco Rubio - Brokered Convention
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:05
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Ron Paul FLIX Daily News - Apr 26 2012 - Warren G. Harding - Marco Rubio - Brokered Convention
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul_FLIX_Daily_News_Apr_26_2012_Warren_G_Harding_Marco_Rubio_Brokered_Convention
Warren G. Harding Band Night 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
Band Night 2010....run on...go Harding!!!
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_Band_Night_2010
Warren G. Harding's 1922 Pierce Arrow at the 2009 Marion County Historical Society vintage car show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Combined for the first time with Celebrate Summer, the Marion County Historical Societys 1st Annual Pre WWII Historic Car and Truck Show featured President Warren G. Hardings 1922 Pierce Arrow and other Vintage Cars and Trucks including a 1903 curve dash Olds, 1929 Essex, 1920 Dodge Touring, 1942 Hudson Sedan, 1921 Phaeton Overland, 1916 Maxwell, and lots of other amazing cars and trucks.
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding's_1922_Pierce_Arrow_at_the_2009_Marion_County_Historical_Society_vintage_car_show
Mister President - Warren G. Harding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:33
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
Mr. President was a radio series that ran on the ABC Network from June 26, 1947 to September 23, 1953. Each half-hour episode was based on an incident in the life of one of the people who have held the office of President of the United States, but the dialogs were written in such a way as not to reveal the name of the President until the last line of dialog at the end of the program, when the President would be addressed by name. The audience was thus encouraged to guess, from the plot of the episode, which President it was. The series was created by Robert G. Jennings and written by a team that included Jean Holloway, Bernard Dougall and Ira Marion. A research staff made certain that the stories were accurate. It was produced and directed by Dick Woolen. The President each week was played by Edward Arnold, with supporting performances by Bea Benaderet, Gil Stratton, Hans Conreid, Lurene Tuttle, and Herb Butterfield. The announcer was Owen James. Tonight's President "Warren G. Harding" Original Air Date: March 7, 1948 Episode Number: 37 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://wn.com/Mister_President_Warren_G_Harding
Warren G Harding Band Night 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
Part2
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_Band_Night_2011
Warren G. Harding High School - Class of 1960
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
These images were taken from the Class of 1960 Echoes Yearbook from Warren G. Harding High School in Warren, Ohio. I also added some photos of the school today. Warren G. Harding High School's architectural design is quite beautiful. I wanted to capture it before the new school opens, as I am not certain of the fate of the current building.
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_High_School_Class_of_1960
Warren G. Harding Raiders Basketball vs St. Ignatius pt.1 (12/22/11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
warren ohio's Warren Harding Raiders basketball vs St.Ignatius.
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding_Raiders_Basketball_vs_St_Ignatius_pt1_12_22_11
Mario Manningham Highlight Film: Warren G. Harding High School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:24
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Highlights of one of the greats out of Warren G. Harding High School.
http://wn.com/Mario_Manningham_Highlight_Film_Warren_G_Harding_High_School
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial...(size: 20.0Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Polash Khan
25 Nov 2012
The death toll from a fire in a clothes factory in Bangladesh has leapt to at least 120, officials say. The fire broke out late on Saturday in the nine-floor Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Providence Journal
26 Nov 2012
Neil Simon is a master of cornball humor. But his award-winning "Lost in Yonkers," now playing...(size: 0.7Kb)
TMZ
26 Nov 2012
Ex-NFL star Warren Sapp is desperate to lower his child support payments ... even though he struck a deal with one of his baby mamas to NEVER change the amount -- of course, that was...(size: 1.2Kb)
BBC News
26 Nov 2012
Last week, having spent a couple of weeks running his eye over potential candidates before returning to Wales duty, Lions head coach Warren Gatland was upbeat about what he'd witnessed so far this autumn. "There's definitely been positives," he said. "There are some individuals who've put their hands up. There are a couple of players who haven't...(size: 15.0Kb)
Independent online (SA)
26 Nov 2012
ANGELIQUE SERRAO angelique.serrao@inl.co.za A GRANDFATHER allegedly drugged his 14-year-old grandson and raped him night after night, but despite apparently overwhelming proof that he committed the crime, police have not arrested him. Warren* went to live with his step-grandfather in Roodepoort for three months last year when his mother endured...(size: 5.2Kb)
Independent online (SA)
26 Nov 2012
ANGELIQUE SERRAO angelique.serrao@inl.co.za A GRANDFATHER allegedly drugged his 14-year-old grandson and raped him night after night. Despite overwhelming proof that he did the crime, police have not arrested him. Warren* went to live with his step-grandfather in Roodepoort for three months last year when his mother was going through financial...(size: 4.2Kb)
New York Daily News
26 Nov 2012
Franklin K. Lane football coach Nga Warren did a little research before the PSAL Cup Division title game against Stuyvesant on Sunday, opening the school’s history books to see what came before him. What Warren learned surprised him and also served as motivation for his team. The Knights had not won a city title since 1984, and even worse, the...(size: 2.8Kb)
Lehigh Valley
26 Nov 2012
Photo courtesy of Hackettstown Regional Medical Center Three health care systems are in the running to buy Hackettstown Regional Medical Center and the deal could conclude by the end of the year, officials said. The three interested parties are Ascension Healthcare Network, Hackensack University Health Network, and Atlantic Health System....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
26 Nov 2012
E-mail comments, 50 words or fewer, to opline@wichitaeagle.com. Colorado legalizes marijuana. Meanwhile, across the border, Lane County legalizes liquor by the drink. Welcome to 2012 and 1960, respectively. Republicans say they want to return their country to the intentions of our forefathers. Did they study history? Our forefathers counted only...(size: 2.5Kb)
The Miami Herald
26 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON â The death of former senator Warren Rudman, R-N.H., is especially poignant at this moment in American politics, both because of the fiscal challenges facing the country and because Congress is now all-but devoid of moderate lawmakers like him. Rudman died Tuesday at 82 after a long illness. He won two terms to the U.S. Senate, where...(size: 3.7Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
26 Nov 2012
NEWTON â Newton has a long track record of preserving its past. The cityÂs railroad roots are on display around town. Its storied past as a high school basketball powerhouse is the subject of a book and a documentary film. And now the cityÂs historic preservation focus has turned to the historic Fox Theatre downtown. City government turned over...(size: 4.8Kb)
Golf 365
26 Nov 2012
The DP World Tour Championship in Dubai was were all the action was this week, take a look at the big moments right...(size: 0.8Kb)
Tulsa World
26 Nov 2012
Hurricane Sandy led to America's stock markets closing for two days. That was a rare thing, frustrating many investors. It didn't faze those who heed the words of super-investor Warren Buffett, though. First off, Buffett has made clear that he has no need for the market to be open and busy every day: "I buy (stocks) on the assumption that they...(size: 3.0Kb)
Boston Herald
26 Nov 2012
Former State Treasurer Tim Cahill returns to Suffolk Superior Court today as the state pushes to prove that he broke public corruption laws. Cahill is accused of using ads released by the state Lottery, which he oversaw, to help his 2010 bid for governor. Meanwhile, Gov. is back on the hook Wednesday for his administration’s role in the...(size: 2.7Kb)
"Warren Harding" redirects here. For the American rock climber, see Warren Harding (climber).
| Warren G. Harding | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 29th President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 |
|
| Vice President | Calvin Coolidge |
| Preceded by | Woodrow Wilson |
| Succeeded by | Calvin Coolidge |
| United States Senator from Ohio |
|
| In office March 4, 1915 – January 13, 1921 |
|
| Preceded by | Theodore Burton |
| Succeeded by | Frank Willis |
| 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio | |
| In office January 11, 1904 – January 8, 1906 |
|
| Governor | Myron Herrick |
| Preceded by | Harry Gordon |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Harris |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865-11-02)November 2, 1865 Blooming Grove, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | August 2, 1923(1923-08-02) (aged 57) San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Florence Kling |
| Children | Marshall (Step) |
| Alma mater | Ohio Central College |
| Profession | Journalist |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Signature |  |
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923). A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899–1903), as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1904–1906) and as a U.S. Senator (1915–1921). He was also the first incumbent United States Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected President.[1][2]
His conservativism, affable manner, and "make no enemies" campaign strategy made Harding the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention. During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I, he promised a return of the nation to "normalcy". This "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence. Harding departed from the progressive movement that had dominated Congress since President Theodore Roosevelt. In the 1920 election, he and his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox in the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history (60.36% to 34.19%) since popular vote totals were first recorded in 1824.[3]
President Harding rewarded friends and political contributors, referred to as the Ohio Gang, with financially powerful positions. Scandals and corruption, including the notorious Teapot Dome scandal, eventually pervaded his administration; one of his own cabinet and several of his appointees were eventually tried, convicted, and sent to prison for bribery or defrauding the federal government.[4] Harding did however make some notably positive appointments to his cabinet.[5]
In foreign affairs, Harding spurned the League of Nations, and signed a separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria, formally ending World War I. He also strongly promoted world Naval disarmament at the 1921–1922 Washington Naval Conference, and urged U.S. participation in a proposed International Court. Domestically, Harding signed the first child welfare program in the United States and dealt with striking workers in the mining and railroad industries. Also, the Veterans Bureau was cleaned up by Harding in March, 1923.[6] The nation's unemployment rate dropped by half during Harding's administration.[7] In August 1923, President Harding suddenly collapsed and died during a stop in California on a return trip from Alaska.[8] He was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge.
Historians have traditionally been resistant to giving Harding good presidential reviews due to the multiple federal department scandals during his administration; as a result Harding has received low rankings as President.[9] His reputation, however, has increased among some historians for his conservative financial policies, fiscal responsibility, and his endorsement of African American civil rights.[10] Harding's creation of the Budget Bureau was a major economic accomplishment that reformed and streamlined wasteful federal spending.[10] In 1998, journalist Carl S. Anthony stated Harding was a "modern figure" who embraced technology and culture; sensitive to the plights of minorities, women, and labor.[11] President Harding contended with racial problems on a national level, rather than sectional, and openly advocated African American political, educational, and economic equality inside the Solid South.[12]
Early life[link]
Childhood and education[link]
Warren Gamaliel Harding was born November 2, 1865, in Blooming Grove, Ohio.[13] His paternal ancestors, mostly ardent Baptists, hailed from Clifford, Pennsylvania and had migrated to Ohio in 1820.[14] Nicknamed "Winnie", he was the eldest of eight children born to Dr. George Tryon Harding, Sr. (1843–1928) and Phoebe Elizabeth (Dickerson) Harding (1843–1910).[15] His mother, a devout Methodist, was a midwife who later obtained her medical license. His father, never quite content with his current job or possessions, was forever swapping for something better, and was usually in debt; he owned a farm, taught at a rural school north of Mount Gilead, Ohio and also acquired a medical degree and started a small practice.[16] It was rumored in Blooming Grove that one of Harding's great-grandmothers may have been African American.[17] Harding's great-great grandfather Amos claimed the rumor was started, as an attempted extortion, by a thief caught in the act by the family.[18] Eventually, Harding's family moved to Caledonia, Ohio, where his father then acquired The Argus, a local weekly newspaper. It was at The Argus where, from the age of 10, Harding learned the basics of the journalism business. In 1878, his brother Charles and sister Persilla died, presumably from typhoid.[19]
Harding continued to study the printing and newspaper trade as a college student at Ohio Central College in Iberia, during which time he also worked at the Union Register in Mount Gilead.[20] In college Harding became an accomplished public speaker and graduated in 1882 with a Bachelor of Science degree at the age of 17.[21] As a youngster Harding had become an accomplished cornet player and played in various bands. In 1884, Harding gained popular recognition in Marion, when his Citizens' Cornet Band won the third place $200 prize at the highly competitive Ohio State Band Festival in Findlay. The prize money paid for the band's snappy dress uniforms Harding had bought on credit.[22]
Career in journalism and marriage[link]
Upon graduating, he had stints as a teacher and insurance man, and made a brief attempt at reading the law. He then raised $300, in partnership with others, for the purchase of the failing Marion Daily Star, the weakest of the growing city's three newspapers; Harding was complete owner of the Star by 1886.[23] Harding revamped the paper's editorial platform to support the Republican Party, and enjoyed a moderate degree of success. He became an ardent supporter of Governor "Fire Alarm Joe" Foraker; however, his political stance put him at odds with those who controlled local politics in Marion.[24] When Harding moved to unseat the Marion Independent as the official daily paper, he was met with strong resistance from local figures, such as Amos Hall Kling, one of Marion's wealthiest real estate speculators. The editorial battle with the Independent became so heated that, at the inevitable mention of Harding's questionable bloodline, father and son proceeded, with shotgun in hand, to demand, and get, a retraction.[25]
While Harding won the war of words and made the Marion Daily Star one of the most popular newspapers in the county, the battle took a toll on his health. In 1889, at age 24, he suffered from exhaustion and nervous fatigue. He spent several weeks at the Battle Creek Sanitarium to regain his strength, ultimately making five visits over 14 years.[26] Harding later returned to Marion to continue operating the paper. He spent his days promoting the community on the editorial pages, and his evenings "bloviating" (a word which Harding frequently used, referring to longwinded, pompous political speech) with his friends over games of poker.[27] In 1893, the Star supplanted the Independent as the official paper for Marion's governmental notices, after Harding exposed the rival paper for overcharging the city.[28] In 1896, the Independent ceased doing business and Amos Kling wasted no time in financing and launching another rival paper, the Republican Transcript, in a failed attempt to derail his future son-in-law.[29] Harding also made political speeches on the Chautauqua circuit and expressed admiration for his ideal American patron, Alexander Hamilton.[21]
In 1900, a political opponent, J.F. McNeal, with the help of Amos Kling, secretly bought up $20,000 in loans owed by Harding, and immediately called them due in full. Harding just barely succeeded in securing the funds to pay off the debt in order to save the Star.[30] In the last year of his Presidency, anticipating no resumption of his journalism career following his years in the White House, Harding sold the Star to Louis H. Brush and Roy D. Moore for $550,000.[31]
On July 8, 1891, Harding married Florence Kling DeWolfe, the daughter of his nemesis (and hers as well), Amos Hall Kling. Florence Kling DeWolfe was a divorcée, five years Harding's senior, and the mother of a young son, Marshall Eugene DeWolfe.[32] "Flossie's" first, and compulsory, marriage, to an alcoholic, had been soundly condemned by her father, to the point of her disownment. Her mother remained loyal and provided support nevertheless.[33] She pursued Harding persistently, until he reluctantly proposed. On his part, according to noted biographer Russell, true love was missing, but the prospect of social acceptance, and standing, was the compelling reason for his proposal.[34] Florence's father was incensed by his daughter's decision to marry Harding, prohibited his wife from attending the wedding (she sneaked in long enough to see the vows exchanged) and refused to speak to his daughter or son-in-law for eight years. Her mother continued to provide support on the sly.[35]
The couple were complementary, with Harding's affable personality balancing his wife's no-nonsense approach to life. Florence Harding, exhibiting her father's determination and business sense, turned the Marion Daily Star into a profitable business in her management of the circulation.[36] She has been credited with helping Harding achieve more than he might have alone; some have speculated that she later pushed him all the way to the White House.[37] Early in their marriage, Harding bestowed on her the lasting nickname "Duchess" as a nod to the imperious (and often alienating) persona she shared with her father.[36]
Political career[link]
Ohio emergence[link]
Harding made his foray into politics running for the Marion County Auditor's office, primarily to gain political exposure — his inability to win election was a foregone conclusion in the heavily Democratic county.[38] When his newspaper business attained sufficient economic stability, and even dominance, in Marion, Harding and his wife traveled widely throughout the country, which broadened Harding's exposure at political gatherings. Biographer Andrew Sinclair asserts that, like many contemporaries during the days of Ohio Republican Party boss Mark Hanna, Harding was involved with graft and excessive patronage.[39] Harding allegedly arranged free public transit passes for his family in return for favorable coverage in his newspaper.[39] Harding, in 1897, was said to have facilitated appointment of his sister as a teacher for the blind over supposedly more qualified candidates.[39] Harding also was accused of collusion with other newspapers on the price-fixing of public printing bids and dividing the profits from low-straw biddings.[39] No formal charges were made against Harding based on these accusations. The accomplished publisher also gained a flair for public speaking, and Harding in 1899 was elected to fill the Ohio State Senate seat for the 13th Senatorial District, despite Amos Kling's financing of a primary opponent.[40] Shortly after this victory, there was a fortuitous meeting with Ohio Republican party leader and McKinley ally, Harry M. Daugherty, who commented about him, "Gee, what a great looking President he'd make."; Daugherty later assumed the primary role in Harding's political career.[41]
Harding, as a Republican state senator, was a partisan regular and did favors for political bosses Mark Hanna and Harry M. Daugherty. Harding's only notable reform effort in his first term (Ohio state offices had terms of two years) was a progressive bill to revamp the municipal code, which passed the Senate but was halted by a single member's procedural call to "reconsider".[42] As asserted by Sinclair, Harding, against his own conscience, signed a municipal bill that protected Republican party patronage and graft.[39] In his second term, he was chosen Republican Floor Leader.[43] In early 1903 Harding announced his campaign for Governor of Ohio, which was soon thwarted by an intra-party alliance that assured the election of fellow Republican Myron T. Herrick; Harding was awarded the position of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, a post he occupied from 1904 to 1906.[44] In short order, a number of ill-advised decisions by Gov. Herrick damaged his popularity. Harding saw an opening as the 1906 election approached, and announced his candidacy for Governor again. Nevertheless, the party bosses stuck by Herrick, and Harding took his name out of the running for any position on the ticket, which was defeated by the Democrats.[45]
While Harding was dwindling politically, there were developments on the personal and business front. In 1907, Amos Kling married his second wife and soon after began an effort at rapprochement with daughter and son-in-law. As a result, the Klings and the Hardings took a cruise to Europe together.[46] Not long after their return, Harding reorganized his newspaper business into the Harding Publishing Co., issued stock in the company, took two-thirds for himself and allowed his employees to purchase the rest; this was the first profit sharing arrangement of its kind in Ohio.[47]
Harding sought the 1909 gubernatorial nomination of the GOP, which was deeply divided between progressive and conservative wings of the party, but could not defeat the united Democrats; he lost the election to incumbent Judson Harmon.[48] Harding took his first election loss in stride, saying "... I have lost nothing which I ever had except a few dollars which I can make again, a few pounds of flesh which I can grow again, a few false friends of whom I am well rid, and an ambition which simply fettered my freedom and did not make for happiness."[49]
U.S. Senator[link]
In 1912, Harding gave the nominating speech for incumbent President William Howard Taft, who would later serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Harding's administration, at the embattled Republican National Convention in Chicago — before he completed his introduction, a fist fight ensued between the Taft supporters and the more progressive Roosevelt faction, but the speech was quite a personal success.[50][51] By 1914 the Republican Party was beginning to show signs of reunification, with the result that support weakened for Ohio's U.S. Senator Theodore Burton, who then decided not to stand for re-election. When prompted, Harding agreed to run for Burton's seat against his mentor, "Fire Engine" Joe Foraker, in the Republican primary, and he emerged victorious.[52] Henry Daugherty at this point was on a first name basis with Harding and supported his campaign. Harding's general election opponent, Timothy Hogan, fell victim to fervid anti-Catholic sentiment (which Harding did not voice) and Harding was elected to the U.S. Senate, becoming Ohio's first senator elected by popular vote. The election came on the heels of the outbreak of World War I — an issue Harding downplayed due to the significant German immigrant population in his district.[52] He served in the Senate from 1915 until his inauguration as President in 1921, making him the first sitting senator to be elected President of the United States; John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama followed in this pattern. (James A. Garfield was at the time of his presidential election a non-incumbent senator-elect.)
When Harding joined the U.S. Congress, both houses were controlled by the Democrats, and Woodrow Wilson, a progressive Democrat, was in the White House; therefore, the legislative agenda was dominated by the opposition. Harding was often considered a fence sitter on most issues, be that labor, big business, women's suffrage, or prohibition. He was "the harmonizer", declaring that a "righteous mean" could always be obtained on an issue. He did vote on legislation to protect the alcohol industry 30 times and was against Philippine independence.[53] He was staunchly opposed to government ownership of business.[54] In startling form, he once spoke in support of a strong executive, at least in war time, saying about President Wilson, "He is already ... our partial dictator. Why not make him complete and supreme dictator?"[55] He joined with 39 other senators in opposition to Wilson's proposed League of Nations.[56] Harding took on a personal secretary in the Senate, George B. Christian, Jr., a former neighbor, who protected him from political patrons and intrusive inquiries, and served until the future president's death.[57] Harding introduced 134 bills, but substantively his six year record as Senator was unremarkable; his attendance was inconsistent, he spoke minimally on the floor of the Senate and offered no major bill or debate. Harding was not even present for the vote on the women's suffrage amendment, though he "paired" his vote with another member, in effect supporting it.[58] He was, nevertheless, most popular, and acquired many very close friends in the chamber.[54][59] This popularity led to his serving as Chairman of the 1916 Republican Convention as well as Keynote Speaker.[60]
Presidential election of 1920[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1920
Republican nomination[link]
In 1918, when Theodore Roosevelt was entertaining plans (later abandoned) to reprise his presidency, he considered Harding had strong potential to run and serve as Vice President, and discussed with Harry Daugherty the desirability of having Harding on his ticket.[61] In 1919, the first candidate to declare for the GOP nomination was General Leonard Wood. The GOP bosses were nevertheless determined to have a dependable listener, and were lukewarm toward the General.[62] Some in the party began to scout for such an alternative, and Harding's name arose, despite his reluctance, due to his unique ability to draw vital Ohio votes.[63] Also at the forefront of a throng of candidates for the nomination were Hiram Johnson, Frank Lowden and Herbert Hoover.[64] Harry Daugherty, who became Harding's campaign manager, and who was sure none of these candidates could garner a majority, convinced Harding to run after a marathon discussion of six-plus hours.[65] Daugherty's campaign style was variously described as pugnacious, devious and no holds barred.[66] For example, shortly before the GOP convention, Daugherty struck a deal with millionaire and political opportunist Jake Harmon, whereby 18 Oklahoma delegates whose votes Harmon had bought for Lowden were committed to Harding as a second choice if Lowden's effort faltered.[67]
Harding's supporters thought of him as the next McKinley. By the time the convention began, a Senate sub-committee had tallied the monies spent by the various candidates, with totals as follows: Wood — $1.8 million; Lowden — $414,000; Johnson — $194,000; and Harding — $114,000; the committed delegate count at the opening gavel was: Wood — 124; Johnson — 112; Lowden — 72; Harding — 39.[68] Still, at the opening, less than one-half of the delegates were committed.[69] No candidate was able to corral a majority after nine ballots.[70] Republican Senators and other leaders, who were divided without a singular political boss, met in Room 404 of the Blackstone Hotel in Chicago and after a nightlong session, tentatively concluded Harding was the best possible compromise candidate. According to Francis Russell, though additional meetings took place, this particular meeting came to be known as the "smoke filled room".[71] Before receiving the formal nod, Harding was summoned by George Harvey, told he was considered to be the consensus nominee, and asked if he knew, "before God", whether there was anything in his life which would be an impediment. After mulling the question over for some minutes, he replied no, despite alleged adulterous affairs.[72] The next day, when Harding was nominated on the tenth ballot, Mrs. Harding was so startled, she inadvertently stabbed Harry Daugherty in the side with her hat pins.[73] The local Masons could not resist the opportunity to co-opt Harding's new notoriety, and promoted him to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason.[74]
General election[link]
Photo 1918–1921
In the 1920 election, Harding ran against Democratic Ohio Governor James M. Cox, whose running-mate was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. The election was seen in part as a rejection of the "progressive" ideology of the Woodrow Wilson Administration in favor of the "laissez-faire" approach of the William McKinley era.[75]
Harding ran on a promise to "Return to Normalcy", a seldom-used term he popularized, and healing for the nation after World War I. The policy called for an end to the abnormal era of the Great War, along with a call to reflect three trends of the time: a renewed isolationism in reaction to the War, a resurgence of nativism, and a turning away from government activism.[76]
On July 28, 1920, Harding's general election campaign manager, Albert Lasker, unleashed a broad-based advertising campaign that implemented modern advertising techniques; the focus was more strategy oriented.[77] Lasker's approach included newsreels and sound recordings, all in an effort to enhance Harding's patriotism and affability. Farmers were sent brochures decrying the alleged abuses of Democratic agriculture policies. African Americans and women were also given literature in an attempt to take away votes from the Democrats. Professional advertisers including Chicagoan Albert Tucker were consulted. Billboard posters, newspapers and magazines were employed in addition to motion pictures. Five thousand speakers were trained by advertiser Harry New and sent abroad to speak for Harding; 2,000 of these speakers were women. Telemarketers were used to make phone conferences with perfected dialogues to promote Harding. Lasker had 8,000 photos distributed around the nation every two weeks of Harding and his wife.[78]
Harding's "front porch campaign" during the late summer and fall of 1920 captured the imagination of the country. Not only was it the first campaign to be heavily covered by the press and to receive widespread newsreel coverage, but it was also the first modern campaign to use the power of Hollywood and Broadway stars, who travelled to Marion for photo opportunities with Harding and his wife. Al Jolson, Lillian Russell, Douglas Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford were among the luminaries to make the pilgrimage to his house in central Ohio. Business icons Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone also lent their cachet to the campaign. From the onset of the campaign until the November election, over 600,000 people travelled to Marion to participate.
The campaign owed a great deal to Florence Harding, who played perhaps a more active role than any previous candidate's wife in a presidential race. She cultivated the relationship between the campaign and the press. As the business manager of the Star, she understood reporters and their industry. She played to their needs by being freely available to answer questions, pose for pictures, or deliver food prepared in her kitchen to the press office, a bungalow which she had constructed at the rear of their property in Marion. Mrs. Harding even coached her husband on the proper way to wave to newsreel cameras to make the most of coverage. Campaign manager Lasker struck a deal with Harding's paramour, Carrie Phillips, and her husband Jim Phillips, whereby the couple agreed to leave the country until after the election; ostensibly, Mr. Phillips was to investigate the silk trade.[77]
The campaign also drew upon Harding's popularity with women. Considered handsome, Harding photographed well compared to Cox. However, it was mainly Harding's support in the Senate for women's suffrage legislation that made him more popular with that demographic: the ratification of the 19th Amendment in August 1920 brought huge crowds of women to Marion, Ohio, to hear Harding. Immigrant groups who had made up an important part of the Democratic coalition, such as ethnic Germans and Irish, also voted for Harding in the election in reaction to their perceived persecution by the Wilson administration during World War I.
The election of 1920 was the first in which women could vote nationwide. It was also the first presidential election to be covered on the radio, thanks to both KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 8MK (later WWJ) in Detroit; which carried the election returns, as did the educational/amateur radio station 1XE (later WGI) at Medford Hillside MA. Harding received 60% of the national vote, the highest percentage ever recorded up to that time, and 404 electoral votes. Cox received 34% of the national vote and 127 electoral votes.[79] Campaigning from a federal prison, Socialist Eugene V. Debs received 3% of the national vote. The Presidential election results of 1920, for the first time in U.S. history, were announced live by radio.[80] Harding was the only Republican presidential candidate to ever defeat Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt on a presidential ticket. At the same time, the Republicans picked up an astounding 63 seats in the House of Representatives.[81] Harding immediately embarked on a vacation which included an inspection tour of facilities in the Panama Canal Zone.[82]
African-American lineage contention[link]
During the campaign, political opponents spread rumors that Harding's great-great-grandfather was a West Indian black person and that other blacks might be found in his family tree.[83] In an era when the "one-drop rule" would classify a person with any African ancestry as black, and black people in the South had been effectively disfranchised, Harding's campaign manager responded, "No family in the state (of Ohio) has a clearer, a more honorable record than the Hardings', a blue-eyed stock from New England and Pennsylvania, the finest pioneer blood."[75] Historian and opponent William Estabrook Chancellor publicized the rumors, based on supposed family research, but perhaps reflecting no more than local gossip.[84] The rumors may have been sustained by a statement Harding allegedly made to newspaperman James W. Faulkner on the subject, which he perhaps meant to be dismissive: "How do I know, Jim? One of my ancestors may have jumped the fence."[85] However, while there are gaps in the historical record, studies of his family tree have not found evidence of an African-American ancestor.[86]
Presidency: 1921–1923[link]
The atmosphere of Harding's inauguration was unremarkable — in terms of both weather and celebration. Harding cancelled most of the planned festivities, including the customary parade, leaving only the swearing-in ceremony and a brief reception at the White House.[87] In his inaugural speech he declared, "Our most dangerous tendency is to expect too much from the government and at the same time do too little for it."[88] The Hardings also brought a different style to the running of the White House. Though Mrs. Harding did keep a little red book of those who had offended her, the executive mansion was now once again open to the public, including the annual Easter egg roll.[89]
The administration of Warren G. Harding followed the Republican platform approved at the 1920 Republican National Convention, which was held in Chicago. Harding, who had been elected by a landslide, felt the "pulse" of the nation and for the 28 months in office he remained popular both nationally and internationally. Harding's administration has been critically viewed due to multiple scandals, while his successes in office were often given credit to his capable cabinet appointments that included future President Herbert Hoover. Author Wayne Lutton asked, "Was Harding really a failure?" Historian and former White House Counsel John Dean's reassessment of Harding stated his accomplishments included income tax and federal spending reductions, economic policies that reduced "stagflation", a reduction of unemployment by 10%, and a bold foreign policy that created peace with Germany, Japan, and Central America.[90] Herbert Hoover, while serving in Harding's cabinet, was confident the President would serve two terms and return the world to normality. Later, in his own memoirs, he stated that Harding had "neither the experience nor the intellect that the position needed."[91]
One of Harding's earlier decisions as President was the appointment of former President William Howard Taft as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a position Taft had always coveted, more so than the Presidency.[92]
Harding pushed for the establishment of the Bureau of Veterans Affairs (later organized as the Department of Veterans Affairs), the first permanent attempt at answering the needs of those who had served the nation in time of war.[93] In April 1921, speaking before a special joint session of Congress which he had called, Harding argued for peacemaking with Germany and Austria, emergency tariffs, new immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable communications, retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion of agricultural interests, a national budget system, an enlarged merchant marine and a department of public welfare.[94] He also called for measures to bring an end to lynching, but he did not want to make enemies in his own party and with the Democrats, and did not fight for his program.[95] Generally, there was a lack of strong leadership in the Congress and, unlike his predecessors Roosevelt and Wilson, Harding was not inclined to fill that void.[96]
According to biographers, Harding got along well with the press more than any other President, being a former newspaper man. Reporters admired his frankness, candor, and his confessed limitations. He took the press behind the scenes and showed them the inner circle of the presidency. Harding, in November 1921, also implemented a policy of taking written questions from reporters during a press conference.[97] Harding's relationship with Congress, however, was strained and he did not receive the traditional honeymoon given to new Presidents. Prior to Harding's election the nation was adrift; President Woodrow Wilson had been ill by a debilitating stroke for eighteen months and before that Wilson had been in Europe for several months attempting to negotiate a peace settlement after World War I. By contrast, at the March 4, 1921 Inaugural, Harding looked strong, with grey hair and a commanding physical presence.[97] Wilson's successor stressed the importance of the ceremonial aspects of the office of President. This emphasis fulfilled his desire to travel the breadth of the country to officiate at formal functions.[98]
Although Harding was committed to putting the "best minds" on his cabinet, he often rewarded those persons who were active and contributed to his campaign by appointing them to high federal department positions. For instance, Wayne Wheeler, leader of the Anti-Saloon League was literally allowed by Harding to dictate who would serve on the Prohibition Commission.[99] Graft and corruption charges permeated Harding's Department of Justice; bootleggers confiscated tens of thousands cases of whiskey through bribery and kickbacks.[100] Harding, out of loyalty, appointed Harry M. Daugherty to U.S. Attorney General because he felt he owed Daugherty for running his 1920 campaign. After the election, many people from the Ohio area moved to Washington, D.C., made their headquarters in a green house on K Street, and would be eventually known as the "Ohio Gang".[101] The financial and political scandals caused by these men, in addition to Harding's own personal controversies, severely damaged President Harding's personal reputation and eclipsed his presidential accomplishments.
In his most open challenge to Congress, Harding forced a deferral of a budget-busting World War I soldier's bonus in an effort to reduce costs.[102] A 2008 study of presidential rankings for The Times placed Harding at number 34[103] and a 2009 C-SPAN survey ranked Harding at 38.[104] In 2010, a Siena College poll of Presidential scholars placed Harding at 41. The same poll ranked President Harding 26 in the Ability to Compromise category.[105]
Harding presided over the nation's initial consecration of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. This followed similar commemorations established by Britain, France and Italy. The fallen hero was chosen from a group previously interred at Romagne Military Cemetery in France, and was re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
On December 23, 1921 Harding calmed the 1919–1920 Bolshevik scare and released election opponent, socialist leader Eugene Debs, from prison. This was done as an effort to get the United States returned to "normalcy" after the Great War. Debs, a forceful World War I antiwar activist, had been convicted under sedition charges brought by the Wilson administration for his opposition to the draft during World War I.[106] Despite many political differences between the two candidates Harding commuted Debs' sentence to time served; however, not granted an official Presidential pardon. Debs' failing health was a contributing factor for the release. Harding granted a general amnesty to 23 prisoners, alleged anarchists and socialists, active in the Red Scare.[107][108]
Harding's party suffered the loss of 79 seats in the House in the 1922 mid-term elections, leaving them with a razor thin majority.[109] The President determined to fill the void of leadership in the party and attempted to take a more aggressive role in setting the legislative agenda.[110]
The Hardings visited their home community of Marion, Ohio once during the term, when the city celebrated its centennial during the first week of July. Harding arrived on July 3, gave a speech to the community at the Marion County Fairgrounds on July 4, and left the following morning for other speaking commitments.
Joint Session of Congress 1921[link]
On April 12, President Harding addressed a joint session of Congress which he had called to address matters that he deemed of national and urgent importance. That speech, considered to be his best, contained few political platitudes and was enthusiastically received by Congress. On the economic front, Harding urged Congress to create a Bureau of the Budget; cut expenditures; and revise federal tax laws. Harding urged increasing protectionist tariffs, to lower taxes, and agriculture legislation to help the farmer. In the speech, Harding advocated aviation technology for civil and military purposes; the development of radio technology and regulation; and the passage of a federal anti-lynching law to protect African Americans. Harding advocated, in terms of foreign affairs, a "conference and cooperation" of nations to prevent war, yet flatly stated the U.S. should not enter the League of Nations. Harding endorsed peace to be established between all former enemy nations from World War I; and the funding and liquidation of war debts.[111]
Domestic policies and economy[link]
Bureau of the Budget and Veterans Bureau[link]
Considered to be one of his greatest domestic and enduring achievements, President Harding signed Budget and Accounting Act of 1921.[112] Harding requested and obtained from the Congress authorization for the country's first formal budgeting process via the establishing of the Bureau of the Budget.[113] The law created the presidential budget director who was directly responsible to the President, rather than the Secretary of Treasury. The law also stipulated that the President must submit a budget annually to the U.S. Congress. Subsequent Presidents each year have had to submit a budget to Congress.[114] The General Accounting Office was created to assure oversight in the federal budget expenditures. Harding appointed Charlie Dawes, known for being an effective financier, as the first director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes reduced government spending by $1.5 billion his first year as director, a 25% reduction, along with another 25% reduction the following year. In effect, the Government budget was nearly cut in ½ in just two years.[115] Harding believed the federal government should be fiscally managed similar to the private sector having campaigned "Less government in business and more business in government."[116] "Harding was true to his word, carrying on budget cuts that had begun under a debilitated Woodrow Wilson. Federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922. Tax rates, meanwhile, were slashed—for every income group. And over the course of the 1920s, the national debt was reduced by one third."[117] On August 9, 1921, President Harding signed legislation known as the "Sweet Bill", which established the Veterans Bureau as a new agency. After World War I, 300,000 wounded veterans were in need of hospitalization, medical care, and job training. In order to handle the needs of these veterans, the new Veterans Bureau incorporated the War Risk Insurance Bureau, the Brig. Gen. Charles E. Sawyer's Federal Hospitalization Bureau, along with three other bureaus that dealt with veteran affairs.[118] Harding regrettably appointed Colonel Charles R. Forbes, albeit a decorated war veteran, as the Veteran Bureau's first director (see scandal below), a position which reported directly to the President. The Veterans Bureau later was incorporated into the Veterans Administration and ultimately the Department of Veterans Affairs.[119]
Postwar recession and recovery[link]
Main article: Depression of 1920–21
On March 4, President Harding assumed office while the nation was in the midst of a postwar economic decline, known as the Depression of 1920–21. By summer of his first year in office, an economic recovery began.
President Harding convened the Conference of Unemployment in 1921, headed by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, that proactively advocated stimulating the economy with local public work projects and encouraged businesses to apply shared work programs.[120]
Harding's Treasury Secretary, Andrew Mellon, ordered a study that claimed to demonstrate that as income tax rates were increased, money was driven underground or abroad. Mellon concluded that lower rates would increase tax revenues. Based on this advice, Harding cut taxes, starting in 1922. The top marginal rate was reduced annually in four stages from 73% in 1921 to 25% in 1925. Taxes were cut for lower incomes starting in 1923.[121]
Revenues to the treasury increased substantially. Unemployment also continued to fall. Libertarian historian Thomas Woods contends that the tax cuts ended the Depression of 1920–1921 — even though economic growth had begun before the cuts—and were responsible for creating a decade-long expansion.[117] Historians Schweikart and Allen attribute these changes to the tax cuts.[122] Schweikart and Allen also argue that Harding's tax and economic policies in part "... produced the most vibrant eight year burst of manufacturing and innovation in the nation's history."[123] The combined declines in unemployment and inflation (later known as the Misery Index) were among the sharpest in U.S. history. Wages, profits, and productivity all made substantial gains during the 1920s.
Daniel Kuehn attributes the improvement to the earlier monetary policy of the Federal Reserve, and notes that the changes in marginal tax rates were accompanied by an expansion in the tax base that could account for the increase in revenue.[124] However:
Robert Gordon, a Keynesian, admits, "government policy to moderate the depression and speed recovery was minimal. The Federal Reserve authorities were largely passive. ... Despite the absence of a stimulative government policy, however, recovery was not long delayed." Kenneth Weiher, an economic historian, notes, "despite the severity of the contraction, the Fed did not move to use its powers to turn the money supply around and fight the contraction." He then briskly concedes that "the economy rebounded quickly from the 1920–1921 depression and entered a period of quite vigorous growth."[117]
However, Paul Krugman demonstrates that the monetary base did, in fact, expand significantly from 1922–1925, and that this expansion was accompanied by a reduction in commercial paper rates.[125] Allan Meltzer agrees that the rising real money stock motivated wealth owners to invest.[126]
Recovery did not last long. Another economic contraction began near the end of Harding's presidency in 1923, while tax cuts were still underway. A third contraction followed in 1927 during the next presidential term.[127]
Farm acts and Radio Conferences[link]
In 1921 and 1922, President Harding signed a series of bills regulating agriculture. The legislation emanated from President Woodrow Wilson's 1919 Federal Trade Commission report, which investigated and discovered "manipulations, controls, trusts, combinations, or restraints out of harmony with the law or the public interest" in the meat packing industry. The first law was the Packers and Stockyards Act, prohibiting packers from engaging in unfair and deceptive practices. Two amendments were made to the Farm Loan Act of 1916 which had been signed into law by President Wilson, and which expanded the maximum size of rural farm loans. The Emergency Agriculture Credit Act authorized new loans to farmers in order to sell and market livestock. The Capper–Volstead Act signed by Harding on February 18, 1922 protected farm cooperatives from anti-trust legislation. The Future Trading Act was also enacted, regulating "puts and calls", "bids", and "offers" on futures contracting. This legislation was later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States on May 15, 1922.[107]
On February 27, 1922, President Harding implemented the first of a series of Radio Conferences headed by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. The last Radio Act of 1912 was considered "inadequate" and "chaotic"; change was necessary to help the fledgling radio industry. At the first meeting, 30 representatives including amateurs, governmental agencies, and the radio industry made "cooperative efforts" to ensure the public interest in broadcasting, who would broadcast and for what purpose, and to curb direct advertising. Also discussed was how wattage power used by broadcasters would be distributed depending on the radio station's conditional use and location.[128]
A second radio conference was called in 1923, and this time Secretary Hoover was successful at obtaining radio regulation power without legislation passed. Hoover himself in January 1923 told the press there was an "urgent need for radio regulation." Large radio stations such as Westinghouse advocated that only 25 larger radio stations in large metropolitan areas be allowed to broadcast while smaller stations would be given limited power. At the end of the meeting, the industrialists agreed to give Hoover the power "to regulate hours and wave lengths of operation of stations when such action is necessary to prevent interference detrimental to the public good".[128]
President Harding became the first president to have a radio in his office, when on February 8, 1922, he had a radio set installed in the White House, so that he could listen to news and music, as his schedule permitted.[129] On June 14, President Harding was also the first president to be heard on the new mass medium: he spoke on radio at a dedication site in honor of Francis Scott Key, who wrote the words to the Star Spangled Banner.[80]
Revenue Act and Highway Act of 1921[link]
On November 22, 1921, President Harding signed the Revenue Act of 1921 that gave large deductions in the amount of taxes that the wealthiest Americans had to pay. Protests from Republican farmers caused the deductions to be less than originally desired by Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon. The lengthy 96-page Act reduced the corporate tax from 65% to 50% and provided for the ultimate elimination of the excess-profits tax during World War I.[130][131]
The 1920s were a time of modernization for America, with the advent of movies, flappers, and automobiles. To improve and expand the nation's highway system, President Harding signed the Federal Highway Act of 1921. From 1921 to 1923, the federal government spent a total of $162 million on America's highway system, infusing the U.S. economy with a large amount of capital.[132] In 1922, President Harding proclaimed that America was in the age of the "motor car". He stated that the automobile, "reflects our standard of living and gauges the speed of our present-day life."[133]
Fordney-McCumber Tariff[link]
On September 21, 1922, President Harding enthusiastically signed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act.[134] The protectionist legislation was sponsored by Representative Joseph W. Fordney and Senator Porter J. McCumber. It increased the tariff rates contained in the previous Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913, to the highest level in the nation's history. Harding became concerned when the agriculture business suffered economic hardship from the high tariffs. Previously, on May 21, 1921 President Harding had signed emergency legislation that put tariffs on select foreign inputs. By 1922, Harding began to realize that the long-term effects of tariffs could be detrimental to national economy, despite the short term benefits.[109] Harding's successors, President Calvin Coolidge and President Herbert Hoover, also advocated tariff legislation. The tariffs established in the 1920s have historically been viewed as a contributing factor to causing the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[107][135]
Foreign policies[link]
President Harding was very specific in commenting on the appointment of Secretary of State Charles E. Hughes, that the secretary would be the sole spokesman for the State Department (as opposed to the Wilson administration).[136] Hughes ably worked behind the scenes to formally make peace with former enemies Austria and Germany. This was known as the Knox–Porter Resolution; subsequent Peace treaties were signed with both countries and Ratified by the Senate and signed by Harding on July 21, 1921; that officially ended World War I for the U.S. The Senate had refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in both 1919 and 1920; since it required the U.S. to endorse the League of Nations.[137]
Washington arms conference and treaties 1921–1922[link]
Main article: Washington Naval Conference
President Harding spearheaded, with the urging of the Senate, a monumental global conference, held in Washington, D.C., to limit the armaments of world powers, including the U.S., Japan, Great Britain, France, Italy, China, Belgium, Netherlands and Portugal.[138] Harding's Secretary of State, Charles E. Hughes, assumed a primary role in the conference and made the pivotal proposal — the U.S was to reduce its number of warships by 30 if Great Britain decommissioned 19, and Japan 17 ships.[139] Starting on November 6, 1921 and ending February 6, 1922, world leaders met to control a naval arms race and to bring stability to East Asia. The conference enabled the great powers to potentially limit their large naval deployment and avoid conflict in the Pacific. The delegation of nations also worked out security issues and promoted cooperation in the Far East.
The conference produced six treaties and 12 resolutions among the participating nations, which ranged from limiting the size or "tonnage" of naval ships to custom tariffs. The treaties, which easily passed the Senate, also included agreements regulating submarines, dominions in the Pacific, and dealings with China.[140] The treaties only remained in effect until the mid 1930s, however, and ultimately failed. Japan eventually invaded Manchuria and the arms limitations no longer had any effect. The building of "monster warships" resumed and the U.S. and Great Britain were unable to quickly rearm themselves to defend an international order and stop Japan from remilitarizing.[141][142]
President Harding, in an effort to improve U.S. relations with Mexico, Latin America, and the Caribbean Islands implemented a program of military disengagement. On April 20, 1921, the Thomson–Urrutia Treaty with Colombia was ratified by the Senate and signed by Harding; that awarded $25,000,000 as indemnity payment for land used to make the Panama Canal.[130]
Harding stunned the capital when he sent to the Senate a message supporting the participation of the U.S. in the proposed Permanent Court of International Justice. This was not favorably received by Harding's colleagues; a resolution was nevertheless drafted, in deference to the President, and then promptly buried in the Foreign Affairs Committee.[143]
Civil rights, labor disputes and strikes[link]
Blair Mountain miner war[link]
Main articles: Battle of Matewan and Battle of Blair Mountain
On May 12, 1921, just two months into Harding's presidency, violence was initiated near Matewan, West Virginia, between private detectives, on behalf of the Stone Mountain Coal Company, and United Mine Workers union members who had been fired from their jobs and were being evicted from company-owned housing. The miners cut down telephone and telegraph lines and trained their guns on the mines, strike breakers and buildings. The battle lasted three days and on the first day and night of the battle some 10,000 rounds were fired. Former Justice of the Peace Harry C. Staton was killed, and Ephraim Morgan, Governor of West Virginia, pleaded in person with President Harding for federal military support. Harding, who was keeping track of the situation, would only send in troops if state militia could no longer handle the striking miners. On August 1, Sid Hatfield, a prominent Union organizer and Matewan chief of police, was assassinated by mining company agents. On August 28, four days of fighting broke out on a 25 mi (40 km) front at Blair Mountain between coal company militia and thousands of Union miners led by Bill Blizzard. Both the miner and the strike buster armies were equipped with physicians, nurses and chaplains. President Harding, having issued two proclamations to keep the peace, finally used military force including Martin MB-1 bombers that deployed gas and explosive bombs. Federal troops arrived on September 2, forcing the miners to flee to their homes and hostilities ended on September 4; 50 to 100 miners had been killed, as well as 30 strike busters, in the fighting. After the battle, 985 miners were tried and imprisoned for crimes against the State of West Virginia. Bill Blizzard was indicted and tried for treason, but was acquitted.[144]
Strikes by the UMW were restarted again in 1922 when workers refused a wage reduction insisted upon by companies. Union wages apparently had risen far above others under the Wilson administration.[145] After five months, the companies capitulated, and the wage reductions were tabled.[146] This was a Pyrrhic victory for Lewis and the UMW, as membership in the union would drop from 400K to 150K by 1930 as the nation transitioned to less costly petroleum.[147]
Great railway strike and repeal of 12 hour work-day[link]
Main article: Great Railroad Strike of 1922
A year after President Harding contended with the 1921 mining labor war in West Virginia, a strike broke out during the summer of 1922 in the railroad industry. On July 1, 1922, 400,000 railroad workers and shopmen went on strike over hourly wages reduced by seven cents and a 12 hour-day work week.[147] Strike busters were brought in to fill the positions. President Harding proposed a settlement that gave the shop workers some concessions; however, the railroad owners objected. Harding sent out the National Guard and 2,200 deputy U.S. marshals to keep the peace. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty convinced Judge James H. Wilkerson to issue a broad sweeping injunction to break up the strike.[148] This was known as the "Wilkerson" or "Daugherty" injunction, which enraged the union as well as many in congress, as it prohibited First Amendment rights.[149] Harding had Daugherty and Wilkerson withdraw the objectionable parts of the injunction. The injunction ultimately succeeded in ending the strike; however, tensions remained high between railroad workers and company men for years. Daugherty's harsh injunction against labor created great discord in Harding's cabinet. This, along with Daugherty's other activities, prompted one congressman, Oscar Keller of Minnesota, to attempt, in vain, to bring impeachment charges against the Attorney General.[150]
In 1922, President Harding and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover convened a White House conference with manufacturers and unions, to reduce the length of the 12 hour work day, in a move for the cause of labor. The labor movement supported an 8 hour day and a 6 day work week. President Harding wrote Judge Gary, a steel industry leader who attended the meeting, advocating labor reform. The labor conference, however, decided against labor's demands in 1923. Both Harding and Hoover were disappointed with the committee's ruling. Harding wrote a second letter to Gary and with public support the steel industry repealed the 12-hour work day to an eight-hour work day.[151]
Anti-lynching movement and immigration[link]
Notably in an age of severe racial intolerance during the 1920s, President Harding did not hold any racial animosity, according to historian Carl S. Anthony.[152] In a speech on October 26, 1921, given in segregated Birmingham, Alabama Harding advocated civil rights for African Americans; the first President to openly advocate black political, educational, and economic equality during the 20th century.[152] Harding went further and viewed the race problem as a national and international issue and desired that the sectionalism of the Solid South and black membership of the Republican party be broken up.[153] Harding, however, openly stated that he was not for black social equality in terms of racial mixing or miscegenation.[153] Harding also spoke on the Great Migration, believing that blacks migrating to the north and west to find employment had actually tempered race relations between blacks and whites.[153]
According to the Louisiana Historical Association, he named some African Americans to federal positions, such as Walter L. Cohen of New Orleans, Louisiana, whom he named comptroller of customs. Harding also advocated the establishment of an international commission to improve race relations between whites and blacks; however, strong political opposition by the Southern Democratic bloc prevented the commission. The Ku Klux Klan had its highest membership during its revival in the 1920s, when it expanded membership among urban populations of the Midwest and South who were concerned about job competition and immigration.[154]
Harding supported Congressman Leonidas Dyer's federal anti-lynching bill, known as the Dyer Bill, which passed the House of Representatives on January 26, 1922. The bill was defeated in the Senate by a Democratic filibuster.[155] Harding had previously spoken out publicly against lynching on October 21, 1921. Congress had not debated a civil rights bill since the 1890 Federal Elections Bill.[156]
The Per Centum Act of 1921 signed by President Harding on May 19, 1921 severely reduced the amount of immigration into the U.S. to 3% of a country's represented population based on the 1910 census. The Act allowed unauthorized immigrants to be deported. Harding and Secretary of Labor James Davis believed that enforcement had to be humane. Harding often allowed exceptions granting reprieves to thousands of immigrants.[157]
Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act[link]
On November 21, 1921, President Harding signed the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act, the first major federal government social welfare program in the U.S. The law funded almost 3,000 child and health centers throughout the U.S. Medical doctors were spurred to offer preventative health care measures in addition to treating ill children. Doctors were required to help healthy pregnant women and prevent healthy children from getting sick. Child welfare workers were sent out to make sure that parents were taking care of their children. Many minority groups, particularly African American, Native American, and foreign-born women, resented the law and the welfare workers who visited their homes and intruded into their family's lives. The law was sponsored by a woman, Julia Lathrop, America's first director of the U.S. Children's Bureau. Although the law remained in effect only eight years, it set the trend for New Deal social programs during the Great Depression. Many women who had been given the right to vote in 1920, were given career opportunities as welfare and social workers.[158][159]
Religious toleration[link]
President Harding was tolerant towards religious faiths. Harding appointed prominent Jewish leader, Rabbi Joseph S. Kornfeld, and Catholic leader, Father Joseph M. Dennig, to foreign diplomatic positions. Harding also appointed Albert Lasker, a Jewish businessman and Harding's 1920 Presidential campaign manager, head of the Shipping Department. In an unpublished letter, Harding advocated the establishment and funding of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.[160]
Life at the White House[link]
Katherine Marcia Forbes, wife of Harding's Veterans Bureau appointment Charles R. Forbes, had unprecedented access to the White House. Mrs. Harding and Katherine had become close friends since meeting in Hawaii, when Senator Harding and his wife were on vacation. In 1921, Katherine Forbes wrote a series of articles for the Washington Post describing the daily life of President Harding and the First Lady. President Harding and Mrs. Harding wanted to be known as "just home folks". At dinners, Harding's dog Laddie Boy, was allowed to beg guests for food and play with children. Red velvet upholstery covered much of the furniture. President Harding's informal dress included a plain tuxedo, plaited shirt, and pearl studs. Mrs. Harding herself was able to talk with many guests at the same time. Inside the White House, the Hardings had a great grandfather clock, a gold fish bowl, a French vase with pussy willows, neutral color rugs, and a grand piano. Harding sometimes gave children private tours of the White House that included the conservatories and kennels.[161]
Harding's lifestyle at the White House was fairly unconventional compared to his predecessor President Woodrow Wilson. Upstairs at the White House, in the Yellow Oval Room, President Harding allowed bootleg whiskey to be freely given to his guests during after-dinner parties, at a time when the President was supposed to be enforcing Prohibition. One witness, Alice Longworth, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, claimed that trays "with bottles containing every imaginable brand of whiskey stood about." Some of this alcohol had been directly confiscated from the Prohibition department by Jess Smith, assistant to U.S. Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Mrs. Harding, also known as the "Duchess", mixed drinks for the guests.[162] Harding also indulged in poker playing twice a week, smoking, and chewing tobacco. President Harding allegedly won a $4,000 pearl necktie pin at one White House poker game.[163] Although criticized by Prohibitionist advocate Wayne B. Wheeler over Washington, D.C. rumors of these "wild parties", Harding claimed his personal drinking inside the White House was his own business.[164]
Administrative scandals[link]
Upon winning the election, Harding appointed many of his longtime allies and campaign contributors to prominent political positions in control of vast amounts of government money and resources. Known as the "Ohio Gang" (a term used by Charles Mee, Jr., in his book of the same name), some of the appointees used their new powers to exploit their positions for personal gain. Although Harding was responsible for making these appointments, it is unclear how much, if anything, Harding himself knew about his friends' illicit activities. No evidence to date suggests that Harding personally profited from such crimes, but he was apparently unable to prevent them. "I have no trouble with my enemies", Harding told journalist William Allen White late in his presidency, "but my damn friends, they're the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!"[165] The only scandal which was openly discovered during Harding's lifetime was in the Veteran's Bureau.[166] Yet the gossip became rampant after the suicides of Charles Cramer (Veterans Bureau) and Jess Smith (Justice Dept.) President Harding responded aggressively to all of this with a mixture of grief, anger and perplexity.
Before any of the scandalous activity became widely known, Harding's popularity began to ebb, but he responded with determination to run for re-election, despite strong support emerging for the very popular Henry Ford for the Democrats.[167] While on his trip to Alaska in 1923, President Harding asked reporters and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, how he should respond to associates who may have betrayed him.[168] He also said at this time, according to Joe Mitchell Chapple, "someday the people will understand all that some of my erstwhile friends have done for me."[169] However much he did know at the time of his departure for Alaska, Russell concludes it did not include Fall and Daugherty.[170] Harding reformed the corrupt Veteran's Bureau in March, 1923.[6]
Teapot Dome[link]
Further information: Teapot Dome scandal
The most notorious scandal was the Teapot Dome affair, most of which came to light long after Harding's death, which concerned an oil reserve located in Wyoming, which was covered by a rock formation in the shape of a teapot. For years, the country had taken measures to ensure the availability of petroleum reserves, particularly for use by the Navy.[171] On February 23, 1923 President Harding by Executive Order # 3797 created Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4 in Alaska. It became clear by the 1920s that petroleum was becoming increasingly important to the national economy and security of the nation. The reserve system was to keep the oil under government jurisdiction rather than through private claims.[172] The management of these reserves was the subject of multi-dimensional arguments, beginning with a turf battle, between the Secretary of the Navy and the Interior Dept.[173] The strategic reserves issue was a topic of debate also between conservationists and the petroleum industry, as well as those favoring public ownership versus private control.[174] Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, brought to that office a lot of political and legal experience — and also a lot of personal debt, incurred in his obsession to expand his personal estate, Three Rivers, in New Mexico. He also was an avid supporter of the private ownership and management of reserves.[175]
Fall contracted with Edward Doheny of Pan American Corp. for the construction of storage tanks in exchange for drilling rights; it was later discovered that significant personal loans were made contemporaneously by Doheny to Fall.[176] The Secretary also negotiated leases for the Teapot Dome reserves to Harry Sinclair of the Consolidated Oil Corp. in return for guaranteed oil reserves to the credit of the government. Again, it was later determined that Sinclair made concurrent cash payments personally to Fall, exceeding $400,000.[175] These activities were taking place under the unsuspecting watch of progressive and conservationist attorney, Harry Slattery, acting for Gifford Pinchot and Robert La Follete.[177] Fall was ultimately convicted in 1931 of accepting bribes and illegal no-interest personal loans in exchange for the leasing of public oil fields to business associates.[178] In 1931, Fall became the first cabinet member in history to be sent to prison.[179] Paradoxically, while Fall was convicted for taking the bribe, Doheny was acquitted of paying it.[180]
Justice department[link]
Harding's appointment of Harry M. Daugherty as Attorney General received at the time more criticism than any other; Harding's campaign manager's Ohio lobbying and back room maneuvers with politicians were not considered the best qualifications.[181] Historian M. R. Werner referred to the Justice Department under Harding and Daugherty as "the den of a ward politician and the White House a night club." On September 16, 1922, Minnesota Congressman Oscar E. Keller brought charges of impeachment against Daugherty. On December 4, formal investigation hearings headed by congressman Andrew J. Volstead started on Daugherty. The impeachment process, however, was stopped since Keller's charges that Daugherty protected interests in trust and war fraud cases could not be substantially proven.[182] One alleged scandal involving Daugherty concerned the Wright-Martin Aircraft Corp., which was supposedly found to have overcharged the Federal government by $2.3 M on war contracts.[183] Capt. Hazel Scaife attempted to bring the company to trial, but was blocked by the Department of Justice. At this time, Daugherty was said to have owned stock in the company and was even adding to these holdings, though he was never charged in the matter.[184]
Daugherty remained in his position during the early days of the Calvin Coolidge administration, then resigned on March 28, 1924, amidst allegations of accepting bribes from bootleggers. Daugherty was later put on trial for corruption charges two times and acquitted; both juries were hung and failed to reach a verdict (in one instance after 65 hrs. of deliberation.) Daugherty's famous defense attorney, Max D. Steuer, blamed all corruption allegations brought against Daugherty on Jess Smith, an aide at the Justice Department who had committed suicide.[185][186]
Harding's Attorney General hired William J. Burns to run the Justice Dept.'s Bureau of Investigation,[187] Burns was said to be unabashed in his willingness to conduct unauthorized searches and seizures of political enemies of the Justice Dept. A number of inquisitive congressmen or senators found themselves the object of wire taps, rifled files and copied correspondence.[188] Burns' primary operative was Gaston B. Means, a reputed con man, who was known to have fixed prosecutions, sold favors and manipulated files in the Justice Dept.[189] Means, who acted independently, took direct instructions and payments from Jess Smith, without Burn's knowledge, to spy on Congressmen. Means hired a woman, Laura Jacobson, to spy on Senator Thaddeus Caraway, a critic of the Harding administration. Means also was involved with "roping" bootleggers.[190]
Narcotic trafficking was rampant at the Atlanta Penitentiary while Daugherty was Attorney General. The appointed warden, J.E. Dyche, made internal prison reforms by firing two guards while two other officers were indicted by the Justice Department. Daugherty, however, was slow at following up on these indictments. As Dyche began to investigate the drug supply ring outside the prison, he was fired by Daugherty, and replaced by A. E. Sartain, a close friend of Daugherty. Daugherty had stopped the investigation into the drug ring until the two indicted officers were brought to trial. The Superintendent of Prisons, Heber Votaw, allegedly interfered and suppressed Dyche's attempted investigation into the narcotic ring outside the prison. Votaw, was Harding's brother-in-law and had been appointed by the President in April 1921. President Harding sent Charles R. Forbes, Director of the Veterans Bureau, to privately investigate the matter; upsetting Daugherty, who proclaimed the prison situation in Atlanta was none of Forbes business.[191]
Daugherty, according to a 1924 Senate investigation into the Justice Department, had authorized a system of graft between aides Jess Smith and Howard Mannington. Both Mannington and Smith allegedly took bribes to secure appointments, prison pardons, and freedom from prosecution. A majority of these purchasable pardons were directed towards bootleggers. Cincinnati bootlegger, George L. Remus, allegedly bribed Jess Smith $250,000 not to be prosecuted. Remus, however, was prosecuted, convicted, and sentenced to Atlanta prison. Smith attempted to extract more bribe money from Remus to pay for a pardon. The prevalent question at the Justice Department was "How is he fixed?"[192]
Jess W. Smith[link]
Daugherty's personal aide Jess W. Smith, was widely viewed as the Attorney General's (and therefore the President's) spokesman and henchman.[193] Smith was considered Daugherty's proxy, and a central figure, in government file manipulation, paroles and pardons, influence peddling and even bag-man.[194] During Prohibition alcohol permits were given to pharmacies to sell alcohol for medical purposes. According to Congressional testimony, Daugherty allegedly arranged for Jess Smith and Howard Mannington to sell these permits to drug company agents who in actuality represented bootleggers. The bootleggers having obtained these permits would be able to buy cases of whiskey. Profits from the sale of the alcohol permits were split between Smith and Mannington. Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 cases of whiskey were sold to bootleggers at a net worth of $750,000 to $900,000. Smith also supplied bootleg whiskey to the White House and the Ohio Gang house on K Street concealing the whiskey in a briefcase for poker games.[162][195]
Eventually, rumors reached President Harding on Smith's free use of government cars, going to all night parties, and abuse of Justice Department files. Harding withdrew Smith's clearance at the White House and was told by Daugherty to leave Washington. On May 30, 1923, Smith's dead body was found at Daugherty's apartment with a gunshot wound to the head. William J. Burns immediately took Smith's body away and there was no autopsy. Russell, concluding this was a suicide, indicates that a Daugherty aide entered Smith's room moments after a noise awoke him, and found Smith on the floor with his head in a trash can and a revolver in his hand. Russell also states that the gun was purchased by Smith (though he was said to have detested guns), that a bullet had entered Smith's temple, exited the forehead, and lodged in a doorjamb. Smith allegedly purchased the gun from a hardware store shortly before his death after Daugherty had verbally abused him for waking him up from a nap.[196][197]
Veterans' bureau[link]
Charles R. Forbes, the energetic Director of the Veterans Bureau, disregarded the dire needs of wounded World War I veterans to procure his own wealth.[198] In order to limit corruption in the Veterans' Bureau, President Harding insisted that all government contracts be by public notice, but Forbes provided inside information to his co-conspirators to ensure their bid.[199] Forbes was very quick after his appointment to have Harding issue executive orders giving him control over veterans' hospital construction and supplies.[200] Forbes was estimated to have defrauded the government $225 million through hospital construction, after increasing construction costs from $3,000 to $4,000 per bed.[201] Forbes' main task at the Veterans bureau, having an unprecedented $500 million yearly budget, was to ensure that new hospitals would be built around the country to help 300,000 wounded World War I veterans.[202]
In the Spring of 1922, Forbes went on tours, known as "joy-rides", of new hospital construction sites around the country and the Pacific Coast. On these tours, Forbes allegedly received traveling perks and alcohol kickbacks, took a $5,000 bribe in Chicago, and made a secret code to ensure $17 million in government construction hospital contracts with corrupt contractors. On the tours, Forbes allegedly went to parties, drank bootleg liquor, and played craps.[203] Intent on gaining money upon returning to U.S. Capitol; Forbes immediately embarked on selling valuable hospital supplies under his control in large warehouses at the Perryville Depot.[204] The government had stockpiled huge amounts of hospital supplies during the first World War, which Forbes unloaded for a fraction of their cost to the Boston firm of Thompson and Kelly. In exchange for the deal, J.W. Thompson of the firm added $150,000 to the contract for Forbes, who also received a percentage of the profits realized.[205][206] The check on Forbes' authority at Perryville was Gen. Charles E. Sawyer, chairman of the Federal Hospitalization Board, who represented controlling interests in the valuable hospital supplies.[207]
File:Dr. Sawyer 1920.jpg
Dr. Charles Sawyer and Forbes were rivals at the Veterans Bureau.
Dr. Sawyer and Forbes were at odds with each other over authority at the Veterans Bureau.[208] Sawyer, a homeopathic doctor who was Harding's personal physician, told President Harding that Forbes was selling valuable hospital supplies to an insider contractor.[209] After two issued orders for the sales to stop, President Harding finally summoned Forbes to the White House and demanded Forbes' resignation, since Forbes had been insubordinate in stopping the shipments.[210] Harding, however, was not yet ready to announce Forbes' resignation and allowed him to flee to Europe on the "flimsy pretext" to help disabled U.S. Veterans in Europe.[211][212] While in Europe, Forbes submitted his resignation to President Harding on February 15, 1923.
Harding placed a reformer, Brig. Gen. Frank T. Hines, in charge of the Veterans Bureau who immediately cleared up the mess left by Forbes. When Forbes returned to U.S., he visited President Harding at the White House in the Red Room. During the meeting, President Harding angrily grabbed Forbes by the throat, shook him vigorously, and exclaimed "You double-crossing bastard!"[213] A guest who had an appointment with President Harding interrupted this physical encounter and Forbes was allowed to leave. President Harding was bitter over Forbes' "betrayal" and the two never saw one another again.[214] In 1926, Forbes was brought to trial and convicted of conspiracy to defraud the U.S. government. Forbes drew a two-year prison sentence and was released in November 1927.[215]
Charles F. Cramer, Forbes' legal council to the Veterans Bureau, rocked the nation's capital when he committed suicide in 1923.[216] Cramer was found dead by a maid in his bathroom on the morning of March 14 with a bullet wound to the head. Previously, in the fall of 1922 Cramer had been "bitterly assailed" by the American Legion at Indianapolis over alleged corruption at the Veterans Bureau. Cramer, at the time of his death, was being investigated by a Senate committee and had been criticized and personally attacked. Cramer, himself, had denied charges of corruption and said he had given his "whole-hearted and patriotic service" to the Bureau. Cramer had paid $40,000 in Veteran funds to a private landholder to lease land to build a Veterans Hospital in Camp Kearny, California. The 325-acre land tract was only estimated to be worth $8,000. Maj. Gen. John F. O'Ryan conducted the investigation into the Veterans' Bureau. In addition to replacing Forbes with Hines, President Harding dismissed or transferred a number of subordinates at the Veteran's Bureau.[217]
Shipping board, office of alien property and prohibition bureau[link]
On June 13, 1921, President Harding appointed Albert D. Lasker chairman of the United States Shipping Board. Lasker, a cash donor and Harding's general campaign manager, had no previous experience with shipping companies. The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 had allowed the Shipping Board to sell ships made by the U.S. Government to private American companies. A congressional investigation revealed that while Lasker was in charge many valuable steel cargo ships worth between $200 and $250 a ton were sold as low as $30 a ton to private American shipping companies without an appraisal board. J. Harry Philbin, a manager in the sales division, testified at the congressional hearing that under Lasker's authority U.S. ships were sold "as is, where is, take your pick; no matter which vessel you took." Lasker resigned from the Shipping Board on July 1, 1923.[218]
Thomas W. Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property, was put on trial and convicted of accepting bribes. Miller's citizenship rights were taken away and was sentenced to eighteen months in prison with a $5,000 fine. After Miller served thirteen months of his sentence in prison, he was released and put on parole. President Herbert Hoover restored Miller's citizenship on February 2, 1933.[219]
Roy Asa Haynes, Harding's Prohibition Commissioner, ran the patronage-riddled Prohibition bureau, which was allegedly corrupt from top to bottom.[220] The bureau's "B permits" for liquor sales became tantamount to negotiable securities, as a result of being so widely bought and sold among known violators of the law.[221] The bureau's agents allegedly made a year's salary from one month's illicit sales of permits.[220]
Western travels, illness and death[link]
In June 1923, Harding set out on a westward cross-country "Voyage of Understanding", in which he planned to renew his connection with the people, away from the capital, and explain his policies. The trip was scheduled to include 18 speeches and innumerable informal talks, and accompanying him were Secretaries Work, Wallace, and Hoover, House Speaker Gillett and Rear Adm. Adam Hugh Rodman.[222] During this trip, he became the first president to visit Alaska.[223]
Harding's physical health had been declining since the fall of 1922. One doctor, Emmanuel Libman, who had met Harding at a dinner, privately suggested that the President was suffering from coronary disease. By early 1923, Harding had trouble sleeping, looked tired, and could barely get through 9 holes of golf. Although Harding desired to run for a second term in office, he may have been aware of his own health decline; he gave up drinking, sold his "life-work", the Marion Star, in part to regain $170,000 previous investment losses, and had the U.S. Attorney General Harry Daugherty make a new will. Harding, along with his personal physician Dr. Charles E. Sawyer, believed getting away from Washington would help relieve the stresses of being President. By July 1923, criticism of the Harding Administration had been increasing. Prior to leaving Washington the President was noted for having chest pains radiating down his left arm.[224]
St. Louis, Kansas, Denver[link]
During Harding's western travels, historian Samuel H. Adams claims that Harding's own political views began to expand and became more independent from established Republican Party agenda. In St. Louis, Harding promoted U.S. participation in the World Court having earnestly desired world peace. In Kansas, Harding gave a speech on agriculture, and much to his doctor's displeasure rode on a farming combine in searing summer heat. In Denver, Harding extolled the virtues of the 18th Amendment, saying it should never be repealed, urging that the prohibition laws be obeyed.[225] Harding, himself, did not pack any whiskey while traveling on the Presidential train. Breaking away from Republican isolationism, Harding advocated more spending on national defense in case of another war. Harding also made a speech fully endorsing labor's right to organize and even spoke against those who sought to destroy labor movements around the country. In Tacoma, Washington, the President read a letter that promoted his efforts in fighting for a 12-hour work day. Sensing his own conversion, Harding even told his friends that he felt a spiritual change was influencing his stance on issues.[226]
Alaska, British Columbia, Seattle[link]
File:President Harding in Alaska on Presidential Train.jpg
President Harding on board Presidential train in Alaska.
Sec. Hoover, Sec. Wallace, Sec. Work, and Mrs. Harding included in Presidential Party. 1923
Sec. Hoover, Sec. Wallace, Sec. Work, and Mrs. Harding included in Presidential Party. 1923
President Harding, as his physically demanding schedule continued, boarded a naval transport ship, the USS Henderson, and voyaged to Alaska. During four days at sea, Harding was unable to rest and regain strength.[227] Rumors of corruption in his administration were beginning to circulate in Washington. While in Alaska, Harding was profoundly shocked by a long message he received detailing illegal activities previously unknown to him.[228]
The purposes for President Harding's visit to Alaska included the encouragement of colonization of the then sparsely populated territory. Harding hoped that with the completion of the Alaska Railroad, World War I veterans would return to their home territory and any impoverished workers in the lower states could come to Alaska and make or find their own employment. President Harding brought along with him to the territory the Secretary of Interior Hubert Work, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, and Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Wallace, ("The Three Bears" as Herbert Hoover called themselves) in order to cut the bureaucracy in their respected departmental jurisdictions of the territory.[229] According to author, Douglas Brinkley, President Harding came to the most northern U.S. territory in order to "open up Alaska lands" for oil, mining, and timber development and industry.[230]
President Harding arrived in Alaska by the USS Henderson on July 7, 1923. Harding and his presidential party first visited Metlakatla, and Ketchikan (July 8), Wrangell (July 9), President Harding continued on to Juneau (July 10), Skagway and Glacier Bay (July 11).[231] The President then cruised to Seward (July 13). They then proceeded to travel by Presidential railway car and automobile. Harding visited Snow River on the Kenai Peninsula, Anchorage (July 13), Chickaloon, Wasilla and Willow (July 14). The U.S. government had bought up the financially unstable Tanana Valley Railroad. The President continued his Alaska journey through Montana Station, Curry (July 14) Cantwell, McKinley Park and Nenana(July 15).[232] On July 15, 1923, President Harding drove in the golden spike on the north side of the steel Mears Memorial Bridge that completed the Alaska Railroad.[231] The trip continued to Fairbanks (July 15) where it was decided (July 16) that the President and his wife would return to Seward (July 17) via the railroad. A restful day was spent at Seward (July 18). From there they took the Henderson to Valdez (July 19), Cordova (July 20) and Sitka (July 22). While in Sitka, President Harding visited and shook hands with Alaskan Native Tlingit elder chief Katlean outside in a crowd of people.[233] The information gathered by President Harding's Alaska tour found that to improve agriculture in South Central Alaska, irrigation would be required due to low territory rainfall totals. By 1923, the Alaskan salmon population was being depleted due to over-fishing. Harvesting and transporting coal by ship from Alaska through the territory's panhandle would be very expensive.[229]
On July 26, 1923, having departed Alaska on the USS Henderson, President Harding toured Vancouver, British Columbia; the first sitting American President ever to visit Canada. President Harding became exhausted while playing golf at the Shaughnessy Heights Golf Club, and complained of nausea and upper abdominal pain. His doctor, Charles E. Sawyer, believed Harding's illness to be a severe case of food poisoning. Nevertheless, Dr. Joel T. Boone also examined the President and noticed an enlargement of his heart.[228] Harding's pulse and breathing rate were rapid. The President was given digitalis. President Harding met with British Columbia Premier John Oliver and Mayor of Vancouver Charles Tisdall at the Hotel Vancouver. Harding spoke in front of 50,000 people at Stanley Park with his voice projected by microphones. President Harding inspected The Vancouver Regiment honor guard accompanied by Canadian Brig. Gen. V.W. Odlum.[234]
Coming into Seattle, Washington, President Harding's transport ship, USS Henderson, accidentally rammed into a U.S. naval destroyer due to fog. Harding was not harmed in the incident. While in port, Harding reviewed the U.S. naval fleet and visited the Bell Street Pier. In Seattle, Harding greeted children and led 50,000 Boy Scouts in the Pledge of Allegiance. President Harding gave his final speech to a large crowd of 25,000 people at the University of Washington stadium in Seattle. Harding spoke on the magnificence of Alaska's wilderness, conservationism, and "measureless oil resources in the most northerly sections." Sec. of Commerce Herbert Hoover wrote the Seattle speech and Harding claimed he would protect the territory from looters and profit seekers; a rebuff to former Sec. of Interior Albert Fall.[235] Harding had rushed through his speech not waiting for applause by the audience.[236] President Harding traveled by train from Seattle to Portland, Oregon. Harding's scheduled speech in Portland was canceled.
Death in San Francisco, state funeral and memorial[link]
The President's train continued south to San Francisco. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover sent a telegram from Dunsmuir, California, to his friend Dr. Ray L. Wilbur, asking Wilbur to meet and to personally evaluate the President. Arriving at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, Harding developed a respiratory illness believed to be pneumonia.[237][238] Harding, severely exhausted, ordered that his planned speech be issued through the national press in order to communicate with the public. The President was given digitalis and caffeine that momentarily helped relieve his heart condition and sleeplessness.[239] On Thursday, the President's health appeared to be improving, so his doctors went to dinner. Harding's pulse was normal and his lung infection had subsided.[240] Unexpectedly, during the evening, Harding shuddered and died suddenly in the middle of conversation with his wife in the hotel's presidential suite, at 7:35 p.m. on August 2, 1923.[237][240] Dr. Sawyer (a homeopath, and friend of the Harding family), opined that Harding had succumbed to a stroke, but doctors there disagreed.[237]
Immediately after President Harding died, word quickly spread to the San Francisco streets that the President was dead. People rushed into the Palace Hotel and rapidly crowded into the hallways. The San Francisco chief of police, Daniel J. O'Brian, finally was able to clear the hotel of the unruly mob and members of Harding's official party could come see him.[240]
After some discussion, the doctors issued a release indicating the cause of death to be "some brain evolvement, probably an apoplexy".[241] Mrs. Harding refused to allow an autopsy.[237][242] In retrospect, scholars speculate that Harding had shown physical signs of cardiac insufficiency with congestive heart failure in the preceding weeks.[243][244] Naval medical consultants who examined the president in San Francisco concluded he had suffered a heart attack.
Harding was succeeded as President by Vice President Calvin Coolidge, who was sworn in while vacationing at Plymouth Notch, Vermont, by his father, a Vermont notary public.
The story about Harding's body being laid in state in San Francisco City Hall before being returned to Washington appears to be false.[245] The Examiner for Aug. 3, 1923, states that Harding's "remains will not be taken from the hotel except to go directly to the train." The Chronicle for Aug. 3 and 4, 1923, says the same thing the Examiner does, that Harding's body was taken from the Palace Hotel directly to the train depot at Third and Townsend. The funeral train had a four-day journey eastward across the country — the first such procession since Lincoln's funeral train. Millions lined the tracks in cities and towns across the country to pay their final respects.[246]
Harding's casket was held in the East Room of the White House pending a state funeral, which was held on August 8, 1923, at the United States Capitol. Unnamed White House employees stated that the night before the funeral they heard Mrs. Harding talking to her dead husband.[241] According to the historian Samuel H. Adams, Harding's death was mourned by the nation and the average citizen felt a "personal loss".[247] Harding was entombed in the receiving vault of the Marion Cemetery, Marion, Ohio, on August 10, 1923. Following Mrs. Harding's death on November 21, 1924 (from renal failure), she was buried next to her husband. Their remains were re-interred December 20, 1927, at the newly completed Harding Memorial in Marion, dedicated by President Herbert Hoover on June 16, 1931. The delay between final internment and the dedication was partly because of the aftermath of the Teapot Dome scandal. At death, Harding was survived by his father. Harding and John F. Kennedy are the only two presidents to have predeceased their fathers. Harding's term of office was the shortest of any 20th century U.S. President.[248]
Speculation on cause of death[link]
President Harding's sudden death led to theories that he had been poisoned[242] or committed suicide. Suicide appears unlikely, since Harding was planning for a second term election. Rumors of poisoning were fueled, in part, by a book called The Strange Death of President Harding, in which the author (convicted criminal and former Ohio Gang member, Gaston Means) suggested Mrs. Harding had poisoned her husband. Mrs. Harding's refusal to allow an autopsy on President Harding only added to the speculation. According to the physicians attending Harding, however, the symptoms prior to his death all pointed to congestive heart failure. Harding's biographer, Samuel H. Adams, concluded that "Warren G. Harding died a natural death which, in any case, could not have been long postponed".[249]
Presidential papers destroyed[link]
Immediately after President Harding's death, Mrs. Harding returned to Washington, D.C., and briefly stayed in the White House with President and First Lady Coolidge. For a month, former First Lady Harding gathered and destroyed by fire President Harding's correspondence and documents, both official and unofficial. Upon her return to Marion, Mrs. Harding hired a number of secretaries to collect and burn President Harding's personal papers. According to Mrs. Harding, she took these actions to protect her husband's legacy. The remaining papers were held and kept from public view by the Harding Memorial Association in Marion.[250]
Cabinet and Supreme Court appointments[link]
| The Harding Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | Warren G. Harding | 1921–1923 |
| Vice President | Calvin Coolidge | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of State | Charles Evans Hughes | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of Treasury | Andrew Mellon | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of War | John W. Weeks | 1921–1923 |
| Attorney General | Harry M. Daugherty | 1921–1923 |
| Postmaster General | Will H. Hays | 1921–1922 |
| Hubert Work | 1922–1923 | |
| Harry S. New | 1923 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Edwin Denby | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of the Interior | Albert B. Fall | 1921–1923 |
| Hubert Work | 1923 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Henry C. Wallace | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of Commerce | Herbert Hoover | 1921–1923 |
| Secretary of Labor | James J. Davis | 1921–1923 |
Main article: Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates
Harding appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- William Howard Taft — Chief Justice — 1921
- George Sutherland — 1922
- Pierce Butler — 1923
- Edward Terry Sanford — 1923
Personal controversies[link]
First Lady Florence Harding.
Photo 1921-1923.
Mrs. Harding was highly protective of President Harding's personal legacy.
In a Washington Post article, journalist Carl S. Anthony disclosed that Warren G. Harding had extramarital affairs with four women.[251] These women included Susie Hodder and Carrie Fulton Phillips, Mrs. Harding's personal friends; Grace Cross, Harding's senatorial aide; and Nan Britton. Anthony stated that Harding was the father of Hodder's daughter.[251] In her 1927 book, The President's Daughter, Britton asserted that Harding fathered her daughter, Elizabeth Ann, as well, during a 1919 tryst in his senatorial offices. Britton, who had a profound obsession with Harding beginning in high school, also alleged that she was his mistress before and during his administration, at one point having sex with him in a closet at the White House.[251][252] Historian Henry F. Graff states that Harding was sterile and that Harding's affair with Britton ended after Harding assumed the presidency.[253][254]
Historian Francis Russell indicates that, beginning in the spring of 1905, Harding had a 15-year relationship with Carrie Fulton Phillips, wife of businessman and friend James Eaton Phillips of Marion, Ohio.[255] More than 100 intimate letters between Harding and Mrs. Philips were discovered in the 1960s, but publication of the letters was enjoined by court order in Ohio until 2024.[256] Russell, however, viewed the letters upon their discovery and described them as very touching and naive in some respects, erotic in others.[257] Russell also concluded from the letters that Phillips was the love of Harding's life — "the enticements of his mind and body combined in one person".[258]
Before his death, Harding had established a margin account with stockbroker Sam Ungerleider. Before the broker could get authority from Harding's successors to liquidate the stocks purchased on loan, the account had a loss of more than $170,000. The broker was given the authority to sell, but the family refused to settle the loss and the broker declined to force collection.[259]
The most sensational allegations include one that President Harding and Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty participated in bacchanalian orgies at the Ohio Gang's Little Green House on K Street in Washington, D.C.; witnesses to this were considered unreliable and one was a convicted perjurer.[260] Also, in his 1987 book The Fiery Cross, historian Wyn Craig Wade suggested that President Harding had ties with the Ku Klux Klan, perhaps having been inducted into the organization in a private White House ceremony. Evidence included the taped testimony of one of the members of the alleged induction team; however, evidence beyond that is scanty. Other historians generally dismiss these stories.[261]
Several historians deny claims of orgies and mistresses, such as Robert H. Ferrell and Paul Johnson. Paul Johnson writes in Modern Times: "When in 1964 the Harding Papers (which had not been burnt) were opened to scholars, no truth at all was found in any of the myths, though it emerged that Harding, a pathetically shy man with women, had a sad and touching friendship with the wife of a Marion store-owner before his presidency. The Babylonian image was a fantasy, and in all essentials Harding had been an honest and exceptionally shrewd president."[262]
Historical ranking as president[link]
Harding traditionally has been ranked as one of the worst presidents. In a 1948 poll conducted by Harvard University historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., the first notable survey of scholars' opinions of the presidents, Harding ranked last among the 29 presidents considered. In a 1962 poll conducted by Schlesinger, he was ranked last again, 31 out of 31. His son, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., conducted another poll in 1996; once again, Harding was last, ranked 39 out of 39.
In 2010, a Siena College Research Institute survey of 238 presidential scholars ranked Harding 41st among the 43 men who had been president, between Franklin Pierce (40th) and James Buchanan (42nd); Andrew Johnson was adjudged the worst.[263] Harding was also considered the third worst president in a 2002 Siena poll. Siena polls of 1982, 1990 and 1992 ranked him last.
Life legacy[link]
Further information: Harding Memorial
As a career politician, Harding exhibited an ability to grow, and had a desire to get along with political enemies rather than alienate them. As a prior journalist, Harding was the first President to realize the importance of an ever growing powerful media, and even ordered his cabinet to organize their own respective press staff. He knew that radio would eventually dominate American commerce and promoted two Radio Conferences to give government power to regulate the industry. Harding also sensed the importance of oil in terms of national security and prosperity, signing an executive order that gave the U.S. a giant oil reserve in Alaska. President Harding staunchly protected American business interests. He also signed America's first child welfare program designed to protect children's health and ensure that they would grow up without neglect from their parents. Harding was also the first president that pursued world security through arms reduction and regulation during the Washington peace conference.
Harding's generosity and loyalty to friends proved to be a liability as President. Multiple scandals evolved during his administration that damaged his reputation throughout the nation. His successes as President were over shadowed by the "Ohio Gang" criminal exploits, the detrimental image of his social drinking and his alleged extramarital affairs. His sudden death in 1923 only intensified the unanswered questions concerning his knowledge of, and potential involvement in, the scandals, and if he would have reformed his administration. In fact, his reputation was so controversial, it was not until 1931 that President Harding's marble memorial colonnade in Marion was ably dedicated by Herbert Hoover. According to Hoover the legacy of Harding was one of tragic betrayal.[266]
Harding's legacy began to improve during the 1970s; however, the truth behind the many presidential scandals and his personal controversies may never be known. In order to protect her husband's damaged legacy, Mrs. Harding only left 1/7 of Harding's personal papers for posterity, having destroyed the rest.[267] The remaining papers, except for Harding's speeches, are currently unpublished. Harding has been one of the most historically challenging American Presidents in terms of finding private letters and paper documents.[268] Historian Hazel Rowley writes that because the Harding administration and the Republicans were seen associated with prosperity, prominent Democrats were reticent of running for president in 1924.[269]
Due to his untimely demise, Warren G. Harding is among the relatively few American Presidents who have been honored on a U.S. postage stamp more than the usual two times. Harding has appeared on US postage for a total of five issues, more than that of most Presidents.[264][265] Harding's election provided a short burst of popularity for the name Warren.[270]
Memorials[link]
- Warren G. Harding High School, Warren, Ohio
- Warren G. Harding Middle School, Steubenville, Ohio
- Warren G. Harding High School; Bridgeport, Connecticut
- Warren G. Harding Middle School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Harding Senior High School, Saint Paul, Minnesota
- Harding Middle School, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
- Harding Elementary School, Santa Barbara, California
- Warren G. Harding Elementary School, Hammond, Indiana.
- Harding Memorial, Marion, Ohio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Marion Harding High School, Marion, Ohio
- Harding County, New Mexico is named in his honor.
- Ohio Northern University's College of Law was once named after him but was later renamed.
- Harding Park Golf Club in San Francisco is named after him.
- Peace Treaty Marker in Somerville, New Jersey. In 1921, at the estate of New Jersey Governor Joseph S. Frelinghuysen, Warren Harding signed the peace treaty which ended America's involvement in World War I. Today, the estate has been replaced with mini-malls. The marker remains in a patch of grass near a Burger King parking lot along Route 28, just north of the Somerville traffic circle.
- Harding Charter Preparatory High School, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Harding Memorial, Seattle, Washington. In 1925, a memorial was erected in Seattle at Woodland Park to commemorate the site of Harding's next-to-last public address. In 1977, the memorial was demolished and buried under the Woodland Park Zoo's African Savanna exhibit. The memorial's only surviving elements — two life-sized bronze statues of Boy Scouts that once saluted the image of Harding — were relocated to the headquarters of the Chief Seattle Council of the Boy Scouts.
- Montana Highway 2 over Pipestone Pass near Butte, Montana is named "The Harding Way" in his honor.
- Harding Icefield in Southcentral Alaska
- Harding Elementary in Kenilworth, New Jersey.
- Harding Township, New Jersey — Named in 1922 for the incumbent President.
- Harding Middle School in Des Moines, Iowa
- In a neighborhood of Ketchikan, Alaska, north of the original townsite (or present-day downtown), three adjoining streets were named Warren, G and Harding following Harding's visit to the city.
- The railroad car in which Harding toured Alaska's "Westward" is on display at Pioneer Park in Fairbanks, Alaska, directly inside the main entrance to the park. The car is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
See also[link]
- List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s — March 10, 1923
- List of Presidents of the United States
- List of United States Presidents who died in office
- US Presidents on US postage stamps
Media portrayals[link]
- Backstairs at the White House — Television episode 1.2, Warren G. Harding played by George Kennedy, 1979.[271]
- The Prez: A Ragtime Scandal-- A musical centered on the historial life events of Warren G. Harding: played by Larry Marshall. Hosted by Capital Style Magazine at the National Press Club on C-SPAN, February 18, 1999.[272]
- The American President — Season One, Episode 8, Voice of President Harding: Benjamin C. Bradley, 2000.[273]
- Carter Beats the Devil — A novel by Glen David Gold wherein the climax of his latest touring stage show, Carter invites United States President Warren G. Harding on to stage to take part in his act, 2001.[274]
- Boardwalk Empire — Television episode 1.8, Warren G. Harding played by Malachy Cleary, 2010.
- Momma's Boys — A historical play that centers around eight previous Presidents of the United States from Ohio in a humorous and dramatic discussion of their lives. Warren G. Harding played by Matthew Parker. 2011[275]
- Mentioned in the 'SyFy' TV show Sanctuary (episode Requiem) when Helen Magnus says that he was an abnormal ("You don't think a normal person would choose a job that impossible?").
- Al Stewart's song Warren Harding (from his 1973 album 'Past, Present and Future') satirizes the predicament of the President by contrasting his fall with the rise of an immigrant bootlegger.
- In a 1975 episode of Bob Newhart's show, the condition known as Montezuma's Revenge is referred to as "Warren Harding's Revenge."
- Ki Longfellow, China Blues, Eio Books 2012, ISBN 0-9759255-7-1 Warren Harding looms large in this story of 1920s San Francisco in which Harding dies during his visit to the City by the Bay.[276]
Documentary[link]
- Cronkite Remembers 1997 Part 1 — Walter Cronkite describes his early years growing up in Missouri selling newspapers. In 1923, Cronkite showed a Kansas City newspaper to a friend that announced Warren G. Harding had died in office.[277]
- History Channel — The Presidents 2005 Part 6, 1913–1945, Part 2/5 — The History Channel covers the life and American Presidency of Warren G. Harding.[278]
References[link]
- ^ Potus, Simmons, May 16, 2009, Retrieved December 22, 2010
- ^ Russell, p. 423.
- ^ Sinclair, pp. 23, 35–40.
- ^ Sinclair, pp. 261–263.
- ^ Sinclair, pp. 91–100, 241–246.
- ^ a b The Helena Daily Independent (March 19, 1923), Veterans' Bureau Probe, p. 4
- ^ Romer, Christina "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data", The Journal of Political Economy, February 1986;
- ^ The Presidency: The End, Time, Aug. 13, 1923, Retrieved December 22, 2010
- ^ Ingalls (1974), p 274
- ^ a b Wilson Quarterly (Winter 2012), Harding's Hidden Halo
- ^ Anthony (July–August 1998), The Most Scandalous President
- ^ Christian Science Monitor (October 27, 1921), President's Views on Race Problem
- ^ Russell, p. 33.
- ^ Russell, p. 20.
- ^ Russell, pp. 33.
- ^ Russell, p. 35.
- ^ Gage, Beverly "Our First Black President?", New York Times, April 6, 2008, Retrieved December 13, 2009
- ^ Russell, p. 26.
- ^ Russell, p. 43.
- ^ Russell, p. 44.
- ^ a b Painter, Judge Mark; Harding III, M.D., Warren G. (September 14, 2010). "Warren G. Harding Biography". http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/wh29/about/harding.htm. Retrieved November 1, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Russell, p. 42; Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, p. 3
- ^ Russell, pp. 51–55; Painter, Judge Mark; Harding III, M.D., Warren G. (September 14, 2010). "Warren G. Harding Biography". http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/wh29/about/harding.htm. Retrieved November 1, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Russell, pp. 56–68
- ^ Russell, p. 74
- ^ Knott, Bill "The Nearly Adventist President", Adventist Review, January 26, 2006, Retrieved November 28, 2007.
- ^ Russell, p. 80
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- ^ Russell, p. 99.
- ^ Russell, p. 138.
- ^ Russell, p. 572.
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- ^ Russell, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Russell, p. 84.
- ^ Russell, p. 85.
- ^ a b Russell, p. 90.
- ^ Schlesinger, p. 50.
- ^ Russell, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d e Sinclair, pp. 40–42.
- ^ Russell, p. 106.
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- ^ "Warren G. Harding Biography", The White House, Retrieved November 26, 2010
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- ^ a b Russell, p. 244.
- ^ Sinclair, pp. 61, 62
- ^ a b Sinclair pp. 61, 62
- ^ Russell, p. 295.
- ^ Russell, p. 317.
- ^ Russell, p. 255.
- ^ Russell, p. 319.
- ^ Russell, p. 259.
- ^ Russell, p. 271.
- ^ Russell, p. 302.
- ^ Russell, p.327.
- ^ Russell, p. 328.
- ^ Russell, p. 334.
- ^ Russell, p. 333.
- ^ Russell, p.339.
- ^ Russell, p. 348.
- ^ Russell, p. 351.
- ^ Russell, p. 356.
- ^ Russell, p. 380.
- ^ Russell, p. 381.
- ^ Russell, p. 382.
- ^ Russell, p. 394.
- ^ Sinclair, pp. 122–130.
- ^ a b Russell, p. 404.
- ^ Russell, p. 403.
- ^ a b Russell, p. 405.
- ^ Morello, pp. 64, 65
- ^ Russell, pp. 418.
- ^ a b "Harding becomes first president to be heard on the radio". http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/harding-becomes-first-president-to-be-heard-on-the-radio. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ Russell, pp. 419.
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- ^ Russell, pp. 372.
- ^ Russell, pp. 403–405.
- ^ Adams, p. 280.
- ^ Gloria Millner, Warren G. Harding, Cleveland Live, Inc., February 4, 2008, Retrieved December 23, 2010
- ^ Russell, p. 2.
- ^ Russell, p. 14.
- ^ Russell, pp. 437.
- ^ Lutton, Wayne. "Warren Harding: One of Our Most Accomplished Presidents?". Human Events, December 27, 2004, vol. 60, issue 44, p. 18.
- ^ Russell, pp. 462.
- ^ Russell, pp. 442.
- ^ Graff, 394–398
- ^ Russell, pp. 456.
- ^ Murray (1969)
- ^ Russell, pp. 457.
- ^ a b Dean, pp. 95, 97, 99, 100.
- ^ Russell, pp. 453.
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- ^ Werner, pp. 266–272.
- ^ Harry M. Daugherty, Ohio History Central, Retrieved September 5, 2010
- ^ Russell, pp. 460.
- ^ Griffin, J.; Hines, N. Presidential Rankings, London Sunday Times, October 28, 2008, Retrieved November 24, 2010
- ^ Presidential Leadership Survey[dead link], C-SPAN, 2009, Retrieved July 24, 2010
- ^ "Top Presidents", Siena Research Institute, July 1, 2010, Retrieved November 24, 2010
- ^ Frum, p. 41.
- ^ a b c Graff, pp. 394–398
- ^ Russell, pp. 487.
- ^ a b Russell, pp. 551.
- ^ Russell, pp. 552.
- ^ Graff, pp. 394–398".
- ^ History Channel (2005), The Presidents, Part 6, Segment 2/5.
- ^ Russell, pp. 443.
- ^ History Channel (2005), The Presidents, Part 6, Section 2/5.
- ^ Russell, pp. 538.
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- ^ "A critique of Powell, Woods, and Murphy on the 1920–1921 depression". Springerlink.com. DOI:10.1007/s11138-010-0131-3. http://www.springerlink.com/content/5683j4v650187261/. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ Krugman, Paul (April 1, 2011). "1921 and All That". New York Times. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/1921-and-all-that/. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ Metzger, Allan (March 17, 2000). "Lessons from the Early History of the Federal Reserve" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. http://www2.tepper.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/gsia/meltzer/Munich.PDF. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
- ^ "US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions". Nber.org. http://www.nber.org/cycles/cyclesmain.html. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ a b "U.S. Radio Policy". Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Spring, 1998. http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/20750354_1.html. Retrieved July 10, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Today In History". February 1, 2011. http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1502501&lang=eng_news. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
- ^ a b Graff, pp. 394–398.
- ^ Armstrong, pp. 218–219
- ^ Wynn, pp. 217, 218.
- ^ "Second Annual Message". December 8, 1922. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29563. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ Russell, pp. 550.
- ^ Dean, pp. 102–105.
- ^ Russell, pp. 433.
- ^ Graff, pp. 394–398.
- ^ Russell, pp. 480.
- ^ Russell, pp. 481.
- ^ Russell, pp. 483.
- ^ Goldstein, Erik The Washington Conference 1921–22, 1994, Retrieved May 14, 2010.
- ^ Goldman, Emily O. Sunken treaties, 1994, Retrieved May 14, 2010
- ^ Russell, pp. 560.
- ^ Shogan, Robert (2004). The Battle of Blair Mountain. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-8133-4096-8.
- ^ Russell, pp. 536.
- ^ Russell, pp. 545.
- ^ a b Russell, pp. 546.
- ^ Russell, pp. 547.
- ^ Russell, pp. 548.
- ^ Russell, pp. 549.
- ^ Russell, pp. 553.
- ^ a b Anthony (July–August, 1998), The Most Scandalous President
- ^ a b c Christian Science Monitor (October 27, 1921), The President's Views On Race
- ^ "Warren G. Harding". The Marion County Historical Society, 1994. http://www.marionhistory.com/wgharding/harding-2.htm. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
- ^ Leonidas Dyer (1922). "Anti-Lynching Bill". WASM. http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/lynch/doc1.htm. Retrieved November 14, 2009. "Warren G. Harding". The Marion County Historical Society, 1994. http://www.marionhistory.com/wgharding/harding-2.htm. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
- ^ "Warren G. Harding". Business History, 2001. http://www.kipnotes.com/Warren%20G.%20Harding.htm. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
- ^ Dean, p. 102.
- ^ Sreenivasan, p. 567.
- ^ "A historic look at health care legislation". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. March 23, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/03/23/a_historic_look_at_health_care_legislation/. Retrieved 02-26-2011.
- ^ Anthony (July–August), The Most Scandalous President
- ^ Russell, p. 451.
- ^ a b Anthony, Carl A President Of the Peephole, The Washington Post, June 7, 1998, Retrieved December 24, 2010
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 212–216
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 270–271
- ^ Russell, p. 560.
- ^ Russell, p. 523.
- ^ Russell, pp. 564.
- ^ Werner, pp. 102–103
- ^ Russell, p. 569.
- ^ Russell, p. 570.
- ^ Russell, p. 489.
- ^ "529 F.2d 1101". Jan. 23, 1976. http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/529/529.F2d.1101.74--2218.html. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ Russell, pp. 490.
- ^ Russell, p. 491.
- ^ a b Russell, p. 492.
- ^ Russell, p. 493.
- ^ Russell, p. 499.
- ^ Russell, p. 497.
- ^ Russell, p. 498.
- ^ Russell, p. 638.
- ^ Russell, p. 444.
- ^ #Werner, pp. 230–237.
- ^ Russell, pp. 509.
- ^ Russell, p. 510.
- ^ Russell, p. 515.
- ^ Russell, pp. 510, 630.
- ^ Russell, pp. 516.
- ^ Russell, p. 517.
- ^ Russell, pp. 518.
- ^ Werner pp. 230–237"
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 262–264;"Prison Scandals". Evening Post: p. 3. April 7, 1925. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19250407.2.14&l=mi&e=-------10--1----0--. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 236–237
- ^ Russell, p. 513.
- ^ Russell, p. 514.
- ^ #Werner, pp. 266–272.
- ^ Russell, pp. 568, 569.
- ^ Werner, pp. 238–263, 306–307
- ^ Adams, pp. 286, 292.
- ^ Russell, pp. 526.
- ^ Russell, pp. 523.
- ^ Russell, pp. 525.
- ^ Adams, p. 287.
- ^ Russell, pp. 555.
- ^ Adams, pp. 289, 292.
- ^ Russell, pp. 524
- ^ Adams, p. 292.
- ^ Adams, pp. 232, 292, 294.
- ^ Werner (1935), Privileged Characters, p. 194
- ^ Adams, p. 294.
- ^ Los Angeles Times (Nov 8, 1923), Says Forbes Forced Out, page I1
- ^ Russell, pp. 559.
- ^ Adams, p. 296.
- ^ Russell, pp. 558.
- ^ Adams, p. 297.
- ^ Russell, pp. 562.
- ^ Russell, pp. 563; The Hartford Courant (Mar 15, 1923), Charles F. Cramer Ex-Veterans' Bureau Counsel A Suicide, p. I4
- ^ The Hartford Courant (Mar 15, 1923), Charles F. Cramer Ex-Veterans' Bureau Counsel A Suicide, p. I4; The Helena Daily Independent (March 19, 1923), Veterans' Bureau Probe, p. 4
- ^ Werner, pp. 328–329.
- ^ Werner, pp. 316, 317
- ^ a b Russell, pp. 520.
- ^ Russell, pp. 521.
- ^ Russell, p. 573.
- ^ Reeve, W. Paul President Harding's 1923 Visit to Utah, History Blazer, July 1995, Retrieved December 3, 2010
- ^ Adams (1934), Incredible Era", pp. 333–339; Wilber, Ray Lyman (1960). The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur 1875–1949. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 378–384.
- ^ Russell, p. 577; Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 366–371
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 366–371
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 371, 372
- ^ a b Russell, p. 589.
- ^ a b Field, Carter (May 9, 1935). "Alaska Again, A Land of Promise". Urbana Daily Courier (Champaign-Urbana, Illinois): p. 6.
- ^ Saul, John B. (January 29, 2011). "'The Quiet World': Douglas Brinkley's history of the struggle to preserve Alaska's wilderness". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/books/2014047973_br30alaska.html. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ a b "Warren G. Harding". http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=People-of-the-North&cat=Politicians&viewpost=2&ContentId=2670. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ "Alaska Railroad". December 22, 2009. http://knowyourgovernment.wordpress.com/2009/12/22/alaska-railroad/. Retrieved May 2, 2011. ;"Warren G. Harding". http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=People-of-the-North&cat=Politicians&viewpost=2&ContentId=2670. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ "President Harding and Old Chief Katlean, Alaskan Indian at Sitka, Alaska". http://picasaweb.google.com/SHI.SCRC/PO024EBayCollection#5432332797972708338. Retrieved May 2, 2011. ;"Warren G. Harding". http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=People-of-the-North&cat=Politicians&viewpost=2&ContentId=2670. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society. 60(4). p. 35. ; Davis, Chuck (June 8, 2009). "A Year in Five Minutes: Vancouver 1923". http://regardingplace.com/?p=4411. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ;"Warren Harding: His Final Illness". http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x29wilbur_g.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ;"City of Vancouver Archives". http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/archives/index.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Russell (1968), The Shadow of Blooming Grove, pp. 588–589
- ^ Lange, Greg (February 10, 1999). "U.S. President Warren G. Harding makes his last speech in Seattle on July 27, 1923". http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=878. Retrieved 12-28-2010.
- ^ a b c d Russell, p. 591.
- ^ Wilbur, Ray Lyman (1960). The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur 1875–1949. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 378–384. ;"Warren Harding: His Final Illness". http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x29wilbur_g.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Wilber, Ray Lyman (1960). The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur 1875–1949. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 378–384. ;"Warren Harding: His Final Illness". http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x29wilbur_g.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c "President Harding Is Dead". Chillicothe Constitution (Chillicothe, Missouri) XXXI (144): p. 1. August 3, 1923.
- ^ a b Russell, p. 592.
- ^ a b Jeffrey M. Jones MD; Joni L. Jones PhD, RN. "Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease (Warren G. Harding))". Journal CMEs. CNS Spectrums (The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine). http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=605. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ "The Health & Medical History of President Warren Harding". doctorzebra.com. http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g29.htm. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ^ San Francisco History Center — http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=0200002501
- ^ Russell, p. 598.
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, p. 384
- ^ Facts About the Presidents, Joseph Nathan Kane
- ^ Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, pp. 377–384
- ^ Russell (April 1963), The Four Mysteries Of Warren Harding
- ^ a b c Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (Sunday, June 7, 1998). "A President Of the Peephole". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/features/harding.htm. Retrieved 03-23-2011.
- ^ Russell, pp. 215, 466
- ^ Graff (2002), The presidents: a reference history, p. 399
- ^ Graff, p. 399
- ^ Russell, pp. 167
- ^ Graff, p. 399.
- ^ Russell, p. ix.
- ^ Russell, p.167.
- ^ Russell, p. 608.
- ^ Graff, p. 399.
- ^ Straight Dope Staff Report: "Was Warren Harding inducted into the Ku Klux Klan while president?"
- ^ Paul Johnson, Modern Times
- ^ Kim, Mallie Jane (July 2, 2010). "The 10 Worst Presidents: Warren G. Harding". U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/07/02/survey-ranks-obama-15th-best-president-bush-among-worst. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ a b Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps: Quantities issued
- ^ a b Roger S. Brody. "Smithsonian National Postal Museum". Arago.si.edu. http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2033859. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ Graff, pp. 398–400
- ^ Brogan (1985), The Penguin History of the United States of America, p. 515
- ^ "Papers — Warren G. Harding (1865–1923)". http://millercenter.org/scripps/onlinereference/presidentialpapers/harding. Retrieved 12-29-2010. ; Adams (1939, 1964), Incredible Era, Preface, p. 425
- ^ Rowley, Hazel; Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage (2010), p. 124.
- ^ Wood, L. (June 6, 2011). "Did President Warren G. Harding Spark a Baby Naming Trend?". Ohio Historical Society. http://ohiohistory.wordpress.com/2011/06/06/did-president-warren-g-harding-spark-a-baby-naming-trend/. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
- ^ "Back Stairs at the White House,". http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0029499/. Retrieved 08-23-2010.
- ^ "A Ragtime Review of Warren G. Harding". http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/id/154703. Retrieved 08-23-2010.
- ^ ""The American President" Compromise Choices (2000)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1047131/. Retrieved 08-23-2010.
- ^ "Carter Beats the Devil (2001)". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_beats_the_devil#Plot_introduction.
- ^ Hadley, Catharine (January 13, 2011). "Play centers on Ohio's presidents". Port Clinton News Herald (Port Clinton, Ohio). http://www.portclintonnewsherald.com/article/20110113/ENTERTAINMENT/101130311. Retrieved 01-13-2011. [dead link]
- ^ http://www.eiobooks.com/chinablues.html
- ^ "Cronkite Remembers". 1997. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398443/. Retrieved 01-24-2011. "Cronkite Remembers (1997) — part 1!". 1997. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcoXV5nlsNU. Retrieved 01-24-1997.
- ^ "The Presidents". 2005. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0447374/. Retrieved 01-24-2011. "History Channel — The Presidents(America), Part 6, 1913–1945 (Part 2/5)". 2005. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZleKvThzHk&feature=related. Retrieved 01-24-2011. [dead link]
Bibliography[link]
- Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1939). Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-374-90051-5.
- Anthony, Carl S. (1998). Florence Harding: The First Lady, the Jazz Age, and the Death of America's Most Scandalous President. HaperCollins. ISBN 0-688-16975-9.
- Anthony, Carl S. (July/August 1998). "The Most Scandalous President". American Heritage 49 (4). http://50.56.66.97/content/most-scandalous-president. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- Armstrong, Stephen (2007). 5 Steps to AP History. McGraw-Hill, Retrieved December 24, 2010. ISBN 0-07-162322-1. http://books.google.com/?id=c75u62Xh8ZEC&pg=PA218&dq=warren+g.+harding+Revenue+Act+of+1921&cd=2#v=onepage&q=warren%20g.%20harding%20Revenue%20Act%20of%201921. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- Dean, John W. (2004). Warren Harding. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-6956-9. http://books.google.com/?id=12I6tyg8no4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Warren+G.+Harding&cd=1#v=onepage&q. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- Downes, Randolph C. (1970). The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1865–1920. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0140-7.
- Ferrell, Robert H. (1998). The Strange Deaths of Warren G. Harding. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1202-6.
- Fine, Gary Alan. Reputational Entrepreneurs and the Memory of Incompetence. American Journal of Sociology, 101(5), 1996.
- Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- Graff, Henry Franklin (2002). The Presidents: A Reference History. Charles Scribner's Sons.. ISBN 0-684-31226-3..
- Grant, Philip A., Jr.. President Warren G. Harding and the British War Debt Question, 1921–1923. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 1995.
- Grieb, Kenneth J. The Latin American Policy of Warren G. Harding, Texas Christian Univ. Press, 1976, Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
- Harding, Warren G., "Social Equality Impossible for Negro, Says President, Pleading for Fair Treatment". Atlanta-Journal Constitution, October 27, 1921.
- Harding, Warren G., "An International Problem". Marion Daily Star, October 26, 1921.
- Malin, James C., 'The United States after the World War, Ginn & Co., 1930, Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- Matuz, Roger (2004, 2009). Bill Harris. ed. The Presidents Fact Book: The Achievements, Campaigns, Events, Triumphs, Tragedies, and Legacies of Every President from George Washington to Barack Obama. Black Dog and & Leventhal Publishers, Inc.. pp. 458–463, 465–467. ISBN 978-1-57912-807-4. http://books.google.com/?id=g-dQc4RO7nQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Presidents+Fact+Book:+The+Achievements,+Campaigns,+Events,+Triumphs&cd=1#v=onepage&q. Retrieved 05-27-2010.
- Morello, John A. Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding. Praeger, 2001.
- Murray Robert K. The Harding Era 1921–1923: Warren G. Harding and his Administration. University of Minnesota Press, 1969
- Payne, Phillip. "Instant History and the Legacy of Scandal: the Tangled Memory of Warren G. Harding, Richard Nixon, and William Jefferson Clinton", Prospects, 28: 597–625, 2003 Issn: 0361-2333
- Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents. New York: Caroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1622-3.
- Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove-Warren G. Harding In His Times. Easton Press. ISBN 0-07-054338-0.
- Russell, Francis (April, 1963). "The Four Mysteries Of Warren Harding". American Heritage 14 (3). http://www.americanheritage.com/content/four-mysteries-warren-harding. Retrieved 06-19-2011.
- Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (1957). The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933. Heinemann. ISBN 0-618-34085-8.
- Schweikart, Larry; Michael Allen (2004). A Patriot's History of the United States. Easton Press.
- Sreenivasan, Jyotsna (2009). Poverty and the Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Grp.. ISBN 978-1-59884-168-8.
- Sinclair, Andrew (1965). The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding. MacMillan Co., Retrieved November 30, 2010. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8550753. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- Wynn, Neil (1986). From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 0-8419-1107-X.
- Werner, Morris R. (2010). Privileged Characters. General Books. ISBN 1-152-57676-3.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Warren G. Harding |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Warren G. Harding |
- Warren G. Harding at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia,
Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865–1923) - White House, 29. Warren G. Harding 1921–1923
- Warren G. Harding's Inauguration March 4, 1921
- Memorial U.S. postage stamp issued after Harding's death
- Warren G. Harding at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
- Booknotes interview with Robert Ferrell on The Strange Deaths of President Harding, January 12, 1997.
- Booknotes interview with John Dean on Warren G. Harding, March 14, 2004.
Audio and film links[link]
- "Return to Normalcy" Speech, May 14, 1920
- 1920 Presidential Campaign; "Front Porch"; Marion, Ohio.
- Wearing cowboy hat
- Playing golf during Jazz Age
Primary sources[link]
- Inaugural Address
- First State of the Union Address of Warren Harding
- Second State of the Union Address of Warren Harding
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harding, Warren Gamaliel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician, businessman |
| Date of birth | 1865-11-02 |
| Place of birth | Near Blooming Grove, Ohio |
| Date of death | 1923-08-02 |
| Place of death | San Francisco, California, United States |
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| Warren Griffin | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Warren Griffin III |
| Also known as | Warren G |
| Born | (1970-11-10) November 10, 1970 (age 41) |
| Origin | Long Beach, California |
| Genres | G-funk, R&B, Hip-Hop |
| Occupations | DJ Producer Rapper Singer |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Labels | Violator Management Def Jam Recordings Restless Records Universal Records TVT Records G-Funk Entertainment |
| Associated acts | 213, Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Dr. Dre, Tha Dogg Pound, Tupac Shakur, The Dove Shack, Cedric Ceballos, Twinz, Reel Tight, Mista Grimm, Bishop Lamont, Busta Rhymes, Knoc-Turn'al, Xzibit, Kurupt, Dat Nigga Daz, Game, Young Jeezy |
Warren G (born Warren Griffin III, November 10, 1970),[1] is an American West Coast rapper and hip hop producer.
Contents |
Career[link]
Early career[link]
213[link]
Warren G grew up in Long Beach, California listening to his parents’ collection of jazz, funk and soul; nurturing a deep love for music. In 1990, he formed the group 213, named after the Long Beach area code, with his friends Nate Dogg and Snoop Dogg. The current area code in Long Beach, California is 562. While practicing with “213,” and working a full time job, the young Warren used all his free time on creating his own sound and dreamed of making it big.
The trio “213” dissolved when two of its members signed with Death Row Records. Although Warren G had the option of joining Death Row and work with his step-brother Dr. Dre, Warren preferred, from the very beginning of his career, to focus primarily on his solo career. True to his independent spirit, Warren G dedicated himself to creating his own sound; a distinct style that was later to become known, worldwide, as the legendary G-Funk.
Solo career[link]
Throughout his early solo career, Warren G worked with artists like MC Breed and 2Pac, but his big break came when his vocal collaboration with Mista Grimm, on Indo Smoke, appeared on the Poetic Justice soundtrack in 1992. His outstanding rap lead to a serious collaboration with Dr. Dre. Dedicated to hard work, that same year, Warren G made major contributions to Dr. Dre's album ”The Chronic,” released in December 1992, including sampling for Nuthin' but a G-Thang.
Worldwide recognition as a solo artist came immediately after Warren G dropped the smash hit Regulate; a duet with Nate Dogg, which topped the charts in 1994. The accompanying album “Regulate...G Funk Era” is a monument to the originality and smooth hip hop that is Warren G. The debut album went triple platinum with This D.J. becoming his second Top 20 hit. One year after its release, the album had sold four million copies worldwide, with three million of those sold in the US (certified 3x platinum). Had Warren G signed with Death Row, he would have been one of the label's biggest selling acts at the time.
1994 would also see Warren G doing a track with former NBA Slam Dunk Champion and NBA All-Star Cedric Ceballos on "B-Ball's Best Kept Secret," a rap album with tracks done almost exclusively by early 90s NBA players. He would score a #2 hit on the UK singles chart with Adina Howard with What's Love Got to Do With It, from the soundtrack album to the movie "Supercop."
Warren G's second album was entitled "Take a Look Over Your Shoulder" (Reality) and was released in 1997. It featured two singles: The hit I Shot the Sheriff (US #20, UK#2), a gold single in the US; and Smokin' Me Out (US #35, UK#14). The album would be certified gold in America.
Together with the Norwegian superstar soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø, Warren G had a hit in several European countries in 1998 with Prince Igor on the concept album "The Rapsody Overture". The album combined American rappers with European opera singers. Sissel sang an aria from Borodin's opera Prince Igor during the chorus, while Warren rapped.
Warren G had signed to the independent label Restless Records by the release of his third album "I Want It All" in 1999. The album offered a jazz-rock fusion style and featured a host of guests including Snoop Dogg, Mack 10, Kurupt, and Eve. The first single, I Want It All (US #23), sampled the song I Like It by DeBarge. Second single Game Don't Wait peaked at #58 on the US R&B Chart. The album was certified gold in the US.
For his fourth album, Warren G returned to major label distribution as Universal Records released his "The Return of the Regulator" in 2001. The album had one single released, Lookin' at You, which peaked at #72 on the R&B singles chart. By 2004, Warren G, Snoop Dogg, and Nate Dogg had reunited their group 213 and released the album "The Hard Way" on TVT Records, which contained the single Groupie Luv. The song topped at #48 on the R&B Chart. The album, however, peaked at #4 on the US Top 200 Album Chart, and was certified gold.
Warren G released a new album on October 11, 2005, called "In the Mid-Nite Hour." In December 2005, he signed with UniqueInc LTD (UK) for the UK & Éire, Craze Productions of London is doing the digital distribution and sales on Mobile and online and Hawino Records for the North America release. Warren G also appeared on Celebrity Fit Club.
In 2006, he produced the theme song for Ice Cube's TV show, Black. White. On March 22, Warren G made a song called Mr. President, addressing the 2008 presidential candidate race and encouraged everyone to vote. He also appeared in Celebrity Rap Superstar as a mentor.
Three of Warren G's albums have featured a song by 213: Game Don't Wait appeared on his third album "I Want It All"; Yo' Sassy Ways appeared on his fourth album "The Return of the Regulator"; and PYT appeared on his fifth album "In the Mid-Nite Hour."
In 2009 he released his 6th studio album titled The G Files. The album takes a more conservative approach, with the fewest appearances since his 1994 acclaimed debut. The G Files tries to encompass too many dimensions, demonstrating a quite different and perhaps unconventional portrayal of G-Funk.
After the devastating early death of Nate Dogg in March 2011, Warren G released the song This Is Dedicated To You to honor his childhood friend and close musical collaborator. This Is Dedicated To You continues the laid back, chill, and confident sound of G-funk that has always been the voice of Warren G. It is a loving and fitting tribute to a life time friend and brother in music. The song received positive reviews and continues to perform well. To honor the life and work of Nate, all proceeds from the sale of this song go directly to Nate Dogg’s mother, family, and charity organization.
Although deeply affected by the death of Nate Dogg, Warren G has carried on as a solo artist and works tirelessly on multiple projects. He has made multiple public appearances to promote various charities and musical venues.
Warren G Week[link]
The week of August 1 to August 6, 2005, was dedicated as the "Warren G Week" by the Mayor of Long Beach.[2]
Other work[link]
In April 2011, Warren G and Chris Kanik teamed up to promote a new natural male enhancement supplement called Affirm XL.
Current Projects[link]
Throughout his career Warren G has continued to develop his own sound, using creative mixes of musical styles and influences from soul, gospel, rock, and jazz. He is the heart and the mind behind the sweet soulfullness of G-Funk Hip Hop and is one of the top producing hip hop artists of all time. More than just a legend of gangsta hip hop,
Warren still prefers to work independently and exploring different avenues. His many successes speak to his extraordinary talent. He is a leader and a true innovator. Work has included rapping, acting, singing and producing music for both TV and film. He is committed to featuring new artists and works with young talents to produce new music consistent with the G-Funk style.
Warren G is currently in studio working on a new album, which is scheduled to drop sometime mid-summer 2012. On April 23, 2012 he released his new single "Party We Will Throw Now!" off his upcoming EP, featuring Game and the late great Nate Dogg.
Web Site[link]
On March 14, 2012, Warren G launched his brand new website; a meeting point of music, culture, trends, policy, and what's hot; a page alive with raps, videos, interviews, live feeds, columns, blogs, and diverse opinions.
Awards[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
| Category | Genre | Song | Year | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group[3] | Hip hop | "Regulate" | 1995 | Nominated |
| Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance | Hip hop | "This D.J." | 1995 | Nominated |
Discography[link]
Main articles: Warren G discography and Warren G production discography
- Regulate...G Funk Era (1994)
- Take a Look Over Your Shoulder (1997)
- I Want It All (1999)
- The Return of the Regulator (2001)
- The Hard Way (2004) (with 213)
- In the Mid-Nite Hour (2005)
- The G Files (2009)
- Regulate...G Funk Era Pt. 2 (2012)[4]
Filmography[link]
- All of Us (2005)
- Old School (2003)
- Little Richard (2000)
- Speedway Junky (1999)
- The Show (1995)
References[link]
- ^ Warren G Pictures, Biography, Discography, Filmography, News, Ringtones, Videos
- ^ "Warren G Week Aug. 1-6 In Long Beach". West Coast News Network. 2005-07-29. http://www.dubcnn.com/arc6-2005.html. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
- ^ Stout, Gene (March 1, 1995). "Grammys Promise a Dumbfounding Medley of Talent". Seattle Post-Intelligencer: p. C1. http://www.seattlepi.com/archives/1995/9503010055.asp.
- ^ "Warren G Announces Regulate…G Funk Era: Pt.2". Rap Radar. 2010-07-14. http://rapradar.com/2010/07/14/warren-g-announces-regulate%E2%80%A6g-funk-era-pt-2/. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
External links[link]
- Warren G at the Internet Movie Database
- Warren G on Twitter
- Warren G on Myspace
- Warren G Warren G on Facebook
- Warren G Official Site
- Warren G's publicist is Domenick Nati
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Warren G |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American rapper |
| Date of birth | November 10, 1970 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Warren_G
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No. 13 Omaha Nighthawks
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| Running Back | |||
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Personal information
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| Date of birth: (1983-10-29) October 29, 1983 (age 28) | |||
| Place of birth: Youngstown, Ohio | |||
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Career information
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| College: Ohio State | |||
| NFL Draft: 2005 / Round: 3 / Pick: 101 | |||
| Debuted in 2010 for the Omaha Nighthawks | |||
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Maurice Edward Clarett (born October 29, 1983 in Youngstown, Ohio[1]) is an American football running back for the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League. During his freshman year at Ohio State University in 2002, he helped lead the Buckeyes to a national championship. He is well known for unsuccessfully challenging the NFL's draft eligibility rules requiring a player to be three years removed from high school and for his tumultuous life outside of football, including his dismissal from Ohio State, several arrests, and later, imprisonment.
Contents |
Personal[link]
Maurice Clarett is the son of Myke Clarett Sr. and Michelle Renee Clarett (now divorced). His father is a businessman, who once worked as a Regional Representative for the Secretary of State in Ohio. His mother worked as a senior administrator for the Youngstown City Clerk of Court. He has an older brother named Marcus A. Clarett who was a defensive tackle for the University at Buffalo and another older brother, Michael Graham Clarett Jr. who was also serving time in the Ohio Penal System.
Maurice has a daughter, born July 16, 2006, with girlfriend Ashley Evans.
Football career[link]
College[link]
After displaying his abilities as a punishing freshman tailback on the Austintown-Fitch High School varsity team, Clarett transferred to Warren G. Harding High School to continue his scholastic career and garnered national attention. When he graduated from Harding, many national publications ranked him among the top 100 players nationally.[2] Clarett received an offer from Ohio State University and verbally committed to Ohio State over offers from Notre Dame, Fresno State, and the University of Miami. He formally committed to the Buckeyes in February 2002.[3] Ohio State's coach, Jim Tressel, had previously been coach of Clarett's hometown Youngstown State Penguins. Later, Clarett received the USA Today Offensive High School Player of the Year and Parade All-American distinctions.
Clarett starred at Ohio State for one season, rushing for 1,237 yards (a school record for a freshman) and scoring 18 touchdowns, which helped the Buckeyes to a 14-0 record and the 2002 BCS National Championship. He scored the winning touchdown against the University of Miami with a five-yard run in the second overtime in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl (played January 3, 2003). He also made a key defensive play in that game, stealing the ball on the Miami 28 from Hurricanes safety Sean Taylor, who was returning an interception from the end zone of a pass thrown by Craig Krenzel. After that play, Ohio State kicked a field goal, giving them a 10-point lead at the time. Clarett was the first freshman to be the leading rusher on a national championship team since Ahman Green of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1995.
Career rushing statistics at Ohio State[link]
| Year | Games | Rushes | Yards | Average | TD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 11 | 222 | 1,237 | 5.6 | 18 |
| Total | 11 | 222 | 1,237 | 5.6 | 18 |
Dismissal from Ohio State[link]
Clarett's time at Ohio State University was marked by several troubling incidents. He was seen yelling at his position coach during the Northwestern - Ohio State game in the 2002 season. In December 2002, he publicly maligned OSU officials for not paying for him to fly home for the funeral of a friend and accused administrators of lying when they said he had not filed the necessary paperwork. In July 2003, Clarett became the center of an academic scandal when a teaching assistant told the New York Times that Clarett had received preferential treatment from a professor; the investigation did not find sufficient evidence of academic misconduct.
Ohio State later suspended Clarett for the 2003 athletic year after he was charged with filing a false police report. Clarett had filed a false claim that more than $10,000 in clothing, CDs, cash and stereo equipment were stolen from a car he borrowed from a local dealership in September 2003. Athletic Director Andy Geiger stated that Clarett also took thousands of dollars in special benefits and repeatedly misled investigators totallying approximately $20,000. Clarett later pleaded guilty to a lesser criminal charge (failure to aid a law enforcement official) in that incident.
Clarett moved to Los Angeles after his dismissal from Ohio State, and, while living there, sued to be included in the 2004 NFL Draft. He won his case at trial. However, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision. Subsequently, Clarett worked with trainers in preparation for the 2005 NFL Combine, hoping to impress for the upcoming draft.[4]
National Football League[link]
In his attempt to enter the 2004 NFL Draft, Clarett challenged the NFL's rule that a player must wait three years after graduating from High School to declare for the draft. Federal Judge Shira Scheindlin initially ruled that the NFL could not bar Clarett from participating in the 2004 NFL Draft.[5] This decision was later overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in an opinion by Judge Sonia Sotomayor, and Clarett's petition for certiorari was refused by the Supreme Court.[6] Clarett and USC wide receiver Mike Williams, who were both hoping to enter the draft early, were then barred from the draft by the NFL. Later, because they both signed agents before being denied the opportunity to join the NFL Draft, the NCAA refused to reinstate the college eligibility of Clarett or Williams.
Clarett has been represented by California attorney David Kenner. Clarett also lived with Kenner and claims that Kenner helped him straighten out his life. Kenner is the longtime attorney of Death Row Records CEO and controversial hip-hop kingpin Marion "Suge" Knight.
In February 2005, he participated in the NFL Combine in Indianapolis. During a press conference, he uttered the phrase: "It's a humbling thing being humble." After running a disappointing 4.72 and 4.82 seconds in the 40 yard dash, he refused to participate further, and was referred to as "Slow-Mo" by the sports media, who were largely critical of his obvious lack of preparation.
Ohio State declined to allow him to take part in a private workout for pro scouts in Columbus because it wanted to avoid a "circus" situation.
2005 NFL draft[link]
In a widely unexpected move, Clarett was drafted on the first day of the 2005 NFL Draft with the final pick of the 3rd round (#101 overall) by the Denver Broncos. Many experts felt that he would fall to the 6th or 7th round, if he was drafted at all.[7] However, Clarett turned out to be unimpressive in the Denver Broncos' preseason training camp. In part due to having not played a game in two years or practiced in over a year, he entered training camp weighing 248 pounds, more than 20 pounds overweight. He was also slow to recover from an injury.
Despite his unimpressive training camp, Clarett signed a four-year contract on July 28, 2005 with the Broncos in which he gave up $413,000 of guaranteed money in order to secure an incentive-laden deal. Clarett signed this deal against the advice of his former agents, Steve Feldman and Josh Luchs. Clarett's motivation was to replace the proposed deal with a package that would pay him first-round money if he rushed for 1,000 yards in multiple seasons.
However, after further disappointments and incidents with his coaches and never playing a preseason game, Clarett was released on waivers on August 28, 2005, only a month after signing his contract and before playing even a single down in the NFL. As is standard procedure in the NFL, for a 24-hour period after his release, other teams could have claimed him and taken on his contract. After that 24-hour period, he was freed from his contract and able to negotiate with any team, but no team expressed interest.[8]
Post-NFL troubles[link]
As his college and NFL careers tanked, The Miami Herald reported in September that Clarett was already $1 million in debt from legal fees for his fight with the NFL and other costs. They also reported that Clarett turned down the traditional signing bonus in the originally proposed contract from Denver because Kenner wanted incentives that would pay Clarett if he became a star.
Exploring alternatives to the NFL[link]
According to the Wheeling News-Register, Clarett was in talks to play for the Steubenville Stampede, a squad in the North Division of the American Indoor Football League. According to Jim Terry, Manager of the Stampede, "I have been in contact with [Clarett's] agent and he's expressed interest with us... Clarett is hungry and has something to prove. He has a chip on his shoulder and wants to show he can still play."[citation needed] However, Clarett never signed with the Stampede. In an interview with the Columbus Dispatch published on August 10, 2006, Terry claimed that Clarett attempted to call him just minutes before the events on the morning of August 9 that led to Clarett's arrest.
Clarett also expressed interest in playing for NFL Europe. Josh Luchs, Clarett's agent, reported that Clarett was going to sign with the NFL on January 2, 2006, and was expected to be allocated to NFL Europe. There were also discussions about Clarett playing for the semi-pro Eastern Indoor Football League team the Mahoning Valley Hitmen, coached by the same Jim Terry.[9]
On August 23, 2010, Clarett was released from a halfway house and requested permission from Franklin County Common Pleas Court Judge David Fais to attend a tryout for the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League. The motion was approved on August 25.[10] As part of his sentence, Clarett requires court permission in order to leave the state of Ohio.[11]
Omaha Nighthawks[link]
On August 30, 2010, the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League signed Clarett.[12] On October 1, 2010 he played his first meaningful game of any sort in eight years, rushing for 12 yards on 5 attempts against the Sacramento Mountain Lions. As the Nighthawks' #2 running back, Clarett finished the season with 154 yards on the ground on 37 attempts and a touchdown. He also caught 12 passes for 98 yards, and returned one kickoff for 13 yards.[13]
Arrests and convictions[link]
Robbery conviction[link]
On January 1, 2006, police announced that they were searching for Clarett in relation to two incidents of armed robbery that took place at 1:46am outside the Opium Lounge danceclub in Columbus. Allegedly, with a .45 caliber handgun, Clarett robbed two people and then escaped in a white SUV with two unidentified persons. Clarett reportedly made off with only a cell phone valued at $150 belonging to one of the victims.[14]
Said Jim Tressel, his former coach at Ohio State, "I hope it's not true, but beyond that, I don't know much, but my reaction is, I was sad."
Clarett turned himself in to police shortly after 9 p.m., EST, on January 2, just as the Buckeyes were defeating Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl in Tempe, Arizona, the very bowl game in which Clarett last played college football. He faced two counts of aggravated robbery. He was later released on $50,000 bond .[15]
On February 10, 2006, Clarett was indicted by a Franklin County grand jury on two counts of aggravated robbery with gun specifications and five other counts. If convicted, he would be sentenced to up to 25 years in prison. His attorneys said that he denied every allegation, saying Clarett "intends to fight this indictment with the same vigor and resolve he displayed in taking OSU to a national championship."[16]
On February 22, 2006, Maurice Clarett pleaded not guilty to aggravated-robbery charges. He was released on $20,000 bail until his trial began.[17]
On July 26, 2006, Clarett fired his lawyers, William Settina and Robert Krapenc, two weeks before his trial date. The privately retained attorneys had filed a motion two days earlier saying they wanted to withdraw their counsel, claiming that Clarett was not paying their fees or cooperating in his defense.[18][19]
At a status hearing held on August 9, 2006 pertaining to the January charges, Franklin County Common Pleas Judge David Fais increased Clarett's bond to $1.1 million.[20] This was due to Clarett's arrest earlier that morning (see below). On August 10, 2006, Fais ordered an additional status hearing which was held on August 11, 2006. This hearing had not been requested by either the prosecution or Clarett's defense team but was requested by Fais himself.[21] At the hearing, Fais delayed the trial until September 18, 2006, revoked the $1.1 million bond in the case and ordered Clarett to undergo a mental health evaluation.[22]
August 2006 arrest[link]
In the early morning hours of August 9, 2006, Clarett was arrested in Columbus after he made an illegal U-turn and led the police on a chase in a sports utility vehicle reportedly belonging to his uncle. After Clarett drove over a police spike strip, the chase ended in a nearby restaurant parking lot.[23][24]
Police said they were forced to secure a cloth around Clarett's mouth after he allegedly spit at the officers and called them "niggers" during the arrest. According to Columbus Police Sgt. Mike Woods, the officers discovered a katana, a zanbatō, a loaded AK-47 variant and two other loaded handguns in his vehicle along with an open bottle of Grey Goose vodka.[25] The police requested that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives perform a trace on the firearms to determine if Clarett violated Federal gun laws.
The officers used mace to subdue Clarett after attempts to subdue him with a Taser proved ineffective because he was wearing Kevlar body armor.
Clarett was arraigned on the latest charges on August 10, 2006 in Franklin County Municipal Court in Columbus. During the arraignment, Judge Andrea C. Peeples set his bond on the charges of carrying a concealed weapon without a permit and failure to maintain current lane at $5 million. In setting the bond, Peeples agreed with prosecutors that Clarett is now a flight risk or could attempt to intimidate witnesses in his upcoming robbery trial.[26] Clarett remained lodged in the Franklin County Corrections Center, however, as the $1.1 million bond for the robbery charge was revoked by trial judge David Fais. According to a Columbus Dispatch report, Clarett, who was due to be tried for his January arrest, was in the neighborhood of one of the principal witnesses against him at the time the events of August 9 occurred.[citation needed]
On September 18, Clarett filed a guilty plea to the charges in a plea bargain that involved these events as well as the earlier robbery charges. He was sentenced by Judge David Fais to seven and a half years in prison, but may apply for early release after three and a half years. As part of the plea agreement, the prosecution agreed not to object to early release if and when Clarett applies for it.[27]
On December 14, it was announced that Clarett will be changing prisons to a close-security prison in a single person cell at Toledo Correctional Institution. He will be able to eat with and exercise with other inmates.[citation needed]
Clarett enrolled in a distance-learning program at Ohio University while serving his sentence at the Toledo Correctional Institution. Clarett would work towards earning a bachelor's degree in Geriatrics and Gerontology.[28]
On April 7, 2010, Judge Fais granted early release to Clarett. Clarett was ordered to enter Maryhaven, a halfway house in Columbus, for up to 6 months.[29]
Blog[link]
While in prison, Clarett blogged about his life there on The Mind of Maurice Clarett. Because he did not have Internet access in the prison, he sent his entries to family members, who posted them for him.
In one post, Clarett summed up his attitude towards prison by saying "Understand my struggle so you can respect my hustle. I am never coming back here, believe that. Never, I am cool on this. It is first-class living from the day I get out. I WILL NEVER SETTLE FOR LESS, EVER AGAIN. That goes for communication, personal relationships, housing, education, friendships, and travel arrangements. Everything. I have the fire in my eyes"[30]
References[link]
- General
- 2003 National Championship DVD. Produced by ABC.
- Specific
- ^ "ESPN Player Card". August 27, 2006. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=7277.
- ^ NFL Events: Draft Player Profiles[dead link]
- ^ "Maurice Clarett". Yahoo! Sports. http://footballrecruiting.rivals.com/viewprospect.asp?Sport=1&pr_key=418. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ Tom Friend. "Clarett's call came two hours before arrest". ESPN the Magazine. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?id=2545078.
- ^ See Clarett v. Nat'l Football League, 306 F. Supp. 2d 379 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
- ^ See Clarett v. Nat'l Football League, 369 F.3d 124 (2d Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 1728 (2005)
- ^ NFL Draft Scout
- ^ John Clayton. "Broncos to release Maurice Clarett". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2145372.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Maurice Clarett given OK to leave Ohio for UFL tryout". ESPN. 2010-08-25. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=5497073. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "Maurice Clarett asks judge to allow travel for UFL tryout". ESPN. 2010-08-23. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=5488450. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "Report: UFL's Omaha Nighthawks sign Clarett". NBC Sports. 2010-08-30. http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/38918897/ns/sports-player_news/. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ [2]
- ^ CBS Sportsline Ex-Buckeye Clarett accused of robbing couple at gunpoint
- ^ CBS Sportsline Ex-Ohio State star Clarett appears in court, posts $50K bond
- ^ Columbus Dispatch Clarett indicted; 2 others sought
- ^ Columbus Dispatch Clarett pleads not guilty at clerk’s office to avoid media
- ^ Columbus Dispatch Clarett fires his lawyers: Ex-Buckeye without legal help 2 weeks before start of trial
- ^ Yahoo! Sports Former Ohio State tailback hires 2 attorneys
- ^ NBC4i Clarett Arrested; Police Find Arsenal Of Weapons Inside SUV
- ^ WBNS-10TV Clarett to Appear in Court Friday Afternoon
- ^ NBC4i Clarett Ordered To Undergo Mental Health Evaluation
- ^ USA Today Ex-Ohio State star Clarett accused of robbing two people
- ^ Columbus Dispatch, Police chase map
- ^ ABC News Maurice Clarett's Last Call, Possibly, As a Free Man
- ^ NBC4i, Hearing Set To Determine Clarett's Competency
- ^ ESPN.com news services (September 18, 2006). "Clarett agrees to plea deal, will serve 3½ years". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2593068. Retrieved September 18, 2006.
- ^ O'Donnell, Matt (2009-03-04). "Former Buckeye tailback takes OU courses from prison". The Post. http://thepost.baker.ohiou.edu/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=27377&SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&S=1. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "Ex-Buckeye Maurice Clarett Granted Early Release". NBC 4i. http://www2.nbc4i.com/cmh/news/local/article/ex-buckeye_maurice_clarett_granted_parole/34766/. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ "Conservation to Myself/ Reflecting". The Mind of Maurice Clarett. 2009-04-09. http://mauriceclarett.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/conservation-to-myself-reflecting/. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
External links[link]
| Sporting positions | ||
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| Preceded by Jonathan Wells |
Ohio State Buckeyes Starting Tailbacks 2002 |
Succeeded by Lydell Ross |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clarett, Maurice |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American football running back |
| Date of birth | October 29, 1983 |
| Place of birth | Youngstown, Ohio |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Maurice_Clarett
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Clarett
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Marco Rubio | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Florida |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2011 Serving with Bill Nelson |
|
| Preceded by | George LeMieux |
| Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives | |
| In office January 2, 2007 – January 2, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Allan Bense |
| Succeeded by | Ray Sansom |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th District |
|
| In office January 25, 2000 – January 2, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Carlos Valdes |
| Succeeded by | Erik Fresen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Marco Antonio Rubio (1971-05-28) May 28, 1971 (age 41) Miami, Florida |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Jeanette Dousdebes |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | University of Florida (B.A.) University of Miami (J.D.) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic[1] |
| Website | www.rubio.senate.gov |
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is the junior United States Senator from Florida, serving since January 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (2007–2009).
Born to Cuban immigrants, Rubio was raised in Miami, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Tarkio College and Santa Fe Community College before graduating from the University of Florida. He earned his J.D. from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996 while interning for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. In the late 1990s he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami. Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000, representing the 111th House district. He was elected Speaker in November 2006.
Rubio announced a run for U.S. Senate in May 2009 after incumbent Republican Mel Martinez resigned. Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Republican Governor Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed him in polling for the Republican nomination. Rubio won the Republican nomination after Crist opted instead for an independent run. In a three-way split against Crist and Democratic candidate Kendrick Meek, Rubio won the general election in November 2010 by a 19-point margin.
Rubio has been called the "crown prince" of the Tea Party movement.[2][3] He has been mentioned as a potential choice for the Republican vice presidential nomination in 2012 but has said he is not interested.[4]
Contents |
Early life, education, and early political career[link]
Rubio was born in Miami, Florida,[5] the second son and third child of Mario Rubio and Oria Garcia. His parents were Cubans who had emigrated to the United States in 1956 and were later naturalized as U.S. citizens in 1975.[6] Rubio's family was Catholic, but from age 8 to age 11, he and his family attended The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while they lived in Las Vegas. He received his first communion as a Catholic in 1984, before moving back to Miami with his family a year later. He was confirmed and married in the Catholic Church.[7][1][8][9][10]
Rubio attended South Miami Senior High School and graduated in 1989. He then attended Tarkio College for one year on a football scholarship from 1989 to 1990, before enrolling at Santa Fe Community College (now Santa Fe College). He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Florida in 1993, and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996.[11]
While studying law, he interned for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen.[12] Marco Rubio served as a City Commissioner for West Miami before being elected to the Florida legislature.[13]
Florida House of Representatives (2000–2009)[link]
Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives for the 111th district in a special election on January 25, 2000. He won each of his re-election bids.[14] In November 2006, he was elected Speaker of the Florida House for the 2007–09 term.
He is the author of the book 100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future. This book included information that Rubio compiled while traveling around the state and talking with citizens. This was done through what Rubio calls "Idearaisers". Many of the issues that he pushed for in his first year as speaker came from ideas in this book.[15] During 2007, Marco Rubio championed a major overhaul of the Florida tax system, arguing it would reduce property taxes and decrease the size of government.[16]
During his tenure serving as Speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared his residence with another Florida State Representative, David Rivera. The two men co-owned a home together in Tallahassee, which later fell into foreclosure after deferring months of mortgage payments. This issue surfaced in June 2010, during Rubio's run for the US Senate but was considered resolved according to Rubio's spokesman.[17]
U.S. Senate (2011–present)[link]
2010 election[link]
On May 5, 2009, Rubio announced on his website that he planned to run for the United States Senate in 2010 for the Republican seat being vacated by Sen. Mel Martinez, who had resigned and been replaced by George LeMieux. Prior to the announcement, he had been meeting with fundraisers and supporters throughout the state.[18] Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Governor of his own party, Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed Crist in polling for the Republican nomination.[19][20]
On April 28, 2010, Crist announced he would be running as an independent, effectively ceding the Republican nomination to Rubio.[21] Several of Crist's top fundraisers, as well as Republican leadership, refused[22][23] to support Crist after Rubio won the Republican nomination for Senate.[24]
On November 2, 2010, Marco Rubio won the senatorial election with 48.9% of the vote to Crist's 29.7% and Democrat Kendrick Meek's 20.1%.[25] On May 20, 2011, Marco Rubio visited Puerto Rico's governor, Luis Fortuño, and made a statement of wanting to "represent the Puerto Ricans" since he already felt he owed those who had voted for him in the Florida election.[26]
Following his victory in the elections, Rubio soon became the subject of speculation as a potential GOP candidate for the presidential election of 2012.[27][28] Rubio stated shortly after taking office that he has no interest in running for president or vice president in 2012.[29]
Tenure[link]
Upon taking office, Rubio hired Cesar Conda, former lobbyist and "top domestic policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney during the first two years of the Bush administration" as his Chief of Staff.[30]
Rubio is also a member of the Congressional Hispanic Conference.[citation needed]
Rubio cosponsored a resolution, which was passed, to declare September as National Spinal Cord Injury Awareness Month.[31]
Rubio's amendment, co-sponsored by Joe Manchin (D – WV), to allow employers to be exempted from newly mandated coverage for contraception, based on religious or moral grounds by such employers, did not pass the Senate.[32] The Obama White House singled out Rubio from the many co-sponsors of the similar Roy Blunt amendment, which also failed to pass the Senate.[33]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
- Committee on Foreign Relations
- Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs
- Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
- Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection
- Select Committee on Intelligence
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Personal life[link]
Rubio married Jeanette Dousdebes, a former Miami Dolphins cheerleader, in 1997. She is of Colombian descent, and together they have four children named Amanda, Daniella, Anthony, and Dominic.[34] Rubio and his family live in West Miami, Florida.[1][35] Rubio attends Catholic Mass as well as a Southern Baptist church in West Kendall, Florida.[36][8][37]
"Son of exiles" controversy[link]
In October 2011, the St. Petersburg Times and The Washington Post reported that Rubio's previous statements that his parents were forced to leave Cuba in 1959, after Fidel Castro came to power, were incorrect as they had in fact left Cuba in 1956 during the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. According to The Washington Post, Rubio's "embellishments" resonate with many voters in Florida, who would not be as impressed by his family being economic migrants seeking a better life in the U.S. instead of political refugees from a communist regime.[6] Rubio responded, "The real essence of my family’s story is not about the date my parents first entered the United States. Or whether they traveled back and forth between the two nations. Or even the date they left Fidel Castro’s Cuba forever and permanently settled here."[38][39][40] According to a number of commentators within the Cuban exile community in Miami, Rubio is justified to continue to characterize himself as a son of exiles.[40][41]
Electoral history[link]
| Florida U.S. Senate Election 2010 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Marco Rubio | 2,645,743 | 48.9% | ||
| Independent | Charlie Crist | 1,607,549 | 29.7% | ||
| Democratic | Kendrick Meek | 1,092,936 | 20.2% | ||
| Libertarian | Alexander Snitker | 24,850 | 0.5% | ||
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Representative Marco Rubio". Florida House of Representatives. http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/SEctions/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4180&SessionId=42.
- ^ "Midterms 2010: Tea Party 'Crown Prince’ Marco Rubio wins". The Daily Telegraph (London). November 3, 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8106646/Midterms-2010-Tea-Party-Crown-Prince-Marco-Rubio-wins.html. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Insiders Swoon Over Rubio for VP Nomination". National Journal. October 13, 2011. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2011/10/insiders-swoon.php. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
- ^ Jake Gibson (October 5, 2011). "Senator Marco Rubio Says He Won’t Be 2012 Vice Presidential Nominee". Fox News. http://foxnewsinsider.com/2011/10/05/senator-marco-rubio-says-he-would-turn-down-2012-vice-presidential-slot/. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ^ Linkins, Jason (October 20, 2011). "Marco Rubio, Bobby Jindal Become Focus Of Bipartisan Birthers". The Huffington Post.
- ^ a b Roig-Franzia, Manuel (October 21, 2011). "Marco Rubio's compelling family story embellishes facts, documents show". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/marco-rubios-compelling-family-story-embellishes-facts-documents-show/2011/10/20/gIQAaVHD1L_singlePage.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Marrapodi, Erin (February 23, 2012). "Sen. Marco Rubio's religious journey: Catholic to Mormon to Catholic to Baptist and Catholic". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/23/sen-marco-rubios-religious-journey-catholic-to-mormon-to-catholic-to-baptist-and-catholic/?hpt=hp_t3. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ a b Jason O'Bryan (November 1, 2010). "What Is Marco Rubio's Religion?". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/11/01/what-is-marco-rubios-religion/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 23, 2012), Rubio's Mormon past revealed, NBC News, http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/23/10487879-rubios-mormon-past-revealed
- ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (February 23, 2012), Tween Marco Rubio Was a Mormon, But Does Anyone Really Care?, Miami New Times, http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/riptide/2012/02/tween_marco_rubios_was_a_mormo.php
- ^ "Biography – About Marco"
- ^ Clark, Lesley (January 5, 2011). "Miami's Marco Rubio becomes new Florida senator". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/05/2001675/miamis-marco-rubio-becomes-new.html. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ [www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf "Bio"]. Republican Business Council. www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "Sun Sentinel report on Rubio". Sun-sentinel.com. http://www.sun-sentinel.com/topic/politics/government/marco-rubio-PEPLT007456.topic. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ "Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature". Politifact. http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco-rubio/rubio-claims-57-his-100-ideas-were-made-law-florid/. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots". Tampa Bay Times. 12 July 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco-rubios-us-senate-campaign-grew-out-of-his-2007-antitax-roots/1108354. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ Bender, Michael C. (June 17, 2010). "Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved". The Palm Beach Post. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio-faces-foreclosure-on-tally-home-his-campaign-754440.html. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^ Reinhard, Beth (March 5, 2009). "Marco Rubio quietly registers to run for U.S. Senate". The Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/story/933424.html.
- ^ "January 26, 2010 – Rubio Edges Crist In Florida Gop Senate Race, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; President Obama Under Water As Voters Disapprove". Quinnipiac University. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297.xml?ReleaseID=1417.
- ^ "Election 2010: Florida Republican Primary for Senate". Rasmussen Reports. February 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100209003948/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/florida/election_2010_florida_republican_primary_for_senate. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Schwandt, Kimberly (April 28, 2010). "Crist to Run as Independent in FL Sen Race". Fox News. http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist-to-run-as-independent-in-fl-sen-race. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Romm, Tony (April 18, 2010). "McConnell: Crist would lose all GOP support if he ran as independent". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/92869-mcconnell-crist-would-lose-all-gop-support-if-he-ran-as-independent. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan; Catanese, David (April 17, 2010). "Top Charlie Crist supporters torn over indy bid". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937.html#ixzz0lOevGjLm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Farrington, Brendan; Kay, Jennifer (August 24, 2010). "Marco Rubio Wins Florida GOP Senate Primary". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco-rubio-wins-florida-_n_693377.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Balz, Dan; Branigin, William (November 3, 2010). "2010 election results show Republicans winning the House, not the Senate". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/02/AR2010110207506.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Martínez, Andrea (May 20, 2011). "Senador republicano visita a Fortuño [Republican Senator visits Puerto Rico]" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dia (Guaynabo, PR). http://www.elnuevodia.com/senadorrepublicanovisitaafortuno-971808.html. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
- ^ Knickerbocker, Brad (November 6, 2010). "President Obama, Marco Rubio face off on tax cuts". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2010/1106/President-Obama-Marco-Rubio-face-off-on-tax-cuts.
- ^ Goodman, Lee-Anne (November 5, 2010). "Florida's new senator seen as 'Great Right Hope'". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/886650--florida-s-new-senator-seen-as-great-right-hope.
- ^ Rahn, Will (January 10, 2011). "Marco Rubio: I want to be a senator, not president or vice president". The Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2011/01/10/marco-rubio-i-want-to-be-a-senator-not-president-or-vice-president/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Hayes, Stephen (January 28, 2011) Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda, Weekly Standard
- ^ Voss, Laura. "Congress Dedicates September as National Spinal Cord Injury Month." Paralyzed Veterans of America. September 12, 2011.
- ^ "White House Attacks Marco Rubio's Contraception Bill." AP. February 13, 2012.
- ^ Allen, Greg. "For Marco Rubio, VP Prospects Bring New Scrutiny." New Hampshire Public Radio. March 7, 2012.
- ^ Rettig, Jessica (May 4, 2010). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Marco Rubio". U.S. News and World Report. http://politics.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2010/05/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-marco-rubio.html.
- ^ "Marco 101". Marco Rubio for US Senate. http://www.marcorubio.com/marco-101/.
- ^ Thompson, Damian (November 12, 2010). "Marco Rubio Tries to Still Debate Over Religion". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/us-politics/8129826/Marco-Rubio-tries-to-still-debate-over-his-religion.html.
- ^ "Rubio's income grew with his political clout, tax records show". Miami Herald. May 22, 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/rubios-income-grew-with-his-political-clout-tax-records-show/1096766.
- ^ "Marco Rubio: My family's flight from Castro". Politico.com. October 21, 2011. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66567.html.
- ^ "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
- ^ a b "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
- ^ Mastrapa, Tania (October 29, 2011), "Forget the year of arrival, Cubans are exiles", Miami Herald, http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/10/29/2477153/forget-the-year-of-arrival-cubans.html#ixzz1cZ3ZgQdl
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marco Rubio |
- Senator Marco Rubio official U.S. Senate website
- Marco Rubio for U.S. Senate official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
| United States Senate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George LeMieux |
United States Senator (Class 3) from Florida January 3, 2011 – present Served alongside: Bill Nelson |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by John Hoeven R-North Dakota |
United States Senators by seniority 94th |
Succeeded by Ron Johnson R-Wisconsin |
| Florida House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by Carlos Valdes |
Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th district 2000–2009 |
Succeeded by Erik Fresen |
| Preceded by Allan Bense |
Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives 2007–2009 |
Succeeded by Ray Sansom |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Mel Martinez |
Republican Party nominee for United States Senator from Florida (Class 3) 2010 |
Succeeded by Current |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rubio, Marco |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | May 28, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Miami, Florida, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Marco_Rubio
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Рубио, Марко
http://fr.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://nl.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://pt.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://de.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://it.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://pl.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://cs.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://es.wn.com/Marco Rubio
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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No. 14 San Francisco 49ers
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| Wide receiver | |||||||||
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Personal information
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| Date of birth: (1986-05-25) May 25, 1986 (age 26) | |||||||||
| Place of birth: Warren, Ohio | |||||||||
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Career information
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| College: Michigan | |||||||||
| NFL Draft: 2008 / Round: 3 / Pick: 95 | |||||||||
| Debuted in 2008 for the New York Giants | |||||||||
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Career history
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| Roster status: Active | |||||||||
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Career highlights and awards
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Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2011
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Mario Cashmere Manningham (born May 25, 1986) is an American football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. He was drafted by the New York Giants in the third round of the 2008 NFL Draft. After receiving few opportunities in his rookie year, Manningham caught 18 touchdown passes the following three seasons, as well as three postseason touchdowns during the Giants' 2011-12 playoff run. Manningham won Super Bowl XLVI with the Giants, in which he caught a crucial 38-yard pass with under four minutes remaining to set up the Giants' game-winning drive.
He played college football at Michigan.
Contents |
College career[link]
In 2005, as a freshman, Manningham recorded 27 receptions for 433 yards and six touchdowns, including the game-winning catch as time expired in the game against Penn State, handing the Nittany Lions their only loss that season.[1]
Manningham finished 2006 with a total 38 receptions 703 yards and nine touchdowns. He was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week two weeks in a row, first against Notre Dame and then against Wisconsin.[2] During the sixth game of the season against Michigan State, Manningham injured his knee and underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on October 10.[3] Manningham made his first game appearance after the injury as a reserve wide receiver on November 4 against Ball State.[4]
Manningham had a total of 72 receptions for 1,174 yards and 12 touchdowns in 2007.[5]
After the 2007 season, Manningham opted to forgo his eligibility for his senior year in 2008 and entered the NFL Draft. He finished his career at Michigan with 137 receptions for 2,310 yards and 27 touchdowns. Those marks placed him ninth, fifth, and fourth, respectively, in school history.
Professional career[link]
Pre-draft[link]
Manningham had reportedly been removed from "multiple teams'" draft boards due to alleged marijuana use in college. Mario denied testing positive initially, then sent a letter to all 32 teams admitting he lied. Manningham claims he failed two drug tests at Michigan.[6] Bob McGinn of the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel reported that Manningham scored a 6 out of 50 on the Wonderlic exam. This along with several other problems caused his draft value to drop.
New York Giants[link]
2008 season[link]
Manningham was selected in the third round (95th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft by the New York Giants.[7] During rookie training camp, Manningham noted that he looked forward to playing with fellow former Michigan Wolverine Amani Toomer.[8] Manningham signed a four-year deal worth up to $2.3 million. Manningham made his first reception on October 5, 2008 in a game against the Seattle Seahawks which the Giants won by a score of 44-6.
2009 season[link]
Manningham has been working on his punt return abilities and competed for the punt returner spot in 2009.[9]
Manningham kicked off the 2009 season by catching three passes for 58 yards and a touchdown en route to the Giants' 23-17 win over the Washington Redskins. He followed this up by catching 10 passes for 150 yards and a juggling sliding catch for a touchdown in the Giants' 33-31 win over the Dallas Cowboys.[10]
Manningham became the starting wide receiver opposite Steve Smith after fellow receiver Domenik Hixon was injured in a week 2 game against the Dallas Cowboys.
2011 season[link]
On February 5, 2012, Manningham made a catch in the fourth quarter of Super Bowl XLVI to setup the win against the Patriots. Trailing by 2 points with 3 minutes 46 seconds remaining, the Giants started the winning drive. Eli Manning lofted a long pass down the left sideline to Mario Manningham, who kept his feet inbounds by inches with two defenders around him. The Giants went on to beat the New England Patriots 21-17. Manningham ended the game with 5 catches for 73 yards.
San Francisco 49ers[link]
Manningham signed a two-year 7.375 million dollar contract with the San Francisco 49ers on March 22, 2012.
Career Statistics[link]
Regular season[link]
| Season | Team | Games | Receiving | Rushing | Fumbles | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | GS | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | FUM | Lost | ||
| 2011 | New York Giants | 12 | 10 | 39 | 523 | 13.4 | 47T | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2010 | New York Giants | 16 | 8 | 60 | 944 | 15.7 | 92T | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2.0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2009 | New York Giants | 14 | 10 | 57 | 822 | 14.4 | 49 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| 2008 | New York Giants | 7 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 6.5 | 11 | 0 | 1 | -12 | -12.0 | -12 | 0 | - | - |
| Total | 49 | 28 | 160 | 2,315 | 14.5 | 92 | 18 | 2 | -10 | -5.0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
Postseason[link]
| Season | Team | Games | Receiving | Rushing | Fumbles | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | GS | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | FUM | Lost | ||
| 2011 | New York Giants | 4 | 2 | 13 | 189 | 14.5 | 38 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 4 | 2 | 13 | 189 | 14.5 | 38 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Mario Manningham: His best and worst moments". http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080110/SPORTS06/80110005/1054/SPORTS06. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ "Manningham Big Ten Player of the Week - Again". http://michigan.scout.com/2/572494.html. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ "Manningham faces surgery". http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061010/SPORTS0201/610100370/1004/SPORTS. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ "Michigan survives Ball State scare to keep perfect season alive". ESPN. Associated Press. 2006-11-04. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=263080130. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
- ^ "ESPN Profile: Mario Manningham". http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/profile?playerId=180763. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ Character concerns drop Talib, Manningham from multiple draft boards
- ^ Giants select talented but troubled WR Mario Manningham in third round
- ^ Transcript: WR Mario Manningham
- ^ Notes and Quotes tampa bay Assistant Coaches
- ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2009092014/2009/REG2/giants@cowboys
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Manningham, Mario |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American football player |
| Date of birth | May 25, 1986 |
| Place of birth | Warren, Ohio |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mario_Manningham
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mario Manningham
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Manningham
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
