- published: 21 Feb 2012
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- author: RiiChArDW
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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
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Blekinge
Blekinge (help·info) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the south of the country. It borders Småland, Scania and the Baltic Sea. It is the country's second-smallest province by area (only Öland is smaller), and the smallest province located on the mainland.
The name "Blekinge" comes from the adjective bleke, which corresponds to the nautical term for "dead calm".
The historical provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Blekinge is, however, the only province, besides Gotland, which covers exactly the same area as the administrative county, which is Blekinge County.
During the sixteenth century, the province used a coat of arms depicting a crowned hill rising from the sea, and the symbol is known from several official Danish documents. The colours are uncertain, but expert Anders Thiset suggested a green hill on a red shield. This symbol was only used during the Danish administration and was replaced with the current coat of arms by the Swedish administration.
wn.com/Blekinge -
Bohuslän
Bohuslän (help·info) is a Swedish traditional province, or landskap, situated in Götaland on the northernmost part of the country's west coast. It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast, Västergötland to the southeast, the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the west, and the county of Østfold in Norway to the north. In Norwegian the province is known as Båhuslen.
Bohuslän is named after the Norwegian medieval castle of Båhus. Båhuslen was a Norwegian province from around 1050 until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, which also saw the transfer of Skåneland (Blekinge, Halland and Skåne) from Denmark to Sweden.
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by the counties of Sweden. For centuries, the administrative county for Bohuslän was the Gothenburg and Bohus County, and as its name implies it consisted of the entire Bohuslän province together with the city Gothenburg. In 1999, some Swedish counties were merged to reduce administration costs– and Gothenburg and Bohus County was merged into the much larger Västra Götaland County.
wn.com/Bohuslän -
China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Church of Sweden
The Church of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska kyrkan) is the largest Christian church in Sweden. The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion. With 6,589,769 baptized members, it is the largest Lutheran church in the world, although combined, there are more Lutherans in the member churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany (10 million). Until 2000 it held the position of state church. Approximately 2% of the church's members regularly attend Sunday services.
The Church of Sweden, by law, is organized in the following manner:
The Primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala, currently Anders Wejryd.
King Gustav I Vasa instigated the Church of Sweden in 1526 during his reign as King of Sweden. This act separated the church from the Roman Catholic Church and its canon law. In 1572, the Swedish Church Ordinance became the first Swedish church order following the Reformation.
The Church of Sweden became Lutheran at the Uppsala Synod in 1593 when it adopted the Augsburg Confession to which most Lutherans adhere. At this synod, it was decided that the church would retain the three original Christian creeds: the Apostles', the Athanasian, and the Nicene.
wn.com/Church_of_Sweden -
Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( /ˈkoʊpənheɪɡən/ or /ˈkoʊpənhɑːɡən/; Danish: København pronounced [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] (
listen), Latin: Hafnia) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012 (2012 -01-01)[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012 (2012 -04-01)[update]). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.
Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.
wn.com/Copenhagen -
Dalarna
Dalarna (help·info), English exonym: Dalecarlia, is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. Another English language form established in literature is the Dales. Places involving the element Dalecarlia exist in the United States.
Dalarna adjoins Härjedalen, Hälsingland, Gästrikland, Västmanland and Värmland. It is also bounded by Norway in the west.
The word "Dalarna" means "the dales" (valleys). The area is a popular vacation destination for Swedes from the south, who often travel there to relax during summer vacations, drawn by good fishing lakes, beautiful campgrounds, and deep forests. Many such Swedes own or rent a second residence in Dalarna, where they are likely to have a vegetable garden and apple trees. In mid-June, summerfest celebrations and dances are held in many of the small villages and, of course, in the larger cities. Dalarna is a region full of historical associations, possessing strong local characteristics in respect of its products, and especially of its people. In the western districts of Älvdalen and Lima some people in villages speak a traditional dialect, the Dalecarlian language. Historically, the people of Dalecarlia - called Dalecarlians, or Dalesmen (dalkarlar, dalmasar) and Daleswomen (dalkullor) - are famous for their love of independence.
wn.com/Dalarna -
Dalby, Skåne, Sweden
Dalby is a locality situated in Lund Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 5,708 inhabitants in 2010. It is located about 10 km east-south-east of Lund, and about 20 km east-north-east of Malmö.
Dalby has the oldest stone church in Scandinavia, to which the cathedral in Hildesheim served as a model. In 1060 the Danish King Svend Estridsen initiated the creation of a religious centre in Dalby, and also constructed his King's Residence here. From 1060 Dalby was a bishopric under the bishop Egino, appointed by Adalbert of Bremen. But as early as 1066 the English antibishop Henrik was enthroned in Lund, probably elected by the people and the clergy. In 1085 Canute the Saint decided to build a new cathedral in Lund and in 1104 Lund became the archbishopric over Scandinavia.
Until the Protestant Reformation in Denmark in 1536, Dalby retained some importance as the site of an Augustinian monastery and a demesne of the Crown.
Dalby was a municipality up until 1974, when it became part of Lund municipality. Between 1941 and 1954, Dalby was also a municipal urban area ("municipalsamhälle").
wn.com/Dalby,_Skåne,_Sweden -
Dalsland
Dalsland is a Swedish traditional province, or landskap, situated in Götaland in southern Sweden. Lying to the west of Lake Vänern, it is bordered by Värmland to the north, Västergötland to the southeast, Bohuslän to the west, and Norway to the northwest.
The province has a low population density of around 14 inhabitants/km² and just one town of significant size: Åmål. The total population numbers 50,527. The uninhabited areas are characterized by dense forests in the northwestern uplands and lakes in the east, giving rise to the epithet, commonly used for Dalsland, of "Sweden's lake province".
The Latinized name Dalia, which was often used to name Dalsland in older prints, can still sometimes be encountered.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. Dalsland formed the northern part of the administrative county Älvsborg County until 1999 when the present Västra Götaland County was formed. A very small and insignificant part of the province is in Värmland County.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
wn.com/Denmark -
Elsinore
Helsingør (Danish pronunciation: [hɛlseŋˈøɐ̯ˀ]; often known in English-speaking countries by Shakespeare's spelling Elsinore) is a city and the municipal seat of Helsingør Municipality on the northeast coast of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. Helsingør has a population of 46,300 (1 January 2012) including the southern suburbs of Snekkersten and Espergærde. It is known internationally for its castle Kronborg, where William Shakespeare's play Hamlet is set.
The name Helsingør is derived from the word hals meaning "neck" or "narrow strait", referring to the narrow strait (Øresund, or The Sound) between what is now Helsingør and Helsingborg, Sweden. The Rerum Danicarum Historica (1631) claims that the history of Helsingør can be traced back to 70 BC, but this information is highly dubious. The people were mentioned as Helsinger (which may mean "the people of the strait") for the first time in King Valdemar the Victorious's Liber Census Daniæ from 1231, but they should not be confused with the Helsings of Hälsingland in Sweden. Placenames show that the Helsinger may have had their main fort at Helsingborg and a fortified landing place at Helsingør, to control the ferry route across the strait.
wn.com/Elsinore -
Eslöv
Eslöv is a city and the seat of Eslöv Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 17,748 inhabitants in 2010.
Eslöv is part of the Øresund Region and is today largely serving as a suburb of Malmö and Lund.
Eslöv was a small village until the beginning of the railway age. In 1858 a station on the main line between Stockholm and Malmö was opened. In the 1860s more railways were built and Eslöv became a junction with lines in six different directions. The population began to grow and in 1875 it had reached 1,240 and Eslöv got the status of a köping (market town). In 1911 it had 5,400 inhabitants and got town privileges (See stad). The population continued to grow and reached 7,000 in 1951, 11,000 in 1964 and 15,000 in 1995. The local government reform of 1971 made Eslöv the seat of Eslöv Municipality, which today has more than 30,000 inhabitants.
Trade flourished around the new station and eventually it also attracted industrial establishments. Among the city's companies are Procordia Food AB (formerly Felix AB).
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Falsterbo
Falsterbo is a town located at the south-western tip of Sweden in Vellinge Municipality in Skåne County. Falsterbo is situated in the southern part of the Falsterbo peninsula. It is part of Skanör med Falsterbo, one of Sweden's historical cities.
Falsterbo historically enjoyed trading privileges with the Hanseatic League. During the Middle Ages, it was a rich and prestigious town because it was located in a center of trade and herring fishery. On the beach between Falsterbo and neighboring town Skanör was the Scania Market where merchants from various parts of Europe had fixed market places.
Scania Market was a major fish market which took place annually from around 1200. It became one of the more important events for trade within the Baltic Sea. Scania Market continued to be an important trade center for 250 years and was a cornerstone of the Hanseatic League's wealth. The basis for the market's popularity was the rich herring fishing around the Falsterbo Peninsula. Scania Market declined in importance during the 1400s, as the herring harvest in the area decreased. The cities were politically merged into a single city, Skanör med Falsterbo.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Gothenburg
Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg; pronounced [jœtəˈbɔrj] ( listen)) is the second largest city in Sweden by population and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 520,374, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 938,580 inhabitants in the metropolitan area. Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma−.
The City of Gothenburg was founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. It lies by the sea at the mouth of Göta Älv—the river running through the city—and is the largest seaport in the Nordic countries.
Gothenburg is home to many students, as the city includes both the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927. The city is a major centre in Sweden for sports and home to the IFK Göteborg, BK Häcken, GAIS and Örgryte IS association football teams as well as the Frölunda HC ice hockey team.
Gothenburg is served by Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport, located 30 km (18.64 mi) southeast of the city centre. It is the second largest airport in Sweden. The city is also served by Gothenburg City Airport, located 15 km (9.32 mi) from the city centre.
wn.com/Gothenburg -
Gotland
Gotland (/ˈɡɒtlənd/; Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɔtland] ( listen) or [ˈɡɔlland]), sometimes Gottland /ˈɡɒtlənd/ or Gothland /ˈɡɒθlənd/,Gutland in the local language Gutnish, is a province, county, municipality, and diocese of Sweden. It is Sweden's largest island and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. With its total area of 3,140 square kilometers, the island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. The province includes the small islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north and some tiny islands, including the Karlsö Islands (Lilla and Stora) to the west. The island of Gotland has an area of 2,994 km², whereas the province has 3,183.7 km² (3,151 km² of land excluding the lakes and rivers). The population is 57,221, of which about 22,200 live in Visby, the main town. The island's main sources of income are tourism, agriculture, and concrete production from locally mined limestone.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gotland, however, due to its insular position, the administrative county, län, Gotland County and the municipality, kommun, Gotland Municipality both cover the same territory as the province. Furthermore, the Diocese of Visby is also congruent with the province.
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Gästrikland
Gästrikland (help·info) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Gästrikland is the southernmost of the Norrland provinces.
Other used forms of the name is Gestricia, Gastrikland. Before 1900, the spelling was officially Gestrikland in Swedish.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gästrikland the province constitutes the southern part of the administrative county, län, Gävleborg County.
Arms granted in 1560. As with other provinces the arms is represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Argent Hurty an Elk stantant Gules attired and hoofed Or." A coat of arms for Gävleborg County was granted in 1938, combining the arms of Gästrikland and Hälsingland.
Gästrikland is often called the gate to Norrland (the northern Sweden part that is traditionally considered scarcely populated, largely unexplored until the 15th century, and with a terrain dominated by forests, mountains and lakes).Gästrikland was often called the gate to norrland because from Gästrikland people went on to the north part of Sweden.
wn.com/Gästrikland -
Halland
Halland (help·info) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish), on the western coast of Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Småland, Scania and the sea of Kattegat.
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by the Counties of Sweden. However, the province of Halland is almost coextensive with the administrative Halland County, though parts of the province belong to Västra Götaland County and Skåne County.
As of December 31, 2009, Halland had a population of 303,895. Of these, 287,668 lived in Halland County; 13,980 lived in Västra Götaland County; and 2,247 lived in Skåne County.
During the Danish era the province had no coat of arms and no seal. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560. When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province. Each province was to be represented by its arms at the royal funeral. There are several theories about the choice of a lion. Bengt Algotsson, duke of Halland and Finland in the 14th century, used a lion in his personal arms. Blazon: Azure, a Lion rampant Argent langued, armed and dente Gules.
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Hallandsås
Hallandsås is a horst on the border between the Swedish counties Skåne and Halland.
It is part of a geological formation that includes an island in the sea outside the village of Torekov near Båstad called Hallands Väderö. The geological formation continues with the Linderödsåsen in Skåne. It was formed during the Late Cretaceous period 80 million years ago. It reaches its highest point at Högalteknall near the village of Hasslöv at 224 metres. In modern times it is most noted for the project which serves to create a tunnel through it to speed up railway communications, the Hallandsås Tunnel and the two skiing centres which were opened during the 1980s. In older times it was most noted for being a dangerous route for the postal services which often were robbed by people in the area. The "Snapphane" guerrilla movement of the late 17th century also operated out of the woods on the horst.
Coordinates: 56°22′N 12°58′E / 56.367°N 12.967°E / 56.367; 12.967
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Helsingborg
Helsingborg (Swedish pronunciation: [hɛlsiŋˈbɔrj]) is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden. It had 97,122 inhabitants in 2010. Helsingborg is the centre of an area in the Øresund region of about 320,000 inhabitants in north-west Scania, and is Sweden's closest point to Denmark, with the Danish city Helsingør clearly visible on the other side of the Øresund about 4 km to the west.
Between 1912 and 1971 the name of the town was officially spelled Hälsingborg (rather like Hälsingland but unlike Helsingør and Helsingfors (Helsinki)).
Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, which has stood guard in Helsingborg for over 600 years, and more modern commercial buildings. The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the main pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden.
wn.com/Helsingborg -
Hälsingland
Hälsingland (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. It borders to Gästrikland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Medelpad and to the Gulf of Bothnia. It is part of the land of Norrland.
In English the province is sometimes referred to as Helsingia.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Hälsingland the province constitutes the northern part of the administrative county, län, Gävleborg County. Minor parts of the province are in Jämtland County and in Västernorrland County.
The coat of arms were granted in 1560 in the era of King Gustav Vasa. At that time, Hälsingland was known for its large scale goat breeding, and the arms depicted a standing goat facing heraldic right. Blazon: Sable, a Goat rampant Or attired and hoofed Gules. This, combined with the arms of Gästrikland, forms the coat of arms for Gävleborg County.
The terrain is mostly of the mountainous rocky, sloping down towards the coast. The highest elevation in its northern parts is 530 meters, and 600 meters in the western parts. Circa 85% of the land area is covered with woods, and the wood industry has historically been the main source of income. Apart from some areas around the river systems, notable around river Ljusnan, the soil is barren. Large areas consist of rocks and bogs, and is additionally unsuitable for agriculture.
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Härjedalen
Härjedalen (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in the centre of Sweden. It borders the country of Norway as well as the provinces of Dalarna, Hälsingland, Medelpad, and Jämtland. The province originally belonged to Norway, but was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Brömsebro, 1645.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no current administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Härjedalen there is a municipality, kommun, Härjedalen Municipality, which is located in the southern part of Jämtland County. The municipality does not exactly correspond to the province, but is larger.
The arms is represented with a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Argent a Sledgehammer Sable with Core Gules between Tongs of the second and two Hammers adorsed in pale of the second handled Gules.". It was granted in 1660. Since 1974 Härjedalen Municipality uses the same coat of arms, but without the coronet.
Four-fifths of the province is situated above 500 metres of altitude, constituting a part of the Scandinavian mountain range. Sweden's highest village Högvålen, at 835 metres, is also within the province.
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Hässleholm
Hässleholm is a locality and the seat of Hässleholm Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 18,500 inhabitants in 2010.
Hässleholm was gradually developed from 1860 in connection with the construction of the main Stockholm to Malmö railway line. There was no settlement on the spot before the arrival of the railway. The station got its name from a manor situated in the vicinity of a planned railway junction. It gained the city title in 1914. During the 20th century it developed into a military hub. After the end of the cold war, most of the military establishments were disbanded or moved to other locations.
In 2002, Hässleholm's Cultural Center ("kulturhus") was opened. It features theatres, a library, a visitors center, and restaurants. East of the town center is the hometown park ("hembygdspark") with a statue called "Snapphanen", by the sculptor Axel Ebbe. The statue reminds of the area's history as a center for Scanian insurgents during the 17th-century struggles between Sweden and Denmark.
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Höganäs
Höganäs is a locality and the seat of Höganäs Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 14,107 inhabitants in 2010.
Höganäs is nationally known for its ceramics industry, Höganäs Keramik. Höganäs Keramik is part of Iittala Group.
Höganäs has the main office of Höganäs AB, one of the world's biggest iron powder manufacturer with subsidiaries around the world. The Höganäs AB company was founded in 1797 which makes it one of Sweden's oldest companies.
Höganäs began as a small fishing village in the parish of Väsby, documented in 1488 in the written form Høyenæss. In the middle of the 17th century it had 17 homes. Coal was found in the area, and mining started in 1797. In 1798 a railway with wooden rails was built. It was the first of its kind in Sweden and was used to transport coal from the mine to the harbour. The population started to grow and new dwellings were built for the miners. During the 19th century more industries were built using clay for making ceramic products. Höganäs is well known still today for ceramics. The coal mines, however, were closed in the 1960s. In 1936, when Höganäs got the title of a city it had 6,915 inhabitants. Since 1971 it is the seat of Höganäs Municipality, encompassing the Kullaberg peninsula with totally around 24,000 inhabitants.
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Höganäs Municipality
Höganäs Municipality (Höganäs kommun) is one of 290 municipalities of Sweden, in Skåne County in the southern part of the country. Its seat is located in the city of Höganäs.
The rural municipality Höganäs, in which the first municipalsamhälle (a kind of borough managing matters of urban character) of Sweden had been established in 1875, received the title of a city in 1936. In 1967 it was merged with Väsby. The present municipality was created with the reform in 1971 when the city was amalgamated with Brunnby and Jonstorp.
The municipality is located on the Kullen peninsula, the extreme part of which is known as the nature reserve Kullaberg hill, with the picturesque víllages of Mölle and Arild. The nature reserve is an Important Bird Area of Sweden and a location of several rare plant species.
The Kullen Lighthouse, the most powerful lighthouse in Scandinavia, is located on the western point of Kullaberg. The nature reserve is also home to a series of wooden structures along the coastline, which were begun by artist by Lars Vilks in 1980, and which have become known as Nimis. This is a tourist attraction despite being unauthorised by the Swedish authorities and therefore not marked on maps or signposted.
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Höör
Höör is a locality and the seat of Höör Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 7,865 inhabitants in 2010.
The unusual spelling with double "ö", was implemented by the Swedish postal service in the beginning of the 20th century. At that time it was common that, on local letters, the place of destination was replaced by the word "Här" (sw. for here). In order to avoid confusion the spelling of the name Hör was therefore changed to Höör.
The train station in Höör is located on the line from Kristianstad to Malmö, making it quick and easy to commute. Also basically situated through the town is a large road leading north and south.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jämtland
Jämtland (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈjɛmtˌlanː] ( listen)) (Latin: Iemptia) or Jamtland (Jamtish: [ˈjamtˌlanː]) is a historical province or landskap in the center of Sweden in northern Europe. It borders to Härjedalen and Medelpad in the south, Ångermanland in the east, Lapland in the north and Trøndelag and Norway in the west. Jämtland covers an area of 34,009 square kilometres, 8.3% of Sweden's total area and is the second largest province in Sweden. It has a population of 112,717, the majority of whom live in Storsjöbygden, the area surrounding lake Storsjön. Östersund is Jämtland's only city and is the 24th most populous city in Sweden.
Jämtland was originally an autonomous peasant republic, its own nation with its own law, currency[citation needed] and parliament. However, Jämtland lacked a public administration and is thus best regarded as an anarchy, in its true meaning.[clarification needed] Jämtland was conquered by Norway in 1178 and stayed Norwegian for over 450 years until it was ceded to Sweden in 1645. The province has since been Swedish for roughly 350 years, though the population did not gain Swedish citizenship until 1699. The province's identity is manifested with the concept of a republic within the kingdom of Sweden[citation needed], although this is only done semi-seriously.
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Kristianstad
Kristianstad (Swedish pronunciation: [kriˈɧanːsta], older spelling Christianstad) is a city and the seat of Kristianstad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 35,711 inhabitants in 2010. During the last 15 years, it has gone from a garrison town to a developed commercial city, attracting visitors from the northeastern Scania, western Blekinge and northern Österlen.
The city was founded in 1614 by King Christian IV of Denmark, the city's name literally means 'Town of Christian', as a planned city after the burning of the town of Vä and moving the city rights of the neighbouring town of Sölvesborg to the new town. The purpose of the town was to guard the eastern half of the Danish province of Scania against any future raids from Sweden, but also as a symbol of the power of Christian himself. One of these raids had sacked the nearby town of Vä in 1612. Vä then lost its charter and the people were moved to the new, better fortified city. The king also founded the town of Christianopel in eastern Blekinge to serve a similar purpose.
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Kristianstad County
Kristianstad County (Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden from 1719 to January 1, 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne County.
The seat of residence for the Governor was in Kristianstad.
The list is preceded by the Governors-General of Scania, and succeeded by the Governors of Skåne County.
Coordinates: 56°01′50″N 14°09′30″E / 56.030555555556°N 14.158333333333°E / 56.030555555556; 14.158333333333
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Kullaberg
Kullaberg is a nature reserve situated on a peninsula of land protruding into the Kattegat in Höganäs Municipality near the town of Mölle in southwest Sweden. The site in the province of Skåne is an area of considerable biodiversity supporting a number of rare species and has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) in Sweden as well as a Special Protection Area (SPA). The terrain is dominated by steep cliffs rising from the sea and rocky outcrops on the ridge above, the highest elevation being Mount Håkull at 188 meters. Ridgetop vegetation includes a mixed hardwood broadleaf forest consisting of birch, beech, oak and pine trees with an understory of hawthorn, juniper, wild honeysuckle and blackthorn. Among the notable rare plants are Spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus.
Inhabited as early as the Stone Age, there are extant stone circles, grave mounds, ancient village remains and other archeological features. Kullaberg is administered by the Höganäs Forestry Board and the Gyllenstierna Krapperup Foundation. Kullen lighthouse, designed by architect Magnus Dahlander in 1898, is considered the brightest in Sweden, situated at the westernmost point of the reserve, guiding ships through this busy part of the Kattegat. Within this 75 square kilometre (18,500 acre) reserve are extensive hiking paths that criss-cross the ridge and provide access to dozens of beach coves nestled at the bottom of the cliff formations.
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Landskrona
Landskrona is a locality and the seat of Landskrona Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 30,499 inhabitants in 2010.
The city of Landskrona was founded at the location of Scania's (at that time a part of Denmark) best natural harbour, as a means of King Eric of Pomerania's anti-Hanseatic policy, intended to compete with Danish towns under Hanseatic control. A Carmelite monastery was founded in 1410, English merchants were granted the privileges in a royal charter in 1412, and the town itself was chartered in 1413. Landskrona was burned by the Hanseatic League in 1428.
The foundation was done at a place for a fishing settlement, historical described as Sønder Sæby ("sønder" means "southern"). Still today exists a very small settlement just north of the town, known as Säby (Sæby in Danish). This probably was the Nørre Sæby ("nørre" means "northern") in the beginning of the 15:th century, but since the southern village became the town, the need for distinguish northern and southern Sæby disappeared. The original name of the officially founded town was Landszkrone. But changed to Landskrone sometime before 1450.
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Lapland (Sweden)
Lappland (Swedish: Lappland, Latin: Lapponia) is a province in northernmost Sweden. It borders Jämtland, Ångermanland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten, Norway and Finland. About a quarter of Sweden's surface area is in Lappland.
Lappland originally extended eastward. However, in 1809 the Russian Empire annexed the eastern part of the Swedish realm, and created the Grand Duchy of Finland, which in effect split Lappland into a Swedish part and a Finnish part, both of which still exist today.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes but are cultural and historical entities. Administratively, Lapland constitutes the western part of two counties of Sweden, Norrbotten County in the north and Västerbotten County in the south. In contrast to most other areas of Sweden, there is more of an identification with the counties rather than to provinces. Thus, most people in these counties refer to the entire county, including the areas in Lapland, when they say 'Norrbotten' or 'Västerbotten'.
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Lund
Lund (Swedish pronunciation: [lɵnd] ( listen)) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 82,800 inhabitants in 2010, out of a municipal total of 110,824. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Skåne County. The city is believed to have been founded around 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark. It soon became a major Christian center of the Baltic Sea region, at a time when the area was still a frontier area for Christian mission, and within Scandinavia and especially Denmark through the Middle Ages. From 1103 it was the seat of an archbishop. At the center of the city stands the towering Lund Cathedral, built ca 1090-1145.
Lund University, established 1666, is today one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research.
Along with Sigtuna, Lund is the oldest city in present-day Sweden. Lund's origins are unclear. Until the 1980s, the town was thought to have been founded around 1020 by either Sweyn I Forkbeard or his son Canute the Great of Denmark. The area was then part of the kingdom of Denmark. But, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first settlement dated to circa 990, possibly the relocation of settlers at Uppåkra. The Uppåkra settlement dates back to the first century B.C. and its remains are at the present site of the village of Uppåkra. King Sweyn I Forkbeard moved Loda to its present location, a distance of some five kilometres. The new location of Lund, on a hill and across a ford, gave the new site considerable defensive advantages in comparison with Uppåkra, situated on the highest point of a large plain.
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Malmö
Malmö (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈmalːˈmøː] ( listen)), in the southernmost province of Scania, is Sweden's third largest city by population after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and is one of the largest cities in Scandinavia.
Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County. The administrative entity for most of the city is Malmö Municipality which has 300,515 inhabitants in eight different localities, with 30% being of foreign origin (either born outside of Sweden or having both parents born abroad). Malmö is also a bimunicipal locality, as part of it is formally situated in Burlöv Municipality. The total population of the urban area was 280,415 in December 2010.
Greater Malmö is one of Sweden's three officially recognized Metropolitan areas (storstadsområden) and since 2005 is defined as the municipality of Malmö and 11 other municipalities in the southwestern corner of Scania. On 30 June 2008, its population was recorded to be 628,388. The region covers an area of 2,535.76 square kilometres (979.06 sq mi). The municipalities included, apart from Malmö, are Burlöv, Eslöv, Höör, Kävlinge, Lomma, Lund, Skurup, Staffanstorp, Svedala, Trelleborg and Vellinge. Lund, with a municipal population of over 100,000 and home to one of Scandinavia's major universities, is together with Malmö the region's economic and education hub.
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Malmö Municipality
Malmö Municipality (Swedish: Malmö kommun or Malmö stad) is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Malmö.
When the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863 the old City of Malmö was made one of the country's 88 city municipalities and the first city council was elected. The municipal territory has been augmented through amalgamations in 1911, 1915, 1931, 1935, 1952, 1967 and finally in 1971.
In 1971 the city was also converted into a municipality of unitary type, like all others in Sweden. Malmö Municipality, however, styles itself Malmö stad (City of Malmö) in all cases when it is legally possible. This is a decision taken by the municipal assembly. It is purely nominal and has no effect on the legal status of the municipality.
There are 8 urban areas (also called a tätort or locality) in Malmö Municipality.
In the table the urban areas are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters.
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Medelpad
Medelpad (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in the north of Sweden. It borders to Hälsingland, Härjedalen, Jämtland, Ångermanland and the Gulf of Bothnia.
The province is a part of Norrland and as such considered to be Northern Sweden, although the province geographically is located in the middle of Sweden. It is a common misconception that name "Medelpad" ("middle land" or "middle ground") reflects this, but the name actually refers to the fact that most of the province lies between its two rivers Ljungan and Indalsälven.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Medelpad the province roughly comprises the southern part of the administrative county, län, Västernorrland County.
The arms of Medelpad symbolises the land between the two rivers Ljungan and Indalsälven. As with other Swedish provinces the arms can be represented showing a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Four times parted per fess wavy, Azure, Argent, Gules, Argent and Azure."
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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Norrbotten
Norrbotten (English meaning: North Bothnia) is a Swedish province (landskap) in northernmost Sweden. It borders south to Västerbotten, west to Swedish Lapland, and east to Finland.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In this case, however, the county is older than the province. When the new national border to the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland had been drawn Norrbotten County, the northernmost of the counties of Sweden, was created in 1810 consisting of the northern parts of Lappland and Västerbotten. After that, northern Västerbotten has gradually evolved as a province of its own.
Not being one of the old historical provinces of Sweden Norrbotten had not been granted a coat of arms in the same way as the others. As recently as 1995, after decades of controversy, Norrbotten got its arms, thus recognized as a "real" province.
During the Middle Ages Norrbotten was basically terra nullius. The area was sparsely populated by Sami people, who lived on hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. From the Middle Ages and forward, the Swedish kings tried hard to colonise and Christianize the area. Settlers from Finland, the most important of which were known as Birkarls, controlled the trade and even the taxing on the area long into the 16th century. From the mid 16th century, the area was more firmly tied to Sweden. An important sign of Swedish control was the large Nederluleå stone church from 1492. Still today, Finnish and Sami minorities live in Norrbotten and they have kept their culture and language.
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Närke
Närke (help·info) is a Swedish traditional province, or landskap, situated in Svealand in south central Sweden. It is bordered by Västmanland to the north, Södermanland to the east, Östergötland to the southeast, Västergötland to the southwest, and Värmland to the northwest. Närke has a surface area of 4,126 km² and a total population of 195,414.
The name of the province (Neeric 1165-81) comes from an old word när (narrow) which refers to the narrow ridge where the church of Norrbyås (Nerboahs 1275) is situated. What the rest of the name means is not clear. In English sometimes also Nerike (an archaic spelling of the province) and Nericia (the Latin name) is used for the province.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Närke, the province makes up the southern part of Örebro County.
Arms granted in 1560, and revised a decade or so later with the current one. The arms is represented with a ducal coronet. At the centre there are two crossbow darts was - the crossbow being the favourite weapon of the peasants. Blazon: "Gules between four Roses Argent two Arrows in saltire Or points upward pointed Argent." The Närke arms is one of the components of the coat of arms for Örebro County, granted in 1944.
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Osby Municipality
Osby Municipality (Osby kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Osby.
The amalgamation during the 1970s' local government reform took place in the area on January 1, 1974, when the former market town Osby (itself instituted as such in 1937) was merged with three adjacent rural municipalities.
There are 3 localities (or built-up areas) in Osby Municipality.
In the table the localities are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters.
The municipality is twinned with:
Coordinates: 56°22′N 13°59′E / 56.367°N 13.983°E / 56.367; 13.983
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Perstorp
Perstorp is a locality and the seat of Perstorp Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 5,665 inhabitants in 2010. It is twinned with Newton Aycliffe, a town in the North-East of England.
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Pomerania
Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East. Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.
Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.
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Scania
Scania ( Skåne (help·info) in Swedish) is the southernmost of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces (landskap) of Sweden, constituting a peninsula on the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and some adjacent islands. The modern administrative subdivision (län) Skåne County is almost, but not totally, congruent with the province. The largest city is Malmö, which is also the third largest in Sweden and the administrative centre of Skåne County.
To the north, Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland, to the north-east Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west the Öresund strait. Since 2000 a road and railway bridge, the Øresund Bridge constitutes a fixed link to the Danish island of Zealand. It is part of the transnational Öresund Region.
The province, up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, formed part of the kingdom of Denmark. The transition to Sweden was later confirmed by the Treaty of Copenhagen 1660, the Peace of Lund 1679, the Peace of Travendal 1700. The last serious Danish attempt to retake the province failed in 1710, after the Battle of Helsingborg. The period 1658–1720 saw widespread violence by the Swedish military against the population. The region did not form part of Sweden proper until 1720, but had the status of conquered "foreign land" until that year. Until the early 19th century, a policy of forced assimilation was employed by the Swedish government in what until then had been a linguistically Danish region.
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Scania AB
Coordinates: 59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056°N 17.64056°E / 59.17056; 17.64056
Scania Aktiebolag (publ), commonly referred to as Scania AB or just Scania, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles - specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures diesel engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine, and general industrial applications.
Founded in 1891 in Södertälje, Sweden, the company's head office is still in the city. Today, Scania has ten production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, and Russia. In addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scania's sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide. In 2008, the company employed approximately 35,000 people around the world.
Scania's logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the Swedish region of Scania (Swedish: Skåne).
Scania AB (Scania is Latin for the province of Skåne) came from a merger between the two companies; Vabis and Scania.
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Simrishamn
Simrishamn is a locality and the seat of Simrishamn Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,527 inhabitants in 2010. Simrishamn is, despite its small population, for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city.
Simrishamn is a picturesque coastal town, built around the main street (Storgatan), that passes the market square, itself being the center of the town.
Simrishamn is first mentioned (as Symbrishafn) in 1161 and as a town in 1361. Simris has been interpreted as "the mouth of the slow-flowing (river)", meaning present-day Tommarpsån. It has been speculated that the name should have something to do with the Cimbri, a Germanic tribe, but that is a very unlikely theory. In 1658, when Scania under the Treaty of Roskilde was permanently transferred from Denmark to Sweden, the town had a population of about 200 people. The growth was relatively small until about 1810 when it reached 700 inhabitants, growing to 1365 in 1850 and 1966 in 1890. The local government reform of 1971 made Simrishamn the seat of Simrishamn Municipality with about 20,000 inhabitants.
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Sjöbo
Sjöbo is a locality and the seat of Sjöbo Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 6,724 inhabitants in 2010.
Sjöbo started growing when it became a halt on the railway between Malmö (to the west) and Simrishamn (to the east) in the early 20th century. Today the town of Sjöbo cannot be reached by rail, but a road through central Scania crosses the municipality and town, while another large road from east to west also crosses it.
Sjöbo possess the Guinness World Record for the biggest "spettekaka" ever made. "Spettekaka" ("spit cake") is a cake made out of flour, sugar and eggs and baked on a skewer.
The town is also associated with many cases of opposition to immigration (see Refugee controversy in Sjöbo). In the 2010 election, the anti-immigration Sweden Democrats received 16% of the vote, the highest of any municipality.
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Sjöbo Municipality
Sjöbo Municipality (Sjöbo kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in the town Sjöbo.
The present municipality was created in 1974 when the former market town (köping) Sjöbo was amalgamated with the surrounding rural municipalities. There are fifteen original entities within today's municipality.
There are 9 urban areas (also called a Tätort or locality) in Sjöbo Municipality.
In the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005. The municipal seat is in bold characters.
Sjöbo Municipality reached into the publics eye in Sweden in 1988 when under the leadership of the Municipal Commissioner Sven-Olle Olsson it voted by a majority of 67% in a referendum, that it would not accept foreign asylum seekers. Most other municipalities in Sweden accepted refugees that came from troubled countries such as former Yugoslavia and Iraq.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, immigration, high unemployment and the fiscal burdens on local governments who were obliged to integrate refugees, and the influence of Sjöbo Municipality's refusal to accept refugees in 1987, led to the adoption of a combined immigration and integration system in the "Aliens Act" of 1989.
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Skanör
Skanör is a town in Vellinge Municipality and part of the conurbation Skanör med Falsterbo in southwestern Scania, Sweden. City facilities include hotels, restaurants, a harbour, an old church and an elementary school. A greenbelt called Skanörs vångar will be a new residential area in Skanör.
The Harbour of Skanör is big. It is a fishing and guest harbour. In the summer, there is a market called Sillamarknaden with a funfair and a beer tent and live bands. A locally famous janitor is a frequent visitor to the fair and one of its many attractions.
"Jollebryggan", situated on the north part of the harbour, is a bridge deck which both old and young residents use for casual swimming. The older residents can be observed early mornings from late April to early October at "Jollebryggan", the younger residents usually use the bridge deck for night swimming.
For many years the restaurant and night club "Badhytten", situated in the harbour, was Skanör's most popular entertainment establishment. "Badhytten" attracted local residents as well as exotic celebrity guests and made Skanör the St. Tropez of Sweden. Celebrities such as Zlatan Ibrahimović and Mona Seilitz were known to frequent "Badhytten" on their rare trips home to Sweden. However, "Badhytten" burned down in January 2009, just before major renovations were to be carried out. The police investigation is still ongoing but the common theory is that a fire was the cause.
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Skanör-Falsterbo
Skanör med Falsterbo is a statistical locality (Swedish tätort, locality code 3672), situated in Vellinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,937 inhabitants in 2010. It consists of the two old towns of Skanör and Falsterbo which have grown together, but are still regarded as different communities by locals. The conjunction med means with.
It is a conurbation consisting of the two medieval towns of Skanör and Falsterbo. Both towns are located on the elongated reef-like western part of the Falsterbo Peninsula, (Falsterbonäset), Falsterbo to the south and Skanör to the north. The towns are separated by a several kilometers long bank built of earth and seaweed, and have never geographically been considered the same town.
The peninsula forms the southwesternmost tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It marks the border between the Baltic Sea and the Øresund, the sound that separates the Danish island Zealand from the southern Swedish province of Scania.
The locality is situated south of the city of Malmö, with 28 km to Skanör and 30 km to Falsterbo, based on the local distance signs along the motorway. During the 20th century the towns have become affluent suburbs for people working in the Malmö-Lund region, as well as a popular site among older people who have retired from higher positions abroad or in the capital.
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Skåne County
Skåne County (Skåne län), also known as Scania County in English, is the southernmost administrative county or län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the traditional province Scania (which in Swedish is called Skåne). It borders the counties of Halland, Kronoberg and Blekinge. The seat of residence for the Skåne Governor is the town of Malmö. The headquarters of Region Skåne is the town of Kristianstad.
The present county was created in 1997 when Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County were merged, and it covers around 3% of Sweden's total area, but its population of 1,250,000 comprises 13% of Sweden's total population.
When the new county was established in 1997, it was decided to name it after the historical province Scania, or Skåne, as it is called in Swedish, so it was given the name Skåne län. The most common name used in English is Skåne County, even if the form Scania County is not uncommon. It can not be considered wrong to use either form in English.
The coat of arms for Skåne County is the same as for the province of Scania only with the tinctures reversed and the crown, beak and tongue of the Griffin in the same color. When the arms is shown with a royal crown it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of (royal) government authority. Blazon: "Gules, a Griffin's head erased Or, crowned and armed the same".
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Smygehuk
Smygehuk is a harbour and fishing village near Trelleborg in Skåne, Sweden. It's most known for being the southernmost point of Sweden and the Scandinavian Peninsula (55° 20' N). To the west of the harbour is Smygehuk Lighthouse and Smygehuk Hostel.
A statue of a nude woman stands in the harbour. It was made by artist Axel Ebbe and installed in 1930. It is named Famntaget (the embrace). The model for the statue was Birgit Holmquist, mother of the model Nena von Schlebrügge and grandmother of actress Uma Thurman.
Coordinates: 55°20′14″N 13°21′30″E / 55.33722°N 13.35833°E / 55.33722; 13.35833
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Småland
Småland (help·info) is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is Tomtabacken with its 377 m.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. The province is divided into the three administrative counties: Jönköping County, Kalmar County and Kronoberg County, which roughly cover the entire Småland province. Smaller areas of Småland, however, are situated in Halland County and Östergötland County.
The current coat of arms, granted in 1569, features a rampant red lion on a golden shield carrying a crossbow. The arms may appear with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Or a lion rampant Gules langued and armed Azure holding in front paws a Crossbow of the second bowed and stringed Sable with a bolt Argent."
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Staffanstorp
Staffanstorp is a locality and the seat of Staffanstorp Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 14,808 inhabitants in 2010. Of the Scanian towns that never acquired town privileges before abolished in Sweden in 1971, Staffanstorp is the largest.
The town is cituated at the center of a large triangular fertile plain, reaching approximately 25 kilometres from the Øresund strait inwards in Scania. The base of the triangle follows the coast, approximately 25 kilometres starting in Malmö in the south. As a village it is mentioned in 14th century sources, but it would remain fairly insignificant in the shadow of more important towns such as Lund, Dalby and Malmö. An inn and the local hundred-jail with two cells were located there in the 19th century.
Staffanstorp expanded in the late 19th century due to railways (1875 and 1892) and a sugar factory (1885), that all were abolished about 100 years later.
A second wave of expansion is marked by the construction of a suburb, chiefly for people working in the nearby cities of Lund and Malmö. The distance is approximately 15 minutes by car to the city centers. Some 35-45% of the inhabitants commute to work outside of the municipality. Starting in 1945 with a housing cooperative building three 3-story buildings, Staffanstorp evolved from a village with a few industries and the local center in an agrarian district, to a suburb dominated by single-family detached homes. The population in 1952 was just slightly above 1.000. Between 1960 and 1975, the population tripled.
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Stockholm
Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈhɔlm, ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkːɔlm]( listen to the second one)) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.
Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stockholm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Södermanland
Södermanland (help·info), sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania, is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Östergötland, Närke, Västmanland and Uppland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea.
In Swedish, the province name is frequently shortened to Sörmland.
Södermanland means "Southern man land". It was used as a directional reference to lake Mälaren, compared to Uppland (north) and Västmanland (west).
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. There is a corresponding administrative Södermanland County. However, the bulk of the population is within Stockholm County
The coat of arms was granted in 1560. The arms is represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Or, a Griffin rampant Sable beaked, langued, membered and armed Gules." The same CoA was granted for the county in 1940.
Södermanland is situated between lake Mälaren to the north and the Baltic Sea to the south and east. In the south, the border to Östergötland is comprised by the Kolmården forest.
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Turning Torso
HSB Turning Torso is the tallest skyscraper in Sweden and the Nordic countries, situated in Malmö, Sweden, located on the Swedish side of the Öresund strait. Upon completion, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia, the tallest residential building in the EU and the second tallest residential building in Europe, after the 264‑metre (866 ft) Triumph Palace in Moscow. A similar, taller skyscraper featuring a 90° twist is the Infinity Tower, currently under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Prior to the construction of Turning Torso, the 86‑metre (282 ft) Kronprinsen had been the city's tallest building.
It was designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and officially opened on 27 August 2005. The tower reaches a height of 190 metres (623 feet) with 54 stories.
The vision of HSB Turning Torso is based on a sculpture called Twisting Torso. The sculpture is a white marble piece based on the form of a twisting human being, created by Santiago Calatrava, a trained sculptor, architect and engineer.
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Uppland
Uppland ( listen (help·info)) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital. It borders Södermanland, Västmanland and Gästrikland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea. It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland, an autonomous province of Finland, on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic.
The name literally means up land, a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature. Its Latinised form, which is occasionally used, is Uplandia.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. The corresponding administrative county, or län, is Uppsala County, which occupies the larger part of the territory. The bulk of the population, however, is within Stockholm County. Minor parts of the province are also in Västmanland County, Gävleborg County and Södermanland County.
Arms granted in 1560. Historically Uppland ranked as a duchy and the coat of arms is represented with a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Gules, a Royal Orb Or gemmed of the field and Azure with the cross bottoned Argent." Despite the fact that the Uppsala län has a different name and a smaller territory it was granted the same coat of arms in 1940.
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Ven, Sweden
Ven (Danish and older Swedish spelling Hven) is a small Swedish island in the Öresund strait, between Scania and Zealand (Denmark). It is situated in Landskrona Municipality, Skåne County. The island has 371 inhabitants and an area of 7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi). During the 1930s, the population was at its peak, with approximately 1,300 inhabitants. There are four villages on the island: Bäckviken, Tuna By, Norreborg and Kyrkbacken.
The island was historically under Danish rule, but it became Swedish in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on the 6th of May 1658. The transfer to Sweden was confirmed in 1660 by the Treaty of Copenhagen. The 350 years were commemorated on the island in 2010.
Astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) built two observatories here, Uraniborg and Stjerneborg, built during 1576 - 1596.
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Värmland
Värmland (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Latin name versions are Vermelandia and Wermelandia. Although the province's land originally was Götaland, the province's current land is Svealand. The origin of the province's name is uncertain. It may refer to the large local lake by the name of Värmeln.
Provinces serve no administrative function in Sweden today. Instead, that function is served by Counties of Sweden; however, in many instances a county has virtually the same border as the province, which is the case with Värmland and its corresponding county Värmland County. The main exception is a smaller part to the south east which belongs to Örebro County.
Arms were granted in 1560, when it depicted a wolverine. This was however too similar to that of Medelpad. In 1567 it was revised into an eagle. In the late 17th century the eagle was black. In 1936 it got its current blazon, when the eagle became blue. Blazon: "Argent, an Eagle displayed Azure beaked, langued and membered Gules."
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Västerbotten
Västerbotten (help·info), English exonym: West Bothnia, is a province or landskap in the north of Sweden. It borders Ångermanland, Lapland, Norrbotten and the Gulf of Bothnia. It is famous for the cheese with the same name as the province.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. The administrative county, Västerbotten County, consists of the provincedd
On 18 January 1884 all provinces gained the rights to the rank of duchy and the arms can be represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Azure Seme of Mullets Or a Reindeer in full course Argent attired and hoofed Gules."
Västerbotten was historically divided into chartered cities and districts.
The historical province Västerbotten was divided in court districts.
Up until the Finnish War 1808-1809 and the Treaty of Fredrikshamn the province of Västerbotten also included a small part of today's Finland. This part has later been integrated in Lapland, Finland. The Eastern Botten or Ostrobothnia was in the Finnish side.
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Västergötland
Västergötland (help·info), English exonym: West Gothland, is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish), situated in the southwest of Sweden. In older English literature one may also encounter the Latinized version Westrogothia.
Västergötland borders the provinces Bohuslän, Dalsland, Värmland, Närke, Östergötland, Småland, and Halland. It is also bounded by the two largest Swedish lakes Vänern and Vättern, with a small strip to the Kattegat sea area. On this small strip the second largest city of Sweden, Gothenburg, is situated.
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by counties of Sweden. From the 17th century up until 1998 Västergötland was divided into Skaraborg County, Älvsborg County and a minor part of Gothenburg and Bohus County. From 1999 nearly all of the province is in the newly created Västra Götaland County, with the exception of Habo Municipality and Mullsjö Municipality, which were transferred to Jönköping County, and smaller parts of the province which are in Halland County and Örebro County.
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Västmanland
Västmanland (help·info) is a historical Swedish province, or landskap, in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.
The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Västmanland the corresponding administrative county, Västmanland County, constitutes the eastern part of the province. The western part is in Örebro County.
The coat of arms was granted in 1560. At the time it featured one fire mountain, to represent the mine of Sala Municipality. Soon, their numbers were increased to three, to also symbolize the Lindesberg and Norberg/Skinnskatteberg mines and the present blazon was ratified in 1943.Blazon: "Argent, in base tripple Mount Azure issuant from each Flames Gules." When crowned with a dukal coronet it represents the province. However rather different in size Västmanland County was granted the same CoA in 1943.
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Ystad
Ystad (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈyːsta]) is a town, and the seat of Ystad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden, with 18,350 inhabitants in 2010. The settlement dates back to the 11th century and the town has become a busy ferryport, local administrative centre and tourist attraction. It is associated with the fictional detective Kurt Wallander whose stories, by Henning Mankell, are set in Ystad.
In 1285, the town's name was written Ystath. Its original meaning is not fully understood, but probably the "y" has something to do with an old word for the yew tree,-stad is town, or rather place. In Danish times before 1658 the spelling was Ysted.
After Absalon, Bishop of Roskilde and Archbishop of Lund, peace was brought to the area in the 11th century, fishing families settled at the mouth of the river Vassa as herring fishing became the main source of trade. Ystad was not mentioned in documents until 1244, in a record of King Eric's visit to the town with his brother, Abel. A Franciscan monastery, Gråbrödraklostret, was founded in 1267, and Ystad joined the Hanseatic League in the 14th century.
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Zeeland
Zeeland [ˈzeɪ̯.lɑnt] ( listen), also called Zealand in English, is the westernmost province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, consists of a number of islands (hence its name, meaning "sea-land") and a strip bordering Belgium. Its capital is Middelburg. With a population of about 380,000, its area is about 2930 km², of which almost 1140 km² is water.
Large parts of Zeeland are below sea level. The last great flooding of the area was in 1953. Tourism is an important economic activity. In the summer, its beaches make it a popular destination for tourists, especially German tourists. In some areas, the population can be two to four times higher during the high summer season. The coat of arms of Zeeland shows a lion half-immerged from water, and the text "luctor et emergo" (Latin for "I struggle and I emerge"). The Pacific nation of New Zealand is named after Zeeland.
From north to south, it consists of
A list of the municipalities, with links to maps:
The province of Zeeland is a large river delta situated at the mouth of several major rivers. Most of the province lies below sea level and was reclaimed from the sea by inhabitants over time. What used to be a muddy landscape, flooding at high tide and reappearing at low tide, became a series of small man-made hills that stayed dry at all times. The people of the province would later connect the hills by creating dikes, which led to a chain of dry land that later grew into bigger islands and gave the province its current shape. The shape of the islands has changed over time at the hands of both man and nature.
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Ängelholm
Ängelholm is a locality and the seat of Ängelholm Municipality in Skåne County, Sweden with 23,240 inhabitants in 2010.
It is known for its clay cuckoos — a special kind of ocarina. This is however a dying tradition as there is now only one producer of clay cuckoos, Sofia Nilsson.
Tourism is an important industry to the city. Its most valued resource in this respect is a popular 6-kilometer long sandy beach right outside the town. The winds in Skälderviken bay make the beach an attractive resort for sailors, wave surfers and wind surfers.
Here is also an ice cream manufacturer, Engelholms Glass which produces about 1.2 million litres of ice-cream every year.
A special sight of Ängelholm is the UFO-Memorial Ängelholm.
The old settlement Rynestad was mentioned around the year 1600. The new city got its charter from king Christian II of Denmark in 1516. The town remained small for centuries. Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Ängelholm, together with the rest of Scania, was assigned by Denmark to Sweden. The town began to grow in the 19th century due to industrialization. It was also a garrison town until 1883 and had an airforce base between 1941 and 2002. The high-performance car manufacturer Koenigsegg Automotive is based on the premises of the decommissioned F 10 Ängelholm airbase.
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Ångermanland
Ångermanland (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in the north of Sweden. It borders to Medelpad, Jämtland, Lapland, Västerbotten and the Gulf of Bothnia. The name "Ångermanland" comes from the Old Norse "anger", which means "deep fjord" and refers to the deep mouth of the river Ångermanälven. "Ångermanland" is "Angermannia" in Latin.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are cultural and historical entities. The province of Ångermanland is divided between Västernorrland County, which comprises the heartland with minor parts in Västerbotten County and Jämtland County.
The arms is represented showing a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Azure three Salmons nainaint Argent finned Gules, the middle one counternainaint." It is almost identical to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.
Ångermanland is the sixth largest of Sweden's provinces with an area of roughly 19,500 km², about the size of Wales. A round 1,000 km² consists of water.
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Öresund
The Sound (Danish Øresund, Danish pronunciation: [ˈøːɐsɔnˀ], or Swedish Öresund, pronounced [œrəˈsɵnd]), locally known as Sundet, is the strait that separates the Danish island Zealand from the southern Swedish province of Scania. Its width is just 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) at the narrowest point between Kronborg Castle at Elsinore (Helsingør in Danish) in Denmark, and the northern harbour of Helsingborg in Scania, Sweden. The strait has also lent its name to the Øresund Region of 3.8 million inhabitants on both the Danish and Swedish sides.
Øresund is one of the three Danish Straits that connects the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean via Kattegat, Skagerrak and the North Sea, and is one of the busiest waterways in the world.
The Øresund Bridge (which includes a 3 km tunnel) between Danish capital Copenhagen and the largest city of Scania, Malmö was inaugurated on 1 July 2000 by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Ferries run around the clock between Helsingborg, Sweden and Helsingør, Denmark.
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Öresund bridge
The Øresund or Öresund Bridge (Danish: Øresundsbroen, Swedish: Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name: Øresundsbron) is a combined twin-track railway and dual carriageway bridge-tunnel across the Øresund strait between Sweden and Denmark.
The bridge runs nearly 8 km (5 miles) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island of Peberholm, which lies in the middle of the strait. The remainder of the link is by tunnel from Peberholm to the Danish island of Amager. The Øresund Bridge is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe, and connects two major metropolitan areas: those of the Danish capital city of Copenhagen and the major Swedish city of Malmö. Furthermore, the Øresund Bridge connects the road and rail networks of Scandinavia with those of Central and Western Europe.
The international European route E20 crosses this bridge-tunnel via the road, and the Oresund Line uses the railway. The construction of the Great Belt Fixed Link – which connects Zealand to Funen and thence to the Jutland Peninsula – and the Oresund Bridge have connected Central and Western Europe to Scandinavia by road and rail. The Oresund Bridge was designed by the Danish architectural practice Dissing+Weitling.
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Öresund Region
The Øresund or Öresund Region (Danish: Øresundsregionen; Swedish: Öresundsregionen) is a transnational region in northern Europe, centred on the cities of Copenhagen and Malmö. Located by the shores of the Øresund strait and connected by the Oresund Bridge, the Capital Region of Denmark and Region Zealand constitute the Danish side, while Skåne County constitutes the Swedish side. The region has a population of 3,785,429 (1 January 2012) and a population density of 181/km².
Since the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658, Scania (Swedish: Skåne) has been part of Sweden; for most of the period from 800 to 1658, the Oresund Region was united under the flag of Denmark. In recent years, part of the population has stressed Scania's regional identity again, but Scanian separatism remains very limited and is not a political issue.[citation needed]
The Oresund Region consists of both rural and urban areas. There are two metropolitan areas within the region, Greater Copenhagen and Metropolitan Malmö. Areas on the periphery of the region have a relatively low population density, whereas the two metropolitan areas of Copenhagen and Malmö are two of the most densely populated in Scandinavia, with approximately 2.6 million inhabitants together. Helsingborg also forms an important urban hub on the Swedish side. Although the southwest of Scania is sometimes called the Malmö-Lund area, these two cities remain distinct both geographically and culturally.[citation needed]
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Östergötland
Östergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish) in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia. The corresponding administrative county, Östergötland County covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces.
From 1560, Östergötland was represented with two separate coat-of-arms seals until 1884, when the current one was granted. The coat of arms is represented with a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Gules a Griffin with Dragon Wings, Tail and Tongue rampant Or armed, beaked, langued and membered Azure between four Roses Argent."
From west to east, in the middle parts, extends the Östgöta Plain (Östgöta-slätten). It is largely agricultural. In the southern part of the province, the terrain becomes marked by the south-Swedish highlands, with hills and countless lakes. The northern parts are also hilly, and are otherwise dominated by forests.
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Östra Göinge
Östra Göinge Municipality (Östra Göinge kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in Broby.
The present municipality was formed in 1974 when the former municipalities of Broby, Glimåkra, Hjärsås and Knislinge were amalgamated.
There are 8 smaller population centers (urban areas) in the municipality, where approximately 80 percent of the population lives, surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas.
Östra Göinge Municipality is part of Göingebygden, an area in northern Scania which borders the provinces Småland and Blekinge. The landscape is gently undulating and densely forested with deciduous and coniferous trees, interspersed with open areas of flat and fertile agricultural land. Even though this is a typical northern Scanian landscape, Östra Göinge's abundance of small forest tarns, winding brooks and large lakes make it similar to the province Småland as well. The large, scenic river Helgeån runs through the municipality, offering ample opportunities for fishing of pike, perch and pike-perch, as well as brown trout, eel, whitefish and chub.
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Øresund Bridge
The Øresund or Öresund Bridge (Danish: Øresundsbroen, Swedish: Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name: Øresundsbron) is a combined twin-track railway and dual carriageway bridge-tunnel across the Øresund strait between Sweden and Denmark.
The bridge runs nearly 8 km (5 miles) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island of Peberholm, which lies in the middle of the strait. The remainder of the link is by tunnel from Peberholm to the Danish island of Amager. The Øresund Bridge is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe, and connects two major metropolitan areas: those of the Danish capital city of Copenhagen and the major Swedish city of Malmö. Furthermore, the Øresund Bridge connects the road and rail networks of Scandinavia with those of Central and Western Europe.
The international European route E20 crosses this bridge-tunnel via the road, and the Oresund Line uses the railway. The construction of the Great Belt Fixed Link – which connects Zealand to Funen and thence to the Jutland Peninsula – and the Oresund Bridge have connected Central and Western Europe to Scandinavia by road and rail. The Oresund Bridge was designed by the Danish architectural practice Dissing+Weitling.
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Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.
Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.
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Artur Lundkvist
Artur Lundkvist (3 March 1906 in Perstorp Municipality, Skåne County – 11 December 1991 in Solna, Stockholm County) was a Swedish writer, poet and literary critic. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1968.
He wrote around 80 books, and his works have been translated into some 30 languages. Lundkvist published a number of poems, including Om natten (In The Night). He is also noted for having translated many works from Spanish and French into Swedish. Several authors he translated were later awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
He married the poet Maria Wine in 1936.
During the Cold War, Lundkvist was an adherent of the so called "third stance" (Swedish: tredje ståndpunkten) in Swedish public debate, which advocated a neutral stance in the conflict between the two superpowers. Despite this, he served on the board of the pro-communist Sweden-GDR Association. He was also a member of the Swedish Peace Committee, the Swedish section of the World Peace Council. In 1958 he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.
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August Strindberg
Johan August Strindberg ( pronounced (help·info); 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics. A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition so innovative that many were to become technically possible to stage only with the advent of film. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
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Beowulf
Beowulf ( /ˈbeɪ.ɵwʊlf/; in Old English [ˈbeːo̯wʊlf] or [ˈbeːəwʊlf]) is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
It survives in a single manuscript known as the Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The poem fell into obscurity for decades, and its existence did not become widely known again until it was printed in 1815 in an edition prepared by the Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin.
In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the help of Hroðgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall (Heorot) has been under attack by a being known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland in Sweden and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.
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Birgitta Trotzig
Birgitta Trotzig (11 September 1929 – 14 May 2011) was a Swedish writer who was elected to the Swedish Academy in 1993. She was one of Sweden's most celebrated authors, and wrote prose fiction and non-fiction, as well as prose poetry.
Trotzig was born in Gothenburg, Sweden, as an only child. The family lived with the maternal grandparents in Gothenburg (her grandfather was a psychiatrist, and young Birgitta used to observe his patients), but her parents became teachers in the countryside of Skane. Trotzig returned to Gothenburg and studied art and literary history, and graduated in 1948. She began writing for the national newspaper Aftonbladet and for the literary magazine Bonniers Litterära Magasin. She married artist and sculptor Ulf Trotzig and lived in Paris from 1955 to 1972 with her husband; during this period she converted to Roman Catholicism. Through her conversion, she gained access to various aspects of French culture and to Christian and Jewish mysticism; she became very interested in San Juan de la Cruz and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.
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Canute the Holy
Canute IV, later known as Canute the Holy or Canute the Saint (Danish: Knud IV den Hellige or Sankt Knud), (c. 1042 – 10 July 1086) was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the Danish monarchy, devotedly supported the Roman Catholic Church, and had designs on the English throne. Slain by rebels in 1086, he was the first Dane to be canonized. He was recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as patron saint of Denmark in 1101, under the name of San Canuto.
Canute was born c. 1042, one of the many illegitimate sons of Sweyn II Estridsson. He is first noted as a member of Sweyn's 1069 raid of England, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Canute was one of the leaders of another raid against England in 1075. When returning from England in 1075, the Danish fleet stopped in the County of Flanders. Because of its hostility towards William I of England, Flanders was a natural ally for the Danes. He also led successful campaigns to Sember and Ester, according to skald Kálfr Mánason.
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Carl Georg Brunius
Carl Georg Brunius (Tanum 23 March 1793—Lund 12 November 1869) was a classical scholar, art historian, archaeologist and architect working in the university town of Lund in southern Sweden.
Brunius was born on March 23, 1792 in Tanum parish (within the current Tanum Municipality), son of the vicar Gomer Brunius and his wife Mariana Rodhe. He studied at Lund University, where he became professor of Greek in 1824, served as rector in 1831 and 1841 and retired as professor emeritus in 1858.
The focus in classical scholarship in the age in which Brunius worked was on the practical mastering of the languages, but beyond a few Latin poems, his contributions within his academic discipline were insignificant and had mostly ceased by the time he received his professorial chair. Instead, he spent most of his life as a student of art, architecture and antiquities and as a working architect. With J. G. Liljegren, Brunius co-authored the first part of Nordiska fornlemningar ("Scandinavian antiquities"), published in 1819 and a work on petroglyphs. Brunius later produced the first systematic investigation of mediaeval art and architecture in current Sweden, writing substantial works on the history of art in Scania, on the island of Gotland and elsewhere.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish original name Carl Nilsson Linnæus, 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (help·info), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
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Charles XI
Charles XI also Carl, Swedish: Karl XI (24 November 1655old style – 5 April 1697old style) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period in Swedish history known as the Swedish empire (1611–1718).
Charles was the only son of King Charles X of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was five years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon after, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial and economic situation, managing to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government and education emerged during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe.
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Charles XV of Sweden
Charles XV & IV also Carl (Carl Ludvig Eugen); Swedish and Norwegian: Karl (3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden (Charles XV) and Norway (Charles IV) from 1859 until his death.
Though known as King Charles XV in Sweden, he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX (reigned 1604–1611) had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden.
He was born in Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, and dubbed Duke of Skåne at birth. He was the eldest son of King Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg. He was given his first officer's commission in 1841 by his grandfather, Charles XIV John. After his father's accession to the throne in 1844, he was made a chancellor of the universities of Uppsala and Lund, and in 1853 chancellor of Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. On February 11, 1846, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Crown Prince was Viceroy of Norway briefly in 1856 and 1857. He became Regent on 25 September 1857, and king on the death of his father on 8 July 1859. As grandson of Augusta of Bavaria, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden, whose blood returned to the throne after being lost in 1818 when Charles XIII of Sweden died.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Erik Dahlbergh
Count Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh (10 October 1625 – 16 January 1703) was a Swedish engineer, soldier, and field marshal, called the "Vauban of Sweden".
Erik Dahlbergh was born of peasant stock in Stockholm, Sweden, but rose to the level of titled nobility due to his military abilities. His early studies involved the science of fortification and as an engineer officer. Orphaned at an early age, Erik's studies qualified him as a scribe and in 1641 he found employment with Gert Rehnskiöld, the senior accountant for Pommern and Mecklenburg. During his six years he was taught the fundamentals in draughtsmanship and stood out for his ability to draw. While learning these skills, he also intensely studied mathematics, architecture, perspective and map drawing.
In 1650, the military command dispatched Dahlbergh to Frankfurt to recoup war indemnity awarded to Sweden following the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Treaty of Westphalia. Dahlbergh contacted the publishing firm of Merian and provided topographical maps. In 1635 Matthäus Merian the Elder initiated the Theatrum Europaeum, a series of contemporary chronicles published until 1732. Both works, the Theatrum Europaeum and the topographical prints, were continued following the death of Mattheus Merian in 1650 by his sons and stepsons.
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Gabriel Jönsson
Gabriel Jönsson (July 18, 1892 - April 23, 1984) was a Swedish author and poet, best known for his works inspired by Öresund and farming.
Was born into a free religious (Baptist) family. The Peter Jönsson father was a seaman but due to a back injuries from early in life, from carrying bricks in a nearby brick manufacturing plant Rya. Started a trading post/store in Ålabodarna, and later on the island Hven, Husvik. Gabriels mother was hired for the Husvik store and later married Gabriels father. Peter Jönsson died 1901, When Gabriel was 7, and at that time had 2 brothers and 1 sister. The mother was a good business woman and paid for at the time above the norm education for here 3 sons. Gabriel Jönssons wishes was to travel the oceans on sailings ship as a seaman like his father, but his mother wanted him to be educated.
First in Helsingborg at the Högre Allmänna Läroverket "Higher Public Learning Institute". He started at Lunds University, but never completed any degrees there.
1920 Flaskpost (Message in a bottle)
1927 Årsringar (Year rings)
1935 Skånska somrar, Bonniers (Scanian Summers)
1936 Mina skepp (My ships)
1941 Kustland (Coastland)
1944 Skånehistorier (Scanian stories)
1946 Himmel och blandsäd (Heaven and wheet)
1948 Diktens Skåne (Poetry of Scania)
1952 Dikter (Poetry)
1954 Än sjunger Öresund (The Sound is still singing)
1956 Min strand (My beach)
1964 Skåne i kameraögat (Scania in the camera eye)
1975 Minnen från kustlandet och betland (Memories from coastland and sugarbetland)
1978 Ung mellan backar och böljor, Bernces (Young between hills and vawes) ISBN 91-500-0370-4
1980 Porträtt och Poesier, Bernces (Portretts and Poetry) ISBN 91-500-0377-1
1991 Fotboll är också poesi, Förlagsband Förlaga Viken (Soccer is also poetry)
wn.com/Gabriel_Jönsson -
Gustaf Bonde
Baron Gustaf Bonde (February 4, 1620 – May 25, 1667) was a Swedish statesman. He was a persistent advocate of a pacifist policy at a time when war on the slightest provocation was the watchword of every Swedish politician.
Even the popular Polish adventure of Charles X of Sweden was strenuously opposed by Bonde, though when once it was decided upon he materially assisted the king to find the means for carrying it on. He was also in favour of strict economy coupled with the recovery of the royal domains which had fallen into the hands of the nobles, though his natural partiality for his fellow-peers came out clearly enough when in 1655 he was appointed a member of Charles X's land-recovery commission. In 1660 he succeeded Herman Fleming as Lord High Treasurer, and was one of the council of regency appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of Charles XI of Sweden.
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Gustav II Adolf
Gustav II Adolf (born 9 December 1594, died 6 November 1632, O.S.) has been widely known in English by his Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, a formal distinction passed by the Swedish Parliament in 1634). He was King of Sweden (1611–1632) and founder of the Swedish Empire (or Stormaktstiden – "the era of great power") at the beginning of the Golden Age of Sweden. He led his nation to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He is thereby regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time. His most notable military victory was the battle of Breitenfeld. With a superb military machine with good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, backed by an efficient government which could provide necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader, but he was killed at the battle of Lützen in 1632. He was assisted by Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654), leader of the nobles who also acted as regent after his death.
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Harald I of Denmark
Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr blátǫnn Gormsson, Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) (probably born c. 935) was the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra Dannebod. He died in 985 or 986 having ruled as King of Denmark from c. 958 and King of Norway for a few years probably around 970. Some sources state that his son Sweyn forcibly deposed him as King.
Harald caused the Jelling stones to be erected to honour his parents. The Encyclopædia Britannica considers the runic inscriptions as the most well known in Denmark. The biography of Harald Bluetooth is summed up by this runic inscription from the Jelling stones:
"King Harald bade these memorials to be made after Gorm, his father, and Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the whole of Denmark and Norway and turned the Danes to Christianity."
King Harald Bluetooth's conversion to Christianity is a contested bit of history, not least because medieval writers such as Widukind of Corvey and Adam of Bremen give conflicting accounts of how it came about.
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Helgo Zetterwall
Helgo Nikolaus Zettervall, older spelling Zetterwall, (21 November 1831 Lidköping – 17 March 1907) was a Swedish architect and professor of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. He is best known for his drastic restorations of churches and other buildings around Sweden.
After studies at the Academy of Arts, he in 1860 began working on the Lund Cathedral, which was to take 20 years. Soon he was appointed for similar large scale restorations, such as Linköping Cathedral (1877–86), Skara Cathedral (1886–94) and Uppsala Cathedral (1885–93), as well as the Kalmar Castle (1886–90).
Between 1860 and 1890, Zettervall was the main proponent of the Neo-Gothic architecture of church buildings. Several examples exist all around Sweden, such as in the cities of Lund, Gothenburg and Stockholm.
His influence has been much criticized. Zettervall restorations were often not intended to restore old looks, but to restore them to their, according to Zettervall, ideal look.
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Hjalmar Gullberg
Hjalmar Gullberg (30 May 1898 – 19 July 1961) was a Swedish writer, poet and translator of Greek drama into Swedish.
Gullberg was born in Malmö, Skåne. As a student at Lund University, he was the editor of the student magazine Lundagård. He was the manager of the Swedish Radio Theatre 1936-1950. In 1940 he was made a member of the Swedish Academy, and he also became a honorary doctor of philosophy at Lund University (1944).
As a friend of composer Lars-Erik Larsson he wrote the libretto of the religious (tonal) lyrical suite God in Disguise. Gullberg, often described as a "black" (i.e. using heavy but controlled emotions) poet,[citation needed] revealed a somewhat surprising and brighter and less melancholic side to his artistry in God in Disguise.[citation needed]
God in disguise ends with these following phrases:
"Bids us a human eye his silent fiest of love; us distant and slow as men are most,
puts, as heavenly healing för deep wounds of souls, a friend, freed from astuteness, his hands in ours,
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Jacques Werup
Jacques Werup, born January 14, 1945 in Malmö, is a Swedish musician, author, poet, stage artist and screenwriter. Werup's poetry is often associated to jazz. He was a childhood friend of Mikael Wiehe and Göran Skytte and had his first novel published in 1971. He has co-written many songs with long-time collaborator and composer Michael Saxell for various projects including Gör mig lite levande which is a CD and nationwide stage show with Swedish singer Lill Lindfors and En känsla av ljus, which is a concert Werup and Saxell wrote and performed with Mats Ronander and Benneth Fagerlund. Werup now lives in Ystad.
In 1997 Werup got the Ferlinpriset together with Ola Magnell, and was 2003 awarded a scholarship by the Swedish Royal Academy. Was also awarded Litteraturfrämjandets stora romanpris in 1980.
In addition:
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Michael Saxell
Michael Saxell (born 1 October 1956) is a singer-songwriter, composer, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist and producer. He was born in Helsingborg, Sweden but has spent many years on the Canadian west coast. He composed music for the Colin Nutley movie Änglagård - andra sommaren and for the soundtrack of Blådårar.
Saxell grew up in the southern Swedish town of Malmö and currently resides in Ystad.
He has written words and music to Scanian classics Om himlen och Österlen and När en flicka talar skånska.
More than 300 of his songs are recorded by other artists. Michael Saxell has earned 13 gold, 5 platinum and 3 multiplatinum Scandinavian records.
Michael Saxell composed the Lithuanian Grammy winning song of the year "Yra kaip yra" for the artist Mia in 2007 along with co-writers Christian Svensson and Sandra diAmante. The song was also the most played pop song on Lithuanian pop radio in 2007.
Saxell is featured as lead singer and co-writer of two songs with Keith Reid on the 2008 international release of the Procol Harum lyricist's album The Keith Reid Project - The Common Thread along with John Waite, Chris Thompson, Southside Johnny, Steve Booker, Terry Reid, Chaz Jankel and Bernie Shanahan.
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Ola Hansson
Ola Hansson (November 12, 1860, Hönsinge, Sweden – September 26, 1925, Büyükdere, Turkey) was a Swedish poet, prose writer, and critic.
Hansson published his first works, Dikter ("Poems") in 1884 and Notturno in 1885. In those he expressed a celebration of the natural beauty and folk culture of his native province Skåne, southern Sweden. The raffined poetry did not fit the Swedish realism of the 1880s-90s and gained little attention. Hansson followed up with the decadent Sensitiva Amorosa (1887), a collection of morbid, erotic sketches that shocked the Sweden of his day. The reaction from the public was harsh, and Hansson left his country for Germany in 1889. He would then continue to live abroad for the remainder of his life, in countries such as Switzerland and Turkey (where he also died).
In the period following the notorious Sensitiva Amorosa (1887) he proclaimed himself an adherent of Nietzschean ideas, a view he made public with the cycle of poems Ung Ofegs visor (1892). Here he voiced his contempt of the general crowd and belief in the Übermensch. Hansson, together with Georg Brandes was instrumental in calling attention to Nietzsche's works in Germany, and he also helped publicize Strindberg's work in German magazines at a point when the latter was not appreciated in Sweden. The two men rapidly became enemies, though, after Strindberg moved to Berlin in 1892.
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Sweyn Forkbeard
Sweyn I Forkbeard (Old Norse: Sveinn Tjúguskegg; c. 960 − 3 February 1014) was king of Denmark and England, as well as parts of Norway. His name appears as Swegen in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
He was a Viking leader and the father of Cnut the Great. On his father Harald Bluetooth's death in late 986 or early 987, he became King of Denmark; in 1000, with allegiance of the Trondejarl, Erik of Lade, he was ruler over most of Norway. After a long effort at conquest, and shortly before his death, in 1013 he became the first of the Danish Kings of England.
On the northern edges of the relatively recent Holy Roman Empire, with its roots in Charlemagne's conquests about two hundred years prior to Sweyn's time, Sweyn Forkbeard had coins made with an image in his likeness. The Latin inscription on the coins read, "ZVEN REX DÆNOR", which translates as "Sven, king of Danes".
Sweyn's father, Harald Bluetooth, was the first of the Scandinavian kings to officially accept Christianity, in the early or mid-960s. According to Adam of Bremen, an 11th-century historian, Harald's son Sweyn was baptised Otto, in tribute to the German king Otto I, who was the first Holy Roman Emperor. Forkbeard is never known to have officially made use of this Christian name. He did not use it on the coins he proudly sent forth, and when he was given the English crown by the Witenagemot of Anglo-Saxon nobles, in 1013, he took the crown as king Sweyn.[citation needed]
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Vilhelm Ekelund
Vilhelm Ekelund (October 14, 1880 – September 3, 1949) was a Swedish poet.
The works of Ekelund were influenced by Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Emanuel Swedenborg. His early career was lyrical, and though not widely recognized at the time, his poetic work, almost wholly produced in the first decade of the century, became a formative influence on many later Swedish poets. His grasp of rhythmic and musical qualities in verse and his concentrated imagery propelled his poetry into increasingly ambitious forms, soon moving from bound to free verse, and making it a vital model for later writers such as Karin Boye, Erik Lindegren, Gunnar Björling and others.
From 1907, after a passionate love affair with Amelie Posse and an increasing conviction that poetry was an unsatisfactory, vain medium, he turned away from poems and devoted himself to essays and aphoristic prose in a highly personal and sometimes near impenetrable style.
Lilja Norrlind, Eva, Studier i svensk fri vers : den fria versen hos Vilhelm Ekelund och Edith Södergran (""Studies in Swedish free verse; the free metrics of Vilhelm Ekelund and Edith Södergran", Göteborg 1981) Werin, Algot, Vilhelm Ekelund I-II (Lund 1960-61)
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Wulfstan of Hedeby
Wulfstan of Hedeby (Latin Haithabu) was a late ninth century traveller and trader. His travel accounts, as well as those of another trader, Ohthere, were included in Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius' Histories. It is unclear if Wulfstan was English or indeed if he was from Hedeby, in today's northern Germany near the city of Schleswig.
According to this account, Wulfstan undertook a journey by sea from Hedeby to the trading centre of Truso around the year 880. He names the lands the coasts he passes.
This may be the earliest recorded use of the word "Denmark" (or "Danemearcan").
wn.com/Wulfstan_of_Hedeby
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Scania V8 Film Mix - Loud Pipes Saves Lives! HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
The lovely sound of the Scania V8. Thanks for watching! Give a 'Like' and comment.
http://wn.com/Scania_V8_Film_Mix_Loud_Pipes_Saves_Lives!_HD
Scania Wood Chip Truck, Sweden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:01
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Scania wood chip truck transports bark from Bergkvist sawmill at Insjön, Sweden Driver Tommie Ringve, Niclas Sjöblom transport AB, Dalafrakt For more truck videos please visit my channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Scania_Wood_Chip_Truck,_Sweden
Scania Timber Truck, Max load on tough road, Sweden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Scania R560 on small road in Sweden also turning, loading and taking off the crane with the hanger on. For more truck videos please visit my channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Scania_Timber_Truck,_Max_load_on_tough_road,_Sweden
New Scania Opticruise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
The gearchanging strategy is entirely new. Several new functions are integrated to further facilitate driving.
http://wn.com/New_Scania_Opticruise
PROBABLY THE BEST SCANIA VIDEO IN THE WORLD 143(500) Scania 164 (580)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Specialist Trailer Services Heavy Haulage Truck Hire & West Of Scotland Heavy haulage beware turn speakers down this is as good as you get
http://wn.com/PROBABLY_THE_BEST_SCANIA_VIDEO_IN_THE_WORLD_143500_Scania_164_580
Scania R730 UK Road Test
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
SEE MORE ON FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com Take a tour of Scania's mighty R730 tractor unit in this Trucking magazine UK road test. Facebook: www.facebook.com Web: www.truckingmag.co.uk twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Scania_R730_UK_Road_Test
ETS2 Beta Praha To Frankfurt - Scania R420
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:54
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Game footage of a delivery from Praha To Fankfurt Truck Used - Scania R420 Milage - 255 Miles Game Time - 7hours 36mins Actual Time- 28mins 53secs This was a urgent delivery I even got caught speeding twice ( naughty me ), but it was a fun drive, no motorways used all on "A" roads, this was requested on Utube by Nexis4Jersey on another of my uploaded video's. Computer Specs This Was Recorded On, Foxconn G31 Motherboard Q6600 2.4Quad CPU 3Gb DDR2 @800Mhz MSI N550GTX-Ti 1Gb GDDR5 Graphics Card 500Gb Sata II Harddrive 17Inch Dell LCD Monitor Offical Xbox 360 Force feed Back Steering Wheel & Pedals Please remember that the game is still in the early beta stages and you might see or hear problems in this video, the beta testers are finding as many problems with the game as they can, and the dedicated SCS team are working very long hours trying to fix them. Computer Specs This Was Recorded On, Foxconn G31 Motherboard Q6600 2.4Quad CPU 3Gb DDR2 @800Mhz MSI N550GTX-Ti 1Gb GDDR5 Graphics Card 500Gb Sata II Harddrive 17Inch Dell LCD Monitor Offical Xbox 360 Force feed Back Steering Wheel & Pedals Please remember that the game is still in the beta stage and you might see or hear problems in this video, the beta testers are finding as many problems with the game as they can, and the dedicated SCS team are working very long hours trying to fix them. For More Information on ETS2 And Other Games By SCS, Goto The SCS Blog - blog.scssoft.com Facebook - www.facebook.com SCS Website ...
http://wn.com/ETS2_Beta_Praha_To_Frankfurt_Scania_R420
Scania off road truck launch 2011
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- Duration: 7:36
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
In late 2011, Scania launched the new Off-road trucks in the mountains north of Barcelona, Spain. More than 120 journalists, 250 customers and 600 salesmen were there to watch the trucks take on the challenging venue.
http://wn.com/Scania_off_road_truck_launch_2011
scania king of the road
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
scania nr 1
http://wn.com/scania_king_of_the_road
Scania Driver Support
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- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Scania Driver Support is a new real-time support system that gives professional truck drivers hints and feedback to refine their driving style.
http://wn.com/Scania_Driver_Support
ETS2 Truck Customization - Scania R series
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Gameplay video showing the multitude of vehicle customization options in Euro Truck Simulator 2
http://wn.com/ETS2_Truck_Customization_Scania_R_series
Scania Truck Driving Simulator - Dangerous Drives - Road of Death
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Scania Truck Driving Simulator - Dangerous Drives - - Road of Death All settings highest quality (1920x1080), recorded with FRAPS Fanatec GT2 Wheel, Clubsports Pedals. Dangerous Drives :: Episode 1 of 21 Rate, Comment and Subscribe!
http://wn.com/Scania_Truck_Driving_Simulator_Dangerous_Drives_Road_of_Death
Scania Timber truck turning and reversing, Sweden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Scania R560 Timber Truck at job in Sweden For more truck videos please visit my channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Scania_Timber_truck_turning_and_reversing,_Sweden
Skilled truck driver - driving on the edge!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Scania Driver Competitions celebrates skilled truck drivers who drive carefully in tough situations. Sign up here! www.scania.com or share your everyday challenges at www.scania.com Drivers such as Peruvian Henrry Tank Piedra, who travels steep, narrow mountain roads in the Andes. Tight corners, dense fog and vehicles approaching him at high speeds are but a few of his daily challenges.
http://wn.com/Skilled_truck_driver_driving_on_the_edge!
Scania Truck Driving Simulator The Game - Free Ride Missions (Rain)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Scania Truck Driving Simulator The Game - Free Ride Missions (Rain) www.facebook.com twitter.com MotoGamesTV
http://wn.com/Scania_Truck_Driving_Simulator_The_Game_Free_Ride_Missions_Rain
Scania R730 V8 Straight pipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Scania R730 V8 från Rofa trans
http://wn.com/Scania_R730_V8_Straight_pipe
Scania V8 Sound compilation 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:56
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
different series with great sound´s...enjoy it ;-) thanks for watching, rating & comment
http://wn.com/Scania_V8_Sound_compilation_2
Maybe it's because it's a Scania (that I love trucking so) - Euro Truck Simulator 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:03
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
A complete record of a heavy haul in the upcoming Euro Truck Simulator 2 by SCS Software, using a Scania V8 730 lorry, from London to Rotterdam via Harwich ferry. Showing light panel and beacon as well. Title is a play with a certain tune... eurotrucksimulator2.com www.youtube.com blog.scssoft.com Pardon quality, I am still a learner when it comes to YouTube! Also pardon any errors in driving, recording myself while driving makes me nervous. (c; Please note: any stuttering is my PC trying to keep up with the game and video recording software at the same time, not the game itself. System specifications: Intel Core 2 Duo @ 3.0 GHz 4 GB RAM Nvidia GTX 560 1GB Logitech G27 (using H-shifter) TrackIR 5 (www.naturalpoint.com
http://wn.com/Maybe_it's_because_it's_a_Scania_that_I_love_trucking_so_Euro_Truck_Simulator_2
Scania R620 8x4 - BRUKS Mobile Chipper ,Sweden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Scania R620 8x4 with BRUKS mobile chipper 805.2 For more truck videos please visit my channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Scania_R620_8x4_BRUKS_Mobile_Chipper_,Sweden
Power of Sweden - Scania rules the truck world
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Watchout everybody! See how a Scania truck makes cool wheelies! True. Raw. Diesel power.
http://wn.com/Power_of_Sweden_Scania_rules_the_truck_world
SCANIA Truck Driving - Simulator Demo Gameplay Overview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:48
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Just having a quick geeze at the latest simulator game to grace the markets. Seems rather cool and has a sweet graphics engine. Stay tuned for full game :) Demo Link: www.scaniadrivergame.com
http://wn.com/SCANIA_Truck_Driving_Simulator_Demo_Gameplay_Overview
YogTrailers - Scania Truck Driving Simulator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
The best part of this trailer was the Wacky Waving Inflatable Arm-Flailing Tubeman!
http://wn.com/YogTrailers_Scania_Truck_Driving_Simulator
Scania Truck Driving Simulator The Game - Extreme Mission Gameplay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Scania Truck Driving Simulator The Game - Extreme Mission Gameplay www.facebook.com twitter.com MotoGamesTV
http://wn.com/Scania_Truck_Driving_Simulator_The_Game_Extreme_Mission_Gameplay
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This article is about the province of Sweden. For other uses, see Scania (disambiguation) and Skåne (disambiguation).
| Scania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
 |
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| Country | Sweden | ||
| Land | Götaland | ||
| County | Skåne County | ||
| Area[1] | |||
| • Total | 10,939 km2 (4,224 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009) | |||
| • Total | 1,228,815 | ||
| • Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| • Language | Scanian Götamål | ||
| Culture | |||
| • Flower | Oxeye daisy | ||
| • Animal | Red deer | ||
| • Bird | Red Kite | ||
| • Fish | Eel | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | |||
| Area codes | 040–0418 | ||
Scania ( Skåne (help·info) in Swedish) is the southernmost[3] of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces (landskap) of Sweden, constituting a peninsula on the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and some adjacent islands. The modern administrative subdivision (län) Skåne County[4] is almost, but not totally, congruent with the province. The largest city is Malmö, which is also the third largest in Sweden and the administrative centre of Skåne County.
To the north, Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland, to the north-east Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west the Öresund strait. Since 2000 a road and railway bridge, the Øresund Bridge[5] constitutes a fixed link to the Danish island of Zealand. It is part of the transnational Öresund Region.[6]
The province, up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, formed part of the kingdom of Denmark.[7] The transition to Sweden was later confirmed by the Treaty of Copenhagen 1660, the Peace of Lund 1679, the Peace of Travendal 1700. The last serious Danish attempt to retake the province failed in 1710, after the Battle of Helsingborg.[8] The period 1658–1720 saw widespread violence by the Swedish military against the population. The region did not form part of Sweden proper until 1720, but had the status of conquered "foreign land" until that year. Until the early 19th century, a policy of forced assimilation was employed by the Swedish government in what until then had been a linguistically Danish region.
Around 130 km long from north to south, Scania covers less than 3% of Sweden's total area, but the population of approximately 1,230,000[1] represents 13% of Sweden's total population. About 16% of the total population of the province are foreign-born.[9] With 111 inh/km² Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden, next only to Södermanland.
Contents |
Name[link]
Endonym and exonyms[link]
The endonym used in Swedish and other North Germanic languages is Skåne, formerly in Danish and Norwegian spelt Skaane. The Latinized form Scania is widely used in English as an exonym. However, there are also many examples of the endonym Skåne used in English texts,[10] sometimes as Skane with the diacritic omitted.[11][12] Scania is the only Swedish province for which exonyms are still widely used in many languages, e.g. French Scanie, German Schonen, Polish Skania, Spanish Escania &c. For the province's modern administrative counterpart, Skåne län, the endonym Skåne is mostly used even in English.[13]
Etymology[link]
The names Scania and Scandinavia are considered to have the same etymology[14][15][16][17] and the southernmost tip of what is today Sweden was called Scania by the Romans. The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjo, which appears in Old Norse as Skáney.[18] According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *Skaðan- meaning "danger" or "damage" (English scathing, German Schaden).[19] Skanör in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (skan) combined with -ör, which means "sandbanks".
In the Alfredian translation of Orosius and Wulfstan's travel accounts, the Old English form Sconeg appears.[20][21] Frankish sources mention a place called Sconaowe; Aethelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about Scani;[22] and in Beowulf's fictional account, the names Scedenige and Scedeland appear as names for what appears to be a Danish land.[20] Scodanus in old maps may add to the name of the place "from where the Danes came, from Scandinavia", also derived from it.
Administration[link]
Like the other provinces of Sweden, the province of Scania serves no administrative or political purposes, but is an exclusively historical and cultural entity.
Between 1719 and 1996 the province was subdivided in two administrative counties (län), Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County each under a governor (landshövding) appointed by the central government of Sweden. When the first local government acts took effect in 1863 each county also got an elected county council (landsting). The counties were further divided into municipalities. The local government reform of 1952 reduced the number of municipalities and a second subdivision reform, carried out between 1968 and 1974 established today's 33 municipalities[23] (Swedish: kommuner) in Scania. The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to city commissions, and are further divided into parishes (församlingar). The parishes are primarily entities of the Church of Sweden, but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish population registration and other statistical uses.
In 1997 the two counties were merged, and Skåne County has almost the same boundaries as the province. For the pre-1997 counties see map to the right, which also outlines the still valid municipal limits.
Two years later the county council areas were amalgamated forming Region Skåne, responsible mainly for public healthcare, public transport and regional planning and culture.
Heraldry[link]
See also: Swedish heraldry
During the Danish era the province had no coat of arms. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560.[24] When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province, as each province was to be represented by its arms at his royal funeral. After an initiative from Baron Gustaf Bonde, the Lord High Treasurer of Sweden, the coat of arms of the City of Malmö was used as a base for the new provincial arms. The Malmö coat of arms had been granted in 1437, during the Kalmar Union, by Eric of Pomerania and contains a Pomeranian griffin's head. To distinguish it from the city's CoA the tinctures were changed and the official blazon for the provincial arms is in English: Or, a Griffin's head erased Gules, crowned Azure and armed Azure, when it should be armed.
The province was divided in two administrative counties 1719–1996. Coat of arms were created for these entities, also using the griffin motif. The new Skåne County, operative from 1 January 1997, got a CoA which is the same as the province's, but with reversed tinctures. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of central government authority. In 1999 the two county councils (landsting) were amalgamated forming Region Skåne. It is the only of its kind using a heraldic coat of arms. It is also the same as the province's and the county's, but with a golden griffin's head on a blue shield.[25] The 33 municipalities within the county also have coat of arms.
The Scania Griffin has become a well-known symbol for the province and it is used also by commercial enterprises. It is e.g. included in the logotypes of the automotive manufacturer Scania AB and the airline Malmö Aviation.
Coat of arms:
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History[link]
Main article: History of Scania
Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 9th century. It came under Danish king Harald Bluetooth in the middle of the 10th century. It was, together with Blekinge and Halland, situated on the Scandinavian peninsula, but forming the eastern part of the kingdom of Denmark. This geographical position made it for many hundred years the focal point of the frequent Dano-Swedish wars. By the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, all Danish lands east of Oresund were ceded to the Swedish Crown. First placed under a Governor-General the province was eventually integrated into the kingdom of Sweden. The last Danish attempt to regain its lost provinces failed after the Battle of Helsingborg (1710). In 1719 the province was subdivided in two counties and administered in the same way as the rest of the country. Scania has since then been fully integrated in the Swedish state.
Regional politics[link]
There are no independence movements organized for electoral contests in Scania,[26] although some of the small, populist parties with seats in various municipalities have from time to time placed secession in combination with anti-immigration measures on their party platforms. A coalition of 16 small populist parties (Skånes Väl) held 6 seats of 149 in the regional council during the period 1998-2002, but in Region Skåne's 2002 election, they lost all their seats. In 2006, one of the 16 parties in the coalition, the small populist anti-immigration party Skånepartiet, made an unsuccessful bid for seats in the general election of Sweden, receiving 11 votes nationally. In the regional elections of 2006, The Scanian Independence Party ("Skånes självständighetsparti"), a coalition between Skånepartiet and another party called Centrum-Demokraterna, received 4623 votes.[27]
As a part of the process of decentralization in Sweden, and as a part of the regionalist efforts in Scania, separatism thus plays a negligible role. According to some scholars, separatist driven activities may however run parallel with the top-down driven region-building efforts put in place to promote regional development, as well as the efforts by regional actors to promote and protect Scanian culture, and therefore, separatism may contribute to the mobilization of mutually supporting forces, especially in border areas like Scania where cross-border cooperation is important.[28]
Decentralization[link]
During Sweden's financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania, Västra Götaland and Norrbotten were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result.[29] In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors.[29] The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the Social Democratic Party's local districts in Scania and Västra Götaland already in 1993. When Sweden joined the European Union two years later, the concept "Regions of Europe" came in focus and a more regionalism-friendly approach was adopted in national politics.[30] These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of the first "trial regions" in Sweden in 1999, established as the country's first "regional experiment".[30]
The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the decentralization and regionalization efforts introduced by the Swedish government.[31] On the basis of large scale interview investigations about Region Skåne in the region, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to "[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning".[32] The regionalist grassroots organizations in Scania generally oppose separatism and nationalism, while embracing multi-culturalism, cross-border activities and Swedish EU membership.[33][34]
Geography and environmental factors[link]
The geography of Scania was shaped by the last ice age, the Weichsel glaciation, a time when it was totally covered with ice. The relief of Scania's south-western landscape was formed by thick Quaternary deposits from sediment accumulation during the glaciations.[36] Hallandsåsen and Söderåsen are major landmarks but, contrary to popular belief, they are not ridges left behind by the retreating ice but horsts formed by inversion tectonic activity along the Tornquist Tectonic zone in the late Cretaceous. The Scanian horsts run in a North-West to South-West direction, marking the southwest border of Fennoscandia.[36]
Unlike some of the other regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is not mountainous. With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts (Göinge), the rolling hills in the north-west (the Bjäre and Kulla peninsulas) and the beech-wood clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania's terrain consists of plains. Its low profile and open landscape distinguish Scania from most other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool, mixed coniferous forests, boreal taiga and alpine tundra.[37] Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of deciduous forests following the Linderödsåsen ridge and previously marking the border between Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County. The much denser fir forests—so typical of the greater part of Sweden—are only found in the north-eastern Göinge parts of Scania along the border with the forest dominated province of Småland.
The two major plains, Söderslätt in the south-west and Österlen in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land—the yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for the rest of Sweden since between 25-50% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. In addition, close to 90% of Sweden's sugar beet is grown in Scania.[38] The soil is among the most fertile in the world.
The Kullaberg Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several rare species including Spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus.[39]
National parks[link]
Three of the 29 National parks of Sweden[40] are situated in Scania.
Extremes[link]
- Southernmost point: Smygehuk, Trelleborg Municipality, (55° 20' N) (also the southernmost point of Sweden)[44]
- Northernmost point: Gränsholmen, Osby Municipality
- Westernmost point: Kulla udd, Höganäs Municipality
- Easternmost point: Nyhult, Bromölla Municipality
- Highest point: Söderåsen, 212 metres
- Lowest spot: Kristianstad, -2.7 metres (also the lowest spot in all of Sweden)
Population development[link]
It has been estimated that around 1570, Scania had about 110,000 inhabitants.[45] But before the plague in the middle of the 14:th century the population of all danish territory east of Øresund (Scania,Island of Bornholm, Blekinge and Halland) may have exceeded 250.000.
The figures here are from two different sources.[46][47]
| Year | Population | Year | Population | Year | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1620 | 126,000 | 1820 | 312,000 | 1930 | 757,000 |
| 1699 | 142,000 | 1830 | 350,000 | 1940 | 778,000 |
| 1718 | 152,000 | 1840 | 388,000 | 1950 | 843,000 |
| 1735 | 180,000 | 1850 | 443,000 | 1960 | 882,000 |
| 1750 | 197,000 | 1860 | 494,000 | 1970 | 983,000 |
| 1760 | 202,000 | 1870 | 538,000 | 1980 | 1,023,000 |
| 1772 | 216,000 | 1880 | 580,000 | 1990 | 1,068,000 |
| 1780 | 231,000 | 1890 | 591,000 | 2000 | 1,129,000 |
| 1795 | 250,000 | 1900 | 628,000 | 2010 | 1,228,000 |
| 1800 | 259,000 | 1910 | 685,000 | ||
| 1810 | 275,000 | 1920 | 728,000 |
Cities[link]
See also: List of towns in Scania, Sweden and Urban areas in Sweden
In 1658 the following ten places in Scania were chartered and held town rights: Lund (since approximately 990), Helsingborg (1085), Falsterbo (approximately 1200), Ystad (approximately 1200), Skanör (approximately 1200), Malmö (approximately 1250), Simrishamn (approximately 1300), Landskrona (1413), and Kristianstad (1622). Others had existed earlier, but lost their privileges. Ängelholm got new privileges in 1767, and in 1754 Falsterbo and Skanör were merged. The concept of municipalities was introduced in Sweden in 1863, making each of the towns a city municipality of its own. In the 19th and 20th centuries four more municipalities were granted city status, Trelleborg (1867), Eslöv (1911), Hässleholm (1914) and Höganäs (1936). The system with city status was abolished in 1971.
Over 90% of Scania's population live in urban areas.[49] In 2000, the Öresund bridge—the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe—linked Malmö and Copenhagen, making Scania's population part of a 3.6 million total population in the Öresund Region. In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmö to Copenhagen.[50]
The following localities had more than 10,000 inhabitants within the boundaries of 2005:[51]
- Malmö, 258,020
- Helsingborg, 91,457
- Lund, 76,188
- Kristianstad, 33,083
- Landskrona, 28,670
- Trelleborg, 25,643
- Ängelholm, 22,532
- Hässleholm, 17,730
- Ystad, 17,286
- Eslöv, 16,551
- Staffanstorp, 13,783
- Höganäs, 13,401
- Höllviken, 10,014
Hundreds[link]
See also: List of hundreds of Sweden
Scania was formerly divided into 23 hundreds.
Culture[link]
Scania's long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history have made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colourful patchwork quilt of wheat and rapeseed fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like Provence in southern France and Zeeland in the Netherlands.[52] Among the many authors who have described the "foreign" continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are August Strindberg and Carl Linnaeus. In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: "In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. [...] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him." In another chapter he states: "The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as Vasa’s history is to the Scanian."[53]
In Ystad singer-songwriter Michael Saxell's popular Scanian anthem Om himlen och Österlen (Of Heaven and Österlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky.
Scania's historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile plains, the deciduous forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the emblematic Swedish cultural landscape of forests and small hamlets.[54]
Architecture[link]
See also: List of castles in Scania
Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called half-timbering. In the cities, the infill of the façades consisted of bricks,[55] whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw.[56] Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of Ystad has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center—over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today.[57] Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire Oresund Region, and which has also been preserved in Elsinore (Helsingør). Among Ystad's half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia, Pilgrändshuset from 1480.[58]
In Göinge, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Only a small number of the original Göinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by Gustav II Adolf and the second by Charles XI in the 1680s, entire districts were levelled by fire.[59] In Örkened Parish, in what is now eastern Osby Municipality, the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the Snapphane movement in the late 17th century.[60] An original, 17th century Göinge farm, Sporrakulla Farm, has been preserved in a forest called Kullaskogen, a nature reserve close to Glimåkra in Östra Göinge. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze.[61]
A number of Scanian towns flourished during the Viking Age. The city of Lund is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king Sweyn Forkbeard.[62] Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark's first and largest mint was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD.[63] The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known stave church in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990.[64] In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia.[65]
Many of the old churches in today's Scanian landscape stem from the medieval age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the medieval, Romanesque or Renaissance churches of Danish Scania looked like. Many Scanian churches have distinctive Crow-stepped gables and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone.
The first version of Lund Cathedral was built in 1050, in sandstone from Höör, on the initiative of Canute the Holy.[65] The oldest parts of today's cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the Rhine valley and Italy, and was ready for use in 1123. It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark.[64] The cathedral was altered in the 16th century by architect Adam van Düren and later by Carl Georg Brunius and Helgo Zetterwall.
Scania also has churches built in the gothic style, such as Saint Petri Church in Malmö, dating from the early 14th century. Similar buildings can be found in all Hansa cities around the Baltic Sea (such as Helsingborg and Rostock). The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in Dalby. It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.
Scania has 240 castles and country estates—more than any other province in Sweden.[66] Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodelled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th–15th century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the landed nobility in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic Church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king.[67] For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using Dutch Renaissance style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.[68]
Language, literature and art[link]
See also: Scanian dialects
Scanian dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian Uvular trill, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken Standard Swedish. They are very similar to the dialect of Danish spoken in Bornholm, Denmark. The prosody of the Scanian dialects has more in common with German, Danish and Dutch (and sometimes also with English, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.[69]
Famous Scanian authors include Victoria Benedictsson, (1850–1888) from Domme, Trelleborg, who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as From Skåne of 1884; Ola Hansson[70] (1860–1925) from Hönsinge, Trelleborg; Vilhelm Ekelund (1880–1949) from Stehag, Eslöv; Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (1895–1972) from Vollsjö, Sjöbo; Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) from Malmö; Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) from Hagstad, Perstorp; Hans Alfredsson (born 1931) and Jacques Werup (born 1945), both from Malmö. Birgitta Trotzig (born 1929) from Gothenburg has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as The Exposed of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel A Tale from the Coast, which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century. Gabriel Jönsson, (1892–1984) from Ålabodarna, Landskrona;
A printing-house was established in the city of Malmö in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmö became the center for the Danish reformation.[71]
Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade.[72] The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from 1750 for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy.[73] The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a dowry.[74]
According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with Roman, Byzantine and Asian art. The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes.[74] The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the Silk Road brought Coptic, Anatolian, and Chinese designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpreted and integrated into the local culture. Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a "Great Bird" above, often symbolized simply by its wings.[74] Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (Swedish: bäckahästar), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils.[74] The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th and 5th century Egyptian fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the Norse river horse of Scanian folklore.[75]
Dukes[link]
Main article: Dukes of Swedish Provinces
The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish Princes have been created Dukes of various provinces, although this is a solely nominal title.
The Dukes of Skåne are:
- Crown Prince Carl (from his birth in 1826 until he became King in 1859)
- Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (from his birth in 1882 until he became King in 1950)
From his marriage, in 1905, King Gustaf VI Adolf had his summer residence at Sofiero Palace in Helsingborg. He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from Stockholm. He died at Helsingborg Hospital in 1973.
Sports[link]
Football in the province is administered by Skånes Fotbollförbund.
Other[link]
There is an asteroid named Scania.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Statistics Sweden
- ^ Newsletter of Skåne Regional Council, No. 2, 1999.
- ^ "Skåne". ne.se. http://www.ne.se/skåne. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
- ^ "index - Länsstyrelsen i Skåne". Lansstyrelsen.se. http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Om_Lansstyrelsen/In+English/. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ "Prices | Øresundsbron". Uk.oresundsbron.com. http://uk.oresundsbron.com/page/34. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ "Öresundsregionen.se". Oresundsregionen.se. http://www.oresundsregionen.se/en/about.aspx. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Graham, Brian and Peter Howard, eds. (2008). The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4922-9, p. 79
- ^ "Berömda svenska slag, 1700-tal (1c)". Algonet.se. 2007-01-21. http://www.algonet.se/~hogman/slb_slag_1700d.htm#Slaget%20vid%20Helsingborg. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Skåne i siffror. Den skånska resan mot framtiden. Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län, 14 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
- ^ "Sweden / Skåne". Geographia.com. http://www.geographia.com/sweden/castles.html. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ "Skane, Sweden". Planetware.com. http://www.planetware.com/sweden/skane-s-skn-skn.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ "Map of Skane in Sweden". Map-of-sweden.co.uk. http://www.map-of-sweden.co.uk/map-of-skane.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/Om_Lansstyrelsen/In+English/
- ^ Haugen, Einar (1976). The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- ^ Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction". The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-47299-9. p. XXII. "The name Scandinavia was used by classical authors in the first centuries of the Christian era to identify Skåne and the mainland further north which they believed to be an island."
- ^ Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, p. 3: The very name 'Scandinavia' is of cultural origin, since it derives from the Scanians or Scandians (the Latinised spelling of Skåninger), a people who long ago lent their name to all of Scandinavia, perhaps because they lived centrally, at the southern tip of the peninsula."
- ^ Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". The Cultural Construction of Norden. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71.
- ^ Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.
- ^ Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction". The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-47299-9.
- ^ a b North, Richard (1997). Heathen Gods in Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press: 1997, ISBN 978-0-521-55183-0, p.192.
- ^ Svenskt ortnamnslexikon, 2003
- ^ Björkman,Erik (1973). Studien über die Eigennamen im Beowulf. M. Sändig, ISBN 978-3-500-28470-5, p. 99.
- ^ Region Skåne.Municipalities in Skåne. Official site. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^ Clara Nevéus, Bror Jacques de Wærn: Ny svensk vapenbok. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)
- ^ Vårt vapen. Region Skåne. (In Swedish). Retrieved 4 April 2008.
- ^ Sorens, Jason (2005). The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, 304-326 (2005). DOI: 10.1177/0010414004272538 2005 SAGE Publications.
- ^ Valmyndigheten (2006). Val till landstinget i Skåne län
- ^ Tägil, Sven (2000). "Regions in Europe – a historical perspective". Border Regions in Comparison. Ed. Hans-Åke Persson. Studentlitteratur, Lund. ISBN 978-91-44-01858-4, p. 18: "Together, [the] processes of decentralization, separatism and region building may proceed in parallel and can mobilise mutually supporting forces. This is especially likely in border areas where today co-operating cross-border regions are emerging throughout Europe. [...] For instance, Malmö is a peripheral city in relation to Stockholm, but is the most central area in Sweden from a continental viewpoint! Today many old conflict areas and risk zones in Europe have been transformed into areas of co-operation and development. Both within and outside the European Union, cross-border collaboration is burgeoning. This form of regionalisation neutralises international borders and nibbles at the sovereign state."[dead link]
- ^ a b McCallion, Malin Stegmann (2004). The Europeanisation of Swedish Regional Government. Policy Networks in Sub National Governance: Understanding Power Relations. Paper 8, Workshop 25, European Consortium of Political Research. 2004 Joint Sessions of Workshops, Uppsala, Sweden.
- ^ a b Peterson, Martin (2003). "The Regions and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden". CoR Report Sweden. The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2).
- ^ Kramsch,Olivier and Olivier Thomas (2004). Cross-border Governance in the European Union. Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-0-415-31541-8.
- ^ Peterson, Martin (2003). "The Regions and Regionalism and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden". CoR Report Sweden, The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2). Final Report.
- ^ The Scanian Manifesto. The Foundation for the Future of Scania, 2000.
- ^ Björk, Gert and Henrik Persson. "Fram för ett öppet och utåtriktat Skåne". (Let Scania be open and extroverted). Sydsvenskan, 20 May 2000. Reproduced by FSF. (In Swedish). Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- ^ "Tallest Building In Sweden Opens, And Is Pretty Twisted Looking". Huffingtonpost.com. 2005-08-28. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2005/08/28/tallest-building-in-swede_n_6309.html. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ a b Lidmar-Bergström, Karna and Jens-Ove Näslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden". In The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. Ed. Matti Seppälä. Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 255-261. ISBN 978-0-19-924590-1.
- ^ Österberg, Klas (2001). Forest - Geographical Regions. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 January 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2006. Archived September 30, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ SCB. Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 2006. (Agricultural Statistic Yearbook 2006). Published online in pdf-format by Statiska Centralbyrån (Statistics Sweden). (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Hogan, C.M. (2004). Kullaberg environmental analysis. Lumina Technologies prepared for municipality of Höganäs, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, July 17, 2004.
- ^ "Nationalparker och andra fina platser - Naturvårdsverket - Swedish EPA". Naturvardsverket.se. 2009-11-06. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/sv/Att-vara-ute-i-naturen/Nationalparker-och-andra-fina-platser/. Retrieved 2010-03-04. [dead link]
- ^ "Dalby Söderskog, Skåne län - Naturvårdsverket - Swedish EPA". Naturvardsverket.se. 2009-08-03. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Att-vara-ute-i-naturen/Nationalparker-och-andra-fina-platser/Nationalparker/Dalby-Soderskog. Retrieved 2010-03-06. [dead link]
- ^ "Welcome - Länsstyrelsen i Skåne". Lst.se. 2009-06-18. http://www.lst.se/skane/Om_Lanet/Stenshuvud/Welcome.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ "Söderåsen National Park". Nationalpark-soderasen.lst.se. http://www.nationalpark-soderasen.lst.se/eng/eindex2.html. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ "skanebravaden.se". skanebravaden.se. http://www.skanebravaden.se/index_mozilla.html. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ "De svenska länens befolkning". Tacitus.nu. 2008-09-07. http://www.tacitus.nu/historisk-atlas/befolkning/lan.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ Folkmängden i Sveriges socknar och kommuner 1571-1991
- ^ B.R Mitchell: International Historical Statistics 1750–1993
- ^ "Churches - Eslövs kommun". Eslov.se. 2009-09-30. http://www.eslov.se/turism/inenglish/churches.5725.html. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania. "Information about the Skaneled Trails". Region Skåne. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- ^ Peter, Laurence. "Bridge shapes new Nordic hub". BBC News, 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- ^ Tätortsstatistik från Statistiska centralbyrån
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1750). Skånska resa (Scanian Journey).
- ^ Strindberg, August (1893). "Skånska landskap med utvikningar". Prosabitar från 1890-talet. Bonniers , Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).
- ^ Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania’s Disputed National Landscape." International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 21–37. (ISSN 1470–3610).
- ^ Albertsson, Rolf. "Half-timbered houses". Section in Malmö 1692 - a historical project. Malmö City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007. Archived September 29, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Oresundstid.Images: Half-timbered house in Scania. Retrieved 16 January 2007. Archived August 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ystad Municipality. Welcome to Ystad. Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- ^ Ystad Municipality. A walk through the centuries, section "Pedestrian street". Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007. Archived June 11, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A letter from the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf describes a raid in 1612: "We have been in Scania and we have burned most of the province, so that 24 parishes and the town of Vä lie in ashes. We have met no resistance, neither from cavalry nor footmen, so we have been able to rage, plunder, burn and kill to our hearts' content. We had thought of visiting Århus in the same way, but when it was brought to our knowledge that there were Danish cavalry in the town, we set out for Markaryd and we could destroy and ravage as we went along and everything turned out lucky for us." (Quoted and translated by Oresundstid in the section "Scania was ravaged".
- ^ Herman Lindquist (1995). Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall. Norstedts Förlag, 2006. ISBN 978-91-1-301535-4. (In Swedish).
- ^ Skåneleden: 6B. Breanäsleden (In Swedish). Official site by The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania and Region Skåne. See also Göingebygden, official site by Skåne Nordost Tourism Office and The Snapp-hane Kingdom. Official site by Osby Tourism Office.[dead link]
- ^ "Touchdowns in the History of Lund - Lunds kommun". Lund.se. 2010-02-17. http://www.lund.se/en/About-Lund/Touchdowns-in-the-History-of-Lund/. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Hauberg, P. (1900). Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I., Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146, and Chapter V: Myntsteder published online by Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007. Archived February 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b City of Lund. Touchdowns in the History of Lund. Official site for the City of Lund. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
- ^ a b Terra Scaniae. Lunds Domkyrka. (In Swedish). Retrieved 11 January 2007.
- ^ Region Skåne (2006). What is typical Skåne?. Official site. Retrieved 22 January 2007. Archived September 12, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Terra Scaniae. 1600-talet. (In Swedish). Retrieved 27 January 2007. Archived December 30, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa. Scenografi för ett ståndsmässigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skåne 1840-1900. Malmö: Sekel, 2005. ISBN 978-91-975222-3-6. Abstract in English at Scripta Academica Lundensia, Lund University.[dead link]
- ^ Gårding, Eva (1974). "Talar skåningarna svenska" (Do Scanians speak Swedish). Svenskans beskrivning. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen för nordiska språk, 1973, p 107, 112. (In Swedish)
- ^ "Poems" of 1884 and "Notturno" of 1885 celebrate the natural beauty and folkways of Scania. The result of a globetrotting life style, Ola Hansson's later poetry had various continental influences, but like many other Scanian writers', his authorship often reflected the tension between cosmopolitan culture and regionalism. For larger trends and a historic perspective on Scanian literature, see Vinge, Louise (ed.) Skånes litteraturhistoria del I, ISBN 978-91-564-1048-2, and Skånes litteraturhistoria del II, ISBN 978-91-564-1049-9, Corona: Malmö, 1996–1997. (In Swedish).
- ^ Infotek Öresund. Litteraturhistoria, Malmö. Fact sheet produced by Infotek Öresund, a cooperative project between the public libraries of Helsingborg, Elsinore, Copenhagen and Malmö, published online by Malmö Public Library, 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).[dead link]
- ^ See for example: Monument to Love and Textiles de Scania des XVIIIe et XIXe Siècles. Scanian textiles from the Khalili Collection exhibited at the Swedish Cultural Centre in Paris and the Boston University Art Gallery. Retrieved 15 January 2007. Archived January 18, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan. The Khalili Collection - An Introduction. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2007. Archived January 18, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Hansen, Viveka (1997). Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Scania. Nour Foundation: 1997. ISBN 978-1-874780-07-6.
- ^ Lundström, Lena (2003). "Vattenväsen i väverskans händer". Curator's description of the exhibition "Aqvaväsen" at Trelleborgs Museum in Vårt Trelleborg, 2:2003, pp. 20-21. Available online in pdf format. (In Swedish).
References[link]
- Albertsson, Rolf (2007). "Half-timbered houses". Malmö 1692 - a historical project. Malmö City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.
- Björk, Gert and Henrik Persson. "Fram för ett öppet och utåtriktat Skåne". Sydsvenskan, 20 May 2000. Reproduced by FSF. (In Swedish). Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa (2005). Scenografi för ett ståndsmässigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skåne 1840-1900. Malmö: Sekel, 2005. ISBN 978-91-975222-3-6.
- Bonney, Richard (1995). Economic Systems and State Finance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820545-6.
- Craig, David J. (2003). "Monument to Love". Boston University Bridge, 29 August 2003,· Vol. VII, No. 1. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
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- City of Lund (2006).Touchdowns in the History of Lund. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
- Gårding, Eva (1974). "Talar skåningarna svenska". Svenskans beskrivning. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen för nordiska språk, 1973. (In Swedish)
- Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania’s Disputed National Landscape." International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005. ISSN 1470–3610.
- Hansen, Viveka (1997). Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Scania. Nour Foundation: 1997. ISBN 978-1-874780-07-6.
- Hauberg, P. (1900). Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I., Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146, and Chapter V: Myntsteder, Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- Haugen, Einar (1976). The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- Helle, Knut, ed. (2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-47299-9.
- Hogan, C.M. (2004). Kullaberg environmental analysis. Lumina Technologies, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, 17 July 2004.
- Jespersen, Knud J. V. (2004) . A History of Denmark. Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN 978-0-333-65917-5.
- Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan (2006). The Khalili Collection. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- Lidmar-Bergström, Karna and Jens-Ove Näslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden". The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. Ed. Matti Seppälä. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-924590-1.
- Lindquist, Herman (1995). Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall. Norstedts Förlag, 2006. ISBN 978-91-1-301535-4. (In Swedish).
- Linnaeus, Carl (1750). Skånska resa. (In Swedish).
- Lund University School of Aviation (2005). Ljungbyhed airport - ESTL. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- Lundström, Lena (2003). "Vattenväsen i väverskans händer". Vårt Trelleborg, 2:2003. (In Swedish).
- Malmö Public Library (2005). Litteraturhistoria, Malmö. Infotek Öresund, 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).
- Nevéus, Clara and Bror Jacques de Wærn (1992). Ny svensk vapenbok. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)
- Olin, Martin (2005). "Royal Galleries in Denmark and Sweden around 1700. Kungliga rum – maktmanifestation och distribution. Historikermöte 2005, Uppsala University. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Olwig, Kenneth R. (2005). "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005.
- Oresundstid (2008). "The Swedification of Scania", "Renaissance Houses: Half-timbered houses". Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Österberg, Klas (2001). Forest - Geographical Regions. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
- Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". The Cultural Construction of Norden. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997.
- Peter, Laurence (2006). "Bridge shapes new Nordic hub". BBC News, 14 Sep. 2006. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.
- Region Skåne (2007). Municipalities in Skåne, Democracy-Increased autonomy.What is typical Skåne?. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- Sawyer, Birgit; Sawyer, Peter H. (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-1739-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- SCB (2007). "Skördar". Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 2006. Statiska Centralbyrån. (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- Skåne Regional Council (1999). Newsletter., No. 2, 1999.
- Stadin, Kekke (2005). "The Masculine Image of a Great Power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690". Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol. 30, No. 1. March 2005, pp. 61–82. ISSN 0346-8755.
- Stiftelsen för fritidsområden i Skåne (2006).Skåneleden: 6B. Breanäsleden (In Swedish), Information about the Skaneled Trails. The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania and Region Skåne. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- Strindberg, August (1893). "Skånska landskap med utvikningar". Prosabitar från 1890-talet. Bonniers, Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).
- SAOB (2008). Skåneland.(In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Sorens, Jason (2005). "The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies". Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, 304-326 (2005). DOI: 10.1177/0010414004272538 2005 SAGE Publications.
- Språk- och Folkminnesinstitutet (2003). Svenskt Ortnamnslexikon. Uppsala, 2003. (In Swedish)
- Tägil, Sven (2000). "Regions in Europe – a historical perspective". In Border Regions in Comparison. Ed. Hans-Åke Persson. Studentlitteratur, Lund. ISBN 978-91-44-01858-4.
- Terra Scaniae (2008). Skånes län efter 1658, Hårdare försvenskning, "Kuppförsök mot svenskarna 1658", "Lunds Domkyrka", 1600-talet, Generalguvernörens uppgifter.(In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Upton, Anthony F. (1998). Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-57390-0.
- Vinge, Louise (ed.) Skånes litteraturhistoria, Corona: Malmö, 1996–1997, Part I, ISBN 978-91-564-1048-2, and Part II, ISBN 978-91-564-1049-9. (In Swedish).
- Ystad Municipality (2007). Welcome to Ystad and "Pedestrian street". A walk through the centuries. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
External links[link]
Official links[link]
- Region Skåne - The County council
- Scania's Public Recreational Areas - Region Skåne's public forests and parks
- Skåne - Business Region Skåne's official website for culture, heritage and tourism
- Länsstyrelsen - County Administration Board
- Skåneleden - Public nature trails through Scania
Organizations[link]
- Oresund Region - The regional body of the Oresund Region
- Regional Museum - Museum in Kristianstad
- Kommunförbundet Skåne - A cooperation between Scania's 33 municipalities
- Skånes hembygdsförbund (in Swedish) - Heritage conservation organization
- Terra Scaniae - History project established for Scanian schools, financed with subsidies from the Region of Scanias culturedepartment – Kultur Skåne – and the Foundation Culture of the Future, established by the Swedish Government.
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Coordinates: 55°48′N 13°37′E / 55.8°N 13.617°E / 55.8; 13.617
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For other uses, see The Edge (disambiguation).
| The Edge | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | David Howell Evans |
| Born | (1961-08-08) 8 August 1961 (age 50) Barking, Essex, England, United Kingdom |
| Origin | County Dublin, Ireland |
| Genres | Rock, post-punk, alternative rock |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, activist |
| Instruments | Guitar, vocals, keyboards, piano, bass guitar |
| Years active | 1976–present |
| Labels | Island, Mercury |
| Associated acts | U2, Passengers |
| Website | www.u2.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Gibson Explorer Fender Stratocaster Gibson Les Paul Fender Telecaster Gretsch Country Gentleman Gretsch White Falcon Rickenbacker 330/12 |
|
David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961), more widely known by his stage name The Edge (or just Edge),[1] is a musician best known as the guitarist, backing vocalist, and keyboardist of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 12 studio albums with the band and has released one solo record. As a guitarist, The Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a rhythmic delay effect yields a distinctive ambient, chiming sound that has become a signature of U2's music.
The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, but was raised in Ireland after moving there as an infant. In 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, he formed U2 with his fellow students and his older brother Dik. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements, the group began to write its own material. They eventually became one of the most popular acts in popular music, with successful albums such as 1987's The Joshua Tree and 1991's Achtung Baby. Over the years, The Edge has experimented with various guitar effects and introduced influences from several genres of music into his own style, including American roots music, industrial music, and alternative rock. With U2, The Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, and occasionally contributed lyrics. The Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band.
As a member of U2 and as an individual, The Edge has campaigned for human rights and philanthropic causes. He co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. He has collaborated with U2 bandmate Bono on several projects, including songs for Roy Orbison and Tina Turner, and the soundtracks to the musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark and the Royal Shakespeare Company's London stage adaptation of A Clockwork Orange. In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine placed him at number 38 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Contents |
Personal life[link]
David Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital,[2] Essex, England to Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans.[1] When he was one, his family moved to County Dublin, Ireland where he attended St Andrew's National School. He received piano and guitar lessons and often performed with his brother Dik Evans before they both answered an advertisement posted by Larry Mullen, Jr. at their school, Mount Temple Comprehensive School, seeking musicians to form a band.[3] The band accepted both of them. This band went through several incarnations before emerging as U2 in March 1978 (Dik Evans left the band just before the name change).[3] U2 began performing in various venues in Ireland and eventually began developing a following. Their debut album, Boy, was released in 1980.
In 1981, leading up to the October tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, but he decided to stay.[3] During this period, he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved.[4] Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music that later became "Sunday Bloody Sunday".[3] The Edge married his high school girlfriend Aislinn O'Sullivan on 12 July 1983.[5] The couple had three daughters together: Hollie in 1984, Arran in 1985 and Blue Angel in 1989.[4] The couple separated in 1990, but were unable to get officially divorced because of Irish laws regarding marriage annulment; divorce was legalised in 1995 and the couple were legally divorced in 1996.[4]
In 1993, The Edge began dating Morleigh Steinberg, a professional dancer and choreographer employed by the band as a belly dancer during the Zoo TV Tour. They had a daughter, Sian (born 1997), and a son, Levi (born 25 October 1999),[4] before marrying on 22 June 2002.[4] He appeared in the 2009 music documentary film It Might Get Loud.[6] The Edge has been criticized for his efforts to build five luxury mansions on a 156 acre plot of land in Malibu, California.[7] The California Coastal Commission voted 8-4 against the plans, with the project described by the commission's executive director, Peter Douglas, as "In 38 years...one of the three worst projects that I've seen in terms of environmental devastation...It's a contradiction in terms – you can't be serious about being an environmentalist and pick this location."[7] The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy agreed to remain neutral on the issue following a $1 million donation from The Edge and a commitment from The Edge to designate 100 acres of the land as open space for public footpaths.[7]
Music style[link]
"Notes actually do mean something. They have power. I think of notes as being expensive. You don't just throw them around. I find the ones that do the best job and that's what I use. I suppose I'm a minimalist instinctively. I don't like to be inefficient if I can get away with it. Like on the end of 'With or Without You'. My instinct was to go with something very simple. Everyone else said, 'Nah, you can't do that.' I won the argument and I still think it's sort of brave, because the end of 'With or Without You' could have been so much bigger, so much more of a climax, but there's this power to it which I think is even more potent because it's held back... ultimately I'm interested in music. I'm a musician. I'm not a gunslinger. That's the difference between what I do and what a lot of guitar heroes do."
—The Edge in 1991.[8]
Guitar playing[link]
As a guitar player, The Edge has a sound typified by a low-key playing style, a chiming, shimmering sound (thanks in part to the sound of VOX AC-30s) that he achieves with extensive use of delay effects and reverb. The feedback delay is often set to a dotted eighth note (3/16 of a measure), and the feedback gain is adjusted until a note played repeats two or three times.[citation needed]
On 1987's The Joshua Tree, The Edge often contributes just a few simple lead lines given depth and richness by an ever-present delay. For example, the introduction to "Where the Streets Have No Name" is simply a repeated six-note arpeggio, broadened by a modulated delay effect. The Edge has said that he views musical notes as "expensive", in that he prefers to play as few notes as possible. He said in 1982 of his style,
"I like a nice ringing sound on guitar, and most of my chords I find two strings and make them ring the same note, so it's almost like a 12-string sound. So for E I might play a B, E, E and B and make it ring. It works very well with the Gibson Explorer. It's funny because the bass end of the Explorer was so awful that I used to stay away from the low strings, and a lot of the chords I played were very trebly, on the first four, or even three strings. I discovered that through using this one area of the fretboard I was developing a very stylized way of doing something that someone else would play in a normal way."[9]
Many different influences have shaped The Edge's guitar technique.[citation needed] His first guitar was an old acoustic guitar that his mother bought him at a local flea market for only a few pounds; he was nine at the time. He and his brother Dik Evans both experimented with this instrument.[9] He said in 1982 of this early experimentation, "I suppose the first link in the chain was a visit to the local jumble sale where I purchased a guitar for a pound. That was my first instrument. It was an acoustic guitar and me and my elder brother Dik both played it, plonking away, all very rudimentary stuff, open chords and all that."[9] The Edge has stated that many of his guitar parts are based around guitar effects. This is especially true from the Achtung Baby era onwards, although much of the band's 1980s material made heavy use of echos.
Vocals[link]
The Edge also supplies the backing vocals for U2. U2's 1983 live album and video release, Under a Blood Red Sky and Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky are good reference points for his singing (as are the live DVDs from the Elevation Tour, U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle and Elevation 2001: Live from Boston). For example, he sings the chorus to "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (Bono harmonizes on the final 'Sunday'). U2 used this tradeoff technique later in "Bullet the Blue Sky" as well. His backing vocals are sometimes in the form of a repeated cry; examples of songs that use this approach include "Beautiful Day", "New Year's Day" and "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)". Another technique he uses in his backing vocals is the falsetto, in songs such as "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of", "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", "A Man and a Woman", "The Wanderer", live versions of "The Fly", and "Window in the Skies".
The Edge sings the lead vocal on "Van Diemen's Land" and "Numb", the first half of the song "Seconds", dual vocals with Bono in "Discotheque", and the bridge in the song "Miracle Drug".[4] He also sings the occasional lead vocal in live renditions of other songs (such as "Sunday Bloody Sunday" during the PopMart Tour and "Party Girl" during the Rotterdam Zoo TV show when it was Bono's birthday).[10] He also plays a solo acoustic version of the song "Love is Blindness" that is featured in the documentary film From the Sky Down.
Other instruments[link]
He has played piano and keyboards on many of the band's songs, including "I Fall Down", "October", "So Cruel", "New Year's Day", "Running to Stand Still", "Miss Sarajevo", "The Hands that Built America", and "Original of the Species" and others. He plays the organ on "Please". In live versions of "New Year's Day", "The Unforgettable Fire", "Your Blue Room", and "Moment of Surrender", he plays both the piano and guitar parts alternately. In most live versions of "Original of the Species," piano is the only instrument played during the song. Although The Edge is the band's lead guitarist, he occasionally plays bass guitar, including the live performances of the song "40" where The Edge and bassist Adam Clayton switch instruments.
Solo recordings[link]
In addition to his regular role within U2, The Edge has also recorded with such artists as Johnny Cash, B. B. King, Tina Turner, Ronnie Wood, Jay-Z, and Rihanna. The Edge connected with Brian Eno and Lanois collaborator Michael Brook (the creator of the infinite guitar, which he regularly uses), working with him on the score to the film Captive (1986). From this soundtrack the song "Heroine", the vocal of which was sung by a young Sinéad O'Connor was released as a single.
He also created the theme song for season one and two of The Batman. He and fellow U2 member, Bono, wrote the lyrics to the theme of the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. The Edge, along with bandmate Bono, recently composed a musical adaptation of Spider-Man. On May 25, 2011, a single titled Rise Above 1: Reeve Carney Featuring Bono and The Edge was released digitally.[11] The music video was released on July 28, 2011.[12]
Musical equipment[link]
The Edge plays electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, piano, bass guitar (on "40" and "Race Against Time") and lap steel guitar. Compared to many lead guitarists, The Edge is known for using many more guitars during a show. According to his guitar tech Dallas Schoo, a typical lead guitarist uses four or five different guitars in one night, whereas The Edge takes 45 on the road, and uses 17 to 19 in one 2.5-hour concert. He is estimated to have more than 200 guitars in the studio.[citation needed]
Philanthropy[link]
In 2005, The Edge along with Bob Ezrin and Henry Juszkiewicz co-founded Music Rising, a charity that helped provide replacement instruments for those that were lost in Hurricane Katrina. The instruments were originally only replaced for professional musicians but they soon realized the community churches and schools needed instruments as well. The charity's slogan is "Rebuilding the Gulf Region note by note" and has so far helped over a hundred musicians who were affected by Hurricane Katrina. The Edge also serves on the board of the Angiogenesis Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to improving global health by advancing angiogenesis-based medicine, diets, and lifestyle.[13]
See also[link]
References[link]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b McCormick (2006), p. 21
- ^ Dunphy (1988), p. 70
- ^ a b c d McCormick (2006), pp. 117–120
- ^ a b c d e f "The Edge biography (@U2)". http://www.atu2.com/band/edge/. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
- ^ McCormick (2006), p. 144
- ^ "It Might Get Loud". http://www.sonyclassics.com/itmightgetloud/. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
- ^ a b c "U2 star's plans push Malibu over the edge". The Independent. 18 June 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/u2-stars-plans-push-malibu-over-the-edge-2299306.html.
- ^ Flanagan (1996), p. 43
- ^ a b c "On the Edge of Success". U2 Magazine No. 3. 1 May 1982. http://u2_interviews.tripod.com/id16.html. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
- ^ "U2 Rotterdam, 10 May 1993, Feyenoord Stadion, ZOO TV Tour – U1". http://www.u2-vertigo-tour.com/show355.html.
- ^ Rise Above 1 by Reeve Carney feat. Bono and the Edge | Rolling Stone Music | Album Reviews. Rollingstone.com (2011-05-26). Retrieved on 2011-07-29.
- ^ 'Spider-Man' star Reeve Carney in new video with Bono, the Edge Latimes.com (2011-07-28) Retrieved on 2011-07-29.
- ^ "The Angiogenesis Foundation: People". http://www.angio.org/about-people-bod.php. Retrieved 12/7/2009.
- Bibliography
- Dunphy, Eamon (1988). Unforgettable Fire: The Story of U2. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-010766-5.
- Flanagan, Bill (1996). U2 at the End of the World (Paperback ed.). New York: Delta. ISBN 978-0-385-31157-1.
- U2 (2006). McCormick, Neil. ed. U2 by U2. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-719668-7.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2011) |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Edge |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Edge |
- U2.com, official U2 site
- Music Rising
- The Edge at the Internet Movie Database
- The Edge – Album Credits
- A Study of The Edge's Guitar Delay
- The Edge: 'It's all about the vision'
- Food Bank For New York City public service announcement
- Comment on the mathematical analysis of The Edge's guitar sound
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Edge, The |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Irish rock musician |
| Date of birth | 8 August 1961 |
| Place of birth | Barking, Essex, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
