Coordinates: 53°48′47″N 2°31′56″W / 53.8130°N 2.5323°W / 53.8130; -2.5323

Ribchester
Ribchester  Ribchester shown within Lancashire
OS grid reference	SD649353
District	Ribble Valley
Shire county	Lancashire
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	PRESTON
Postcode district	PR3
Dialling code	01254
Police	Lancashire
Fire	Lancashire
Ambulance	North West
EU Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Ribble Valley
List of places: UK • England • Lancashire

Ribchester is a village and civil parish within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Ribble, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Blackburn and 12 miles (19 km) east of Preston.

The village has a long history with evidence of Bronze Age beginnings. It is well known as a significant Roman site being the location of a Roman cavalry fort called Bremetennacum; some parts of which have been exposed by excavation. In common with many towns and villages in East Lancashire its later history was dominated by cotton weaving; firstly in the form of hand loom weaving and later in two mills. Neither mill still operates and the village is primarily a dormitory village for commuters to the town of Blackburn and cities of Preston and Manchester.

The main access road into Ribchester is the B6245. From the north, this is the Preston Road, which merges into Church Street. From the east, it is the Blackburn Road, which, at its westernmost extremity, also links up with Church Street, albeit closer to the centre of the village.

History[link]

The earliest evidence of occupation in Ribchester is from the Bronze Age.

Roman history[link]

The village was originally established as a Roman auxiliary fort named Bremetennacum or Bremetenacum Veteranorum. The first fort was built in timber in AD 72/73 by the Twentieth Legion. The fort was renovated in the late 1st century AD and was rebuilt in stone in the early 2nd century. During the life of the fort, a village grew up around it. A fort remained at Ribchester until the 4th century AD and its remains can still be seen around the present village.

Plan of the principia at Ribchester Fort

A report on Roman remains at Ribchester was published in Roman Britain in 1914 (Haverfield, 1915):

"In the spring of 1913 a small school-building was pulled down at Ribchester, and the Manchester Classical Association was able to resume its examination of the Principia (praetorium) of the Roman fort, above a part of which this building had stood. The work was carried out by Prof. W. B. Anderson, of Manchester University, and Mr. D. Atkinson, Research Fellow of Reading College, and, though limited in extent, was very successful.

"The first discovery of the Principia is due to Miss Greenall, who about 1905 was building a house close to the school and took care that certain remains found by her builders should be duly noted: excavations in 1906-7, however, left the size and extent of these remains somewhat uncertain and resulted in what we now know to be an incorrect plan. The work done last spring (1913) makes it plain (see illustration) that the Principia fronted — in normal fashion — the main street of the fort (gravel laid on cobbles) running from the north to the south gate. But, abnormally, the frontage was formed by a verandah or colonnade: the only parallel which I can quote is from Caersws, where excavations in 1909 revealed a similar verandah in front of the Principia. Next to the verandah stood the usual Outer Court with a colonnade round it and two wells in it (one is the usual provision): the colonnade seemed to have been twice rebuilt. Beyond that are fainter traces of the Inner Court which, however, lies mostly underneath a churchyard: the only fairly clear feature is a room (A on plan) which seems to have stood on the right side of the Inner Court, as at Chesters and Ambleside. Behind this, probably, stood the usual five office rooms. If we carry the Principia about twenty feet further back, which would be a full allowance for these rooms with their walling, the end of the whole structure will line with the ends of the granaries found some years ago. This, or something very like it, is what we should naturally expect. We then obtain a structure measuring 81 × 112 feet (34 m), the latter dimension including a verandah 8 feet (2.4 m) wide. This again seems a reasonable result. Ribchester was a large fort, about 6 acres (24,000 m²), garrisoned by cavalry; in a similar fort at Chesters, on Hadrian's Wall, the Principia measured 85 × 125 feet (38 m): in the 'North Camp' at Camelon, another fort of much the same size (nearly 6 acres), they measured 92 × 120 feet (37 m)."

The most famous artifact discovered in Ribchester, and dating from the Roman period, is the elaborate cavalry helmet. The helmet was discovered, part of the Ribchester Hoard, in the summer of 1796 by the son of Joseph Walton, a clogmaker. The boy found the items buried in a hollow, about three metres below the surface, on some waste land by the side of a road leading to Ribchester church, and near a river bed.^[1] In addition to the helmet, the hoard included a number of patera, pieces of a vase, a bust of Minerva, fragments of two basins, several plates, and some other items that Townley thought had religious uses. The finds were thought to have survived so well because they were covered in sand.^[1] The hoard was thought to have been stored in a wooden box and consisted of the corroded remains of a number of items but the largest was this helmet. The hoard was sold to the British Museum by the cousin of Charles Towneley.^{[citation needed]}

Post-Roman[link]

Church Street, Ribchester, looking south towards the River Ribble.

Little is known about post Roman Ribchester although the presence of Saint Wilfrid's Church indicates that it retained some significance. When Henry VIIIs antiquary visited Ribchester in the 1540s he described it thus: 'Ribchestre ...hath been an auncient towne. Great squarid stones, voultes and antique coynes be found there...' When, a short while later, William Camden, author of Britannia (1586), visited the village, he recorded the saying that starts this section.

That the site of the Roman fort remained the focus of the village is indicated by the later building of Saint Wilfrid's Church very nearly over the Principia or headquarters area of the Roman Camp. The church's website provides a detailed history of both Saint Wilfrid's and St Saviour's Church, which stands in the nearby settlement of Stydd and which is perhaps a remnant of a Knights Templar or Knights Hospitallers establishment.

In the 17th and 18th Centuries the village became, like many in East Lancashire, a centre for cotton weaving. Initially in the homes of the weavers and latterly in two mills (Bee Mill and Corporation Mill) built on the Preston Road on the northern edge of the village.

In 1838 William Howitt published his Rural Life of England in which he described conditions in the weaving districts of East Lancashire. 'Everywhere extend wild, naked hills, in many places totally un-reclaimed, in others enclosed, but exhibiting all the signs of neglected spiritless husbandry ...Over these naked and desolate hills are scattered to their very tops, in all directions, the habitations of a swarming population of weavers... In Ribchester our chaise was pursued by swarms of [these] wooden-shod lads like swarms of flies and were only beaten off for a moment to close in upon you again, and their sisters showed equally the extravagance of rudeness in which they were suffered to grow up, by running out of the houses as we passed and poking mops and brushes at the horses heads. No one attempted to restrain or rebuke them; yet no one of the adult population offered you the least insult; and if you asked the way, gave you the most ready directions, and if you went into their houses, treated you with perfect civility and showed an affection for these little brats that was honourable to their hearts and wanted only directing by a better intelligence. The uncouthness of these poor people is not that of evil disposition, but of pressing poverty and continued neglect'

The weaving of cotton and other textiles continued in Ribchester until the 1980s when the last weaving business closed in Bee Mill.

Geography[link]

The village is situated at the foot of Longridge Fell and on the banks of the River Ribble. The solid geography is of thick boulder clay deposits from the River Ribble over Sabden Shale. The area around the village shows signs of the river having moved with obvious terracing caused by the meanders.

The River Ribble is prone to extreme spates and this often leads to flooding in Ribchester during the winter months.

• Ribble at Ribchester.jpg

  The Ribchester stretch of the River Ribble.

• Ribchester flood 2.jpg

  The Ribble in full spate.

The Office of National Statistics gives the following land use for the Ribchester ward.

Demography[link]

In the year 2000 the Ribchester Millennium Projects Committee marked the millennium with the publication of a book entitled Ribchester: A Millennium Record. Its main aim was to record events during 2000 but as an adjunct to that it carried out a statistical survey of the village.

The survey, which was conducted in January 2000, collected data from 500 households in the parish of Ribchester and produced data relating to 1244 people. The following demographic data is drawn from this survey.

81% of the sample were born in Lancashire; 4% were born in Yorkshire.

96% of the sample were born in England.

Approximately 75% of the sample travelled less than 10 miles (16 km) to work.

The UK Office of National Statistics shows a population estimate (in 2004) of 1,548 persons of whom 756 were male and 792 female.

The 2001 census for the Ribchester ward gives the following employment statistics:

Economy[link]

The two mills that were the mainstay of the village in the early part of the 20th Century are closed. One, Corporation Mill, was demolished in the 1980s. The other, Bee Mill, is now home to a range of small businesses.

There are three public houses in the village: the White Bull, the Black Bull, and the Ribchester Arms, as well as a Sports and Social Club that was the working mens club associated with the mills. There is a small Spar shop, which occupies the site once occupied by the Cooperative Store and a tea room.

Landmarks[link]

Saint Wilfrid's Church[link]

The interior of Saint Wilfrid's Church.

Saint Wilfrid's Church stands by the River Ribble on what was the centre of the Roman Fort. It is believed to have been founded by Saint Wilfrid in the 8th Century.

Saint Peter and Pauls Church and Stydd Alms Houses[link]

Although properly in the neighbouring settlement of Stydd Saint Peter and Paul's Church is an early barn church. Nearby are alms houses and the Church of Saint Saviour.

The Millennium Sculpture Garden[link]

The sculpture modelled on Trajan's Column depicting scenes from Ribchester's history.

This is the result of a community project to create public art to commemorate the Millennium. Four sculptures, created by sculptor Fiona Bowley, are set in a garden leading from Church Street into the Village's playing field. The sculptures all reflect aspects of Ribchester life and history; they comprise: a sun dial, a column (modelled on Trajan's column in Rome) showing aspects of Ribchester history, a celebration of local myths and tales ('The Pig, the Ribber and the Devil') and finally a piece celebrating Ribchester's community spirit. The column has now fallen into disrepair as the base begins to break up due to poor quality stone.

The White Bull[link]

The White Bull Pub stands in the middle of the village and is well known for its portico, which is said to be supported by two pillars taken from the Roman fort.^[2] Above the portico is a rustic wooden representation of a white bull. The pub was patronised by the members of Time Team during their three-day visit to the village in September 1993.

Weavers' Cottages[link]

Opposite the White Bull Pub are a row of cottages noteworthy for their unusual configuration of windows. Built for the hand loom weavers they have three levels with a single window at the uppermost. Although it is commonly believed that the window in the top level is to illuminate the looms this may not be the case as the weaving would probably have been carried out in the lowest part of the house because of the size of the loom and the need for damp conditions to keep the cotton flexible.

Excavated Roman Buildings[link]

Adjoining the churchyard of Saint Wilfrid's Church are the excavated remains of the granaries which belonged to the Roman fort. A short distance east of the village and behind the White Bull pub, are the remains of the Roman baths.

Roman Museum[link]

Near to Saint Wilfrid's Church is the Roman Museum which has recently been refurbished and remodelled. The Museum houses many of the finds from the Roman fort.

The most famous find, the Ribchester Helmet, is on show in replica but the original is in the British Museum collection.

Ribchester Bridge[link]

Two miles upstream of Ribchester lies Ribchester Bridge. Rebuilt in the 1770s, after severe flooding damaged it, the bridge gives it name to a hornpipe published by a Thomas Marsden in his Collection of Original Lancashire Hornpipes, Old and New, issued in 1705.

Religion[link]

Census returns for Ribchester show that 86.7% of the population expressed themselves to be Christian with the majority of the remaining population professing no religion.

There are three places of worship in Ribchester. They are Saint Wilfrids (which incorporates St Saviour's, Stydd) which is a Church of England Church within the Diocese of Blackburn. Saint Peter and Paul's Church in Stydd is a Catholic church coming under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford. There is also the Mission Church.

Sports and Recreation[link]

Although Ribchester is a small community it has a number of local sports and recreational groups and facilities. Many of these are focussed on playing fields situated to the west of Church Street (alongside a lane called Popes Croft). These were the gift of a notable local family, the Openshaws. Ribchester Tennis Club have a pavilion and two hard tennis courts on the playing fields. There is a football pavilion which is the headquarters of the Ribchester Football Club. The playing fields also hold a large, well equipped, children's adventure play area.

Ribchester and District Angling Club (RADAC) leases fishing on the Rivers Ribble and Hodder in the surrounding area.

The Ribchester Amateur Theatre Society (RATS) performs plays and pantomimes in the Parochial Church Hall.

Events[link]

Field Day[link]

On the third weekend of June each year the village celebrates its annual Field Day. Such an event is common to the villages in the area where they are variously known as Club Days or Gala Days. The event consists, on the Saturday, of a parade of decorated floats and fancy dress classes around the village. Led by local brass bands the parade makes its way to playing fields at the side of the village where marquees and stalls provide entertainment for villagers and visitors and a location for art and craft competitions. Many streets in the village close themselves off at the end of the afternoon and have street parties. On the Sunday afternoon a village tea party takes place in the marquee.

The field day event marked its 50th anniversary in 2010.

May Day Market[link]

Each year the village organises a 'May Day Market' on the Spring Bank holiday when most of the village clubs, churches and charitable organisations set up and manage stalls as a means of raising funds to support their activities through the year. The market takes place on 'The Hillock' which is the small triangle of land outside the White Bull pub.

Ribchester Festival of Music and Art[link]

Usually held in June each year the festival brings internationally renowned musicians and performers to Ribchester for four or five days of performances. The majority of performances take place in Saint Wilfrids and Saint Saviours churches with additional events taking place in the pubs and around the Village.

Gallery[link]

• 

  A window of Ribchester Primary School.

• Saint Wilfrids Church.jpg

  St. Wilfrid's Parish Church.

• 

  St. Wilfrids' tower.

• 

  A misty Christmas Day morning in St. Wilfrid's graveyard.

• 

  Looking down an alley connecting Church Street (foreground) and Water Street.

• 

  Homes on the western side of Church Street.

• 

  The White Bull, one of three pubs in the village.

• Palm Sunday.jpg

  The Palm Sunday parade moving from outside the White Bull Pub to Saint Wilfrid's Church.

• Ribchester legxx.jpg

  Ribchester Fort, built by the Twentieth Legion.

• Ribchester bathhouse.jpg

  Ribchester Fort's Roman bath buildings

• 

  An aerial view of Ribchester

References[link]

Notes[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Buxton, K. and Howard-Davis, C. (2000) Bremetenacum: excavations at Roman Ribchester 1980, 1989-1990, Lancaster imprints, no. 9, Lancaster University Archaeological Unit, ISBN 1-86220-083-1
• Haverfield, F. (1915) Roman Britain in 1914, British Academy supplemental papers III, Oxford University Press, (Online Text, Project Gutenburg)
• Smith, T. C. and Shortt, J (1890) The history of the parish of Ribchester, in the county of Lancaster, London: Bemrose & sons, 283p (Online Text, American Libraries)
• Edwards, B.J.N. (2000) The Romans in Ribchester, Discovery and Excavation, Centre for North-West Regional Studies, University of Lancaster, ISBN 1-86220-085-8

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ribchester

• Vindolanda Tablets mentioning Ribchester Vindolanda Tablets Online
• Ribchester Museum
• Saint Wilfrid's Church
• Ribchester Parish Council
• Ribchester Local History Society
• Ribchester and District Angling Club
• Ribchester Saint Wilfrid's CofE Primary School
• Ribchester Tennis Club
• Ribchester Football Club
• Ribchester Amateur Theatre Society
• 'The Parish of Ribchester', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 7 (1912), pp. 36-44. British History Web Site
• Music for The Ribchester Bridge Hornpipe
• The Ribchester Roman Hoard (including Parade Helmet) at the British Museum

Carlos Pacheco
Carlos Pacheco
Born	(1961-11-14) November 14, 1961 (age 50) San Roque, Cádiz
Nationality	Spanish
Area(s)	Penciller, Inker, Writer
Notable works	Avengers Forever Fantastic Four, vol. 3 Superman

Carlos Pacheco is a Spanish comic book artist and penciller. He is best known in the United States for his work on titles such as Avengers Forever, X-Men and Green Lantern. He usually works with inker Jesus Merino.

Career[link]

In his early career, Carlos Pacheco did some work for Planeta-DeAgostini Comics, an imprint of pan-European publisher Planeta De Agostini, mainly covers and pin-ups for Spanish translated editions of Marvel Comics, published at the time by Planeta. He later teamed up with writer Rafael Marin to create the characters Iberia Inc and Tríada Vértice, two groups of Spanish superheroes, that starred in two miniseries also published by Planeta-DeAgostini Comics, with plots by Pacheco and Marin, script by Marin an art by Rafa Fonteriz (in Iberia Inc) and Jesus Merino (in Tríada Vértice).

Pacheco first got attention in the United States for his work as penciller on Dark Guard, a 4-issue Marvel UK title where he worked with writer Dan Abnett and inker Oscar Jimenez. This led to him being offered work by American comic editors leading to Marvel Comics' 1994 Bishop four issue limited series where he worked with writer John Ostrander and inker Cam Smith. Later that year Pacheco did his first work for DC Comics on The Flash #93, 94 and 99, with writer Mark Waid and inker Jose Marzan Jr..

After that Pacheco's next stateside work came in 1995's X-Universe two part limited series (a part of the Age of Apocalypse event), published by Marvel. Pacheco was joined by writer Terry Kavanagh and was again inked by Cam Smith. At the end of 1995 and the beginning of 1996 Pacheco and Smith collaborated with writer Warren Ellis on a Starjammers limited series. This series was successful enough that the creative team was reunited on Marvel's Excalibur ongoing series for a brief run in 1996. Shortly after this Pacheco became penciller on Marvel's Fantastic Four for two issues (#415-416), where he worked with writer Tom DeFalco as the title wrapped up in preparation for "Heroes Reborn".

By that point Pacheco's art had become a fan favorite, with his work regularly getting coverage in magazines such as Wizard. In early 1997 Marvel acknowledged this by assigning Pacheco to one of its flagship titles, X-Men, with #62 (March, 1997). On that title he worked with writers Scott Lobdell and Joe Kelly and inker Art Thibert. He left the title at #75 in May 1998.

After X-Men, Pacheco began work on Avengers Forever, a 12-issue limited series, where Pacheco worked with writer Kurt Busiek and (for the first time in the U.S.) inker Jesus Merino, who from that point on became Pacheco's regular inker.

Pacheco's next regular assignment was in 2000, a return to the Fantastic Four, with Vol. 3 #35. This time he took on the co-writing chores (initially with Rafael Marin, later joined by Jeph Loeb) as well as pencilling duties. However Pacheco's pencilling contributions were shorter than expected, with his last art contribution coming in #50, and him leaving the book entirely by #54. While working on Fantastic Four Pacheco also wrote, again with co-writer Rafael Marin, a 4-issue Inhumans limited series, with pencils by José Ladrönn and Jorge Lucas.

His next substantial work after Fantastic Four was for DC Comics: JLA/JSA: Virtue and Vice, with writers David S. Goyer and Geoff Johns. This 100-page graphic novel united the Justice League and Justice Society against common foes in the style of what once had been an annual tradition.

In 2003 Pacheco reunited with his Avengers Forever collaborator Kurt Busiek for the creator-owned fantasy war series Arrowsmith, published by WildStorm. This series envisioned a world where magic is real and the First World War was fought with dragons, spells, vampires and others used as weapons by both sides. The series ran for six issues and there are plans for future series set in that world which would again by written by Busiek and drawn by Pacheco.

In 2004 Pacheco returned to super-heroes and DC Comics to pencil a five issue stint on the Superman/Batman title ("Absolute Power", in #14-18), where he was again joined by writer Jeph Loeb. The two told a tale in which, due to the time-traveling machinations of the Legion of Super-Villains, Batman and Superman took over the world and a group of Freedom Fighters has to rise up against them. Later that year at DC, Pacheco went on to share alternate monthly pencilling duties with Ethan Van Sciver on the new Green Lantern series written by Geoff Johns.

From 2006 - 2007, Pacheco worked with Kurt Busiek on DC comics' Superman, illustrating issues #654-658, 662-664, 667. Due to the difficulty to do twelve issues a year, the final chapter of the "Camelot Falls" story arc they collaborated on appeared in Superman Annual #13 (January 2008).

In 2008, Pacheco produced covers for DC's weekly book Trinity, featuring Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman, and assisted artist J. G. Jones in illustrating the 2008-9 miniseries Final Crisis, on issues 4 to 6.

In February 2009, Comic Shop News announced that Pacheco signed an exclusive contract with Marvel.^[1] Pacheco's 2009 work included Ultimate Comics: Avengers.

Bibliography[link]

Comics work (interior pencil art) includes:

DC[link]

• Arrowsmith, miniseries, #1-6 (2003–04)
• Astro City/Arrowsmith (2004)
• Final Crisis, miniseries, #4-6 (among other artists) (2008–09)
• Flash, vol. 2, #93-94, 99 (1994)
• Green Lantern, vol. 4, #1-3, 7-8 (2005–06)
• JLA: Virtue and Vice (2002)
• Justice League of America, vol. 4, #21 (2008)
• Superman #654-658, 662-664, 667, Annual #13 (2006–07)
• Superman/Batman #14-18 (2005)

Marvel[link]

• Avengers, vol. 3, Annual 1998
• Avengers Forever, limited series, #1-12 (1998–99)
• Bishop, miniseries, #1-4 (1994–95)
• Dark Guard, miniseries, #1-4 (Marvel UK, 1993)
• Excalibur #90 (among other artists); #95-96, 98, 103 (full art) (1995–96)
• Fantastic Four #415-416 (1996)
• Fantastic Four, vol. 3, #35-41, 44, 47-49 (2000–02)
• Starjammers, miniseries, #1-4 (1995–96)
• Thor, vol. 2, #57 (among other artists) (2003)
• Ultimate Comics: Avengers, miniseries, #1-6 (2009–10)
• Ultimate Thor #1-3 (2010–11)
• Uncanny X-Men, vol. 1, #534.1 (2011)
• Uncanny X-Men, vol. 2, #1-3, 9-10 (2011-12)
• Wolverine #127 (among other artists) (1998)
• X-Men, vol. 2, #62-67, 69-72, 74 (1997–98)
• X-Men: Schism, miniseries, #1- (2011-)
• X-Universe, miniseries, #1-2 (1995)

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carlos Pacheco

• Carlos Pacheco at the Comic Book Database
• Carlos Pacheco in 'Guia del comic' profile/bibliography about the artist (Spanish)