- published: 21 Dec 2010
- views: 17965
- author: pingu7931
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- Acrylic fiber
- Africa
- Agave
- Agave angustifolia
- Agave fourcroydes
- Agave kewensis
- Agavoideae
- Alpaca fiber
- Angora wool
- Animal fiber
- Aramid
- Art silk
- Asbestos
- Asia
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagales
- Bagasse
- Baler twine
- Bamboo
- Bamboo fibre
- Barquisimeto
- Basalt fiber
- Biogas
- Brazil
- Byssus
- Camel hair
- Carbon (fiber)
- Caribbean
- Cashmere wool
- Catgut
- Ceiba pentandra
- Cellulose acetate
- Cellulose fiber
- Chiapas
- Chiengora
- China
- Coir
- Commons Sisal
- Cottage industry
- Cotton
- Dartboard
- Decorticator
- Fiber
- Fiber crop
- Fibre
- Flax
- Florida
- Flowering plant
- G. W. Lock
- Geotextiles
- Glass fiber
- Goa
- Guanaco
- Haiti
- Hemp
- Henequen
- Henry Perrine
- Howard Scott Gentry
- India
- Jute
- Kenaf
- Kenya
- Kevlar
- Linen
- Llama
- Lyocell
- Madagascar
- Meristem
- Metallic fiber
- Microfiber
- Mineral fiber
- Modacrylic
- Modal (textile)
- Mohair
- Monocotyledon
- Morogoro
- Natural fiber
- Nomex
- Nylon
- Olefin fiber
- Pashmina
- Piña
- Plant
- Plantation
- Polyester
- Polyethylene
- Qiviut
- Rabbit hair
- Raffia palm
- Ramie
- Rayon
- Rope
- Rosette (botany)
- Silk
- Sisal
- SISAL
- Sisal, Yucatán
- South Africa
- Spandex
- Spider silk
- Synthetic fiber
- Tanzania
- Technora
- Template Fibers
- Template talk Fibers
- Tenax
- Tendon
- Triacetate
- Twaron
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- Uluguru Mountains
- Vicuña
- Vinylon
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- Wood fibre
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- Yak
- Yucatan
- Yucatán
- Zylon
-
Brazil
Brazil
i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Chiapas
Chiapas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃjapas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 118 municipalities and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutierrez. Other important cites in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Located in Southwestern Mexico, it is the southernmost State of Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.
In general, Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year. In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy, allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of Resplendent Quetzals and Horned Guans.
wn.com/Chiapas -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
wn.com/Florida -
Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Haiti
Haitii/ˈheɪti/ (French: Haïti [aiti]; Haitian Creole Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti (land of high mountains) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft). The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its capital is Port-au-Prince. Haitian Creole and French are the official languages.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful slave revolution lasting nearly a decade. In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the African Union. Haiti is the only predominantly Francophone independent nation in the Americas. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France.
wn.com/Haiti -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
wn.com/Kenya -
Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
wn.com/Madagascar -
Morogoro
Morogoro is a city with an urban population of 206,868 (2002 census) in the southern highlands of Tanzania, 190 km west of Dar es Salaam. It is the capital of the Morogoro Region. It is also known informally as "Mji kasoro bahari," which translates as 'city short of an ocean/port'.
Morogoro lies at the base of the Uluguru Mountains, and is a centre of agriculture in the region, with the Sokoine University of Agriculture based in the city. A number of missions are also based in the town, providing schools and hospitals. The town is the administrative headquarters of the Morogoro region. It is also a traditionally music town, home of Salim Abdullah founder of the Cuban Marimba jazz band. The band was in the fore-front of promotion of Tanzanian music. He was a prolific composer and singer of the Cuban style rumba music of the late 1950s' and post-independent Tanzania. After his death, tha band struggled to regain its prominence but faded to oblivion. The town was also a home of the Morogoro Jazz Band, another well known band established in 1944. In the mid '60s to '70s, Morogoro was a home of one of Tanzania's most influential and celebrated musicians, Mbaraka Mwinshehe, a lead guitarist, singer-songwriter, who died in a car accident in 1979. It was also known for its football clubs. Morogoro is a town connecting a triregion area of country's capital city, Dar es Salaam and the centrally located town of Dodoma and the southern highland town of Iringa. It enjoys the rainfall levels vital in the agriculture of rice, sugar cane and the cool temperature that allow tropical fruits and vegetables all year around. On the western plains of the region there is the Mikumi national park. In the colonial days the outskirts stretched for mile with sisal plantations then an export cash product, Tanzania is the world's second largest sisal producer.
wn.com/Morogoro -
Sisal, Yucatán
Sisal is a seaport town in the municipality of Hunucmá in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. It was the principal port of Yucatán during the henequen boom, later overshadowed when the more modern port of Progreso was built to the east. It lent its name to the agave-derived sisal fiber which was shipped through it.
The town is about 53 km north north-west of Mérida, the state capital. By law when the Yucatán was part of New Spain, all commerce went through the port of Campeche. The residents of Mérida petititioned for a port closer to the capital, and this was granted by Spanish royal decree on 13 February 1810. The new port of Sisal was founded in 1811, and has a late colonial era fortress, the "Castle of Sisal", and an old lighthouse. After Yucatán's independence from Spain commerce in the port grew rapidly, and by 1845 was shipping cargos with twice the value that had previously gone through Campeche. After the development of Progreso, Sisal's importance declined and today is a small fishing village, visited by some for its beach.
wn.com/Sisal,_Yucatán -
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
wn.com/Tanzania -
Uluguru Mountains
The Uluguru Mountains are a mountain range in eastern Tanzania, Africa, named after the Luguru tribe. The main portion of the Uluguru Mountains is a ridge running roughly north-south and rising to 2,630 metres (8,600 ft) altitude at its highest point. On the main Uluguru range, 50 villages touch the forest boundary and over 151,000 people are found within the mountain area, often at increasing densities at higher altitudes up to the forest boundary.
The Ulugurus lie 200 km inland from the Indian Ocean. They are part of a chain of mountains in eastern Africa collectively called the Eastern Arc Mountains, which include the Taita Hills, Pare Mountains, Usambara Mountains, Nguru Mountains, Rubeho, Ukaguru, Udzungwa Mountains and Mahenge Mountains.
The vegetation of the Uluguru main ridge and the outlying blocks is extremely variable. It ranges from drier lowland coastal forest habitats, to transitional rainforests, to sub-montane, montane and upper montane forest types.
Climatically, the Uluguru mountains capture moisture passing inland from the Indian Ocean and the east facing slopes are especially wet, with rainfall estimated at over 3,000 millimetres (120 in) per annum, with some rain falling in every month.
wn.com/Uluguru_Mountains -
Yucatan
Yucatán (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝukaˈtan]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 106 municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest, Quintana Roo to the northeast and the Gulf of Mexico lies off its north coast.
Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was el Mayab. In Mayan language, "ma' ya'ab" is translated as "a few". It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization, which reached the peak of its development on this place, where they founded the cities of Chichen Itza, Izamal, Motul, Mayapan, Ek' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo (also called T'Hó), now Mérida.
After the Spanish conquest, Yucatán Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity, the Captaincy General of Yucatán. Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823, the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed which then was voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. Later on March 16, 1841, as result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared independence from Mexico to form a second Republic of Yucatán, but eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was definitely rejoined to Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the caste war, the state of Yucatan was divided for the first time, establishing Campeche as separate state (officially in 1863). During the Porfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatan was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of Quintana Roo.
wn.com/Yucatan -
Yucatán
Yucatán (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝukaˈtan]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 106 municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest, Quintana Roo to the northeast and the Gulf of Mexico lies off its north coast.
Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was el Mayab. In Mayan language, "ma' ya'ab" is translated as "a few". It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization, which reached the peak of its development on this place, where they founded the cities of Chichen Itza, Izamal, Motul, Mayapan, Ek' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo (also called T'Hó), now Mérida.
After the Spanish conquest, Yucatán Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity, the Captaincy General of Yucatán. Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823, the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed which then was voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. Later on March 16, 1841, as result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared independence from Mexico to form a second Republic of Yucatán, but eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was definitely rejoined to Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the caste war, the state of Yucatan was divided for the first time, establishing Campeche as separate state (officially in 1863). During the Porfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatan was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of Quintana Roo.
wn.com/Yucatán
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Henry Perrine
Henry Perrine (5 April 1797 – 7 August 1840) was a physician, horticulturist, United States Consul in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico, and an enthusiast for introducing tropical plants into cultivation in the United States.
Henry Edward Perrine was born April 5, 1797 at either New Brunswick, New Jersey or Cranbury, New Jersey, a son of Peter and Sarah Rozengrant Perrine, and a descendant of Daniel Perrin, "The Huguenot".[citation needed] He taught school for two years while still a youth, studied medicine, and then at age 22 moved to Ripley, Illinois where he practiced medicine for five years, while also helping with the Underground Railroad in the area.[verification needed] In 1821 he was accidentally poisoned with arsenic, from which he never fully recovered. He married Ann Fuller Townsend in 1822 while living in Illinois.
Cold weather particularly bothered Perrine after his arsenic poisoning, and in 1824 he moved to Natchez, Mississippi (leaving his family in Illinois) in the hope that the climate would aid his recovery. He began studying herbs and medicinal plants while in Natchez. Malaria was common in the Natchez area, and Perrine began studying the use of quinine to treat it. He published the results of his research in the Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences in 1826, and that report remained an important source on the subject for a century. In 1825 Perrine and his family moved to his wife Ann's hometown of Sodus, New York. Believing that he needed to move to a climate even warmer than that of Natchez, Perrine had applied in 1824 for a diplomatic position in a tropical country. In 1827 he sent copies of his report on the use of quinine to Washington. Shortly thereafter he was appointed United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico, where he served for ten years.
wn.com/Henry_Perrine -
Howard Scott Gentry
Howard Scott Gentry (December 10,1903-April 1,1993) was an American botanist recognized as the world's leading authority on the agaves.
Howard Scott Gentry made his first field trip to the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico in 1933. He spent most of the next twenty years exploring and recording the plant life of northwestern Mexico. He worked for the United States Department of Agriculture from 1950 to 1971. He made botanical field trips to Europe, India and Africa looking for plants that are useful to man. He was a research botanist with the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, Arizona after 1971. He also collected many of the specimens now at the Huntington Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California.
His 1942 study of the plants of the Río Mayo region of northwestern Mexico became a classic for the extent of its coverage of a previously little-known area.
In addition to purely botanical work, he was interested in ethnobotany, and his plant descriptions include information about their uses by indigenous peoples.
wn.com/Howard_Scott_Gentry
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Sisal Fibre Production
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
This video shows how sisal is processed from Mellau Sisal carpets. For more information please see: www.mellau-sisal.co.uk
http://wn.com/Sisal_Fibre_Production
This video shows how sisal is processed from Mellau Sisal carpets. For more information please see: www.mellau-sisal.co.uk
Mayan making Sisal rope pt1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
This is a video of a mayan man showing how he makes rope out of a Sisal agave leaf.
http://wn.com/Mayan_making_Sisal_rope_pt1
This is a video of a mayan man showing how he makes rope out of a Sisal agave leaf.
- published: 09 Feb 2011
- views: 909
- author: Susanthompson
What is Sisal?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 14 Jan 2012
Stark sisal carpet and sisal rug fiber material.
http://wn.com/What_is_Sisal?
Stark sisal carpet and sisal rug fiber material.
- published: 14 Jan 2012
- views: 1111
- author: TheStarkhome
Sisal Beach Condos, Yucatan, Mexico/ Yucatan-Life.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
The town of Sisal, Yucatan and the Sisal Beach Condos
http://wn.com/Sisal_Beach_Condos,_Yucatan,_Mexico_Yucatan-Lifecom
The town of Sisal, Yucatan and the Sisal Beach Condos
- published: 13 Aug 2009
- views: 5409
- author: Mrbigguy7
Sisal, 1945
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A British film about the production of sisal in Tanganyika during WW II. Topurchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use only contact us at questions@archivesfarms.com. To license footage from this film visit: www.travelfilmarchive.com
http://wn.com/Sisal,_1945
A British film about the production of sisal in Tanganyika during WW II. Topurchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use only contact us at questions@archivesfarms.com. To license footage from this film visit: www.travelfilmarchive.com
- published: 05 Nov 2009
- views: 2213
- author: travelfilmarchive
Ecco come guadagno alla Roulette in pochi minuti
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Un sistema semplice e banale, adatto a tutti, per guadagnare tanti tanti soldi alla Roulette. Per ulteriori informazioni puoi visitare roulette.comeguadagnare.org Massimo della Loggia.
http://wn.com/Ecco_come_guadagno_alla_Roulette_in_pochi_minuti
Un sistema semplice e banale, adatto a tutti, per guadagnare tanti tanti soldi alla Roulette. Per ulteriori informazioni puoi visitare roulette.comeguadagnare.org Massimo della Loggia.
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 10575
- author: Massimo Della Loggia
Sisal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 06 May 2012
Como funciona um Motor de Sisal. O trabalho diário, no campo.
http://wn.com/Sisal
Como funciona um Motor de Sisal. O trabalho diário, no campo.
- published: 26 Oct 2006
- views: 5478
- author: Mauparagua
VLT SISAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
INDEPENDENCEGAME VLT SLOT TORTORETO TERAMO
http://wn.com/VLT_SISAL
INDEPENDENCEGAME VLT SLOT TORTORETO TERAMO
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 2734
- author: INDEPENDENCEGAMEDAME
Wide binding a custom seagrass/sisal rug in Northern Virginia Washington DC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 22 Feb 2011
alexandriacarpetone.wordpress.com We custom fabricate area rugs in-house and this video shows the complexity of inside corners and wide binding tape... something we run into a lot with custom rugs.
http://wn.com/Wide_binding_a_custom_seagrass_sisal_rug_in_Northern_Virginia_Washington_DC
alexandriacarpetone.wordpress.com We custom fabricate area rugs in-house and this video shows the complexity of inside corners and wide binding tape... something we run into a lot with custom rugs.
- published: 11 Feb 2011
- views: 1980
- author: AlexandriaCarpetOne
la verità sul superenalotto tabaccai contro sisal.MPG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
la ditta maya tabaccheria di Firenze denuncia estorsione da parte della sisal superenalotto. la rappresentante di zona della sisal chiedeva l'acquisto non dovuto di gormiti e sistemi del super enalotto per continuare a concedere la licenza della sisal. al rifiuto della tabaccheria gli ha tolto la licenza immotivatamente. la denuncia è comparsa su tutti i più importanti quotidiani vedi il link firenze.repubblica.it
http://wn.com/la_verità_sul_superenalotto_tabaccai_contro_sisalMPG
la ditta maya tabaccheria di Firenze denuncia estorsione da parte della sisal superenalotto. la rappresentante di zona della sisal chiedeva l'acquisto non dovuto di gormiti e sistemi del super enalotto per continuare a concedere la licenza della sisal. al rifiuto della tabaccheria gli ha tolto la licenza immotivatamente. la denuncia è comparsa su tutti i più importanti quotidiani vedi il link firenze.repubblica.it
- published: 24 May 2011
- views: 27594
- author: mayasrl2011
Ragdoll Cats Use The TopCat Sisal Scratching Post - ねこ - ラグドール - Floppycats
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
This is Charlie and Trigg, Ragdoll cats, that are using the TopCat Sisal Scratching Post. It is their favorite scratching post. Because they aren't made of carpet - your cats aren't attracted to carpet as a result. You can buy them here: www.topcatproducts.com And you can read our review of the TopCat Sisal Scratching Post when it is up on May 25, 2010 at www.floppycats.com You can learn more about Charlie and Trigg - www.floppycats.com and www.floppycats.com Charlie and Trigg are from Soulmate Ragdolls Cattery in Salisbury, NC: www.soulmateragdolls.com Do you have a Ragdoll Cat? Submit your Ragdoll cat for Ragdoll of the Week on Floppycats.com, here are the guidelines www.floppycats.com Thinking of adopting a Ragdoll cat? Check out our book A Ragdoll Kitten Care Guide: Bringing Your Ragdoll Kitten Home: www.floppycats.com or watch our video on YouTube: www.youtube.com Join Floppycats on Facebook: www.facebook.com Join Floppycats on Twitter: twitter.com Join Floppycats on Flickr: www.flickr.com Join Floppycats on Pinterest: pinterest.com Join Floppycats on YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Ragdoll_Cats_Use_The_TopCat_Sisal_Scratching_Post_ねこ_ラグドール_Floppycats
This is Charlie and Trigg, Ragdoll cats, that are using the TopCat Sisal Scratching Post. It is their favorite scratching post. Because they aren't made of carpet - your cats aren't attracted to carpet as a result. You can buy them here: www.topcatproducts.com And you can read our review of the TopCat Sisal Scratching Post when it is up on May 25, 2010 at www.floppycats.com You can learn more about Charlie and Trigg - www.floppycats.com and www.floppycats.com Charlie and Trigg are from Soulmate Ragdolls Cattery in Salisbury, NC: www.soulmateragdolls.com Do you have a Ragdoll Cat? Submit your Ragdoll cat for Ragdoll of the Week on Floppycats.com, here are the guidelines www.floppycats.com Thinking of adopting a Ragdoll cat? Check out our book A Ragdoll Kitten Care Guide: Bringing Your Ragdoll Kitten Home: www.floppycats.com or watch our video on YouTube: www.youtube.com Join Floppycats on Facebook: www.facebook.com Join Floppycats on Twitter: twitter.com Join Floppycats on Flickr: www.flickr.com Join Floppycats on Pinterest: pinterest.com Join Floppycats on YouTube: www.youtube.com
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 2946
- author: steiff1001
Cleaning Anywhere Sisal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
Cleaning Anywhere Sisal. Anywhere Sisal is available at CurranFloor.com and Sisalcarpet.com
http://wn.com/Cleaning_Anywhere_Sisal
Cleaning Anywhere Sisal. Anywhere Sisal is available at CurranFloor.com and Sisalcarpet.com
- published: 10 Jun 2011
- views: 1698
- author: Currancatalog
From marking boundaries to boundless markets - Sisal in Shinyanga, Tanzania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 21 Aug 2010
In Shinyanga, sisal has been traditionally grown as a hedge crop to mark field boundaries. Oxfam GB are working with smallholders and local processors to improve the commercial production of sisal, as it has shown it can raise farmers out of poverty, and tap into expanding markets. More information: www.oxfam.org.uk/tanzania
http://wn.com/From_marking_boundaries_to_boundless_markets_Sisal_in_Shinyanga,_Tanzania
In Shinyanga, sisal has been traditionally grown as a hedge crop to mark field boundaries. Oxfam GB are working with smallholders and local processors to improve the commercial production of sisal, as it has shown it can raise farmers out of poverty, and tap into expanding markets. More information: www.oxfam.org.uk/tanzania
- published: 29 Apr 2010
- views: 446
- author: OGBTanzania
APAEB: A cadeia produtiva do sisal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Conheça o que é o sisal (agave sisalana) e sua cadeia produtiva, desde o plantio até a fabricação de tapetes e carpetes na fábrica da APAEB. Confira! www.apaeb.com.br
http://wn.com/APAEB_A_cadeia_produtiva_do_sisal
Conheça o que é o sisal (agave sisalana) e sua cadeia produtiva, desde o plantio até a fabricação de tapetes e carpetes na fábrica da APAEB. Confira! www.apaeb.com.br
- published: 15 Oct 2008
- views: 19788
- author: JornaldeValente
Sisal Decorticator,decorticator,sisal fibre extractor machine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
This Machine can Decorticate 8-10 tons/Day required electric motor is 10 HP can also be driven by 14 HP Diesel Engine
http://wn.com/Sisal_Decorticator,decorticator,sisal_fibre_extractor_machine
This Machine can Decorticate 8-10 tons/Day required electric motor is 10 HP can also be driven by 14 HP Diesel Engine
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 2947
- author: RajkumarAgroEngineer
sisal: extracting the fiber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
San Antonio community; Ecuador
http://wn.com/sisal_extracting_the_fiber
phoenix Sisal fibre extraction mc.dat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 06 May 2012
Sisal Fibre Extraction Machine
http://wn.com/phoenix_Sisal_fibre_extraction_mcdat
Floorspace Sisal Carpets Natural Floorcoverings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Floorspace has been at the forefront in developing natural floorcoverings and sisal carpets from renewable resources for over thirty seven years.
http://wn.com/Floorspace_Sisal_Carpets_Natural_Floorcoverings
Floorspace has been at the forefront in developing natural floorcoverings and sisal carpets from renewable resources for over thirty seven years.
- published: 03 Dec 2010
- views: 1770
- author: gunsmokesisal
Yucatan -A working sisal field & factory and a hacienda between Telchac Pueblo & Telchac Puerto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 05 Oct 2010
A working sisal field & factory and a hacienda between Telchac Pueblo & Telchac Puerto
http://wn.com/Yucatan_-A_working_sisal_field_factory_and_a_hacienda_between_Telchac_Pueblo_Telchac_Puerto
A working sisal field & factory and a hacienda between Telchac Pueblo & Telchac Puerto
- published: 22 Nov 2009
- views: 789
- author: perrisvintage
Robitzsch V-150 Sisal Flakes Processing Machines for Sisal Fiber Extraction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
Increasing production with efficiency, you should consider our decorticator system (whole-plant export machinery), drying sets, & sisal ointment sets. Robitzsch style (not Corona) with the revolve design allows the more purified fiber & the easier operation. Our machines not only assure the best quality, but also less operators & consumption. Besides, we can also afford the professional assistance to the construction for the sisal ointment pool if which is also into your respectable consideration. Once with any requirement, please do not hesitate & contact with us as soon as possible. Key Features: * 4.9 - 5.1% FIBER OBTAIN FROM SISAL LEAVES * INCREASE THE QUANTITY & QUALITY OF SISAL FIBER LESS THE IMPURITY OF SISAL FIBER * WHITE; CLEAN & DRY SAME AS AFRICAN FIBER
http://wn.com/Robitzsch_V-150_Sisal_Flakes_Processing_Machines_for_Sisal_Fiber_Extraction
Increasing production with efficiency, you should consider our decorticator system (whole-plant export machinery), drying sets, & sisal ointment sets. Robitzsch style (not Corona) with the revolve design allows the more purified fiber & the easier operation. Our machines not only assure the best quality, but also less operators & consumption. Besides, we can also afford the professional assistance to the construction for the sisal ointment pool if which is also into your respectable consideration. Once with any requirement, please do not hesitate & contact with us as soon as possible. Key Features: * 4.9 - 5.1% FIBER OBTAIN FROM SISAL LEAVES * INCREASE THE QUANTITY & QUALITY OF SISAL FIBER LESS THE IMPURITY OF SISAL FIBER * WHITE; CLEAN & DRY SAME AS AFRICAN FIBER
- published: 11 Jan 2012
- views: 1914
- author: audreytrading
Produção do Sisal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
Vídeo disponível no site da sisalsul www.sisalsul.com.br
http://wn.com/Produção_do_Sisal
Vídeo disponível no site da sisalsul www.sisalsul.com.br
- published: 31 Mar 2007
- views: 4233
- author: Rene Scholz
Sisal from Kenya (BALER)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Express 5040 Gathers, presses, binds and counts uniform bales of all types of foragers, such as: alfalfa, oat, rye-grass, coast cross, clover, lotus, Pensacola, straws from cultures such as oat, soybean and rice. • Equipped with protection system against overloads. • Automatic knotter that operates with sisal twine or synthetic thread (nylon). • Harvester equipped with shock absorber to absorb impacts. • Device for gathering height adjustment and copier wheel for irregular terrains. • Compartment with capacity for 4 thread rolls. • Bales elevator to direct unloading in carts (optional). • New Rasspe knotter. • Produces larger bales.. • Larger working width.
http://wn.com/Sisal_from_Kenya_BALER
Express 5040 Gathers, presses, binds and counts uniform bales of all types of foragers, such as: alfalfa, oat, rye-grass, coast cross, clover, lotus, Pensacola, straws from cultures such as oat, soybean and rice. • Equipped with protection system against overloads. • Automatic knotter that operates with sisal twine or synthetic thread (nylon). • Harvester equipped with shock absorber to absorb impacts. • Device for gathering height adjustment and copier wheel for irregular terrains. • Compartment with capacity for 4 thread rolls. • Bales elevator to direct unloading in carts (optional). • New Rasspe knotter. • Produces larger bales.. • Larger working width.
- published: 03 Apr 2010
- views: 2865
- author: sadao2002
SISAL SuperEnalotto.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 24 Nov 2010
http://wn.com/SISAL_SuperEnalottomov
photo: AP / Nick Ut
14 Dec 2012
Former President Bill Clinton, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, meet 55-year-old Martha Sellers. For the past nine years, Sellers has worked as a Walmart cashier in Paramount, California ... More than 10,000 community members joined more than 30 striking employees who walked off the job to demand better working conditions. . "It was wonderful ... That's not too much to ask for." ... 1698 ... ....(size: 23.6Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / KCNA
14 Dec 2012
North Koreans have gathered in Pyongyang for a mass rally to celebrate Wednesday's long-range rocket launch. State television showed huge crowds cheering to mark the launch, which has been condemned by many nations as a banned test of missile technology. South Korea, meanwhile, says it has retrieved debris from the rocket and will study it to assess its technology. The first stage of the rocket fell west of the Korean peninsula ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
14 Dec 2012
One of Syria's key allies has admitted for the first time the Assad regime is losing the 20-month ground war. Russia’s deputy foreign minister’s comments are significant because Russia has blocked action to stem the violence, supplied weapons to the Assad regime, and vetoed three UN resolutions -- even as other countries called for Assad to step down. The comments are expected to put new pressure on the Syrian leader ... Reporter ... ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
Detroit news
14 Dec 2012
By Elaine Markoutsas At Home Comments ... But the key word here is "decorating." ... Suzanne Kasler, an Atlanta designer who has a furniture collection with Hickory Chair, as well as a line of products for Ballard Designs, has brought her touch to a selection of Christmas decorations, including tabletop trees, placemats and napkins, tree skirts and stockings, along with a snowflake-bordered sisal rug ... You should give your decorations a rest ... ....(size: 16.5Kb)
noodls
13 Dec 2012
(Source. Carpetright plc). . Carpetright plc. Interim Results for the 26 weeks ended 27 October 2012 ... Group Financial Summary. Half Year 2012. £m. Half Year 2011. £m. Change ... 227.2. 238.4. -4.7% ... In the UK, in line with our objective of broadening our appeal to more affluent customers, we have introduced a selection of branded carpets, such as Brintons, Axminster and Westex, alongside the introduction of sisal and sea grass ranges to all stores....(size: 226.6Kb)
Independent online (SA)
08 Dec 2012
“You ask me what's new?” The customs officer pondered my question ... Change in Swaziland is undeniably slow ... Witness the Umhlanga, or reed dance ... And the handicrafts industry - whose products, such as sisal baskets and soapstone carvings, now appear in ethnic boutiques well beyond the Swaziland borders - has got its act together, with some wonderful markets, roadside stalls and rural women's cooperatives ... More information ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
Ohio
07 Dec 2012
Akron attorney Leza Cole half-jokingly asked for advice on keeping her cats out of the Christmas tree. I responded in kind. Give in to the reality that you are powerless and view the feline as a living, lovable ornament ... What’s next? “Do I anchor it to the wall?” she asked ... Well-made catnip and interactive toys may keep her distracted for a while and a tall, sturdy sisal scratching post will redirect her energy ... 15-16 ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
New York Post Online
02 Dec 2012
This place stinks — literally. New York City is home to one of the most nose-tickling range of scents known to man. Some are good (baking bread), some are baffling (maple syrup?) and others are enough to make you wish your schnoz could be magically shorn from your face (the inside of any subway-station elevator will do it) ... 5 ... Chandler Burr ... 1 ... Then, decorate the place with a tasteful cream-fabric-sisal-carpet-antique-wood elegance ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Nov 2012
Bold approach to customer choice on display in three distinctly styled buildings at these brand new DC apartments ... Trilogy NoMa consists of 603 luxury multifamily units at 151 Q Street NE in Washington, DC ... The units include classic finishes of maple and black granite ... What’s more, there are multiple apartments with upgraded finishes featuring wood flooring and sisal carpeting, glass cabinets and backsplashes in the kitchens ... Mr ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
The Examiner
27 Nov 2012
Many cats of all ages struggle with obesity ... View slideshow. Affordable Gifts for Fun and Active Play ... The Ultimate post is covered with tough sisal fabric rather than carpet or rope, which lasts much longer even with frequent use. An added benefit is that the Ultimate post greatly reduces your cat's tendency to scratch on the furniture because the sisal fabric is much mores satisfying to scratch on and has a similar feel to sofa fabric....(size: 5.1Kb)
Voa News
27 Nov 2012
... ... x ... ... x ... x ... Interpol also helps customs agents recognize standard techniques that some criminals use to transport contraband, such as packing false walls of 20-foot steel shipping crates with timber, sisal or other products, or burying ivory in wet tea leaves to discolor it, since international law allows the sale of ivory purchased before 1989, which marked the signing of the convention protecting endangered wildlife....(size: 13.4Kb)
All Africa
25 Nov 2012
The Hindu
23 Nov 2012
With the temperatures dropping by the day, a cuppa hot chocolate, a rocking chair near the hearth and a rug under the feet makes for a cosy picture. Come winter, and it’s time to give a snug facelift to the home, with rugs and carpets ... “Carpets add colour and character to a room. In winter especially one needs a warm rug to walk on ... For people who are allergic to dust mites, sisal and hemp rugs are the next best option ... 500....(size: 4.3Kb)
Sacramento Bee
20 Nov 2012
We're considering purchasing a leather couch. We have two indoor cats that have completely destroyed our fabric couch. We have given them a scratch post recently, and although they use it, they still use the couch. We do not deter them from using the fabric couch. In regard to the leather couch, we have heard that cats don't like leather and won't scratch it ... The cover should be a loose-weave fabric or a rough rope, like sisal....(size: 2.4Kb)
Deccan Herald
20 Nov 2012
High mountain peaks covered with blankets of snow and freezing glaciers bring on a compelling image in our mind, each time we come across the name âUttarakhandâ. However, there is lot more to Uttarakhand than just snow-capped peaks and rolling hills ... But now, it is being promoted by the state ... Since use of natural fibres is prevalent across the state, another variety Rambaans or Sisal is also being widely used for handicraft ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Star Tribune
17 Nov 2012
Even if other people were splashing around in it, the pool looked cold, dark and just a bit dangerous ... Then came the twists and turns ... We passed a few red buildings, scrub brush and spiky sisal plants until we found ourselves surrounded by shades of green in the jungle ... The landscape looked so peaceful, yet the wheels of our truck clanked, jangled and scraped along the metal track once used to transport the sisal from field to factory ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
For the programming language, see SISAL. For the town, see Sisal, Yucatán.
| Sisal | |
|---|---|
 |
|
Scientific classification  |
|
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| clade: | Angiosperms |
| clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | Agave |
| Species: | A. sisalana |
| Binomial name | |
| Agave sisalana Perrine |
|
Sisal (Agave sisalana) is an agave that yields a stiff fibre traditionally used in making twine, rope and also dartboards. The term may refer either to the plant or the fibre, depending on context. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as sisal hemp because hemp was for centuries a major source for fibre, so other fibres were sometimes named after it.
The plant's origin is uncertain; while traditionally it was deemed to be a native of Yucatan, there are no records of botanical collections from there. H.S. Gentry hypothesized a Chiapas origin, on the strength of traditional local usage. In the 19th century, sisal cultivation spread to Florida, the Caribbean islands and Brazil, as well as to countries in Africa, notably Tanzania and Kenya, and Asia. The first commercial plantings in Brazil were made in the late 1930s and the first sisal fibre exports from there were made in 1948. It was not until the 1960s that Brazilian production accelerated and the first of many spinning mills was established. Today Brazil is the major world producer of sisal. There are both positive and negative environmental impacts from sisal growing.
Traditionally used for rope and twine, sisal has many uses, including paper, cloth, wall coverings and carpets.
Contents |
The sisal plant[link]
Sisal plants consist of a rosette of sword-shaped leaves about 1.5 to 2 metres tall. Young leaves may have a few minute teeth along their margins, but lose them as they mature. Sisals are sterile hybrids of uncertain origin; although shipped from the port of Sisal in Yucatán (thus the name), they do not actually grow in Yucatán, the plantations there cultivate henequen (Agave fourcroydes) instead. Evidence of an indigenous cottage industry in Chiapas suggests it as the original location, possibly as a cross of Agave angustifolia and Agave kewensis.
Propagation of sisal is generally by using bulbils produced from buds in the flower stalk or by suckers growing around the base of the plant, which are grown in nursery fields until large enough to be transplanted to their final position. These methods offer no potential for genetic improvement. Invitro multiplication of selected genetic material using meristematic tissue culture (MST) offers considerable potential for the development of improved genetic material. [1]
The sisal plant has a 7–10 year life-span and typically produces 200–250 commercially usable leaves. Each leaf contains an average of around 1000 fibres. The fibres account for only about 4% of the plant by weight. Sisal is considered a plant of the tropics and subtropics, since production benefits from temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and sunshine.[2]
Extracting the fibre[link]
Fibre is extracted by a process known as decortication, where leaves are crushed and beaten by a rotating wheel set with blunt knives, so that only fibres remain. In East Africa, where production is typically on large estates, the leaves are transported to a central decortication plant, where water is used to wash away the waste parts of the leaf. The fibre is then dried, brushed and baled for export. Superior quality sisal is found in East Africa[citation needed]. Proper drying is important as fibre quality depends largely on moisture content. Artificial drying has been found to result in generally better grades of fibre than sun drying, but is not feasible in the developing countries where sisal is produced. In the drier climate of north-east Brazil, sisal is mainly grown by smallholders and the fibre is extracted by teams using portable raspadors which do not use water. Fibre is subsequently cleaned by brushing. Dry fibres are machine combed and sorted into various grades, largely on the basis of the previous in-field separation of leaves into size groups.[3]
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Baled Brazilian sisal fibre
-
Sisal fibre drying machine in Java.
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A sisal plantation in Morogoro, Tanzania. The Uluguru Mountains can be seen in the background.
-
Historical image showing a sisal plantation on Java.
Environmental impact[link]
Sisal farming initially caused environmental degradation, because sisal plantations replaced native forests, but is still considered less damaging than many types of farming. No chemical fertilizers are used in sisal production, and although herbicides are occasionally used, even this impact may be eliminated, since most weeding is done by hand.[4] The effluent from the decortication process causes serious pollution when it is allowed to flow into watercourses.[5] In Tanzania there are plans to use the waste as bio-fuel.[6]
Uses of sisal[link]
Traditionally, sisal has been the leading material for agricultural twine (binder twine and baler twine) because of its strength, durability, ability to stretch, affinity for certain dyestuffs, and resistance to deterioration in saltwater,[7] but the importance of this traditional use is diminishing with competition from polypropylene and the development of other haymaking techniques, while new higher-valued sisal products have been developed.[2] Apart from ropes, twines, and general cordage, sisal is used in low-cost and specialty paper, dartboards, buffing cloth, filters, geotextiles, mattresses, carpets, handicrafts, wire rope cores, and Macramé.[2] In recent years sisal has been utilized as an environmentally friendly strengthening agent to replace asbestos and fibreglass in composite materials in various uses including the automobile industry.[2] The lower-grade fibre is processed by the paper industry because of its high content of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The medium-grade fibre is used in the cordage industry for making ropes, baler and binder twine. Ropes and twines are widely employed for marine, agricultural, and general industrial use. The higher-grade fibre after treatment is converted into yarns and used by the carpet industry.[7]
Other products developed from sisal fibre include spa products, cat scratching posts, lumbar support belts, rugs, slippers, cloths, and disc buffers. Sisal wall covering meets the abrasion and tearing resistance standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials and of the National Fire Protection Association.[4]
Despite the yarn durability sisal is known for, slight matting of sisal carpeting may occur in high-traffic areas.[2] Sisal carpet does not build up static nor does it trap dust, so vacuuming is the only maintenance required. High-spill areas should be treated with a fibre sealer and for spot removal, a drycleaning powder is recommended. Depending on climatic conditions, sisal will absorb air humidity or release it, causing expansion or contraction. Sisal is not recommended for areas that receive wet spills or rain or snow.[2] Sisal is used by itself in carpets or in blends with wool and acrylic for a softer hand.[8]
As extraction of fibre uses only a small percentage of the plant, some attempts to improve economic viability have focused on utilizing the waste material for production of biogas, for stockfeed, or the extraction of pharmaceutical materials.
Sisal is a valuable forage for honey bees because of its long flowering period. It is particularly attractive to them during pollen shortage. The honey produced is however dark and has a strong and unpleasant flavour.[9]
Global production and trade patterns[link]
| Major sisal producers—2007 (China 2006) (thousands of tonnes) |
|
|---|---|
 Brazil |
113.3 |
 Tanzania |
36.9 |
 People's Republic of China |
34.0 |
 Kenya |
27.6 |
 Madagascar |
9.1 |
 Haiti |
2.2 |
 South Africa |
1.6 |
| World Total | 240.7 |
| Source: FAO Fibres Statistical Bulletin | |
Global production of sisal fibre in 2007 amounted to 240 thousand tonnes of which Brazil, the largest producing country, produced 113,000 tonnes.[10]
Tanzania produced approximately 37,000 tons, Kenya produced 27,600 tonnes, Venezuela 10,500 tonnes and 9,000 tonnes were produced in Madagascar. China contributed 40,000 tons with smaller amounts coming from South Africa, Mozambique, Haiti, and Cuba. Sisal occupies 6th place among fibre plants, representing 2% of the world’s production of plant fibres (plant fibres provide 65% of the world’s fibres).[3]
As one of the world's important natural fibres, sisal is covered by activities of the International Year of Natural Fibres 2009.
Heraldry[link]
The sisal plant appears in the arms of Barquisimeto, Venezuela.[11]
The Yucatan State in Mexico features a deer bounding over a sisal plant on its coat of arms.[12]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ UNIDO
- ^ a b c d e f "The Sisal plant". http://www.wigglesworthfibres.com/products/sisal/sisalplant.html. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
- ^ a b IENICA "Sisal" - URL retrieved February 16, 2011
- ^ a b Sisal Floor and Wall Coverings - URL retrieved June 25, 2006
- ^ Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Retrieved December 21, 2008
- ^ Biofuels Digest Retrieved December 21, 2008
- ^ a b "World of Sisal". http://www.sisal.ws/. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
- ^ Kadolph, Sara J and Ann L Langford (2002). Textiles (Ninth ed.). New Jersey: Person Education, Inc. ISBN 0-13-025443-6.
- ^ Fichtl & Adi 1994, Hepburn & Radloff 1998
- ^ FAO Fibres Statistical Bulletin- URL retrieved November 22, 2008
- ^ "Alcaldia de Barquisimeto". Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20071210012006/http://www.alcaldiadebarquisimeto.gov.ve/iribarren/Escudo.html. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
- ^ Coat of arms of Yucatan
- G. W. Lock, Sisal (Longmans Green & Co., 1969)
- Howard Scott Gentry, Agaves of Continental North America (University of Arizona Press, 1982) pp. 628–631
External links[link]
Media related to Sisal at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Agave sisalana at Wikimedia Commons 
Data related to Agave sisalana at Wikispecies 
The Wiktionary entry for sisal
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sisal hemp". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Agave sisalana
http://cs.wn.com/Sisal
http://es.wn.com/Agave sisalana
http://ru.wn.com/Сизаль (растение)
http://nl.wn.com/Sisal (vezel)
http://pt.wn.com/Sisal
http://pl.wn.com/Agawa sizalowa
http://fr.wn.com/Sisal
http://de.wn.com/Sisal-Agave
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
