The voivodeship or province () has been a high-level administrative subdivision of Poland since the 12th century. The word "voivodeship" appears in some larger English dictionaries, such as the OED and Webster's Third New International Dictionary, but it is not in common usage. Thus, to facilitate understanding outside Poland, the word "province" is a recommended translation.
Pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which came into effect on January 1, 1999, sixteen new voivodeships were created. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from July 1, 1975.
Today's voivodeships are largely based on the country's historic regions, while those of 1975–1998 were centred on and named for individual cities. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship).
Administrative authority at voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (Polish wojewoda), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive chosen by that assembly. The leader of that executive is called the marszałek województwa (voivodeship marshal). Voivodeships are further divided into powiats (counties) and gminas (communes or municipalities): see Administrative division of Poland.
The voivode is appointed by the Prime Minister and is the regional representative of the central government. The voivode acts as the head of central government institutions at regional level (such as the police and fire services, passport offices, and various inspectorates), manages central government property in the region, oversees the functioning of local government, coordinates actions in the field of public safety and environment protection, and exercises special powers in emergencies. The voivode's offices collectively are known as the urząd wojewódzki.
The sejmik is elected every four years, at the same time as the local authorities at powiat and gmina level. It passes bylaws, including the voivodeship's development strategies and budget. It also elects the marszałek and other members of the executive, and holds them to account.
The executive (zarząd województwa), headed by the marszałek, drafts the budget and development strategies, implements the resolutions of the sejmik, manages the voivodeship's property, and deals with many aspects of regional policy, including management of European Union funding. Its offices collectively are known as the urząd marszałkowski.
Administrative division of Poland between 1979 and 1998 included 49 voivodeships upheld after the establishment of the Third Polish Republic in 1989 for another decade. This reorganization of administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973–1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative division was introduced (49 small voivodeships, and communes). The three smallest voivodeships – Warsaw, Kraków and Łódź – had the special status of municipal voivodeship; the city president (mayor) was also provincial governor.
{|border="1" cellpadding="3" style="empty-cells:show; border-color:#f2f2f4; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" width="100%"
|----- bgcolor="#E4E4E4"
| colspan=8 align="center" | Polish voivodeships and separate cities 1975-1998
|- style="background:#efefef" align="center"
! Abbreviation
! Voivodeship
! Polish name
! Capital
! Areakm² (1998)
! Population
(1980)
! No. of cities
! No. of communes
|-
| bp
| align="left"| Biała Podlaska Voivodeship
| align="left"| bialskopodlaskie
| align="left"| Biała Podlaska
| 5 348
| 286 400
| 6
| 35
|-
| bk
| align="left"| Białystok Voivodeship
| align="left"| białostockie
| align="left"| Białystok
| 10 055
| 641 100
| 17
| 49
|-
| bb
| align="left"| Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship
| align="left"| bielskie
| align="left"| Bielsko-Biała
| 3 704
| 829 900
| 18
| 47
|-
| by
| align="left"| Bydgoszcz Voivodeship
| align="left"| bydgoskie
| align="left"| Bydgoszcz
| 10 349
| 1 036 000
| 27
| 55
|-
| ch
| align="left"| Chełm Voivodeship
| align="left"| chełmskie
| align="left"| Chełm
| 3 865
| 230 900
| 4
| 25
|-
| ci
| align="left"| Ciechanów Voivodeship
| align="left"| ciechanowskie
| align="left"| Ciechanów
| 6 362
| 405 400
| 9
| 45
|-
| cz
| align="left"| Częstochowa Voivodeship
| align="left"| częstochowskie
| align="left"| Częstochowa
| 6 182
| 747 900
| 17
| 49
|-
| el
| align="left"| Elbląg Voivodeship
| align="left"| elbląskie
| align="left"| Elbląg
| 6 103
| 441 500
| 15
| 37
|-
| gd
| align="left"| Gdańsk Voivodeship
| align="left"| gdańskie
| align="left"| Gdańsk
| 7 394
| 1 333 800
| 19
| 43
|-
| go
| align="left"| Gorzów Voivodeship
| align="left"| gorzowskie
| align="left"| Gorzów Wielkopolski
| 8 484
| 455 400
| 21
| 38
|-
| jg
| align="left"| Jelenia Góra Voivodeship
| align="left"| jeleniogórskie
| align="left"| Jelenia Góra
| 4 378
| 492 600
| 24
| 28
|-
| kl
| align="left"| Kalisz Voivodeship
| align="left"| kaliskie
| align="left"| Kalisz
| 6 512
| 668 000
| 20
| 53
|-
| ka
| align="left"| Katowice Voivodeship
| align="left"| katowickie
| align="left"| Katowice
| 6 650
| 3 733 900
| 43
| 46
|-
| ki
| align="left"| Kielce Voivodeship
| align="left"| kieleckie
| align="left"| Kielce
| 9 211
| 1 068 700
| 17
| 69
|-
| kn
| align="left"| Konin Voivodeship
| align="left"| konińskie
| align="left"| Konin
| 5 139
| 441 200
| 18
| 43
|-
| ko
| align="left"| Koszalin Voivodeship
| align="left"| koszalińskie
| align="left"| Koszalin
| 8 470
| 462 200
| 17
| 35
|-
| kr
| align="left"| Kraków Voivodeship
| align="left"| krakowskie
| align="left"| Kraków
| 3 254
| 1 167 500
| 10
| 38
|-
| ks
| align="left"| Krosno Voivodeship
| align="left"| krośnieńskie
| align="left"| Krosno
| 5 702
| 448 200
| 12
| 37
|-
| lg
| align="left"| Legnica Voivodeship
| align="left"| legnickie
| align="left"| Legnica
| 4 037
| 458 900
| 11
| 31
|-
| le
| align="left"| Leszno Voivodeship
| align="left"| leszczyńskie
| align="left"| Leszno
| 4 254
| 357 600
| 19
| 28
|-
| lu
| align="left"| Lublin Voivodeship
| align="left"| lubelskie
| align="left"| Lublin
| 6 793
| 935 200
| 16
| 62
|-
| lo
| align="left"| Łomża Voivodeship
| align="left"| łomżyńskie
| align="left"| Łomża
| 6 684
| 325 800
| 12
| 39
|-
| ld
| align="left"| Łódź Voivodeship
| align="left"| łódzkie
| align="left"| Łódź
| 1523
| 1 127 800
| 8
| 11
|-
| ns
| align="left"| Nowy Sącz Voivodeship
| align="left"| nowosądeckie
| align="left"| Nowy Sącz
| 5 576
| 628 800
| 14
| 41
|-
| ol
| align="left"| Olsztyn Voivodeship
| align="left"| olsztyńskie
| align="left"| Olsztyn
| 12 327
| 681 400
| 21
| 48
|-
| op
| align="left"| Opole Voivodeship
| align="left"| opolskie
| align="left"| Opole
| 8 535
| 975 000
| 29
| 61
|-
| os
| align="left"| Ostrołęka Voivodeship
| align="left"| ostrołęckie
| align="left"| Ostrołęka
| 6 498
| 371 400
| 9
| 38
|-
| pi
| align="left"| Piła Voivodeship
| align="left"| pilskie
| align="left"| Piła
| 8 205
| 437 100
| 24
| 35
|-
| pt
| align="left"| Piotrków Voivodeship
| align="left"| piotrkowskie
| align="left"| Piotrków Trybunalski
| 6 266
| 604 200
| 10
| 51
|-
| pl
| align="left"| Płock Voivodeship
| align="left"| płockie
| align="left"| Płock
| 5 117
| 496 100
| 9
| 44
|-
| po
| align="left"| Poznań Voivodeship
| align="left"| poznańskie
| align="left"| Poznań
| 8 151
| 1 237 800
| 33
| 57
|-
| pr
| align="left"| Przemyśl Voivodeship
| align="left"| przemyskie
| align="left"| Przemyśl
| 4 437
| 380 000
| 9
| 35
|-
| ra
| align="left"| Radom Voivodeship
| align="left"| radomskie
| align="left"| Radom
| 7 295
| 702 300
| 15
| 61
|-
| rz
| align="left"| Rzeszów Voivodeship
| align="left"| rzeszowskie
| align="left"| Rzeszów
| 4 397
| 648 900
| 13
| 41
|-
| se
| align="left"| Siedlce Voivodeship
| align="left"| siedleckie
| align="left"| Siedlce
| 8 499
| 616 300
| 12
| 66
|-
| si
| align="left"| Sieradz Voivodeship
| align="left"| sieradzkie
| align="left"| Sieradz
| 4 869
| 392 300
| 9
| 40
|-
| sk
| align="left"| Skierniewice Voivodeship
| align="left"| skierniewickie
| align="left"| Skierniewice
| 3 959
| 396 900
| 8
| 36
|-
| sl
| align="left"| Słupsk Voivodeship
| align="left"| słupskie
| align="left"| Słupsk
| 7 453
| 369 800
| 11
| 31
|-
| su
| align="left"| Suwałki Voivodeship
| align="left"| suwalskie
| align="left"| Suwałki
| 10 490
| 422 600
| 14
| 42
|-
| sz
| align="left"| Szczecin Voivodeship
| align="left"| szczecińskie
| align="left"| Szczecin
| 9 981
| 897 900
| 29
| 50
|-
| tg
| align="left"| Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship
| align="left"| tarnobrzeskie
| align="left"| Tarnobrzeg
| 6 283
| 556 300
| 14
| 46
|-
| ta
| align="left"| Tarnów Voivodeship
| align="left"| tarnowskie
| align="left"| Tarnów
| 4 151
| 607 000
| 9
| 41
|-
| to
| align="left"| Toruń Voivodeship
| align="left"| toruńskie
| align="left"| Toruń
| 5 348
| 610 800
| 13
| 41
|-
| wb
| align="left"| Wałbrzych Voivodeship
| align="left"| wałbrzyskie
| align="left"| Wałbrzych
| 4 168
| 716 100
| 31
| 30
|-
| wa
| align="left"| Warsaw Voivodeship
| align="left"| warszawskie
| align="left"| Warsaw
| 3 788
| 2 319 100
| 27
| 32
|-
| wl
| align="left"| Włocławek Voivodeship
| align="left"| włocławskie
| align="left"| Włocławek
| 4 402
| 413 400
| 14
| 30
|-
| wr
| align="left"| Wrocław Voivodeship
| align="left"| wrocławskie
| align="left"| Wrocław
| 6 287
| 1 076 200
| 16
| 33
|-
| za
| align="left"| Zamość Voivodeship
| align="left"| zamojskie
| align="left"| Zamość
| 6 980
| 472 100
| 5
| 47
|-
| zg
| align="left"| Zielona Góra Voivodeship
| align="left"| zielonogórskie
| align="left"| Zielona Góra
| 8 868
| 609 200
| 26
| 50
|-
|}
After World War II, the new administrative division of the country within the new national borders was based on the prewar one and included 14 (+2) voivodeships, then 17 (+5). The voivodeships in the east that had not been annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged. The newly acquired territories in the west and north were organized into the new voivodeships of Szczecin, Wrocław and Olsztyn, and partly joined to Gdańsk, Katowice and Poznań voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status: Warsaw and Łódź.
In 1950, new voivodeships were created: Koszalin (previously part of Szczecin), Opole (previously part of Katowice), and Zielona Góra (previously part of Poznań, Wrocław and Szczecin voivodeships). In addition, three more cities were granted voivodeship status: Wrocław, Kraków and Poznań.
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" style="empty-cells:show; border-color:#f2f2f4; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" border=1 width="100%"
|----- bgcolor="#E4E4E4"
| colspan=5 align="center" | Polish administrative division 1945-1975
|- style="background:#efefef" align="center"
! Car plates
(since 1956)
! Voivodeship
! Capital
! Area km² (1965)
! Population
(1965)
|-
| A
| align="left"| białostockie
| align="left"| Białystok
| 23 136
| 1 160 400
|-
| B
| align="left"| bydgoskie
| align="left"| Bydgoszcz
| 20 794
| 1 837 100
|-
| G
| align="left"| gdańskie
| align="left"| Gdańsk
| 10 984
| 1 352 800
|-
| S
| align="left"| katowickie
| align="left"| Katowice
| 9 518
| 3 524 300
|-
| C
| align="left"| kieleckie
| align="left"| Kielce
| 19 498
| 1 899 100
|-
| E
| align="left"| koszalińskie ¹
| align="left"| Koszalin
| 17 974
| 755 100
|-
| K
| align="left"| krakowskie
| align="left"| Kraków
| 15 350
| 2 127 600
|-
| F
| align="left"| Łódzkie
| align="left"| Łódź
| 17 064
| 1 665 200
|-
| L
| align="left"| lubelskie
| align="left"| Lublin
| 24 829
| 1 900 500
|-
| O
| align="left"| olsztyńskie
| align="left"| Olsztyn
| 20 994
| 956 600
|-
| H
| align="left"| opolskie ¹
| align="left"| Opole
| 9 506
| 1 009 200
|-
| P
| align="left"| poznańskie
| align="left"| Poznań
| 26 723
| 2 126 300
|-
| R
| align="left"| rzeszowskie
| align="left"| Rzeszów
| 18 658
| 1 692 800
|-
| M
| align="left"| szczecińskie
| align="left"| Szczecin
| 12 677
| 847 600
|-
| T
| align="left"| warszawskie
| align="left"| Warsaw
| 29 369
| 2 453 000
|-
| X
| align="left"| wrocławskie
| align="left"| Wrocław
| 18 827
| 1 967 000
|-
| Z
| align="left"| zielonogórskie ¹
| align="left"| Zielona Góra
| 14 514
| 847 200
|- style="background:#efefef" align="center"
! car plates
(since 1956)
! colspan="2"| Separate city
! Areakm² (1965)
! Population
(1965)
|-
| I
| colspan="2" align="left"| Łódź
| 214
| 744 100
|-
| W
| colspan="2" align="left"| Warsaw
| 446
| 1 252 600
|-
| ?
| colspan="2" align="left"| Kraków ²
| 230
| 520 100
|-
| ?
| colspan="2" align="left"| Poznań ²
| 220
| 438 200
|-
| ?
| colspan="2" align="left"| Wrocław ²
| 225
| 474 200
|-
| colspan="5"| ¹ new voivodeships created in 1950; ² cities separated in 1957
|-
|}
The Polish term województwo, designating a second-tier Polish or Polish–Lithuanian administrative unit, derives from wojewoda (etymologically, a "war leader", but now merely the governor of a województwo) and the suffix -stwo (a "state or condition").
The English word "voivodeship", which is a hybrid of voivode and -ship (a suffix likewise meaning a "state or condition") that calques (replicates) those two elements found in the Polish original, has never been much used and is absent from many dictionaries. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its first use dates from 1792, spelled woiwodship, in the sense of "the district or province governed by a voivode." The word subsequently also appeared, for the first time in 1886, in the sense of "the office or dignity of a voivode."
An official Polish body, the Commission on Standardization of Geographic Names outside the Republic of Poland, recommends the spelling "voivodship", without the e. This is consistently reflected in publications and in the international arena, e.g., at the United Nations.
Category:Subdivisions of Poland Poland, Voivodeships Poland 1 Voivodeships, Poland Category:Poland-related lists
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Playername | Stefan Edberg |
---|---|
Country | Sweden |
Residence | Växjö, Sweden |
Birth date | January 19, 1966 |
Birth place | Västervik, Sweden |
Height | |
Weight | |
Turnedpro | 1983 |
Retired | 1996 |
Plays | Right-handed (one-handed backhand) |
Careerprizemoney | $20,630,941 |
Tennishofyear | 2004 |
Tennishofid | stefan-edberg |
Singlesrecord | 806–270 (74.9%) |
Singlestitles | 42 |
Highestsinglesranking | No. 1 (13 August 1990) |
Australianopenresult | W (1985, 1987) |
Frenchopenresult | F (1989) |
Wimbledonresult | W (1988, 1990) |
Usopenresult | W (1991, 1992) |
Othertournaments | Yes |
Masterscupresult | W (1989) |
Olympicsresult | W (1984, demonstration event)Bronze medal (1988) |
Doublesrecord | 283–153 |
Doublestitles | 18 |
Highestdoublesranking | No. 1 (9 June 1986) |
Othertournamentsdoubles | Yes |
Grandslamsdoublesresults | yes |
Australianopendoublesresult | W (1987, 1996) |
Frenchopendoublesresult | F (1986) |
Wimbledondoublesresult | SF (1987) |
Usopendoublesresult | W (1987) |
Olympicsdoublesresult | Bronze Medal (1988) |
Updated | 19 August 2006 |
In 1984, Edberg won his first top-level singles title in Milan. Edberg also won the tennis tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics when the sport was an exhibition event and partnered with fellow Swede Anders Järryd to reach the final of the US Open. Edberg also reached the French Open doubles final with Järryd in 1986 and consequently was World No. 1 in doubles in that year.
U.S. fans first took notice of Edberg's professional career when he won the U.S. Indoor in Memphis in February 1985. Edberg's first two Grand Slam singles titles came at the Australian Open. In December 1985, he defeated Mats Wilander in straight sets to claim his first major title. In January 1987, he defended his title by defeating Pat Cash in five sets to win the last Australian Open held on grass courts. Edberg also won the Australian Open and US Open men's doubles titles in 1987 (partnering fellow Swede Anders Järryd).
In 1988, Edberg reached the first of three consecutive finals at Wimbledon. In all three finals, he played Boris Becker in what became one of Wimbledon's greatest rivalries. Edberg won their first encounter in a four-set match spread over two days because of rain delays. A year later, Becker won in straight sets. The closest of their matches came in the 1990 final, when Edberg won in five sets after being down a break in the fifth set.
In 1990, an abdominal muscle injury forced Edberg to retire from the Australian Open final while trailing Ivan Lendl 5–2 (including two breaks of serve) in the third set. Edberg nevertheless took the World No. 1 ranking from Lendl on 13 August 1990 by winning the Super 9 tournament in Cincinnati. He held it for the rest of that year and for much of 1991 and 1992. Edberg spent a total of 72 weeks as World No. 1.
Edberg's final two Grand Slam singles triumphs came at the US Open, with wins over Jim Courier in the 1991 final and Pete Sampras in the 1992 final, who was just months away from being ranked No. 1 in the world.
Edberg's last Grand Slam singles final appearances were at the Australian Open, where he lost in four sets to Jim Courier in both 1992 and 1993.
In 1996, Edberg won his third and final Grand Slam doubles title at Australian Open with Petr Korda.
The only Grand Slam singles title Edberg never won was the French Open. He reached the French Open final in 1989 but lost in five sets to 17-year old Michael Chang, who became the youngest ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title.
Edberg was most comfortable playing tennis on fast-playing surfaces. Of his six Grand Slam singles titles, four were won on grass courts at the Australian Open (1985 and 1987) and Wimbledon (1988 and 1990) and two were won on hardcourts at the US Open (1991 and 1992).
He is married to Annette Hjort Olsen. They have two children, Emilie and Christopher. (Olsen was before her marriage to Edberg at one time romantically connected to Edberg's tennis rival Mats Wilander.)
Edberg is a supporter of English football team Leeds United and the Swedish ice hockey team Växjö Lakers.
Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:People from Västervik Municipality Category:Swedish tennis players Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions Category:Wimbledon champions Category:United States Open champions (tennis) Category:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden Category:Olympic tennis players of Sweden Category:Tennis players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Category:Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics Category:Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Category:World No. 1 tennis players Category:Olympic medalists in tennis
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Petko Kiryakov Kaloyanov (), better known as Captain Petko Voyvoda (Капитан Петко Войвода) (6 December 1844–7 February 1900) was a 19th-century Bulgarian hajduk leader and revolutionary who dedicated his life to the liberation of Bulgaria (and particularly the region of Thrace).
Born in the Bulgarian village of Dogan Hisar, today Esimi in Aegean Thrace, today Evros Prefecture, Greece, Petko took part in an uprising on Crete in 1866–1869 and visited Italy in 1866, meeting Giuseppe Garibaldi and staying in his home. The two organized the well-known Garibaldi Battalion, consisting of 220 Italians and 67 Bulgarians, which fought the Ottomans on Crete.
Petko Voyvoda's detachment, established in 1869, took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. His detachment took part in the liberation of the Rhodopes together with that of Kraycho Voyvoda. Petko lived in Varna after 1880, dying in the city in 1900.
His revolutionary work has been commemorated with numerous monuments all around Bulgaria, as well as in his native village in modern Greece and on the hill of Gianicolo in Rome, where a monument of Garibaldi also stands. The TV series Kapitan Petko Voyvoda written by Nikolay Haytov and first aired in 1981 also popularized him as a national hero. Petko Voyvoda Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica was also named in his honour.
Category:1844 births Category:1900 deaths Category:People from Evros Prefecture Category:Bulgarian revolutionaries Category:Bulgarians from Western Thrace
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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The advertising banners and other forms of advertising appearing on this Web site are sometimes delivered to you, on our behalf, by a third party. In the course of serving advertisements to this site, the third party may place or recognize a unique cookie on your browser. For more information on cookies, you can visit www.cookiecentral.com.
As we continue to develop our business, we might sell certain aspects of our entities or assets. In such transactions, user information, including personally identifiable information, generally is one of the transferred business assets, and by submitting your personal information on Wn.com you agree that your data may be transferred to such parties in these circumstances.