Map of the Roman Empire and Germania Magna in the early 2nd century, with the location of some tribes described by Tacitus as Germanic.

The Germania (Latin: De Origine et situ Germanorum, literally Concerning the Origin and Situation of the Germanics),^[1] written by Gaius Cornelius Tacitus around 98, is an ethnographic work on the Germanic tribes outside the Roman Empire.

Contents[link]

The Germania begins with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the Germanic people (Chapters 1–27); it then segues into descriptions of individual tribes, beginning with those dwelling closest to Roman lands and ending on the uttermost shores of the Baltic, among the amber-gathering Aesti, the primitive and savage Fenni, and the unknown tribes beyond them.

Tacitus says (Ch. 2) that physically, the Germans appeared to be a distinct nation, not an admixture of their neighbors, as nobody would desire to migrate to a climate as horrid as Germany's. They are divided into three large branches, the Ingaevones, the Herminones and the Istaevones, deriving their ancestry from three sons of Mannus, son of Tuisto, their common forefather. In Chapter 4, he mentions that they all have common physical characteristics, blue eyes (truces et caerulei oculi = "sky-coloured, azure, dark blue, dark green), reddish hair ( rutilae comae = "red, golden-red, reddish yellow") and large bodies, vigorous at the first onset but not tolerant of exhausting labour, tolerant of hunger and cold but not of heat.^[2]

In Chapter 7, Tacitus describes their government and leadership as somewhat merit-based and egalitarian, with leadership by example rather than authority and that punishments are carried out by the priests. He mentions (Ch. 8) that the opinions of women are given respect. In Chapter 9, Tacitus describes a form of folk assembly rather similar to the public Things recorded in later Germanic sources: in these public deliberations, the final decision rests with the men of the tribe as a whole.

Tacitus further discusses the role of women in Chapters 7 and 8, mentioning that they often accompany the men to battle and offer encouragement. He says that the men are often motivated to fight for the women because of an extreme fear of their being taken captive. Tacitus says (Ch. 18) that the Germans are mainly content with one wife, except for a few political marriages, and specifically and explicitly compares this practice favorably to other barbarian cultures, perhaps since monogamy was a shared value between Roman and Germanic cultures. He also records (Ch. 19) that adultery is very rare, and that an adulterous woman is shunned afterward by the community regardless of her beauty.

The latter chapters of the books describe the various Germanic tribes, their relative locations and some of their characteristics. Many of the tribes named correspond with other (and later) historical records and traditions, while the fate of others is less clear.^{[citation needed]}

His description of the Germanic goddess Nerthus has led to a substantial amount of speculation among researchers of Norse mythology and older Germanic and Indo-European mythology, as it is the only written source of Scandinavian mythology before the Eddas a thousand years later, and because it only poorly resembles the religion described there.^[3]

Purpose and sources[link]

Tacitus

Ethnography had a long and distinguished heritage in classical literature, and the Germania fits squarely within the tradition established by authors from Herodotus to Julius Caesar. Tacitus himself had already written a similar—albeit shorter—essay on the lands and tribes of Britannia in his Agricola (chapters 10–13). The work can appear moralizing at points, perhaps implicitly comparing the values of Germanic tribes and those of his Roman contemporaries, although any direct comparison between Rome and Germania is not explicitly presented in the text. In writing the work, Tacitus might have wanted to stress the dangers that the Germanic tribes posed to the Empire.

Tacitus' descriptions of the Germanic character are at times favorable in contrast to the opinions of the Romans of his day. He holds the strict monogamy and chastity of Germanic marriage customs worthy of the highest praise, in contrast to what he saw as the vice and immorality rampant in Roman society of his day (ch. 18), and he admires their open hospitality, their simplicity, and their bravery in battle. All of these traits were highlighted perhaps because of their similarity to idealized Roman virtues. One should not, however, think that Tacitus' portrayal of Germanic customs is entirely favorable; he notes a tendency in the Germanic people for what he saw as their habitual drunkenness, laziness, and barbarism, among other traits.

The ethnonym Germanii as used by Tacitus does not necessarily coincide with the modern linguistic definition of Germanic peoples as any people speaking a Germanic language, and the details of the classification Germanii have been debated in scholarship, e.g. the possibility that the Batavians may therefore have been Celtic-speaking.^{[citation needed]} Tacitus nevertheless shows no lack of precision in stating that the Nervii are not actually Germanic as they claim to be. (Ch. 28) He also notes in Chapter 43 that a certain tribe called the Cotini actually speaks a Gallic tongue, and likewise the Osi speak a Pannonian dialect.

Tacitus himself had never travelled in the Germanic lands; all his information is second-hand at best.^[4] Ronald Syme supposed that Tacitus closely copied the lost Bella Germaniae of Pliny the Elder, since the Germania is in some places outdated: in its description of the Danubian tribes, says Syme, "they are loyal clients of the Empire. . . . Which is peculiar. The defection of these peoples in the year 89 during Domitian's war against the Dacians modified the whole frontier policy of the Empire." (p. 128). While Pliny may have been the primary source, scholars have identified others; among them are Caesar's Gallic Wars, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Posidonius, Aufidius Bassus, and numerous non-literary sources: presumably based on interviews with traders and soldiers who had ventured beyond the Rhine and Danube borders, and Germanic mercenaries in Rome.

Reception[link]

Germaniae veteris typus (Old Germany.) Edited by Willem and Joan Blaeu), 1645, based on information from Tacitus and Pliny.

All copies of Germania were lost during the Middle Ages and the work was forgotten until a single manuscript as found in Hersfeld Abbey (Codex Hersfeldensis), in present-day Germany, in 1455. It was then brought to Italy, where Enea Silvio Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II, first examined and analyzed the book. This sparked interest among German humanists, including Conrad Celtes, Johannes Aventinus, and Ulrich von Hutten.

In medieval Germany (the Holy Roman Empire), a self-designation of "Germanii" was virtually never used. The name was only revived in 1471, inspired by the rediscovered text of Germania, to invoke the warlike qualities of the ancient Germans in a crusade against the Turks. Ever since its discovery, treatment of the text regarding the culture of the early Germanic peoples in ancient Germany remains strong especially in German history, philology, and ethnology studies, and to a lesser degree in Scandinavian countries as well. Beginning in 16th-century German humanism, German interest in Germanic antiquity remained acute throughout the period of Romanticism and nationalism. A scientific angle was introduced with the development of Germanic philology by Jacob Grimm in the 19th century.

Because of its influence on the ideologies of Pan-Germanism and Nordicism, Italian historian Arnaldo Momigliano in 1956 described Germania as "among the most dangerous books ever written".^[5]

See also[link]

• Ancient Germanic peoples
• Germanic paganism
• Germanic peoples
• Noble savage
• Regnator omnium deus

Editions and translations[link]

• Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (trans.), 1876.
• Henry Furneaux (ed.), 1900.
• Thomas Gordon (trans.), 1910.
• Anderson, J.G.C. (ed.) (1938). Germania. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
• Ronald Syme, Tacitus, vol. 1 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958)
• Alf Önnerfors (ed.): De origine et situ Germanorum liber. Teubner, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-519-01838-1 (P. Cornelii Taciti libri qui supersunt, T. 2,2)
• J. B. Rives (trans.): Tacitus: Germania. Oxford 1999

Notes[link]

References[link]

• T. A. Dorey, 'Agricola' and 'Germania', in Tacitus (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969) (Studies in Latin Literature series)
• Alfred Gudeman, The Sources of the Germania of Tacitus, in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 31. (1900), pp. 93–111
• Christopher B. Krebs, Negotiatio Germaniae. Tacitus' Germania und Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Giannantonio Campano, Conrad Celtis und Heinrich Bebel (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005). ISBN 3-525-25257-9.
• Simon Schama, 1995. Landscape and Memory 2.i "The hunt for Germania"

Further reading[link]

• Rodney Potter Robinson, 1935. The Germania of Tacitus (Middletown, Connecticut; American Philological Association) (textual and manuscript analysis)
• Kenneth C. Schellhase, 1976. Tacitus in Renaissance Political Thought (Chicago)
• Christopher B. Krebs, 2011. A Most Dangerous Book (New York), ISBN 978-0-393-06265-6

External links[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Germania

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tacitus

• Germania, trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (1868)
• Germania, ed. Henry Furneaux 1900; trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb 1876, reprint 1942) at Project Perseus
• Germania, trans. Thomas Gordon (1910) at the Medieval Sourcebook
• Germania, trans. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (1876) at the Medieval Sourcebook
• Germania, Oxford translation (ed. E. Brooks) at Project Gutenberg
• Germania, trans. Thomas Gordon (1910) at Project Gutenberg
• Roger Pearse, "Tacitus and his manuscripts"

Map of the Roman Empire and Magna Germania in the early 2nd century.

Germania (Greek: Γερμανία) was the Greek and Roman geographic term for the geographical regions inhabited mainly by peoples considered to be Germani. It was most often used to refer especially to the east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. The areas west of the Rhine were mainly Celtic (specifically Gaulish) and had become part of the Roman Empire.^[1][2]

Some Germani, perhaps the original people to have been referred to by this name, had lived on the west side of the Rhine. At least as early as the 2nd century BC. This area was considered to be in "Gaul", and became part of the Roman empire. These were the so-called germani cisrhenani, who in modern terms lived in the region of modern eastern Belgium, the southeastern Netherlands, and stretching into Germany towards the Rhine. During the period of the Roman empire, more tribes were settled in areas of the empire near the Rhine, in territories controlled by the Roman Empire. Eventually these areas came to be known as Lesser Germania, while Greater Germania (Magna Germania) was the larger territory east of the Rhine.

The Roman parts of Germania, "Lesser Germania", eventually formed two provinces of the empire, Germania Inferior, "Lower Germany", which came to eventually include the region of the original germani cisrhenani and Germania Superior, which in modern terms comprised an area of western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon (Besontio), Strasbourg (Argentoratum), Wiesbaden (Aquae Mattiacae), and Mainz (Mogontiacum).

Origins of the term[link]

The name came into use after Julius Caesar and whether it was used widely before him amongst Romans is unknown. The term may be Gallic in origin. Caesar reports hearing from his Remi allies that the term germani was the term used for the germani cisrhenani, and that these tribes had historically come from over the Rhine. So the name Germania seems to have been extended to cover the similar tribes in the area understood to be their homeland.^[3][4] Some generations later, Tacitus claimed that this is precisely what happened, saying that the Tungri of his time, who lived in the area which had been home to the germani cisrhenani, had changed their name, but had once been the original Germani. Tacitus wrote in AD 98:

For the rest, they affirm Germania to be a recent word, lately bestowed. For those who first passed the Rhine and expulsed the Gauls, and are now named Tungrians, were then called Germani. And thus by degrees the name of a tribe prevailed, not that of the nation; so that by an appellation at first occasioned by fear and conquest, they afterwards chose to be distinguished, and assuming a name lately invented were universally called Germani.^[5]

The Germania of Caesar and Tacitus was not defined along linguistic lines as is the case with the modern term "Germanic". They knew of Celtic tribes living in Magna Germania, and Germanic tribes living in Gaul. It is also not clear that they distinguished the tribes into linguistic categories in any exact way. The language of the germani cisrhenani, as well as their neighbours across the Rhine, is still unclear. Their tribal names and personal names are generally considered Celtic, and there are also signs of an older Belgic language which once existed between the contact zone of the Germanic and Celtic languages.

Germania in its eastern parts was likely inhabited by early Baltic and Slavic tribes. These parts of eastern Germania are sometimes called "Germania Slavica" in modern historiography.

History[link]

The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1 (after the Penguin Atlas of World History 1988):

   Settlements before 750 BC

   New settlements by 500 BC

   New settlements by 250 BC

   New settlements by AD 1

Germania was inhabited by different tribes, the vast majority Germanic but also including some Celtic, Baltic, Scythian, and proto-Slavic peoples. The tribal and ethnic makeup changed over the centuries as a result of assimilation and, most importantly, migrations. The Germanic people spoke several different dialects.

Classical records show little about the people who inhabited the north of Europe before the 2nd century BC. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks were aware of a group they called Celts (Keltoi). Herodotus also mentioned the Scythians but no other tribes. At around 320 BC, Pytheas of Massalia sailed around Britain and along the northern coast of Europe, and what he found on his journeys was so strange that later writers refused to believe him. He may have been the first Mediterranean to distinguish the Germanic people from the Celts. Contact between German tribes and the Roman Empire did take place and was not always hostile. Recent excavations of the Waldgirmes Forum show signs that a civilian Roman town was established there, which has been interpreted to mean that Romans and Germanic tribesmen were living in peace, at least for a while.^[6]

Caesar described the cultural differences between the Germanic tribesmen, the Romans, and the Gauls. He said that the Gauls, although warlike, could be civilized, but the Germanic tribesmen were far more savage and were a threat to Roman Gaul and so had to be conquered. His accounts of barbaric northern tribes could be described as an expression of the superiority of Rome, including Roman Gaul. Caesar's accounts portray the Roman fear of the Germanic tribes and the threat they posed. The perceived menace of the Germanic tribesmen proved accurate. The most complete account of Germania that has been preserved from Roman times is Tacitus' Germania.

Map showing the distribution of the Germanic tribes in Proto-Germanic times, and stages of their expansion up to 50 BC, AD 100 and AD 300. The extent of the Roman Empire in 68 BC and AD 117 is also shown.

Roman conquests[link]

The occupied Lesser Germania was divided into two provinces: Germania Inferior (Lower Germania) (approximately corresponding to the southern part of the present-day Low Countries) and Germania Superior (Upper Germania) (approximately corresponding to present-day Switzerland and Alsace).

The Romans under Augustus began to conquer and defeat the peoples of Germania Magna in 12 BC, having the Legati (generals) Germanicus and Tiberius leading the Legions. By AD 6, all of Germania up to the River Elbe was temporarily pacified by the Romans as well as being occupied by them. The Roman plan to complete the conquest and incorporate all of Magna Germania into the Roman Empire was frustrated when Rome was defeated by the German tribesmen in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9. Augustus then ordered Roman withdrawal from Magna Germania (completed by AD 16) and established the boundary of the Roman Empire as being the Rhine and the Danube.

Modern use[link]

Names of Germany in English and some other languages are derived from "Germania", though the country's own inhabitants call it "Deutschland". Several modern languages use the name "Germania" including Hebrew (גרמניה), Italian (Germania), Bulgarian (Германия), Maltese (Ġermanja), Greek (Γερμανία), Macedonian (Германија), Romanian (Germania), Russian (Германия), Albanian (Gjermania), and Armenian (Գերմանիա).

See also[link]

Ancient Germanic culture portal

• Roman Iron Age
• Germanic languages
• Germanic peoples
• Limes Germanicus
• Germany
• Scandinavia
• Low countries

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Malcolm Todd (1995). The Early Germans. Blackwell Publishing. 
• Peter S. Wells (2001). Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: Archaeology and Identity in Iron Age Europe. Duckworth Publishers. 

External links[link]

Look up germania in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Germania (Roman provinces)
• 1849 Harper New York Map, Ancient Germanic Tribes and Towns
• Tacitus' Germania at the Latin Library (text in Latin)
• Tacitus' Germania: English translation (Gordon, c.1910, proofed by Halsall at fordham.edu.)

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Miroslav Klose

Personal information
Full name	Miroslav Josef Klose[1]
Date of birth	(1978-06-09) 9 June 1978 (age 34)[2]
Place of birth	Opole, Poland
Height	1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)[3]
Playing position	Striker
Club information
Current club	Lazio
Number	25
Youth career
1987–1998	SG Blaubach-Diedelkopf
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1998–1999	FC Homburg	18	(1)
1999–2004	1. FC Kaiserslautern	120	(44)
1999–2000	→ 1. FC Kaiserslautern II	49	(25)
2004–2007	Werder Bremen	89	(53)
2007–2011	Bayern Munich	98	(24)
2011–	Lazio	25	(13)
National team‡
2001–	Germany	116	(63)
Honours 1. FC Kaiserslautern Runner-up DFB-Pokal 2003 Werder Bremen Winner DFL-Ligapokal 2006 Bayern Munich Winner DFL-Ligapokal 2007 Winner Bundesliga 2008 Winner DFB-Pokal 2008 Winner Bundesliga 2010 Winner DFB-Pokal 2010 Runner-up UEFA Champions League 2010 Winner DFL-Supercup 2010  Germany Runner-up FIFA World Cup 2002 Third FIFA World Cup 2006 Runner-up European Championship 2008 Third FIFA World Cup 2010
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17:45, 21 March 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 20:13, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Miroslav Josef Klose (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪʁoslaf ˈkloːzə] ( listen)) (Mirosław Marian Kloze IPA: [miˈrɔswaf ˈklɔzɛ]) (born 9 June 1978)^[4] is a German footballer who plays as a striker for Lazio in the Serie A. Since bursting onto the international stage at the 2002 World Cup, he has become well known for his knack of scoring headers, front-flip goal celebrations, and decisive short passing.

Klose holds German nationality^[5] and has played 113 times and scored 63 goals for Germany. With five goals, he was the top scorer and Golden Boot winner at the 2006 World Cup in Germany, the first German player to win the award since reunification. Klose also scored five goals in his debut World Cup, the 2002 World Cup, all of which were headers. He scored four times in 2010 World Cup, giving him a total of 14 World Cup goals and putting him joint second along with Gerd Müller on the list of FIFA World Cup goalscorers.

Klose is also the only player to have scored five or more goals in consecutive World Cups, as well as the only player to have scored at least four in three different tournaments.

Biography[link]

Background[link]

Klose was born in the Silesian city of Opole, Poland. Both of his parents were active in sports.^[6] His mother, Barbara Jeż, was a member of the Poland women's national handball team. His father, Josef Klose, played professional football in Poland for Odra Opole, before leaving then-communist Poland in 1978 and moving to France to play for AJ Auxerre. In 1985, Klose and his mother joined his father in Kusel, a small town in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Klose's father is an ethnic German and holds German nationality.^[5] The family spoke Polish at home — when Klose arrived in Germany he knew only two words of German.^[7]

Klose himself said in an interview in 2008 to Przegląd Sportowy that it would be best for him not to be called German or Polish, but European.^[8] As he stated in an interview to Der Spiegel in 2007, his family at home speaks Polish to each other, with his twin sons Luan and Noah^[9] learning German in Kindergarten.^[10] He has a Polish-born wife, Sylwia Klose.^[11]

Football career[link]

Klose learned his football at a village club, SG Blaubach-Diedelkopf, in the German seventh division. Klose had also successfully completed an apprenticeship to become a carpenter and had worked in this profession until joining the professional team of FC Kaiserslautern.

Club career[link]

Kaiserslautern[link]

After a season at FC Homburg, he eventually joined the reserve team of FC Kaiserslautern.

A year after joining the club, he made it into the first team. In his first 67 matches, Klose scored 33 goals. The 2002–03 season was a comparatively disappointing one as Klose found the back of the net a mere seven times.

Werder Bremen[link]

This section requires expansion.

Miroslav Klose at Werder Bremen

On 2 March 2004, Klose signed a four–year contract with German Bundesliga club Werder Bremen for a fee of €5 million ($6.2 million).^[12][13] He made his league debut on 6 August 2004, as a substitute for Paraguayan striker Nelson Valdez in a 1–0 home win against Schalke 04.^[14][15] On 29 August 2004, Klose scored his first goal, an equaliser, which Bremen lost 1–2 at home against Wolfsburg.^[16][17] After a lacklustre start, Klose formed an impressive attacking triangle with French midfielder Johan Micoud and Croatian forward Ivan Klasnić as well as, though less frequently, Paraguayan forward Nelson Valdez, scoring 15 goals in the Bundesliga. In the 2005–06 season, he scored 25 goals, the highest that season, and registered 16 assists in just 26 games in the Bundesliga.

After his strong performance at the 2006 World Cup, Klose was linked by newspapers with a move away from the Weserstadion. European giants FC Barcelona and Juventus were listed among his potential suitors. Klose was also heavily linked with a move to Bayern Munich, with Bayern president Franz Beckenbauer an admirer of Klose.

On 7 June 2007, Klose confirmed that he would leave Werder Bremen for Bayern Munich either before the 2007–08 season or upon the expiration of his contract with Werder at the end of the 2007–08 season.^[18]

Bayern Munich[link]

Luca Toni and Miroslav Klose (18), Olympiastadion, Hertha BSC vs. Bayern Munich, 2009

On 26 June 2007, club president Karl-Heinz Rummenigge confirmed that Bayern Munich had reached an agreement with Werder Bremen regarding the transfer of the player. Klose completed his medical with Bayern on 28 June 2007 before signing a four-year contract.

Klose made his first competitive appearance for Bayern in a 4–1 victory against old team Werder Bremen in the first round of the DFB-Ligapokal. After missing the semi-final victory over VfB Stuttgart due to injury, Klose returned in the final against Schalke 04, scoring his first competitive goal for Bayern to win the title.

Klose made his Bundesliga debut in the game against Hansa Rostock on 11 August 2007 in which he scored two goals. The game ended 3–0 for Bayern Munich, with Klose's striking partner Luca Toni scoring the third goal. In late September, he claimed his first hat-trick for the club in a 5–0 League success over Energie Cottbus.

After that bright start to his Bayern career, Klose struggled during the latter half of the Bundesliga season. His total of 20 goals in all competitions — with an impressive DFB Cup record — did, however, play a significant role in helping the club to a league and cup double.

Klose's second season at the club was a positive one. He finished as Bayern's top scorer in all competitions with 20 goals, a figure that could have been higher but for an injury sustained in March. Seven of his tally came in the Champions' League, making him the second-best goalscorer in that year's competition; only Lionel Messi with nine scored more than Klose.

Klose sustained two injuries in the beginning of the 2010–11 season. After he had made a full recovery, he remained on the bench until late December when he appeared in a DFB-Pokal match against VfB Stuttgart. Klose came off the bench and scored twice.

On 6 June 2011, with his contract about to expire, Klose did not reach an agreement with Bayern Munich, thus leaving the club at the end of the 2010–11 season.^[19]

Lazio[link]

Klose signed a two-year contract with Lazio on 9 June 2011.^[20] Klose scored his first goal for Lazio in UEFA Europa League 2012 Play-offs. He also assisted four other goals. Lazio won that game 6–0 and won the play-offs by 9–1 aggregate against Rabotnicki.^[21] On 9 September 2011, he made his league debut in a 2–2 draw against Milan and scored a goal in the 12th minute, which was the first Serie A goal of the season. Despite only being at the club for a few months his coach Edy Reja has already underlined his importance to the team.^[22] On 16 October 2011, Klose scored in the 93rd minute to win the Rome derby 2–1 for Lazio. However, the occasion was tainted by a small section of radical Lazio fans holding a sign adapted from a motto used by the Nazis. The sign read 'Klose Mit Uns', which means 'Klose with us'. It was intended by those fans as praise for Klose; however, the Nazis used the motto 'God with us' and the Lazio fans' sign featured the 'S's in the same font as the logo of Hitler's SS. Klose has explicitly condemned the sign, adding 'politics should stay out of the stadium'.^[23][24][25]

On 10 December 2011, Klose scored twice and assisted one for Lazio in an away game against Lecce, including an 87-minute goal that gave Lazio a 2–3 victory.^[26] He was prolific in the first half of the season and mid-way through the second until a thigh injury ruled him out for about seven weeks. He returned to action in an away game to Atalanta coming on as a substitute. He has scored 16 goals in all competition for the Biancocelesti.

International career[link]

Miroslav Klose during the 2006 FIFA World Cup

Klose's consistency as a goal-scorer in his first Bundesliga season at Kaiserslautern earned him attention. In January 2001, the then coach of the Polish national team, Jerzy Engel, travelled to Germany to persuade Klose to choose to play for Poland. This request was declined by Klose, who said that "I have a German passport, and if things are still running this way, I have a chance to play for Rudi Völler." Klose's hopes were justified, as he would soon score for Germany.^[27]

In an interview given to Przegląd Sportowy on 9 June 2008, Klose stated that the decision to play for Germany instead of Poland was not an easy one, and if Polish officials had been faster, he would be playing for Poland now. Furthermore, he added that he does not regret the choice, as with Germany he has won medals in the World Cup tournaments.^[8] The German national team has never lost a game in which Klose has scored.

2002 World Cup[link]

Klose's international debut came in march 21st in 2001 in a World Cup qualifier against Albania, in the 73rd minute coach Rudi Völler put him in as a substitute. Two minutes from time he headed home the 2–1 winner for Germany and celebrated with a front-flip.^[28] Four days later in his second match Klose helped Germany temporarily lead their qualification group, he came on in the 67th minute and scored the 3–2 against Greece in the 82nd minute, making it two crucial goals in only 33 minutes on the pitch. Two hat-tricks against Israel and Austria in friendlies prior to the upcoming World Cup were enough to establish him in Germanys starting lineup for the tournament.

Klose came to international prominence at the 2002 World Cup in Korea-Japan, because he scored five headed goals for Germany, finishing joint second highest goal scorer along with Rivaldo. He became the first player ever to score five headers in a World Cup, and he celebrated all of his goals with his trademark front-flip, earning him the nickname "Salto-Klose". His goal tally included a hat-trick in Germany's 8–0 hammering of Saudi Arabia, as well as one goal each against Ireland and Cameroon.^[29]

Klose also participated in Euro 2004 and came on as a substitute in two games, against Latvia and the Czech Republic, but was not completely fit, since he just recovered from a knee injury. He wasn't able to score and Germany went out in the first round.^[30]

2006 World Cup[link]

Miroslav Klose playing in the 2006 World Cup

Klose was named to his second successive World Cup team for the 2006 World Cup. In the opening match against Costa Rica, coinciding with his 28th birthday, Klose scored two goals, in the 17th and 61st minutes respectively. This led to Germany's 4–2 win over Costa Rica. He scored another two goals against Ecuador on 20 June, putting him on top of the tournament top scorer list with four goals.

Klose also played a major part in Germany's 2–0 win over Sweden in the first knockout round, demonstrating his ability to provide assists as he set up strike partner Lukas Podolski for both goals. Klose scored the equaliser against Argentina in the quarter-final game played on 30 June 2006, with Germany going on to win 4–2 on penalties. This was his first headed goal in two years, three of the first four in the tournament were scored with his favoured right foot.

Klose is the first German since Gerd Müller in the 1970s to become the top scorer at a World Cup. During the tournament, he formed a formidable strike partnership with Lukas Podolski, scoring eight goals between them as Germany topped the scoring charts with 14 goals in seven matches. Klose and team-mate Michael Ballack became the only two All-Star Team Players of the 2006 World Cup to be in the previous All-Star Team of 2002.

Euro 2008[link]

On 6 September 2006, Klose scored two away goals against San Marino in a 13–0 Euro 2008 qualifying win which took his international goal tally to 33, the same amount as his idol Fritz Walter and to joint seventh in the list of all-time goalscorers for Germany.

He had a goal drought for a long time with the national team, causing speculation that he may be dropped from the starting line-up. But German coach Joachim Löw has denied this.

Another highlight in Klose's career came on 8 September 2007, as he captained Germany for the first time and celebrated this honour by scoring both of his country's goals in a 2–0 victory over Wales. The next day, one of the headlines in the UEFA official website was "Captain Klose takes Germany closer (to qualifying)."

In the main tournament, Klose started the opening group game against Poland and assisted Lukas Podolski's two goals in a 2–0 victory. He played the remaining two group games against Croatia and Austria with no goals of his own. He finally broke his duck during the knockout stages, scoring for Germany in quarter-final and semi-final against Portugal and Turkey, respectively. In both games he scored Germanys second goal, and both games were won by 3–2. He was unable, however, to score during the final against Spain, as they lost the match 1–0.^[31][32]

2010 World Cup[link]

Klose was selected in Germany's final 23-man squad, and for his third successive World Cup campaign. On 13 June, Klose scored the second goal against Australia in their opening group game, a 4–0 victory. This goal put him level in World Cup goals with his former coach Jürgen Klinsmann.^[33] Klose was given a red card in the 36th minute after receiving his second of two cautions in Germany's second first-round game against Serbia, which Germany lost 1–0.

He opened the scoring in the Round of 16 match against England on 27 June 2010 with his 12th World Cup goal, equalling Pelé for fourth on the all time list, and also notching up his 50th international goal in his 99th international game, as Germany won the game 4–1.^[34] The assist to this goal came from young goalkeeper Manuel Neuer straight from a goalkick.

Klose made his 100th international appearance in the quarter-final against Argentina, becoming only the sixth German player to reach the landmark. He then scored the second and fourth goals against Argentina (Germany winning 4–0), pulling him level with Gerd Müller's all-time German World Cup goalscoring record.^[35] Due to a back injury sustained in the semi-final against Spain – Germany losing 0–1 against the upcoming champions. Klose was unable to play in Germanys 3–2 bronze medal winning match against Uruguay. This deprived him of the chance to equal or surpass Ronaldo's record number of goals in the World Cup finals – Klose has 14 goals, Ronaldo has 15.

Euro 2012[link]

During the Euro 2012 qualifiers, Klose has scored at least one goal in every single game he played, striking against all of Germanys opponents: Belgium, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Austria. Gaining only six caps during the qualification campaign, he scored nine goals and provided two assists making him Europe's second most successful striker for this period behind Klaas-Jan Huntelaar who scored 12 times in eight matches. ^[36] At the end of the qualifying campaign he had achieved 21 assists and 63 goal while playing for Germany, trailing Gerd Müller's German goalscoring record by five and playing almost twice as many international games for Germany compared to Müller.^[37] He has been named in Germany's squad for the tournament.

International goals[link]

Scores and results table. Germany's goal tally first:

Goal	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	24 March 2001	BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany	Albania	2–1	2–1	2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying
2.	28 March 2001	Olympic Stadium, Athens, Greece	Greece	3–2	4–2	2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying
3.	13 February 2002	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Israel	1–1	7–1	Friendly
4.	13 February 2002	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Israel	2–1	7–1	Friendly
5.	13 February 2002	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Israel	4–1	7–1	Friendly
6.	18 May 2002	BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany	Austria	1–0	6–2	Friendly
7.	18 May 2002	BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany	Austria	2–0	6–2	Friendly
8.	18 May 2002	BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany	Austria	4–2	6–2	Friendly
9.	1 June 2002	Sapporo Dome, Sapporo, Japan	Saudi Arabia	1–0	8–0	2002 FIFA World Cup
10.	1 June 2002	Sapporo Dome, Sapporo, Japan	Saudi Arabia	2–0	8–0	2002 FIFA World Cup
11.	1 June 2002	Sapporo Dome, Sapporo, Japan	Saudi Arabia	5–0	8–0	2002 FIFA World Cup
12.	5 June 2002	Kashima Soccer Stadium, Kashima, Japan	Republic of Ireland	1–0	1–1	2002 FIFA World Cup
13.	11 June 2002	Shizuoka Stadium, Shizuoka, Japan	Cameroon	2–0	2–0	2002 FIFA World Cup
14.	16 October 2002	AWD-Arena, Hannover, Germany	Faroe Islands	2–1	2–1	UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
15.	11 June 2003	Gundadalur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands	Faroe Islands	1–0	2–0	UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
16.	18 February 2004	Gradski stadion u Poljudu, Split, Croatia	Croatia	1–0	2–1	Friendly
17.	17 November 2004	Zentralstadion, Leipzig, Germany	Cameroon	1–0	3–0	Friendly
18.	17 November 2004	Zentralstadion, Leipzig, Germany	Cameroon	2–0	3–0	Friendly
19.	16 December 2004	International Stadium, Yokohama, Japan	Japan	1–0	3–0	Friendly
20.	16 December 2004	International Stadium, Yokohama, Japan	Japan	3–0	3–0	Friendly
21.	1 March 2006	Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund, Germany	United States	3–0	4–1	Friendly
22.	27 May 2006	Dreisamstadion, Freiburg, Germany	Luxembourg	1–0	7–0	Friendly
23.	27 May 2006	Dreisamstadion, Freiburg, Germany	Luxembourg	4–0	7–0	Friendly
24.	30 May 2006	BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany	Japan	1–2	2–2	Friendly
25.	9 June 2006	Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany	Costa Rica	2–1	4–2	2006 FIFA World Cup
26.	9 June 2006	Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany	Costa Rica	3–1	4–2	2006 FIFA World Cup
27.	20 June 2006	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany	Ecuador	1–0	3–0	2006 FIFA World Cup
28.	20 June 2006	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany	Ecuador	2–0	3–0	2006 FIFA World Cup
29.	30 June 2006	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany	Argentina	1–1	1–1 (a.e.t.), 4–2 (pen.)	2006 FIFA World Cup
30.	16 August 2006	Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany	Sweden	2–0	3–0	Friendly
31.	16 August 2006	Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany	Sweden	3–0	3–0	Friendly
32.	6 September 2006	Stadio Olimpico, Serravalle, San Marino	San Marino	3–0	13–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
33.	6 September 2006	Stadio Olimpico, Serravalle, San Marino	San Marino	6–0	13–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
34.	8 September 2007	Ninian Park, Cardiff, Wales	Wales	1–0	2–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
35.	8 September 2007	Ninian Park, Cardiff, Wales	Wales	2–0	2–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
36.	17 November 2007	AWD Arena, Hannover, Germany	Cyprus	2–0	4–0	UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
37.	6 February 2008	Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria	Austria	2–0	3–0	Friendly
38.	26 March 2008	St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland	Switzerland	1–0	4–0	Friendly
39.	27 May 2008	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Belarus	1–0	2–2	Friendly
40.	19 June 2008	St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland	Portugal	2–0	3–2	UEFA Euro 2008
41.	25 June 2008	St. Jakob-Park, Basel, Switzerland	Turkey	2–1	3–2	UEFA Euro 2008
42.	10 September 2008	Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland	Finland	1–1	3–3	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
43.	10 September 2008	Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland	Finland	2–2	3–3	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
44.	10 September 2008	Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland	Finland	3–3	3–3	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
45.	12 August 2009	Tofik Bakhramov Stadium, Baku, Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan	2–0	2–0	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
46.	9 September 2009	AWD-Arena, Hanover, Germany	Azerbaijan	2–0	4–0	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
47.	9 September 2009	AWD-Arena, Hanover, Germany	Azerbaijan	3–0	4–0	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
48.	10 October 2009	Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, Russia	Russia	1–0	1–0	2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying
49.	13 June 2010	Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban, South Africa	Australia	2–0	4–0	2010 FIFA World Cup
50.	27 June 2010	Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein, South Africa	England	1–0	4–1	2010 FIFA World Cup
51.	3 July 2010	Cape Town Stadium, Cape Town, South Africa	Argentina	2–0	4–0	2010 FIFA World Cup
52.	3 July 2010	Cape Town Stadium, Cape Town, South Africa	Argentina	4–0	4–0	2010 FIFA World Cup
53.	3 September 2010	King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium	Belgium	1–0	1–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
54.	7 September 2010	RheinEnergieStadion, Cologne, Germany	Azerbaijan	3–0	6–1	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
55.	7 September 2010	RheinEnergieStadion, Cologne, Germany	Azerbaijan	6–1	6–1	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
56.	8 October 2010	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany	Turkey	1–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
57.	8 October 2010	Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany	Turkey	3–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
58.	12 October 2010	Astana Arena, Astana, Kazakhstan	Kazakhstan	1–0	3–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
59.	9 February 2011	Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund, Germany	Italy	1–0	1–1	Friendly
60.	26 March 2011	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Kazakhstan	1–0	4–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
61.	26 March 2011	Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Germany	Kazakhstan	4–0	4–0	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
62.	2 September 2011	Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany	Austria	1–0	6–2	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
63.	15 November 2011	Volksparkstadion, Hamburg, Germany	Netherlands	2–0	3–0	Friendly

Awards and honours[link]

Club[link]

Werder Bremen

• DFB-Ligapokal (1): 2006

Bayern Munich

• Bundesliga (2): 2007–08, 2009–10
• UEFA Champions League Runner-up: 2009–10
• DFB-Pokal (2): 2008, 2010
• DFB-Ligapokal (1): 2007
• DFB-Supercup (1): 2010

National team[link]

Germany

• FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 2002
• FIFA World Cup 3rd Place: 2006, 2010
• UEFA European Football Championship Runner-up: 2008

Individual[link]

• Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (25 goals): 2006
• German Footballer of the Year: 2006
• World Cup Silver Shoe: 2002
• World Cup Golden Shoe: 2006
• Selected for the All-star team in the 2002 and 2006 World Cups

Personal records[link]

• FIFA World Cup second all-time top scorer along with Gerd Müller: 14 goals (five in 2002, five in 2006, and four in 2010)
• Only player to have scored at least four goals in three FIFA World Cups
• Scored at least five goals in two FIFA World Cups, record shared only with Teófilo Cubillas, only player to have scored five goals in two consecutive FIFA World Cups
• Germany's second all-time top scorer: 63 goals
• Germany's second most capped player behind Lothar Matthäus

Career stats[link]

Club[link]

As of 21 March 2012