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Wealth is the abundance of valuable resources or material possessions. The word wealth is derived from the old English weal, which is from an Indo-European word stem.^[1] An individual, community, region or country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources is known as wealthy.

The concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth economics and development economics. Yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent and there is no universally agreed upon definition. At the most general level, economists may define wealth as "anything of value" which captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various individuals and in different contexts.^[2] Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own.^[3][4]

Although precise data are not available, the total household wealth in the world has been estimated at $125 trillion (USD 125 x10¹²) in year 2000.^[5]

About 90% of global wealth is distributed in North America, Europe, and "rich Asia-Pacific" countries (not including India),^[6] and 1% of adults are estimated to hold 40% of world wealth, a number which falls to 32% when adjusted for purchasing power parity.^[7]

Definition[link]

For definitions of "wealth," see also The Wealth of Nations and Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

Adam Smith, in his seminal work The Wealth of Nations, described wealth as "the annual produce of the land and labour of the society". This "produce" is, at its simplest, that which satisfies human needs and wants of utility. In popular usage, wealth can be described as an abundance of items of economic value, or the state of controlling or possessing such items, usually in the form of money, real estate and personal property. An individual who is considered wealthy, affluent, or rich is someone who has accumulated substantial wealth relative to others in their society or reference group. In economics, net wealth refers to the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed at a point in time.^{[citation needed]} Wealth can be categorized into three principal categories: personal property, including homes or automobiles; monetary savings, such as the accumulation of past income; and the capital wealth of income producing assets, including real estate, stocks, bonds, and businesses.^{[citation needed]} All these delineations make wealth an especially important part of social stratification. Wealth provides a type of social safety net of protection against an unforeseen decline in one’s living standard in the event of job loss or other emergency and can be transformed into home ownership, business ownership, or even a college education.^{[8][not in citation given]}

'Wealth' refers to some accumulation of resources (net asset value), whether abundant or not. 'Richness' refers to an abundance of such resources (income or flow). A wealthy individual, community, or nation thus has more accumulated resources (capital) than a poor one. The opposite of wealth is destitution. The opposite of richness is poverty.

The term implies a social contract on establishing and maintaining ownership in relation to such items which can be invoked with little or no effort and expense on the part of the owner. The concept of wealth is relative and not only varies between societies, but varies between different sections or regions in the same society. A personal net worth of US $10,000 in most parts of the United States would certainly not place a person among the wealthiest citizens of that locale. However, such an amount would constitute an extraordinary amount of wealth in impoverished developing countries.

Concepts of wealth also vary across time. Modern labor-saving inventions and the development of the sciences have enabled the poorest sectors of today's society to enjoy a standard of living equivalent if not superior to the wealthy of the not-too-distant past. This comparative wealth across time is also applicable to the future; given this trend((cn)) of human advancement, it is likely that the standard of living that the wealthiest enjoy today will be considered impoverished by future generations.

Industrialization emphasized the role of technology. Many jobs were automated. Machines replaced some workers while other workers became more specialized. Labour specialization became critical to economic success. However, physical capital, as it came to be known, consisting of both the natural capital and the infrastructural capital, became the focus of the analysis of wealth.^{[citation needed]}

Adam Smith saw wealth creation as the combination of materials, labour, land, and technology in such a way as to capture a profit (excess above the cost of production).^[9] The theories of David Ricardo, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, in the 18th century and 19th century built on these views of wealth that we now call classical economics.

Marxian economics (see labor theory of value) distinguishes in the Grundrisse between material wealth and human wealth, defining human wealth as "wealth in human relations"; land and labour were the source of all material wealth.

Buckminster Fuller defines wealth in the following manner: “Wealth is our organized capability to cope effectively with the environment in sustaining our healthy regeneration and decreasing both the physical and metaphysical restrictions of the forward days of our lives.” ^[10]

Economic analysis[link]

In economics, wealth in a commonly applied accounting sense is the net worth of a person, household, or nation, that is, the value of all assets owned net of all liabilities owed at a point in time. For national wealth as measured in the national accounts, the net liabilities are those owed to the rest of the world.^[11] The term may also be used more broadly as referring to the productive capacity of a society or as a contrast to poverty.^[12] Analytical emphasis may be on its determinants or distribution.^[13]

Economic terminology distinguishes between two types of variables: stock and flow. Wealth, as measurable at a date in time, is a stock, like the value of an orchard on December 31 minus debt owed on the orchard. For a given amount of wealth, say at the beginning of the year, income from that wealth, as measurable over say a year is a flow. What marks the income as a flow is its measurement per unit of time, like the value of apples yielded from the orchard per year.

In macroeconomic theory the 'wealth effect' may refer to the increase in aggregate consumption from an increase in national wealth. One measure of it is the wealth elasticity of demand. It is the percentage change in the amount demanded of consumption for each one-percent change in wealth.

Wealth may be measured in nominal or real values, that is in money value as of a given date or adjusted to net out price changes. The assets include those that are tangible (land and capital) and financial (money, bonds, etc.). Measurable wealth typically excludes intangible or nonmarketable assets such as human capital and social capital. In economics, 'wealth' corresponds to the accounting term 'net worth'. But analysis may adapt typical accounting conventions for economic purposes in social accounting (such as in national accounts). An example of the latter is generational accounting of social security systems to include the present value projected future outlays considered as liabilities.^[14] Macroeconomic questions include whether the issuance of government bonds affects investment and consumption through the wealth effect.^[15]

Environmental assets are not usually counted in measuring wealth, in part due to the difficulty of valuation for a non-market good. Environmental or green accounting is a method of social accounting for formulating and deriving such measures on the argument that an educated valuation is superior to a value of zero (as the implied valuation of environmental assets).^[16]

Sociological treatments[link]

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"Wealth provides an important mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of inequality."^[8] Less than 10% of the wealthiest people in America inherited family fortunes.^{[citation needed]} But the effect of inherited wealth can also be seen on a more modest level. For example, a couple who buy a house with financial help from their parents or a student who has his or her college education paid for; in both scenarios the participants are benefiting directly from the accumulated wealth of previous generations.^[8]

Wealth and social class[link]

Social class is not identical to wealth, but the two concepts are related (particularly in Marxist theory), leading to the combined concept of Socioeconomic status.

Partly as a result of different economic conditions of life, members of different social classes often have different value systems and view the world in different ways. As such, there exist different "conceptions of social reality, different aspirations and hopes and fears, different conceptions of the desirable."^[17] The way the various social classes in society view wealth vary and these diverse characteristics are a fundamental dividing line among the classes. According to Richard H Ropers, the concentration of wealth in the United States is inequitably distributed.^[18] In 1996, the United States federal government reported that the net worth of the top 1 percent of people in the United States was approximately equal to that of the bottom 90 percent.^[8]

The upper class[link]

Upper class values include higher education, and the wealthiest people the accumulation and maintenance of wealth, the maintenance of social networks and the power that accompanies such networks. Children of the upper class are typically schooled on how to manage this power and channel this privilege in different forms. It is in large part by accessing various edifices of information^{[clarification needed]}, associates, procedures and auspices that the upper class are able to maintain their wealth and pass it to future generations.^[19]

The middle class[link]

The middle class places a greater emphasis on income. The middle class views wealth as something for emergencies and it is seen as more of a cushion. This class comprises people that were raised with families that typically owned their own home, planned ahead and stressed the importance of education and achievement. They earn a significant amount of income and also have significant amounts of consumption. However there is very limited savings (deferred consumption) or investments, besides retirement pensions and homeownership. They have been socialized to accumulate wealth through structured, institutionalized arrangements. Without this set structure, asset accumulation would likely not occur.^[19]

The lower class[link]

Those with the least amount of wealth are the welfare poor. (see underclass) Wealth accumulation for this class is to some extent prohibited. People that receive AFDC transfers cannot own more than a trivial amount of assets, in order to be eligible and remain qualified for income transfers. Most of the institutions that the welfare poor encounter discourage any accumulation of assets.^[19]

Distribution[link]

Wealth in the form of land[link]

In the western tradition, the concepts of owning land and accumulating wealth in the form of land were engendered in the rise of the first state, for a primary service and power of government was, and is to this day, the awarding and adjudication of land use rights.

Land ownership was also justified according to John Locke. He claimed that because we mix^{[clarification needed]} our labour with the land, we thereby deserve the right to control the use of the land and benefit from the product of that land (but subject to his Lockean proviso of "at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others.").

Additionally, in developed countries post-agrarian society (industrial society) this argument has many critics (including those influenced by Georgist and geolibertarian ideas) who argue that since land, by definition, is not a product of human labor, any claim of private property in it is a form of theft; as David Lloyd George observed, "to prove a legal title to land one must trace it back to the man who stole it."

Many older ideas have resurfaced in the modern notions of ecological stewardship, bioregionalism, natural capital, and ecological economics.

Anthropological views[link]

Anthropology characterizes societies, in part, based on a society's concept of wealth, and the institutional structures and power used to protect this wealth.^{[citation needed]} Several types are defined below. They can be viewed as an evolutionary progression. Many young adolescents have become wealthy from the inheritance of their families.

The interpersonal concept[link]

Early hominids seem to have started with incipient ideas of wealth^{[citation needed]}, similar to that of the great apes. But as tools, clothing, and other mobile infrastructural capital became important to survival (especially in hostile biomes), ideas such as the inheritance of wealth, political positions, leadership, and ability to control group movements (to perhaps reinforce such power) emerged. Neandertal societies had pooled funerary rites and cave painting which implies at least a notion of shared assets that could be spent for social purposes, or preserved for social purposes. Wealth may have been collective.

Accumulation of non-necessities[link]

Humans back to and including the Cro-Magnons seem to have had clearly defined rulers and status hierarchies. Digs in Russia have revealed elaborate funeral clothing on a pair of children buried there over 35,000 years ago.^{[citation needed]} This indicates a considerable accumulation of wealth by some individuals or families. The high artisan skill also suggest the capacity to direct specialized labor to tasks that are not of any obvious utility to the group's survival.

Control of arable land[link]

The rise of irrigation and urbanization, especially in ancient Sumer and later Egypt, unified the ideas of wealth and control of land and agriculture. To feed a large stable population, it was possible and necessary to achieve universal cultivation and city-state protection. The notion of the state and the notion of war are said to have emerged at this time. Tribal cultures were formalized into what we would call feudal systems, and many rights and obligations were assumed by the monarchy and related aristocracy. Protection of infrastructural capital built up over generations became critical: city walls, irrigation systems, sewage systems, aqueducts, buildings, all impossible to replace within a single generation, and thus a matter of social survival to maintain. The social capital of entire societies was often defined in terms of its relation to infrastructural capital (e.g. castles or forts or an allied monastery, cathedral or temple), and natural capital, (i.e. the land that supplied locally grown food). Agricultural economics continues these traditions in the analyses of modern agricultural policy and related ideas of wealth, e.g. the ark of taste model of agricultural wealth.

The role of technology[link]

Industrialization emphasized the role of technology. Many jobs were automated. Machines replaced some workers while other workers became more specialized. Labour specialization became critical to economic success. However, physical capital, as it came to be known, consisting of both the natural capital (raw materials from nature) and the infrastructural capital (facilitating technology), became the focus of the analysis of wealth. Adam Smith saw wealth creation as the combination of materials, labour, land, and technology in such a way as to capture a profit (excess above the cost of production).^[20]

References[link]

Metal Church
Metal Church guitarists Jay Reynolds (left) and Kurdt Vanderhoof (right).
Background information
Also known as	Shrapnel
Origin	San Francisco, California, United States
Genres	Heavy metal, thrash metal, speed metal, power metal
Years active	1980–1994, 1998–2009
Labels	Ground Zero, Elektra, I.R.S., Epic, SPV, Nuclear Blast, Mercury
Associated acts	Hall Aflame, Presto Ballet, Vanderhoof, Reverend, Wayne, Heretic
Website	www.metalchurchmusic.com
Past members
Members

Metal Church was an American heavy metal band. They originally formed in San Francisco, California in 1980 before relocating to Aberdeen, Washington the following year and briefly using the name Shrapnel. Their eponymous first album was released in 1984, and their final, This Present Wasteland, in 2008.^[1]

The band is credited as a formative influence on the thrash metal sub-genre,^[1] melding the aesthetics of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal and American heavy metal behind "incredibly tight musicianship" and "piercingly screeched" vocals.^[2][3] Early lyrical topics such as conflict and paranoia later expanded into philosophical and social commentary.

Founding guitarist Kurdt Vanderhoof remained the group's sole consistent creative force throughout its career, despite reducing his role strictly to composition in 1986 after tiring of touring. Vanderhoof, vocalist David Wayne, guitarist Craig Wells, bassist Duke Erickson, and drummer Kirk Arrington composed the group's classic lineup featured on its first two records, while vocalist Mike Howe and guitarist John Marshall later contributed to the group's sound. After releasing five full-length albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Metal Church disbanded in 1994. They reformed four years later with their classic lineup, including Vanderhoof's return to performance, yielding the Masterpeace album. They endured numerous lineup changes thereafter, releasing three further studio albums while fronted by Ronny Munroe before again disbanding in July 2009.

Biography[link]

Formative years (1980–1984)[link]

Then based in San Francisco, Kurdt Vanderhoof formed the band in 1980 with various musicians, including a brief audition with future Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich.^[4] The three-song, instrumental Red Skies demo appeared in 1981, featuring Vanderhoof, guitarist Rick Condrin, bassist Steve Hott, and drummer Aaron Zimpel.

Vanderhoof returned to his hometown of Aberdeen in 1981 and began the new group Shrapnel with Craig Wells, Duke Erickson, drummer Tom Weber, and vocalist Mike Murphy. Murphy departed before their next demo, which was recorded without vocals, and Weber departed shortly thereafter. The enlistment of Kirk Arrington and David Wayne completed the group's classic lineup. They released the demo Four Hymns and spent following years touring and accruing material, readopting the Metal Church moniker in 1983.

First two records; commercial success (1984–1988)[link]

In 1984, they released their self-titled debut album, which included three songs from the Four Hymns demo and a cover of Deep Purple's "Highway Star". They sold 70,000 copies of the album independently before signing to Elektra.^{[citation needed]} According to Wayne, Ulrich and Metallica band mate James Hetfield urged Elektra to sign the band before another label did.^[5]

By the time Metal Church released their second studio album, The Dark, in 1986, they were touring with high-profile acts like Metallica. The Dark was a commercial success, helped by the fact that the band's first music video, "Watch the Children Pray", received frequent airplay on MTV. Shortly after the album's release, however, they were plagued by lineup changes: Vanderhoof ceased performing with the group in 1986, to be replaced briefly by Mark Baker and more extensively by John Marshall. Vanderhoof nonetheless continued to work with the group in composing thereafter, co-writing their subsequent material.

Further albums; first breakup (1988–1994)[link]

In 1988, the band replaced Wayne with former Heretic singer Mike Howe and released their third studio album, Blessing In Disguise, the following year. Critics responded favorably, including some assertions that the record was the group's strongest effort.^[6] Ironically, after being replaced by Heretic's former singer, Wayne recruited the remaining members of Heretic to form Reverend.

After further touring, Metal Church released its fourth studio album, The Human Factor, via Epic Records in 1991. Critics applauded the group for transitioning to a major label and successfully retaining the vitality of their sound,^[7] while also releasing a record with conceptual accessibility beyond the heavy metal genre.^[3] Vanderhoof formed the short-lived group Hall Aflame, who released Guaranteed Forever through I.R.S. Records later that year.

Metal Church followed with their fifth studio album, 1993's Hanging in the Balance on Mercury Records, but disbanded the following year, later citing management problems and poor record sales as factors.^[8] Vanderhoof formed an eponymous new group, Vanderhoof, along with Arrington. They released their self-titled debut album in 1997.

[edit] Reunion of classic lineup; Masterpeace (1998–2001)

Founding guitarist Kurdt Vanderhoof began performing with the group for the first time in 12 years for their 1998 reformation.

The members of Metal Church began compiling their first live album in 1998, Live, which featured songs from their first two records performed by their classic lineup. During the production of Live, Wayne, Vanderhoof, Wells, Arrington, and Erickson decided to reform the band and began work on a new studio album. Wells was forced to depart the band due to familial obligations,^[5] however, and was replaced by the returning Marshall.

The resulting Masterpeace album was released in 1999 on Nuclear Blast Records. Critics responded positively, hailing it as a focused product that increased the energy over previous releases, despite its ultimately failing to break new ground.^[9] Arrington and Erickson were unable to tour behind the record, so the band enlisted Vanderhoof bassist Brian Lake and drummer Jeff Wade for live performances later that year.

Wayne expressed regret regarding the record, which influenced his musical output that followed.^[5] He again departed in 2001 due to personal and creative differences, forming the group Wayne with Wells and releasing the curiously-titled debut album Metal Church thereafter. Vanderhoof objected to the album's name and cover art; according to Wayne, the purpose of the album's name was to alert the audience of his involvement.^[5] Erickson and Marshall also ceased involvement with Metal Church after Wayne's departure.

Later activity (2004–2009)[link]

Vanderhoof's eponymous band released A Blur in Time in 2002, and he began working on new material for Metal Church's next album thereafter. In 2004, he and Arrington recruited singer Ronny Munroe, ex-Malice guitarist Jay Reynolds, and bassist Steve Unger to form a new lineup of Metal Church. They released the band's seventh studio album later that year, The Weight of the World. Critics generally received the record with a lukewarm response, recognizing its accomplishments while noting its lack of consistency and innovation.^[10]

On May 10, 2005, David Wayne died of complications from injuries sustained in a car accident that occurred months before. He was 47 years old.

In 2006, Arrington left the band due to health complications with diabetes. His replacement was Jeff Plate, who previously worked with Savatage, Chris Caffery and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra.^[11] Later that year, the band released their eighth studio album, A Light in the Dark, which featured a re-recording of "Watch the Children Pray" as a tribute to Wayne. Vanderhoof said that the tribute was a way of showing fans that he harbored no ill will towards Wayne despite the contentious situation that existed between them before Wayne's death.^[12]

Reynolds left the group in 2008 and was replaced by Rick Van Zandt.^[13] The band's ninth and final studio album, This Present Wasteland, followed in 2008, which was hailed generally as an effective release consistent with their previous accomplishments.^[4] After subsequent touring, the band took a hiatus from performing due to Vanderhoof's back problems. They nonetheless continued studio work, while Munroe and Vanderhoof also completed the former's solo album.^[14]

After Vanderhoof's health improved, they returned to performing and composing new material. On July 7, 2009, however, the group announced unexpectedly that they were disbanding following a final performance at Rocklahoma two days later, cancelling numerous further live dates. They cited industry frustrations as a major factor influencing the decision. Several former members remained musically active, including Munroe and Vanderhoof in Presto Ballet^[15] and Plate in Machines of Grace.

Members[link]

Timeline

 id:Vocals              value:blue       legend:Vocals
 id:Guitars             value:orange     legend:Guitars 
 id:Bass                value:red        legend:Bass
 id:Drums               value:gray(0.45) legend:Drums
 id:Composition         value:yellow     legend:Composition
 id:Lines               value:black      legend:Releases
id:bars   value:gray(0.92)

 at:01/01/1984 color:black layer:back
 at:04/06/1986 color:black layer:back
 at:10/08/1989 color:black layer:back
 at:11/02/1991 color:black layer:back
 at:10/07/1993 color:black layer:back
 at:03/30/1999 color:black layer:back 
 at:06/26/2004 color:black layer:back
 at:07/27/2006 color:black layer:back
 at:09/26/2008 color:black layer:back

 bar:McKay text:"William McKay"
 bar:Bull text:"Ed Bull"
 bar:Murphy text:"Mike Murphy"
 bar:Wayne text:"David Wayne"
 bar:Howe text:"Mike Howe"
 bar:Munroe text:"Ronny Munroe"
 bar:Vanderhoof text:"Kurdt Vanderhoof"
 bar:Condrin text:"Rick Condrin"
 bar:Wells text:"Craig Wells"
 bar:Baker text:"Mark Baker"
 bar:Marshall text:"John Marshall"
 bar:Reynolds text:"Jay Reynolds"
 bar:VanZandt text: "Rick Van Zandt"
 bar:Hott text:"Steve Hott"
 bar:Erickson text:"Duke Erickson"
 bar:Lake text:"Brian Lake"
 bar:Unger text:"Steve Unger"
 bar:Wagner text:"Rick Wagner"
 bar:Zimpel text:"Aaron Zimpel"
 bar:Sacco text:"Carl Sacco"
 bar:Weber text:"Tom Weber"
 bar:Arrington text:"Kirk Arrington"
 bar:Wade text:"Jeff Wade"
 bar:Plate text:"Jeff Plate"

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:McKay from:01/01/1980 till:06/01/1980 color:Vocals
 bar:Bull from:06/01/1980 till:12/31/1980 color:Vocals
 bar:Murphy from:06/01/1981 till:09/30/1981 color:Vocals
 bar:Wayne from:12/01/1981 till:06/01/1988 color:Vocals
 bar:Howe from:06/01/1988 till:06/01/1994 color:Vocals
 bar:Wayne from:01/01/1998 till:03/01/2001 color:Vocals
 bar:Munroe from:01/01/2004 till:end color:Vocals
 bar:Vanderhoof from:01/01/1980 till:06/01/1986 color:Guitars
 bar:Vanderhoof from:06/01/1986 till:06/01/1994 color:Composition
 bar:Condrin from:01/01/1980 till:12/31/1980 color:Guitars
 bar:Wells from:06/01/1981 till:06/01/1994 color:Guitars
 bar:Wells from:01/01/1998 till:06/01/1998 color:Guitars
 bar:Baker from:06/01/1986 till:08/01/1986 color:Guitars
 bar:Marshall from:08/01/1986 till:06/01/1994 color:Guitars
 bar:Vanderhoof from:01/01/1998 till:end color:Guitars
 bar:Marshall from:06/01/1998 till:03/01/2001 color:Guitars
 bar:Reynolds from:01/01/2004 till:01/01/2008 color:Guitars
 bar:VanZandt from:01/01/2008 till:end color:Guitars
 bar:Hott from:01/01/1980 till:12/31/1980 color:Bass
 bar:Erickson from:06/01/1981 till:06/01/1994 color:Bass
 bar:Erickson from:01/01/1998 till:10/01/1999 color:Bass
 bar:Lake from:10/01/1999 till:12/31/1999 color:Bass
 bar:Erickson from:01/01/2000 till:03/01/2001 color:Bass
 bar:Unger from:01/01/2004 till:end color:Bass
 bar:Wagner from:01/01/1980 till:03/01/1980 color:Drums
 bar:Zimpel from:03/01/1980 till:10/31/1980 color:Drums
 bar:Sacco from:10/01/1980 till:12/31/1980 color:Drums
 bar:Weber from:06/01/1981 till:09/01/1981 color:Drums
 bar:Arrington from:09/01/1981 till:06/01/1994 color:Drums
 bar:Arrington from:01/01/1998 till:10/01/1999 color:Drums
 bar:Wade from:10/01/1999 till:12/31/1999 color:Drums
 bar:Arrington from:01/01/2000 till:03/01/2006 color:Drums
 bar:Plate from:03/01/2006 till:end color:Drums

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• Metal Church (1984)
• The Dark (1986)
• Blessing in Disguise (1989)
• The Human Factor (1991)
• Hanging in the Balance (1993)
• Masterpeace (1999)
• The Weight of the World (2004)
• A Light in the Dark (2006)
• This Present Wasteland (2008)

Live albums

• Live (1998)

Demos

• Four Hymns (1982)
• Hitman (1982)
• Red Skies (1981)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Interview with Kurdt Vanderhoof

v t e Metal Church Kurdt Vanderhoof Rick Condrin Ed Bull Rick Wagner Aaron Zimpel Mike Murphy Steve Holt Carl Sacco Craig Wells David Wayne Duke Erickson Kirk Arrington Mark Baker John Marshall Mike Howe Jay Reynolds William McKay Ronny Munroe Steve Unger Jeff Plate Rick Van Zandt Studio albums Metal Church The Dark Blessing in Disguise The Human Factor Hanging in the Balance Masterpeace The Weight of the World A Light in the Dark This Present Wasteland Live albums Live Demo albums Red Skies (1981 as Shrapnel) Four Hymns Hitman Related articles Heretic Megadeth Metallica Presto Ballet Reverend Wayne Metal Church (Wayne album) Portal:Heavy metal