Tempelhof
Quarter of Berlin
Ullsteinhaus
Tempelhof
Location of Tempelhof in Tempelhof-Schöneberg and Berlin
Coordinates	52°28′0″N 13°23′0″E / 52.466667°N 13.383333°E / 52.466667; 13.383333Coordinates: 52°28′0″N 13°23′0″E / 52.466667°N 13.383333°E / 52.466667; 13.383333
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Berlin
City	Berlin
Borough	Tempelhof-Schöneberg
Basic statistics
Area	12.2 km2 (4.7 sq mi)
Elevation	50 m  (164 ft)
Population	54,382  (30 June 2008)
- Density	4,458 /km2 (11,545 /sq mi)
Founded	1210
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	B
Postal codes	(nr. 0703) 12101, 12103, 12105, 12109, 12099, 12279

Tempelhof is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg. It is the location of the former Tempelhof Airport, one of the earliest commercial airports in the world. It is now deserted and shows as a blank spot on maps of Berlin. Attempts are being made to save the still-existing buildings.

The Tempelhof district is located in the south-central part of the city. Before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, the area of Tempelhof, together with the localities of Mariendorf, Marienfelde, and Lichtenrade, constituted a borough of its own, also called Tempelhof. These districts grew from historic villages founded in the early 13th century in the course of the German Ostsiedlung.

History[link]

Tempelhove was first mentioned in a 1247 deed issued at Walkenried Abbey as a Komturhof (commander's court, the smallest holding entity of a military order) of the Knights Templar who were expelled from Palestine.^{[citation needed]} The center of the settlement, consisting of the church and the original estate, was fortified and originally completely surrounded by water. The Templars were joined by 15 families of landless farmers' sons from the Rhine, who couldn't inherit any estate from their parents' possessions due to an over-fragmentation of their estate. Legates of the Templars offered them fertile soil and the protection of Tempelhove's stronghold.

After Pope Clement V had officially abolished the order in 1312, the Knights of St. John (Johanniter) backed by Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg took over the villages of Tempelhof, Mariendorf and Marienfelde and in 1435 sold their estates to the city of Berlin.

In the early 19th century, Tempelhof was still a village outside Berlin proper and was the goal of country excursions for the citizens of Berlin.^[1] The northern parts of Tempelhof were incorporated as Berlin's Tempelhofer Vorstadt in 1861 and later became part of the Kreuzberg borough.

Today, the former commandry (German: Komturei) is a chain of parks, called Bosepark, Kleiner Park, Alter Park and Franckepark. Some of them still have ponds that were part of the artificial moat surrounding the village's center. One of them, the Krumme Pfuhl, located in the Franckepark, after being turned into public swimming baths in the 19th century, has completely dried out and is now an enclosed deer park.

The original church, built from glacial boulders, was destroyed in the second world war and was replaced with one built of ashlar or dressed stone and having a timber-frame tower.

Gallery[link]

Sister cities[link]

• Charleston, South Carolina, United States
• Nahariya, Israel
• London Borough of Barnet, England, United Kingdom
• Amstelveen, Netherlands

See also[link]

• Rauenberg
• Tempelhof Airport

References[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Tempelhof at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Districts and localities of Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Charlottenburg Charlottenburg-Nord Grunewald Halensee Schmargendorf Westend Wilmersdorf Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Friedrichshain Kreuzberg Lichtenberg Alt-Hohenschönhausen Falkenberg Fennpfuhl Friedrichsfelde Karlshorst Lichtenberg Malchow Neu-Hohenschönhausen Rummelsburg Wartenberg Marzahn-Hellersdorf Biesdorf Hellersdorf Kaulsdorf Mahlsdorf Marzahn Mitte Gesundbrunnen Hansaviertel Mitte Moabit Tiergarten Wedding Neukölln Britz Buckow Gropiusstadt Neukölln Rudow Pankow Blankenburg Blankenfelde Buch Französisch Buchholz Heinersdorf Karow Niederschönhausen Pankow Prenzlauer Berg Rosenthal Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow Weißensee Wilhelmsruh Reinickendorf Borsigwalde Frohnau Heiligensee Hermsdorf Konradshöhe Lübars Märkisches Viertel Reinickendorf Tegel Waidmannslust Wittenau Spandau Falkenhagener Feld Gatow Hakenfelde Haselhorst Kladow Siemensstadt Spandau Staaken Wilhelmstadt Steglitz-Zehlendorf Dahlem Lankwitz Lichterfelde Nikolassee Steglitz Wannsee Zehlendorf Tempelhof-Schöneberg Friedenau Lichtenrade Mariendorf Marienfelde Schöneberg Tempelhof Treptow-Köpenick Adlershof Alt-Treptow Altglienicke Baumschulenweg Bohnsdorf Friedrichshagen grünau Johannisthal Köpenick Müggelheim Niederschöneweide Oberschöneweide Plänterwald Rahnsdorf Schmöckwitz Districts > Localities > Zones Greater Berlin Act Former boroughs

v t e Boroughs of Berlin (1920–2000) West boroughs (1920–2000) Charlottenburg Kreuzberg Neukölln Reinickendorf Schöneberg Spandau Steglitz Tempelhof Tiergarten Wedding Wilmersdorf Zehlendorf East boroughs (1920–2000) Friedrichshain Hellersdorf (1986) Hohenschönhausen (1985) Köpenick Lichtenberg Marzahn (1979) Mitte Pankow Prenzlauer Berg Treptow Weissensee

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Paul Kalkbrenner
Paul Kalkbrenner at Alte Diamantbrauerei (old diamond brewery), Magdeburg, in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Paul Kalkbrenner
Born	1977 Leipzig, Germany
Genres	Techno Minimal Electronica Downbeat
Occupations	electronic musician, actor
Instruments	Turntables, keyboard, Ableton Live
Years active	1999–present
Labels	BPitch Control, Paul Kalkbrenner Musik [1]
Website	myspace.com/paulkalkbrenner

Paul Kalkbrenner (German pronunciation: [paʊl ˈkalkbrɛnɐ]) (born 1977 in Leipzig, Germany^[2]) is a German electronic musician and actor from Berlin.

History[link]

As of 2010, Paul Kalkbrenner has tallied up more than 15 years of experience as a producer and live act. The early 90s after the Berlin Wall fell were formative years for Paul, and after spending many long and sleepless nights on the dancefloors of E-Werk, Planet and Whale, the dream was born to make music himself. A job as TV editor got him through the mid-90s and financed his first music gear. By this point Paul had already decided that he did not want to be a typical DJ playing other people's records, but rather to play only his own music, live in a club setting. His first tracks as Paul Kalkbrenner were released in 1999 on Berlin-based BPitch Control (the newly founded label from Ellen Allien) as the Friedrichshain EP, titled after his home district in the city's east. A series of further singles and two full-lengths (Superimpose and Time) followed, plus continuous live performances.

Together with Paul Kalkbrenner, BPitch Control gained a strong momentum. Paul's third album Self (2004) would mark the beginning of a new era. His melodic sound, with its affinity for grand emotional gestures, obeyed the logic of the dancefloor, but Self introduced a narrative aesthetic, serving as a soundtrack to a film that did not exist (at least, not yet). "Gebrünn Gebrünn", released one year later, became a crossover hit.

In early 2006, German director Hannes Stöhr, an avid fan of Self, decided to get in contact with Kalkbrenner. His idea was to produce a film about a Berlin techno musician during the new millennium, and Paul would compose the soundtrack. The two met, traded ideas and experiences, and soon after began working on the screenplay's first draft. In the course of their exchange, Hannes had the realization that Paul should not just contribute the music, but that he would be the perfect choice as the film's star. Without hesitation, Paul accepted the offer. They decided to title the film Berlin Calling.^[3][4]

For the soundtrack's production, Paul and his friend (and Bpitch colleague) Sascha Funke spent half a year in Aix-En-Provence in southern France. One song already had a title: "Sky and Sand" with vocals by brother Fritz Kalkbrenner. Upon Paul's return to Berlin in 2007, the filming began, and the finished work was brought to German theaters in October 2008. Berlin Calling and Paul's debut acting performance received positive reviews, and the film, thanks to its authentic depiction of the Berlin club scene and drug culture, became a cult classic.

The soundtrack and especially the single "Sky and Sand" broke many sales records. That track in particular went gold in Belgium where it remained in the charts' Top Ten for weeks. The 2009 DVD release of the film brought Paul to a new, much larger audience around the world. By the end of the year, Paul separated with BPitch Control after a decade-long relationship to take the next steps of his career alone. In early 2010 Paul completed a twelve-city live concert tour throughout Europe (with over 50,000 tickets sold within just a few weeks), followed by many headlining appearances at summer festivals.

Kalkbrenner uses software-synthesizers, sequencer (Ableton Live) in combination with midi-controllers, hardware-synthesizers and -drummachines for his live shows.

On April 12, 2011, Kalkbrenner announced the album Icke Wieder, which was released on June 3, 2011 via his own new label Paul Kalkbrenner Musik.^[5] About the album, he stated: "There won't be any singing on the album, no music of tomorrow either, it feels generally more like... well, old times".

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Zeit (BPitch Control, 2001)
• Superimpose (BPitch Control, 2001)
• Self (BPitch Control, 2004)
• Reworks (BPitch Control, 2006)
• Keule (BPitch Control, 2006)
• Berlin Calling - The Soundtrack by Paul Kalkbrenner (BPitch Control, 2008)
• Icke Wieder (2011)

EP's[link]

• DB+ (12") (BPitch Control, 2000)
• Chrono (12") (BPitch Control, 2001)
• Brennt (12") (BPitch Control, 2002)
• F.FWD (12") (BPitch Control, 2003)
• Steinbeisser (12") (BPitch Control, 2003)
• Press On (12") (BPitch Control, 2004)
• Maximalive (Minimaxima, 2005)
• Tatü-Tata (12") (BPitch Control, 2005)
• Keule (12") (BPitch Control, 2006)
• Altes Kamuffel (12") (BPitch Control, 2007)
• Bingo Bongo (12") (BPitch Control, 2008)

Singles[link]

• Sky And Sand (BPitch Control, 2009)

Filmography[link]

• Berlin Calling (2008)
• Paul Kalkbrenner 2010 - A Live Documentary (2010)

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2009)

External links[link]

• Paul Kalkbrenner on Best4Ears.com
• Discogs.com - Paul Kalkbrenner
• Paul Kalkbrenner at the Internet Movie Database
• Biography and information at BPitch Control website
• Live performance during the Astropolis music festival
• Article in French about Paul Kalkbrenner

King Enzio imprisoned in Bologna, from a medieval manuscript.

Tombstone in the Basilica of San Domenico, Bologna.

Enzio (or Enzo) (Italianisation of Heinz, diminutive of Heinrich) (c. 1218–1272) was an illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II and King of Sardinia.

Life[link]

Enzio was an illegitimate son of Frederick II by a certain Adelaide. It is speculated that she was Adelaide of Urslingen. He was the eldest of the illegitimate sons of the emperor, and allegedly the favourite one.^[1]

He had a pleasant personality and a strong physical resemblance to his father. He fought in the wars between his father, the pope, and the Northern Italian communes.

When Ubaldo of Gallura died in 1238, the Doria family of Genoa, in order to secure the Giudicato of Logudoro from Pisan domination, convinced the emperor to marry Enzio to Ubaldo's widow, Adelasia of Torres.^[2][3] By marrying her, Enzio would accede to half of the island of Sardinia jure uxoris. He was created a knight in Cremona and granted the title "King of Sardinia". He travelled to the island to marry Adelasia in October that year.

In July 1239, he was assigned as imperial vicar general in Lombardy, as well as General-Legate in Romagna, and left Sardinia never to return. In 1241, he took part in the capture of a papal fleet at Giglio Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. His first successful move as military leader was the reconquest of Jesi, in the Marche, which was Frederick's birthplace. Later he was captured in a skirmish against the Milanese at Gorgonzola, but soon released. In 1245 or 1246 his marriage was annulled. In 1247, he took part in the unsuccessful siege of Parma.

He continued to fight the Guelph Lombards, assaulting the Guelphs of Reggio and conducting an assault in the surroundings of Parma.

During a campaign to support the Ghibelline cities of Modena and Cremona against Guelph Bologna, he was defeated and captured on 26 May 1249 at the Battle of Fossalta. Enzio was thenceforth kept prisoner in Bologna, in the palace that came to bear his name. Every attempt to escape or to rescue him failed, and he died in prison in 1272: after the murder of Conradin in 1268, he was the last of the Hohenstaufen.

Enzio shared the father's passion for falconry, and was thus nicknamed Falconcello ("little falcon"^[4]). He was the dedicatee of a French translation of a hunting treatise by Yatrib. Like his brother Manfred, he presumambly grew fond of poetry at Frederick's court: during his long imprisonment Enzio wrote several poems, and his pitiful fate was itself a source of inspiration for several poets.^[5]

The powerful Bentivoglio family of Bologna and Ferrara claimed descent from him.

See also[link]

• Palazzo Re Enzo
• Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines

Sources[link]

• Ferrabino, Aldo (ed) (1960). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: I Aaron – Albertucci. Rome. 
• Mühlbacherer, Josef. Lebenswege und Schicksale staufischer Frauen. 
• Sperle, Christian (2001). König Enzo von Sardinien und Friedrich von Antiochia. Zwei illegitime Söhne Kaiser Friedrichs II. und ihre Rolle in der Verwaltung des Regnum Italiae. ISBN 3-631-37457-7. 
• Columbia Encyclopedia: Enzio.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Footnotes[link]