- published: 10 May 2012
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- author: Chitpong Wuttanan
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] (
listen)) or simply Krung Thep (
listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Champs-Élysées
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (French pronunciation: [av(ə)ny de ʃɑ̃zelize] ( listen)) is a street in Paris, France. With its cinemas, cafés, luxury specialty shops and clipped horse-chestnut trees, the Avenue des Champs-Élysées is one of the most famous streets and one of the most expensive strips of real estate in the world. Several French monuments are also on the street, including the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. The name is French for Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology. The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is known as "The most beautiful avenue in the world", La plus belle avenue du monde in French.
The avenue runs for 1.91 km (1.18 mi) through the 8th arrondissement in northwestern Paris, from the Place de la Concorde in the east, with the Obelisk of Luxor, to the Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly the Place de l'Étoile) in the west, location of the Arc de Triomphe. The Champs-Élysées forms part of the Axe historique.
One of the principal tourist destinations in Paris, the lower part of the Champs-Élysées is bordered by greenery (Carré Marigny) and by buildings such as the Théâtre Marigny and the Grand Palais (containing the Palais de la Découverte). The Élysée Palace is slightly to the north, but not on the avenue itself. Further to the west, the avenue is lined with cinemas, cafés and restaurants, and luxury specialty shops. The Champs-Élysées ends at the Arc de Triomphe, built to honour the victories of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Chitralada Palace
Coordinates: 13°46′14″N 100°31′18″E / 13.77056°N 100.52167°E / 13.77056; 100.52167
Chitralada Palace or the Chitralada Royal Villa (Thai: พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน) is the Bangkok residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) and Queen Sirikit. The palace is part of the Dusit Palace complex. King Bhumibol was the first king in the Chakri dynasty to live in the Chitralda Palace. He moved there after the death of his older brother, King Rama VIII in the Grand Palace. The palace grounds, 4 square kilometers surrounded by a moat and Palace Guards, also contain the Chitralada School, initially established for the children of the royal family. The school is, perhaps, the most exclusive school in Thailand.
The main building of the palace is a two-level building, founded by Rama VI. The palace was the residence of Rama VI. The palace school, Chitralada School was founded in 1958 for the children of the Royal Family and palace staff. A possible future king HRH Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti is currently a kindergarten student in the Chitralada School.
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Don Muang Airport
Don Mueang International Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานดอนเมือง — Thai pronunciation: [dɔ̄ːn mɯ̄aŋ]) (IATA: DMK, ICAO: VTBD) is an airport in Bangkok, Thailand. It was officially opened as a Royal Thai Air Force base on 27 March 1914, although it had been in use earlier. Commercial flights started in 1924. Don Mueang Airport closed in 2006 following the opening of Bangkok's new Suvarnabhumi Airport, before opening again after the big renovation on 24 March 2007.
Don Mueang was an important hub of Asia and the hub of Thai Airways International prior to its closure. At its peak, it served most air traffic in the whole continent, with 80 airlines operating 160,000 flights and handling over 38,000,000 passengers and 700,000 tons of cargo in 2005. It was then the 18th busiest airport in the world and 2nd in Asia by passenger volume. Currently, the airport is Thailand's fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic, with 3 million passengers passing through it in 2010.
Don Mueang became a facility for charter flights, military aircraft and civil aviation. The airport was reopened for non-connecting domestic commercial flights on 24 March 2007. Two airlines are now using the airport: Nok Air and Orient Thai Airlines (formerly One-Two-GO Airlines). All Thai Airways domestic flights were transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport.
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Grand Palace
The Grand Palace (Thai: พระบรมมหาราชวัง, RTGS: Phra Borom Maha Ratcha Wang) is a complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the official residence of the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782. The king, his court and his royal government were based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. The present monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), currently resides at Chitralada Palace, but the Grand Palace is still used for official events. Several royal ceremonies and state functions are held within the walls of the palace every year.
Construction of the palace began on 6 May 1782, at the order of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri Dynasty, when he moved the capital city from Thonburi to Bangkok. Throughout successive reigns, many new buildings and structures were added, especially during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). By 1925 the king, the Royal Family and the government were no longer permanently settled at the palace, and had moved to other residences. After the abolition of absolute monarchy in 1932 all government agencies completely moved out of the palace.
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Gulf of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand (Thai: อ่าวไทย, RTGS: Ao Thai, Thai pronunciation: [ʔàːw tʰaj]), also known to Malays as Teluk Siam, literally meaning Gulf of Siam, and Boeung Tonle Siem in Khmer is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.
The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf covers roughly 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam (just south of the mouth of the Mekong river) to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast. At the height of the last ice age the Gulf of Thailand did not exist, due to the lower sea level, the location being part of the Chao Phraya river valley.
The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow: its mean depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow, and the strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. Only at the greater depths does water with a higher salinity (3.4%) flow into the gulf from the South China sea and fills the central depression below a depth of 50 m. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and to a lesser degree the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Hua Hin
Hua Hin (Thai: หัวหิน, IPA: [hǔə hǐn]) is a famous beach resort town in Thailand, in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, some 200 km south of Bangkok. It has a population of 84,883 in an area of 911 km², and is one of eight districts (Amphoe) of the Prachuap Khiri Khan province.
Hua Hin is closely associated with the Thai royalty. Merely 25 kilometres apart, Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan province enjoys a wealth of satellite attractions; prominent among them are national parks and historical cities.
In 1834, before the name Hua Hin was coined, some agricultural areas of Phetchaburi Province were hit by severe drought. A group of farmers moved southward until they found a small village that had bright white sands and a row of rocks along the beach. They settled here and gave it the name Samore Riang (Thai สมอเรียง), which mean rows of rock.
In 1921 the director of the state railway, Prince Purachatra, built the Railway Hotel close to the beach. King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) liked the place so much that he built a summer palace there. The palace was named Wang Klai Kang Won ('Far from Worries'). It is now the full-time residence of His Majesty the King of Thailand. His Royal Highness Prince Krom Phra Naresworarit was the first member of the royal family to build a group of palaces at Ban Laem Hin, called Sukaves, and he gave the beach next to his palace the name Hua Hin.
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Isaan
Isan (Isan/Thai: อีสาน [ʔiːsǎːn]; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issan, or Esarn;) is the northeastern region of Thailand. It is located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River (along the border with Laos) to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Prachinburi mountains south of Nakhon Ratchasima. To the west it is separated from Northern and Central Thailand by the Phetchabun mountain range.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, northeastern Thailand has been officially known as Isan, a term adopted from Sanskrit Ishan, meaning in a “north east direction.” The term "Isan" was derived from Isanapura, the capital of the Chenla kingdom. The Lao-speaking population of the region, who comprise the majority, distinguish themselves not only from the Lao of Laos but also from the central Thai by calling themselves Khon Isan or Thai Isan. The Khmer-speaking minority and Kuy (Suai), who live in the south of Isan, speak dialects and follow customs more similar to those of Cambodia than either the Thai people or the Lao people.
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Kanchanaburi
Kanchanaburi (Thai: กาญจนบุรี (Pronunciation)) is a town (thesaban mueang) in the west of Thailand and the capital of Kanchanaburi province. In 2006 it had a population of 31,327. The town covers the complete tambon Ban Nuea and Ban Tai and parts of Pak Phraek and Tha Makham, all of Mueang Kanchanaburi district, and parts of the tambon Tha Lo of Tha Muang district.
Kanchanaburi, which is located where the Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai rivers converge into the Mae Klong river, spans the northern banks of the river and is a popular spot for travelers, its location at the edge of a mountain range keeping it much cooler than the other provinces of central Thailand. The city has two major commercial districts: the downtown area consists of a grid of several streets with office buildings, shop fronts, and a shopping mall; and the riverfront area businesses are mostly located further west along River Kwai Road. Once a year a carnival comes to town and is set up in the area next to the bridge. At night there is a small pyrotechnics display that re-enacts the wartime bombing of the bridge.
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Kasetsart University
Kasetsart University (Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์, commonly known and referred to as Kaset or Kaset University) is a top-ranked public university in Thailand. It is ranked at number 401-500 in the world by QS. It was the first agricultural university and the third oldest university in Thailand. Kaset University was established on February 2, 1943, with the primary aims in promoting subjects related to agricultural science. Todat, Kasetsart University has revised its curricula and expanded the subject areas to cover science, arts, social sciences, humanities, education, engineering, and architecture. Recently, the university made an attempt to include medicine and health science. Kasetsart University has seven campuses throughout Thailand, where its main and flagship campus is at Bang Khen, Bangkok. The enrollment is over 58,000, placing it among the top largest universities in Thailand.
The establishment of Kasetsart University was part of the evolution of agricultural education in the country which began with the founding of a system of technical schools. This era may be divided into three periods.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (
i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Phitsanulok
Phitsanulok (Thai: พิษณุโลก, pronounced [pʰít.sa.nú.lôːk]) is an important and historic city in lower northern Thailand and is the capital of Phitsanulok Province, which stretches all the way to the Laotian border. Phitsanulok is one of the oldest cities in Thailand, founded over 600 years ago. It is probably best known as the birthplace of King Naresuan, who freed the country from Burmese domination in the late 16th century, and his brother and successor King Ekathosarot (Sanphet III). As the cross-road between the northern and central regions of the country, it has long been important both for political and strategic reasons, and was fought over many times in centuries past. Phitsanulok was the capital of Thailand for 25 years during the reign of King Boromma Trailokanat of Ayutthaya. Located on the banks of the Nan River, the city was originally a small Khmer outpost known as Song Kwae, before the Khwae Noi River changed its course in the 11th century AD. Phitsanulok was also a provincial center of the Angkorian Empire during the Angkorian period. Phitsanulok is home to Naresuan University and Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, as well as to a major Royal Thai Army base.
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Rama VIII Bridge
Coordinates: 13°46′9″N 100°29′48.5″E / 13.76917°N 100.496806°E / 13.76917; 100.496806
The Rama VIII Bridge in Bangkok, Thailand, officially opened on September 20, 2002. The cable-stayed bridge consists of a single pylon located approximately one-third of the distance from the northwest end of the bridge. Golden suspension cables extend from this pylon to the road surface. The Bridge is 2.45 km long including approach spans, and spans the Chao Phraya River. The bridge is named after the eighth monarch of the Chakri dynasty, King Ananda Mahidol. It has become a notable tourist attraction, and is depicted on the back of the Series 15 20-baht banknote, behind a portrait of King Ananda Mahidol.
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Sattahip
Sattahip (Thai: สัตหีบ; IPA: [sàt.tā.hìːp]) is a district (amphoe) in the province Chonburi, Thailand. It is located at the southern tip of the province, close to the tourism center Pattaya.
Neighboring districts are Bang Lamung to the north, and Ban Chang of Rayong Province to the west. To the south and the east is the Gulf of Thailand. Several islands belong to the district, including Ko Khram Yai.
The minor district (King Amphoe) Sattahip was created effective April 1 1937 by splitting off the two subdistrict Sattahip and Na Chom Thian from Bang Lamung district. It was upgraded to a full district in 1953.
The Juksamet Port of Sattahip is one of the few deep-water ports of Thailand. Also the Sattahip Naval Base is the largest base of the Royal Thai Navy and is home to the HTMS Chakri Naruebet, the Navy's sole aircraft carrier.
The Ban Sattahip Air Base (U-Tapao International Airport) was used extensively by the US Air Force during the Vietnam War. The Sattahip Naval Base was the site of the 20th World Scout Jamboree in December 2002/January 2003.
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Siam
Tai peoples who originally lived in southwestern China, migrated into mainland Southeast Asia over a period of many centuries. The oldest known mention of their existence in the region by the exonym Siamese is in a 12th century A.D. inscription at the Khmer temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which refers to syam, or "dark brown" people. It was believed that Siam derived from the Hindi word shyam, or brown race, with a contemptuous signification. During the reign of Rama III (1824–1851,) a Scottish trader had experimental coins struck in England at the king's behest, Though not adopted for use, the name of the country put on these first coins was Muang Thai, not Siam. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma (श्याम, meaning "dark" or "brown"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.
The country's designation as Siam by Westerners likely came from Portuguese, the first Europeans to give a coherent account of the country. Portuguese chronicles noted that the king of Sukhothai had sent an expedition to Malacca at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in 1455. Following their conquest of Malacca in 1511, the Portuguese sent a diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya. A century later, on August 15, 1612, The Globe, an East India Company merchantman bearing a letter from King James I, arrived in "the Road of Syam" . "By the end of the 19th century, Siam had become so enshrined in geographical nomenclature that it was believed that by this name and no other would it continue to be known and styled."
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Siam Paragon
Siam Paragon (Thai: สยามพารากอน) is a shopping mall in Bangkok, Thailand. It is one of the biggest shopping centers in Asia.[citation needed] Opened on December 9, 2005, it includes a wide range of specialty stores and restaurants as well as a multiplex movie theater (consisted of 15 large size theaters with one of them having the biggest screen and seating capacity in Asia) and the Siam Ocean World (Underwater world) aquarium (the largest aquarium in South East Asia) and an exhibition hall and the Thai Art Gallery and also an opera concert hall. It also has a large bowling alley and karaoke center. It is a joint venture by Siam Piwat, the company that owns the adjacent Siam Center/Siam Discovery shopping malls, and The Mall Group, which also owns The Emporium. Siam Paragon has attracted large crowds since it opened, but financial results aren't reported by the privately held Siam Paragon Development.
Siam Paragon was built on the former location of the Siam Intercontinental Hotel, which was demolished in 2002 at the end of its lease. The site, leased for 30 years, is Bureau of the Crown Property land and at one time was the royal parkland of the Srapatum Palace. During the mall's construction, waiting passengers on the Bangkok Skytrain's Siam station platform could watch the building take shape.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Siriraj Hospital
Siriraj Hospital is the oldest hospital in Thailand, located in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and more than one million outpatient visits per year, Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Thailand. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Due to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.
The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month old son, Prince Siriraj Kakuttaphan, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.
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Suvarnabhumi Airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ, pronounced [sù.wān.nā.pʰūːm]) (IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS) (meaning 'Golden Land' in Sanskrit), also known as (New) Bangkok International Airport, is an international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand. It was officially opened for limited domestic flight service on 15 September 2006, and opened for most domestic and all international commercial flights on 28 September 2006. The airport is currently the main hub for Thai Airways International, Bangkok Airways, Orient Thai Airlines, and Thai AirAsia. It also serves as regional gateway and connecting point for various foreign carriers.
The airport is located in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli district, Samut Prakan Province, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of downtown Bangkok. The name Suvarnabhumi was chosen by King Bhumibol Adulyadej and refers to the golden kingdom hypothesised to have been located somewhere in Southeast Asia.
Designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy/Jahn Architects and constructed primarily by ITO JV, the airport has the world's tallest free-standing control tower (132.2 metres / 434 feet), and the world's 4th largest single-building airport terminal (563,000 square metres / 6,060,000 square feet). Suvarnabhumi is the 6th busiest airport in Asia, and the busiest in the country, having handled 47.9 million passengers in 2011, and is also a major air cargo hub, with a total of 96 airlines. On social networks, Suvarnabhumi is the world's 2nd most popular place where Instagram photos were taken in 2011. The airport inherited the airport code BKK from Don Mueang after the older airport ceased international commercial flights. A modern motorway no.7 connects the airport, Bangkok, and the heavily industrial Eastern Seaboard of Thailand, where most of the manufacturing for export takes place.
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Thailand
Thailand (
/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] (
listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Abhisit Vejjajiva
Abhisit Vejjajiva (Thai: อภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ (Thai pronunciation), RTGS: Aphisit Wetchachiwa, [ʔà.pʰí.sìt wêːt.tɕʰāː.tɕʰīː.wáʔ]; born Mark A. Vejjajiva; 3 August 1964 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is a Thai politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Thailand from 2008 to 2011 and is the current leader of the Democrat Party. As leader of the second largest party in the House of Representatives, he is also Leader of the Opposition - a position he last held in December 2008.
Born in England, Abhisit attended Eton College and earned bachelors and masters degrees from the University of Oxford. He was elected to the Parliament of Thailand at age 27, and promoted to Democrat Party leader in 2005, after his predecessor resigned following the party's defeat in the 2005 general election.
Abhisit was appointed Prime Minister of Thailand on 17 December 2008, after the Constitutional Court of Thailand removed Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat from office. At age 44, he was the country's youngest prime minister in more than 60 years.
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Ananda Mahidol
Ananda Mahidol (20 September 1925 – 9 June 1946) was the eighth monarch of Thailand under the House of Chakri. At the time he was recognized as king by the National Assembly, in March 1935, he was a nine-year-old boy living in Switzerland. He returned to Thailand in December 1945. Six months later, in June 1946, he was found shot dead in his bed. Medical examiners ruled it a murder and three servants were later executed. His killing has been the subject of much controversy.
Ananda Mahidol (Thai: อานันทมหิดล) is one word in Thai and is his given name. King Vajiravhud, his uncle, sent a telegram on 13 October 1925 giving him this name. It is pronounced "Ananta Mahidon" and means "the joy of Mahidol" (his father). When he held his birth rank of "mom chao" – the lowest rank of Thai princes -— he used the surname of "Mahidol", his father's given name. His full name and title was thus, "Mom Chao Ananda Mahidol Mahidol" (Thai: หม่อมเจ้า อานันทมหิดล มหิดล). His full royal name was, "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramentharamaha Ananda Mahidol Phra Atthama Ramathibodindara" (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาอานันทมหิดลฯ พระอัฐมรามาธิบดินทร); RTGS: —Ananthamahidon Phra Atthamaramathibodin), or Rama VIII.
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Bajrakitiyabha
Princess Bajrakitiyabha of Thailand (Thai: พัชรกิติยาภา; RTGS: Phatchara Kitiyapha; Literally: "Princess Bajrakitiyabha, the Royal Granddaughter"), or known as Princess Pa or Patty, was born on 7 December 1978. She is the first grandchild of King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit of Thailand, and the only child of Crown Prince Maha Vajralongkorn with Princess Soamsavali.
Princess Bajrakitiyabha studied at Rajini school (all girl school) when she was in the elementary and junior high. However, she moved to England for studies in high school at Heatfield before moving back to study at the high school level at Chitralada school. After she finished high school at Chitralada school, she continued to study for her bachelor's degree at Thammasat University and Sukhothai Thammatirat University.
Princess Bajrakitiyabha received a bachelor's degree in Law from Thammasat University, and received a bachelor's degree in Political Science from Sukhothai Thammatirat University with first class honors. She continued with her master's degree and doctoral degree at Cornell Law School in New York State and received her J.S.D. degree from there in 2005. On May 12, 2012 she received a doctorate of law honoris causa from IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law.
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Banharn Silpa-archa
Banharn Silpa-archa (parts of his name also spelt variously Banhan, Silapa-, Sinlapa-, and -acha;Thai: บรรหาร ศิลปอาชา, RTGS: Banhan Sinlapa-acha, Thai pronunciation: [banhǎːn sǐnláʔpàʔ aːt͡ɕʰaː], born 19 August 1932) is a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1995 to 1996. Banharn, who is of ethnic Chinese decent, made a fortune in the construction business before he became a Member of Parliament representing his home province of Suphanburi. He has held different cabinet posts in several governments. In 1994, he became the leader of the Thai Nation Party. In 2008, the party was dissolved by the Constitutional Court and Banharn has been banned from politics for five years.
According to his birth certificate, Banharn was born on 19 August 1932 (some sources claim 19 July) in Suphanburi to a Chinese merchant family. He was given the Chinese name Tek Chiang Chaebe (马德祥). He married Jamsai Silpa-archa and they have three children, two of them became politicians, as well.
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Benny Goodman
Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing".
In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America. His January 16, 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music."
Goodman's bands launched the careers of many major names in jazz, and during an era of segregation, he also led one of the first well-known racially-integrated jazz groups. Goodman continued to perform to nearly the end of his life, including exploring his interest in classical music.
Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire, who lived in the Maxwell Street neighborhood. His father was David Goodman, a tailor from Warsaw; his mother was Dora Grisinsky (from Kaunas, Lithuania). His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born.
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Bhumi Jensen
Bhumi Jensen (Thai: ภูมิ เจนเซน; RTGS: Phum Jensen, always called Bhumi คุณพุ่ม; or Khun Poom) (August 16, 1983 – December 26, 2004), was a grandson of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, after whom he was named. He was the son of the king's eldest daughter, Princess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya, and her American (former) husband Peter Ladd Jensen. Bhumi Jensen, who was commonly known as Khun Poom, had autism. Jensen's condition brought about much awareness of autism in Thailand. Despite his father being a foreigner, Jensen was accorded royal status in Thailand. He attended Kasetsart University Laboratory School in Bangkok.
Jensen became a victim of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, while he and his family were on holiday at the La Flora Resort hotel in Khao Lak, Phang Nga province. He was drowned when the tsunami caused by the earthquake struck the coast of southern Thailand. His body was discovered on the beach the day following the tsunami. His uncle, Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, identified the body and piloted the family back to Bangkok. On 30 April 2005, he was given a royal funeral attended by his grandfather the King and virtually every member of the Royal Family. Princess Ubol Ratana established the Khun Poom Foundation (TH: มูลนิธิคุณพุ่ม) in his memory, to aid children with autism and other learning disabilities. She also founded "To Be Number One Project" to campaign against drug usage among teenagers.
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Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; RTGS: Phumiphon Adunyadet; pronounced [pʰūː.mí.pʰōn ʔà.dūn.jā.dèːt] ( listen); see full title below; born 5 December 1927) is the current Monarch of Thailand. He is known as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.
Although Bhumibol is legally a constitutional monarch, he has made several decisive interventions in the Thai political sphere. He was credited with facilitating Thailand's transition to democracy in the 1990s, although he has supported numerous military regimes, including Sarit Dhanarajata's during the 1960s and the Council for National Security in 2006–8. During his long reign, he has authorized over 15 coups, 16 constitutions, and 27 changes of prime ministers. He has also used his influence to stop military coups, including attempts in 1981 and 1985. Bhumibol is advised by a hand-picked Privy Council.
Bhumibol is respected and revered by many Thais. He is, by law passed by the Thai parliament, considered "inviolable" and lèse majesté, i.e. offence against the dignity of the monarch, may be punished. In 1957, the overthrow of the government was justified with allegations of lese majeste. Bhumibol however invited public criticism in a 2005 speech.
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Boromakot
Somdet Phra Chaoyuhua Boromakot (Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวบรมโกศ) or Somdet Phra Boromaracha Dhiraj III (Thai: สมเด็จพระบรมราชาธิราชที่ 3) was the king of Ayutthaya from 1732 to 1758. His reign was the last blooming period of Ayutthaya as the kingdom would fall nine years after his death.
Prince Porn was the son of Phra Chao Suea. His elder brother, Prince Petch, succeeded the throne as Tai Sa in 1708. Porn was then appointed as the Front Palace. Upon the death of Tai Sa, however, Tai Sa decided to give his throne to his son, Prince Abhay, instead of his brother. In 1732, Tai Sa died and the civil war commenced. Porn led his armies against his nephews, Prince Abhay and Prince Poramet. The civil war was bloodshed and torn Ayutthaya apart. With the victory ensured, Porn executed his nephews and took the throne as King Boromakot.
Because the Samuha Kalahom had lent the support to Prince Abhay, Boromakot removed the power of Samuha Kalahom by depriving its authorities over southern Siam and transferred the power to Krom Tha instead. The Samuha Kalahom remained as a mere military figurehead.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.
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Chalit Pukbhasuk
Air Chief Marshal Chalit Pookpasuk (Thai: ชลิต พุกผาสุข) (5 April 1948 –) was Thai air force officer, Commander of the Royal Thai Air Force, and acting chairman of Council for National Security, the junta that overthrew the government of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in the 2006 coup d'état.
Chalit graduated from the Royal Thai Air Force Academy and held many key positions in the Air Force, including that of air attaché in Jakarta. Prior to becoming Commander of the Air Force, he was the Air Force's chief of staff. Chalit was reportedly reluctant to support the 2006 Thai coup d'état – Royal Thai Army troops had surrounded Air Force Headquarters on the night of the coup to ensure that Chalit and the Air Force did not provide any resistance.
Chalit was appointed a deputy chairman in the Council for National Security under coup leader, General Sonthi Boonyaratglin. Chalit was paid nearly 114,000 baht per month as an additional salary to his air force pay while he was deputy chairman.
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Chamlong Srimuang
Major General Chamlong Srimuang (Thai: จำลอง ศรีเมือง, born 5 July 1935) is a Thai activist and former politician. A former general, he was a leader of the "Young Turks" military clique, founded and led the Palang Dharma Party, served for six years as governor of Bangkok, led the anti-military uprising of May 1992, and is a prominent member of the People's Alliance for Democracy, a group strongly opposed to former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Chamlong had supported the military junta that overthrew Thaksin in a coup. A devout Buddhist and follower of the Santi Asoke sect, he is now celibate, a vegetarian, and claims to have no worldly possessions.
Chamlong's father, a Chinese immigrant from Shantou, died when Chamlong was a baby. His mother was of Chinese ancestry, but was born in Thailand. Chamlong had an older brother who was sent to live in China with his grandmother and died there as a boy.
Following his father's death, Chamlong's family moved into the home of a retired naval officer, where his mother was a servant. They later lived with his mother's aunt, where she and Chamlong spun jute thread. When Chamlong was twelve, his mother married Chote Srimuang, a postman, and Chamlong took his last name.
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Chuan Leekpai
Chuan Leekpai (Thai: ชวน หลีกภัย; RTGS: Chuan Likphai; born July 28, 1938 in Trang) was the Prime Minister of Thailand from September 20, 1992 to May 19, 1995 and again from November 9, 1997 to February 9, 2001. A third-generation Thai Chinese, Chuan was born in Trang province in a grass-roofed house. The walls of his family's house were woven from strips of betel-nut wood. The floor was the soil. His father's name was Niyom Leekpai and his mother's name was Tuan Leekpai. They were half-Chinese parents like most Trang locals. His father was a teacher and he earned modest wages. Tuan Leekpai sold Thai desserts and worked in a para rubber garden. Chuan Leekpai has 9 siblings and is the third child in the family. Because of his big family, Chuan's childhood was not comfortable. Chuan moved to the temple school called 'Wat Amarintraram' in Bangkok where he lived for 6 years. Then he went to study Law at Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. After he graduated, he worked as a lawyer and then as a politician. He has one son, Surabot Leekpai, with Pakdiporn Sujaritkul (his common-law wife).
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Chulabhorn Walailak
Princess Chulabhorn Walailak of Thailand or Chulabhorn (Thai: จุฬาภรณวลัยลักษณ์[needs IPA][pronunciation?]; RTGS: —Chulaphon Walailak—), born 4 July 1957 in Bangkok, is a Princess of Thailand, the youngest daughter of HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej and HM Queen Sirikit of Thailand. As royal princess, she is styled Her Royal Highness.
HRH Princess Chulabhorn studied Chemistry and graduated in 1979 from the Faculty of Science at Kasetsart University, with a Bachelor of Science, First Class Honours. She continued to study Science at Mahidol University, where she received her Doctorate in 1985.
She is heavily involved in the promotion of scientific research, and regularly gives awards and prizes. She held the position of a guest lecturer in Chemistry at the Mahidol University. She also serves as the President of the Chulabhorn Research Institute. She was awarded the UNESCO Einstein Medal for her efforts in promoting scientific collaboration in 1986 and was the first Asian to be invited to join the Royal Society of Chemistry in England as an Honorary Fellow.
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Chulalongkorn
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunla Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ฯ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว), or Rama V (20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang (พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง – The Royal Buddha). He is considered one of the greatest kings of Siam. His reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, immense government and social reforms, and territorial cessions to the British Empire and French Indochina. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, managed to save Siam from being colonized. All his reforms were dedicated to Siam’s insurance of survival in the midst of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat (พระปิยมหาราช – The Great Beloved King).
King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra and given the name Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he was designated Krommameun Pikanesuarn Surasangkat. His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a novice monk for six months in Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Upon his return to his secular life in 1867, he was designated Krommakhun Pinit Prachanat (กรมขุนพินิตประชานาถ.)
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Debsirindra
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/, EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and was reared in a large family in Kansas, by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background. As one of five sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point, and later was married with two sons. After World War II Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed the post of President at Columbia University.
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Ekathotsarot
Prabat Somdet Phra Sanpet III (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ 3) or Somdet Phra Ekatotsarot (Thai: สมเด็จพระเอกาทศรถ;-1610) was the King of Ayutthaya from 1605 to 1610 succeeding his brother Naresuan. His reign was mostly peaceful as Siam was then a powerful state through the conquests of Naresuan. Also during his reign that foreigners of various origin began to fill the mercenary corps.
The White Prince was the son of Maha Thammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and Queen Wisutkasat. White Prince had an elder brother who was epitheted The Black Prince and an elder sister the Golden Princess.
In November 1563, Phitsanulok came under attack by King Bayinnaung of Burma. Faced with an overwhelming force, Maha Thammarachathirat surrendered in January 1564, and agreed to join Bayinnaung's assault on Ayutthaya. With Phitsanulok's help, Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat of Ayutthaya to surrender in February 1564. Bayinnaung brought back the Black Prince and White Prince, along with Ayutthaya king Maha Chakkraphat. The two princes were educated and overseen by Bayinnaung along with other captive princes.
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Ekkathat
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Borommaracha Kasat Bowon Sucharit (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระบรมราชากษัตริย์บวรสุจริต), Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua Phra Thi Nang Suriyat Amarin (Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวพระที่นั่งสุริยาสน์อมรินทร์) or Somdet Phra Chao Ekkathat (Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอกทัศ) was the 33rd and last monarch of Ayutthaya Kingdom, ruling from 1758 to 1767 prior to the fall of the kingdom. The name "Ekkathat" means the one with only one eye, for the King was believed to have lost one of his eyes. Moreover, he was called by the people at the time being that "Khun Luang Khi Ruean" (Thai: ขุนหลวงขี้เรื้อน), meaning "the mangy king"; he was also believed to have been in leprosy.
Prince Ekkathat, or Kromma Khun Anurak Montri (Thai: กรมขุนอนุรักษ์มนตรี), was a son of Borommakot. His elder brother, Prince Thammathibet, was made the Front Palace in 1732. However, Thammathibet had an affair with one of his father's concubines. Ekkathat, upon knowing this, told Boromakot about the lovers. Thammathibet was thus beaten to death in 1746. Ekkathat, who was then next in the succession line, were expected to be the Front Palace. However, Borommakot halted the appointment because of Ekkathat's incompetence.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
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Galyani Vadhana
Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas (Thai: กัลยาณิวัฒนา, RTGS: Kanlayaniwatthana; 6 May 1923 – 2 January 2008) was a princess of Thailand and the elder sister of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). She was also a direct granddaughter of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
Princess Galyani Vadhana was born on 6 May 1923 in London, England, the only daughter of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej of Songkla, the sixty-ninth son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) and seventh son by Queen Savang Vadhana, and Miss Sangwal Talabhat (later known as Princess Srinagarindra, The Princess Mother). She was initially named "May" on her birth certificate and was later named Mom Chao Galyani Vadhana Mahidol by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI). The word "Vadhana" in her name came from her paternal grandmother, Savang Vadhana. In 1927, she was subsequently promoted to the royal rank, a Princess of Thailand (Phra Vorawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao) by King Prajadhipok (Rama VII).
In 1935, Princess Galyani Vadhana attended a secondary school for girls named Ecole Superieure des Jeunes Filles de la Ville de Lausanne.
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Herman Hui
Hui Chung-shing (Chinese: 許宗盛), BBS, MH, JP (born 1951), anglicized as Herman Hui, is a former chairman of the World Scout Committee, the executive board for the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 2005 to 2008.
He is a Hong Kong Chinese lawyer of British nationality, working as legal advisor for governmental boards and committees, and Director of the Glorious Sun investment company. He received the Medal of Honour, an honorary Justice of the Peace appointment and the Bronze Wolf awards for his contributions to social welfare in Hong Kong and his contributions to Scouting worldwide.
Hui was born and lives in Hong Kong. He was educated at Ying Wa College, and later earned a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Hong Kong. Following his studies, he was admitted to the Supreme Courts in Hong Kong (1976), the UK (1983) and Victoria, Australia (1985), and afterwards has been in private practice. In his legal function, he participates in governmental advisory boards and committees of the Government of Hong Kong, including
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Intha Racha
Intha Racha (Thai: ราชวงศ์สุพรรณภูมิ) (1359-1424) was the sixth king of Ayutthaya.
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Jaruvan Maintaka
Khun Ying Jaruvan Maintaka (Thai: คุณหญิง จารุวรรณ เมณฑกา, born 5 July 1945) is the current Auditor-General (Thai: ผู้ว่าการตรวจเงินแผ่นดิน) of the Kingdom of Thailand. She refused to resign her position after the Constitutional Court of Thailand ruled that her nomination was illegal. She is well known for her public criticism of deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra. She has been criticized for nepotism, hiring her own son as a personal secretary using the state budget, bringing her children on a state-funded official trip, and her lack of transparency.
Jaruvan was the oldest girl in a family of eight children. She converted to Protestant as a teenager. After attaining a bachelor’s degree from the commerce and accountancy faculty at Chulalongkorn University she worked as an auditor. She is married and has three children. She graduated with an MBA from Michigan State University on Thai government scholarship. Upon returning to Thailand, she joined the Thai Office of the Auditor-General.
In her auditing and accounting career, Jaruvan served as secretary-general and then vice chairman of the Institute of Internal Auditors of Thailand. She was also an auditing board member of the Civil Service Commission. She was also a member of the State Audit Commission (SAC, Thai: คณะกรรมการตรวจเงินแผ่นดิน) and Deputy Auditor General in the Office of the Auditor General.
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Jessadabodindra
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramadhiworasettha Maha Jessadabodindra Phra Nangklao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมาธิวรเสรฐมหาเจษฎาบดินทร์ พระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว; RTGS: —Chetsadabodin Phra Nang Klao Chao Yu Hua), or Rama III ( 31 March 1787 – 2 April 1851), was the third monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 21 July 1824 to 2 April 1851. He succeeded his father, Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, as the King of Siam. His succession was unusual according to the traditions because Jessadabodindra was a son of a concubine rather than a queen. He surpassed Prince Mongkut, who was a legitimate son of Buddha Loetla Nabhalai born to Queen Srisuriyendra.
During Jessadabodindra's reign, military hegemony of Siam could be observed through a series of massive wars in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Jessadabodindra was known for his affection of Chinese culture. As a young prince, he was also known as a great businessman who conducted profitable trades with China and enriched the royal treasury.
Prince Tub was born in 1787 to Prince Isarasundhorn and one of his royal wives Chao Chom Manda Riam, who came from a Muslim noble family from the South. Following King Rama II's coronation in 1809, Prince Kshatriyanuchit, the surviving son of Taksin, revolted to reclaim his legitimacy. Prince Tub was assigned the task of suppressing the rebellion. He successfully accomplished his task and was praised by his father Buddha Loetla Nabhalai. Prince Tub was raised to Krom Muen Jessadabodindra and gained a great trust from the king to handle state affairs.
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Kofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan ( /ˈkoʊfi ˈænən/; born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize for his founding of the Global AIDS and Health Fund to support developing countries in their struggle to care for their people.
Since February 2012, Annan has been the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria, to help find a resolution to ongoing conflict there.
Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shares the middle name Atta, which in Fante and Akan means 'twin'. Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's aristocratic families; both their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal chiefs.
In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday.
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Kowit Wattana
Kowit Wattana (Thai: โกวิท วัฒนะ; born 11 March 1947 in Phak Hai) is a Thai Police General and politician. From 2004 to 2007 he was the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police. In 2008, he was Minister of the Interior, and from 2011 to 2012 Deputy Prime Minister under Yingluck Shinawatra. Kowit is an executive member of the ruling Pheu Thai Party.
Kowit Wattana's father was a teacher and prefect of the Phak Hai District. Kowit graduated from the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School (class 6) and the Royal Police Cadet Academy (class 22). He started his career in public service as an officer of the Border Patrol Police. He served in this paramilitary unit for 27 years.
From 1970 to 1975 he was on the Border Patrol Police special company fighting the communist insurgency in Thailand. Later he commanded the troops responsible for a 120 km section of the Thai-Burmese border. Later he was leader of the Border Patrol Police in the whole Northern sector. In this position his main challenges were fighting drug-related crime, shutting down several heroin factories in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao and Mae Hong Son, and counter-insurgency. In 1994, he was promoted to commander of the Border Patrol Police for the whole country.
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Kriangsak Chomanan
General Kriangsak Chomanan (17 December 1917 – 23 December 2003) served as prime minister of Thailand from 1977 to 1980.
A professional soldier, Kriangsak fought against the French in the Franco-Thai War, and against the communists in both the Korean War and the Vietnam War. In 1977, as the Supreme Commander of the Thai army, he staged a successful coup d'etat against prime minister Tanin Kraivixien.
Kriangsak is widely credited for defusing a long-running Communist insurgency in northern Thailand. Allegedly, he allowed the People's Republic of China to ship arms to the rebel Khmer Rouge in Cambodia in exchange for the PRC withdrawing its support of the communists in Thailand. However this is denied by the Thai government, which cites his offer of amnesty as the primary reason.
Kriangsak voluntarily retired in February 1980 and was succeeded by General Prem Tinsulanonda.
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Kukrit Pramoj
Mom Rajawongse (M.R.) Kukrit Pramoj (Thai คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช; RTGS: Khuek-rit Pramot, Thai pronunciation: [kʰ´ɯk.rít praːmôːt]) (April 20, 1911 - October 9, 1995) was a Thai politician and scholar. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand 1973-1974 and was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Thailand, serving in office from 1975-1976. He also portrayed the Prime Minister of the fictional country of "Sarkhan" in the 1963 motion picture The Ugly American with Marlon Brando.
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Leuthai
HM King Leuthai, King Thammaracha II was a king of Thailand in the Sukhothai Kingdom.
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Lionel Hampton
Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, bandleader and actor. Like Red Norvo, he was one of the first jazz vibraphone players. Hampton ranks among the great names in jazz history, having worked with a who's who of jazz musicians, from Benny Goodman and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
Lionel Hampton was born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1908, and was raised by his grandmother. Shortly after he was born, he and his mother moved to her hometown Birmingham, Alabama. He spent his early childhood in Kenosha, Wisconsin before he and his family moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1916. As a youth, Hampton was a member of the Bud Billiken Club, an alternative to the Boy Scouts of America, which was off limits because of racial segregation. During the 1920s—while still a teenager—Hampton took xylophone lessons from Jimmy Bertrand and started playing drums. Hampton was raised Roman Catholic, and started out playing fife and drum at the Holy Rosary Academy near Chicago.
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Lithai
Phaya Lithai (Thai: พญาลิไท), also known as Phra Maha Thammaracha I (พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ 1) was a king of the Sukhothai kingdom, reigning from roughly 1346 until his death in 1374. Lithai was the son of Lerthai, also known as Loethai or Lelithai. The exact chronology of Lithai's rise to the throne is unclear. Popular tradition names him as the fourth king of Sukhothai, but dynastic records seem to indicate that at least one other king (Nguanamthom) ruled between Lithai and his father, as well as the regent Saisongkhram who ruled during Lerthai's absence following the death of Ram Khamhaeng the Great.
Lithai served as uparat during his father's reign from the city of Srisatchanalai, an important urban center of the early Sukhothai kingdom.
Lithai is known as the writer of the Traiphuum Phra Ruang ('Three worlds of Phra Ruang', Phra Ruang being the dynastic name of Lithai's linneage), a religious text describing the various world of Buddhist cosmology, and the way in which karma consigns living beings to one world or another. The Traiphuum would go on to serve as an important political document, being re-interpreted in response to changes in the domestic and international political scene. King Lithai also built the biggest Buddha image in the northern territory of Siam called Phraputtachinnarat.
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Loethai
Phaya Lerthai was the fourth King of Sukhothai (1257–1323). He was preceded by his father Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng and was succeeded by Phaya Nguanamthom.
Sukhothai kingdom
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Mahidol Adulyadej
Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Songkla (Thai: สมเด็จพระมหิตลาธิเบศรอดุลยเดชวิกรม พระบรมราชชนก; RTGS: Somdet Phra Mahitalathibet Adunyadetwikrom Phra Borommaratchachanok, "Mahitaladhibes Adulyadejvikrom, the Prince Father", 1 January 1892 – 24 September 1929) was the father of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) of Thailand. He was also regarded as the father of modern medicine and public health of Thailand. He also founded the House of Mahidol or the present Royal Family of Thailand.
Prince Mahidol was the 69th child of King Chulalongkorn and the 7th of Queen Savang Vadhana. His mother also adopted four other princes whose commoner mothers (Chao Chom Manda) had died; among them was Prince Rangsit Prayulsak, later Prince of Chainat, who became a very close friend of Prince Mahidol during his childhood. Later in their lives, Prince Rangsit would play a pivotal role in Mahidol's career, and would later be appointed regent to one of Mahidol's son Bhumibol.
Like the other sons of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Mahidol started his education at the Royal School within the Grand Palace. He received the title of Prince of Songkla at age 13.
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Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower in 1916, the young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings, from Panama to the Philippines. As First Lady, she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries, who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes. On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.
Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Hollywood star Mamie Van Doren was so named by Universal Studios in her honor.
Born in Boone, Iowa and named, in part, after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva, Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud, a meatpacking executive, and his wife, the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her father, who retired at age 36, ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery ("Buyers of Live Hogs"), and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants. She had three sisters: Eleanor Carlson Doud, Eda Mae Doud, and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud.
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Mongkut
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Mongkut Phra Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหามงกุฎฯ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว), or Rama IV, known in foreign countries[which?] as King Mongkut (18 October 1804 – 1 October 1868), was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1851–1868. He was one of the most revered monarchs of the country.
Outside of Thailand, he is best known as the King in the 1951 play and 1956 film The King and I, based on the 1946 film Anna and the King of Siam – in turn based on the 1944 novel about Anna Leonowens' years at his court, from 1862 to 1867.
During his reign, the pressure of Western expansionism was felt for the first time in Siam. Mongkut embraced Western innovations and initiated the modernization of Siam, both in technology and culture—earning him the nickname "The Father of Science and Technology" in Siam.
Mongkut was also known for his appointment of his brother, Prince Chutamani, as vice-king. Prince Chutamani was crowned in 1851 as King Pinklao. Mongkut himself assured the country that Pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself. Mongkut's reign was also the time when the power of the House of Bunnag reached its zenith and became the most powerful noble family of Siam.
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Narai
Somdet Phra Narai (Thai: สมเด็จพระนารายณ์มหาราช; 1633 – 11 July 1688) or Somdet Phra Ramathibodi III (Thai: สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ 3) was the king of Ayutthaya from 1656 to 1688 and arguably the most famous Ayutthayan king. His reign was the most prosperous during the Ayutthaya period and saw the great commercial and diplomatic activities with foreign nations including the Persians and the West. During the later years of his reign, Narai gave his favorite – the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon – so much power that Phaulkon technically became the chancellor of the state. Through the arrangements of Phaulkon, the Siamese kingdom came into close diplomatic relations with the court of Louis XIV and French soldiers and missionaries filled the Siamese aristocracy and defense. The dominance of French officials led to frictions between them and the native mandarins and led to the turbulent revolution of 1688 towards the end of his reign. Narai’s reign was also known for the Siam–England war (1687) and the invasion of Burmese Lanna in 1662.
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Naresuan
Somdet Phra Naresuan Maharat (Thai: สมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช) or Somdet Phra Sanphet II (Thai: สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ 2) (1555, 25 April – 1605) was the King of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1590 until his death in 1605. Naresuan was one of Siam's most revered monarchs as he was known for his campaigns to free Siam from Burmese rule. During his reign numerous wars were fought against Burma, and Siam reached its greatest territorial extent and influence.
Prince Naret was born in the city of Phitsanulok on the 25 April 1555. He was the son of King Maha Thammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and his queen Wisutkasat. His mother was a daughter of Maha Chakkrapat and Queen Sri Suriyothai. His father was a Sukhothai noble, who had defeated Vorawongsathirat in 1548 and put Maha Chakkrapat on the throne. He was therefore an influential figure.
Prince Naret was also known as the Black Prince (Thai: พระองค์ดำ) to distinguish him from his siblings. His younger brother Ekathotsarot was known as the White Prince, and his elder sister Suphankanlaya was known as the Golden Princess.
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Nguanamthom
Phaya Nguanamthom (Thai: พระยางั่วนำถุม) was the fourth King of Sukhothai (1298–1323). He was preceded by his father Phaya Lerthai and was succeeding by Phaya Lithai.
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Panlop Pinmanee
General Pallop Pinmanee (Thai: พัลลภ ปิ่นมณี) (born 25 May 1936) is a retired Thai Army general who took part in several coups, ordered the massacre of insurgents at Krue Sae Mosque and allegedly played a role in the attempted car bomb assassination of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. After the a 2006 military coup overthrew Thaksin, the military junta appointed Pallop the public relations adviser to the Internal Security Operations Command of Thailand.
Pallop graduated from Class 7 of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, the so-called Young Turks, and began his career as a commando and self-professed assassin. With his Young Turk classmates, he was involved in successful military coups against the governments of Seni Pramoj and Tanin Kraivixien, and an unsuccessful April Fool's Day 1981 coup against the government of Prem Tinsulanonda. He admitted to being the mastermind behind a series of assassination attempts against General Arthit Kamlang-ek, commander of the Army under Prem. Pallop was later "rehabilitated" and retired from the Royal Thai Army with the rank of full general in 1996, but was appointed deputy director-general of the Internal Security Operations Command. It was in this position that he ordered military forces to storm Krue Sae Mosque during a tense stand-off with Southern insurgents. Dozens of insurgents died in the controversial move.
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Phetracha
Phetracha (alternative spellings: Bedraja, P'etraja, Petraja, Petratcha; also called Phra Phetracha; Thai: สมเด็จพระเพทราชา; 1632–1703) was a king of the Ayutthaya kingdom in Thailand, usurping the throne from his predecessor King Narai and founding the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty, the final one of the Ayutthaya kingdom. Originally a member of king Narai's extended family (two of his relatives were among Narai's wives), he was a trusted councilor of Narai, and leader of the Royal Elephant Corps. However in 1688 he led the Siamese revolution of 1688, had Narai's heirs executed, and by marrying Narai's only daughter, took the throne of Thailand upon Narai's death. He reversed the pro-Western policies of Narai, ejecting foreigners from the kingdom, and launched the Siege of Bangkok, to exile all French troops from Siam. As a result, Siam stayed isolated from Western contact until the 19th century.
Phetracha was born in 1632 at Baan Plu Luang, Suphanburi. De la Loubère has recorded that he was a cousin of King Narai, and that his mother was also King Narai's milkmaid. It was also recorded that his sister was one of King Narai's queens.
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Piam
HRH Princess Piyamavadi Sri Bajarindra Mata, the Royal Consort to King Mongkut or Chao Khun Chom Manda Piam (Thai:เจ้าคุณจอมมารดาเปี่ยม) née Piam Sucharitakul. She was one of the royal wives of King Mongkut. When her grandson, Crown Prince Maha Vajiravudh (Rama VI) acceded to the throne to be King Vajiravudh, he promoted the Princess Consort to be Somdech Phra Piyamavadi Sri Bajarindra Mata (Thai: สมเด็จพระปิยมาวดี ศรีพัชรินทรมาตา meaning: Piam, Princess Mother of Queen Saovabha)
She had 6 children with King Mongkut.
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Plaek Pibulsonggram
Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Thai: แปลก พิบูลสงคราม; Thai pronunciation: [plɛ̀ːk pʰí.būːnsǒŋkʰrāːm]; alternatively transcribed as Pibulsongkram or Pibulsonggram; July 14, 1897-June 11, 1964), contemporarily known as Luang Pibulsonggram, often as Phibunsongkhram (Pibul Songgram) or simply Phibun (Pibul) in Western, was Prime Minister and virtual military dictator of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957.
He was born Plaek Khittasangkha in Nonthaburi Province to Keed Khittasangkha and his wife. Keed was of Chinese-Thai heritage; his father was a Cantonese-speaking Chinese immigrant. His parents owned a durian orchard. He received his given name - Plaek, meaning "strange" in Thai - because of his unusual appearance as a child. Plaek Khittasangkha studied at Buddhist temple schools, then was appointed to Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. He graduated in 1914 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the artillery. Following World War I, he was sent to study artillery tactics in France. In 1928, as he rose in rank, he received the honorary title of Luang from King Prajadhipok and became Luang Phibunsongkhram. He would later adopt Phibunsongkhram as his surname.
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Ploypailin Jensen
Khun Ploypailin Jensen (born February 13, 1981) is a member of the Thai Royal Family and a granddaughter of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. She is the eldest daughter of Princess Ubol Ratana of Thailand. Although being a granddaughter of King Bhumibol, Ploypailin is not in the line of succession to the throne of Thailand as her mother relinquished her royal title when she married Ploypailin's American father, Peter Ladd Jensen.
Born in 1981 in San Diego, and known as Khun Ploypailin in Thailand, she is a grandchild of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of Thailand and the eldest daughter of Princess Ubolratana. Her given name was proposed by her aunt, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.
Ploypailin had a younger brother, Bhumi Jensen (1983–2004), and has a younger sister, Sirikitiya Jensen (b. 1985).
Ploypailin graduated from Purcell School, England. She received a BA degree with honors from the University of California, San Diego in 2003 and an MBA degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 2007.
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Prajadhipok
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Prajadhipok Phra Pok Klao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาประชาธิปกฯ พระปกเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว), or Rama VII (8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941) was the seventh monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was the last absolute monarch and the first constitutional monarch of the country. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to huge political and social changes during the Revolution of 1932. Also he was the only Siamese monarch to abdicate.
Somdet Chaofa Prajadhipok Sakdidej was born on 8 November 1893 in Bangkok, Siam (now Thailand) to King Chulalongkorn and Queen Saovabha Bongsri. Prince Prajadhipok was the youngest of nine children born to the couple, but overall he was the King's second-youngest child (of a total of 77), and the 33rd and youngest of Chulalongkorn's sons.
Unlikely to succeed to the throne, Prince Prajadhipok chose to follow a military career. Like many of the King's children, he was sent abroad to study, going to Eton College in 1906, then to the Woolwich Military Academy from which he graduated in 1913. He received a commission in the Royal Horse Artillery in the British Army based in Aldershot. In 1910 Chulalongkorn died and was succeeded by Prajadhipok's older brother (also a son of Queen Saovabha), Crown Prince Vajiravudh, who became King Rama VI. Prince Prajadhipok was by then commissioned in both the British Army and the Royal Siamese Army. With the outbreak of the First World War and the declaration of Siamese neutrality, King Vajiravudh ordered his younger brother to resign his British commission and return to Siam immediately, a great embarrassment to the Prince who wanted to serve with his men on the western front. Once home, Prajadhipok became a high-ranking military official in Siam. In 1917 was ordained temporarily as a monk, as is customary for all Siamese men.
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Prem Tinsulanond
General Prem Tinsulanonda (Thai: เปรม ติณสูลานนท์; RTGS: Prem Tinnasulanon; pronunciation: [preːm tin.ná.sǔː.laː.non]; born August 26, 1920) is a retired Thai military officer who served as Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He now serves as the Head of the Privy Council of the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej.
In the Thai political crisis of the 2000's, he was accused by deposed prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his supporters of being a mastermind of the 2006 coup as well as in the appointment of the post-coup legislature and Interim Government of Surayud Chulanont. The military junta that ousted the legally occupying Thaksin denied that Prem had any important political role.
Prem, as the Chief of the Privy Council, is a leader in promoting King Bhumibol's ideologies and royal projects though he has sometimes represented himself as being the voice of the king. He has always urged Thai society to follow the king's advice and has himself founded several welfare projects related to education, drug suppression, poverty, and national unity. A southerner, Prem has also dealt personally with trying to resolve the Islamic Southern Insurgency crisis.
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Prem Tinsulanonda
General Prem Tinsulanonda (Thai: เปรม ติณสูลานนท์; RTGS: Prem Tinnasulanon; pronunciation: [preːm tin.ná.sǔː.laː.non]; born August 26, 1920) is a retired Thai military officer who served as Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He now serves as the Head of the Privy Council of the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej.
In the Thai political crisis of the 2000's, he was accused by deposed prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his supporters of being a mastermind of the 2006 coup as well as in the appointment of the post-coup legislature and Interim Government of Surayud Chulanont. The military junta that ousted the legally occupying Thaksin denied that Prem had any important political role.
Prem, as the Chief of the Privy Council, is a leader in promoting King Bhumibol's ideologies and royal projects though he has sometimes represented himself as being the voice of the king. He has always urged Thai society to follow the king's advice and has himself founded several welfare projects related to education, drug suppression, poverty, and national unity. A southerner, Prem has also dealt personally with trying to resolve the Islamic Southern Insurgency crisis.
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Pridi Banomyong
Pridi Banomyong (Thai: ปรีดี พนมยงค์; RTGS: Pridi Phanomyong; Chinese: 陳嘉祥 or 陳璋茂; May 11, 1900 – May 2, 1983) was a highly revered Thai politician. He was a former Prime Minister and Senior Statesman of Thailand, and was named one of the world's great personalities[clarification needed] of the 20th century by UNESCO in 2000.[citation needed]
Pridi wrote that his great-great-great grandfather, Heng, was a native of Etang village in Chenghai District, China who came to Siam during the reign of Boromaracha V, leaving behind his wife, who was pregnant with their son, Seng. Heng lived in Siam among the Chinese relatives of King Taksin, who recruited some of the local Chinese, including Heng, to fight against the Burmese invaders in 1767. Heng died in the service of the half-Chinese king. Taksin compensated Heng's family, after they sent a letter inquiring about him. Seng chose to live his life in China as a rice farmer.
However, Seng's son, Tan Nai Kok (陳盛于/陈盛于; Chen Chengyu; Tan Sêng-u), emigrated to Siam in 1814, during the reign of King Rama II. Nai Kok settled in Ayutthaya and made his living by selling Chinese and Thai sweets; it is said he had made innovations by combining Chinese and Thai culinary skills. A devout Buddhist, Nai Kok married a Thai woman named Pin. Pin's sister, Boonma, would become an ancestor of Pridi's wife Poonsuk. Their son, Nai Koet, married Khum, daughter of a wealthy Chinese entrepreneur. When Nai Koet died, his wife directed that his remains were to be cremated and interred at the shrine at Phanomyong hill, which is the origin of their Thai surname. Their son, Nai Siang, who became a wealthy rice merchant, married Lukchan; they were the parents of Pridi. Nai Siang adopted the surname Phanomyong in 1866. (Some other accounts claimed that Nai Siang was a Chinese immigrant himself.)
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Ram Khamhaeng
Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng (Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช; Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng; b. around 1237–1247 – d. 1298) was the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a forerunner of the modern kingdom of Thailand) from 1278–1298, during its most prosperous era. He is credited with the creation of the Thai alphabet and the firm establishment of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on his role, however, noting that much of the information relating to his rule may have been fabricated in the 19th century in order to legitimize the Siamese state in the face of colonial threats.
His parents were Prince Bang Klang Hao, who ruled as King Sri Indraditya, and Queen Sueang, although a legend describes his parents as an ogress named Kangli and a fisherman.[citation needed] He had two older brothers and two sisters. The eldest brother died while young. The second, Ban Muang, became king following their father's death, and was succeeded by Ram Khamhaeng following his own death.
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Rama
Rama (Devanāgarī: राम ; Rāma,; Burmese: ရာမ Jàma̰ ; Javanese: Ramavijaya ; Khmer: ព្រះរាម Phreah Ream ; Lao: ພຣະຣາມ Phra Ram ; Malay: Megat Seri Rama; Maranao: Raja Bantugan; Tamil: ராமர் Ramar; Telugu: రామ Rama; Thai: พระราม Phra Ram) or full name Ramachandra is the seventh avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism, and a king of Ayodhya in Hindu scriptures. Rama was born in Suryavansha (Ikshvaku Vansh) later known as Raghuvansha after king Raghu. Based on Puranic genealogy, Rama is believed by Hindus to have lived in the second Yuga called Treta Yuga, before Krishna who was born towards the end of Dwapara Yuga. Rama is traditionally considered to have appeared in the last quarter of Treta Yuga.
Rama is one of the many popular figures and deities in Hinduism, specifically Vaishnavism and Vaishnava religious scriptures in South and Southeast Asia. In Ayodhya, the Indian city believed to be the birthplace of Rama, he is also worshipped as an infant or Rama Lalla. Most of the details of Rama's life come from the Ramayana, one of the two great epics of India. Born as the eldest son of Kausalya and Dasharatha, king of Ayodhya, Rama is referred to within Hinduism as Maryada Purushottama, literally the Perfect Man or Lord of Self-Control or Lord of Virtue. Rama is the husband of Sita, whom Hindus consider to be an Avatar of Lakshmi and the embodiment of perfect womanhood.
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Saileuthai
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Samak Sundaravej
Samak Sundaravej (13 June 1935 – 24 November 2009) (Thai: สมัคร สุนทรเวช, RTGS: Samak Sunthorawet, Thai pronunciation: [sàmàk sǔntʰɔráwêːt]) was a Thai Chinese politician who briefly served as the Prime Minister of Thailand and Minister of Defense in 2008, as well as the leader of the People's Power Party in 2008.
Samak was born in Bangkok, Thailand to Phraya Bumrungrajabhariphan (Samien Sundaravej) and his wife Khunying Umphan Bumrungrajabhariphan (Umphan Sundaravej). He was of Chinese ancestry (ancestral surname Lee (李)) and had five siblings. Samak studied at Saint Gabriel's College and Assumption Commercial College, then graduated from Thammasat University. He also received diplomas from Chulalongkorn University and Bryant & Stratton College.
Besides being a politician, Samak was a well-known television chef. For seven years before the military coup of September 2006, he had hosted a cooking show called Tasting, Ranting on the Thailand ITV television network and on Royal Thai Army Radio and Television. He said when he became Prime Minister, he would resume his career as a TV chef and did so, though warned not to. It is illegal for a government minister to hold any other job, and on 9 September 2008, the full bench of the Constitutional Court ruled it was unconstitutional for him to work for a private company, (Thailand ITV) and therefore disqualified him from office.
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Sanya Dharmasakti
Sanya Dharmasakti (Thai: สัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์, RTGS: Sanya Thammasak, pronunciation: [sǎn.jaː tʰam.má.sàk], 5 April 1907 - 6 January 2002) was a Thai jurist, university professor and politician. He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Thailand from 1973 to 1975.
Sanya Dharmasakti was one of the most influential figures in the politics of Thailand. He served as the president of the Supreme Court (1968-1973) and was dean of the faculty of law and chancellor of Thammasat University during the democracy movement of October 1973. When the "Three Tyrants" fled leaving the country leaderless, Sanya was appointed Prime Minister by Royal Command (establishing a precedent exercised only three times since for appointment of Prime Ministers.) Sanya served a second consecutive term by a House Resolution for a combined total of 1 year, 124 days. Sanya appointed a drafting committee for the 1974 constitution, served as vice president of the constitutional congress, and was requested by his Majesty to serve as the president of the Privy Council.
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Sarit Dhanarajata
Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat (Thai: สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, alternatively spelled Dhanarajata), (June 16, 1908 – December 8, 1963) was a Thai career soldier who staged a coup in 1957, thereafter serving as Thailand's Prime Minister until his death in 1963. He was born in Bangkok, but grew up in his mother's home town in Lao-speaking northeastern Thailand and considered himself a northeasterner. His father, Major Luang Ruangdetanan (birth name Thongdi Thanarat), was a career army officer best known for his translations into Thai of Cambodian literature. During his years as prime minister Sarit was a patron of the Lao strongman General Phoumi Nosavan against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos.
Sarit Thanarat was educated at a monastery school, and entered the Royal Thai Military Academy in 1919, not completing his military studies until 1928, after which he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant, slowly rising through the Officer Corps. During World War II he served as commander of an infantry battalion and took part in the invasion and occupation of the Shan States in Burma. Unlike many of his fellow officers, Sarit was not discharged at the end of the war. Instead, he was promoted to command the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Bangkok-based Guards Division. As a colonel, he played a leading role in the 1947 military coup that overthrew the government of Prime Minister Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi, a protege of Pridi Phanomyong, reinstalling the previously deposed Field Marshal Plaek Pibunsongkram as premier. Thereafter, Sarit took a lasting interest in politics.
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Sarit Thanarat
Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat (Thai: สฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์, alternatively spelled Dhanarajata), (June 16, 1908 – December 8, 1963) was a Thai career soldier who staged a coup in 1957, thereafter serving as Thailand's Prime Minister until his death in 1963. He was born in Bangkok, but grew up in his mother's home town in Lao-speaking northeastern Thailand and considered himself a northeasterner. His father, Major Luang Ruangdetanan (birth name Thongdi Thanarat), was a career army officer best known for his translations into Thai of Cambodian literature. During his years as prime minister Sarit was a patron of the Lao strongman General Phoumi Nosavan against the communist Pathet Lao guerrillas in the neighboring Kingdom of Laos.
Sarit Thanarat was educated at a monastery school, and entered the Royal Thai Military Academy in 1919, not completing his military studies until 1928, after which he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant, slowly rising through the Officer Corps. During World War II he served as commander of an infantry battalion and took part in the invasion and occupation of the Shan States in Burma. Unlike many of his fellow officers, Sarit was not discharged at the end of the war. Instead, he was promoted to command the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Bangkok-based Guards Division. As a colonel, he played a leading role in the 1947 military coup that overthrew the government of Prime Minister Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi, a protege of Pridi Phanomyong, reinstalling the previously deposed Field Marshal Plaek Pibunsongkram as premier. Thereafter, Sarit took a lasting interest in politics.
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Savang Vadhana
Queen Savang Vadhana of Siam (Thai: สว่างวัฒนา; RTGS: Sawang Watthana, 10 September 1862 – 17 December 1955) was a consort of King Chulalongkorn or Rama V. Her full name and title was Queen Sri Savarindira (Thai: ศรีสวรินทิรา; RTGS: Si Sawarinthira) - thus she was not the Rajini (queen), but just was a highest consort. Already long widowed, after her first grandson's accession in 1935 she became known as Somdech Phra Phan Vasa Ayyika Chao (สมเด็จพระพันวัสสาอัยยิกาเจ้า), which means The Queen Grandmother because she was the grandmother of both King Ananda Mahidol and the present king King Bhumibol Adulyadej or Rama IX.
She was the 27th daughter of King Rama IV (King Mongkut or Rama IV) and Princess Consort Piam and thus her husband's half-sister. From her marriage to Chulalongkorn there were the following issue:
When King Prajadhipok (or Rama VII) abdicated in 1935, the son of Queen Savang Vadhana's youngest son, Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, acceded to the throne as King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). She received the title of Queen Grandmother, having been renamed Sri Savarindira by King Prajadhipok while she was Queen Aunt.
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Sirikit
Queen Sirikit of Thailand (Thai pronunciation: [sìríkìt], Thai: สิริกิติ์; Literally: "Her Majesty Queen Regent[citation needed] Sirikit"; listen (help·info); born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara on 12 August 1932), is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent[citation needed] of Thailand (the first Queen Regent[citation needed] was Queen Saovabha Bongsri of Siam, later Queen Sri Patcharindra, the queen mother). As the consort of the king who is the world's longest-reigning head of state, she is also the world's longest-serving consort of a monarch, though Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, more than eleven years her senior, is the oldest currently-serving consort.
Queen Sirikit was born on 12 August 1932, at the home of Lord Vongsanuprabhand, her maternal grandfather. She is the eldest daughter and the third child of Prince Nakkhatra Mangkala Kitiyakara, the son of Prince Kitiyakara Voralaksana, and Mom Luang Bua Sanidvongs. Her name, which was given by King Prajadhipok, means "the Greatness of Kitiyakhon".
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Sirikitiya Jensen
Khun Sirikitiya Jensen (Thai: สิริกิติยา เจนเซ่น) is a semi-member of the Thai Royal Family. Born on 18 March 1985, to Princess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya (eldest daughter of King Bhumibol Adulyadej) and American Peter Ladd Jensen, she is the King's granddaughter. Khun Sirikitiya is commonly known by her nickname, Mai, which translates into "new, shining, young, beautiful".
Khun Mai (Sirikitiya) is the youngest of three children. Her older sister is Khun Ploypailin, and her older brother was Khun Poom Jensen (Khun Bhumi). Khun Mai and her siblings grew up in San Diego, California, United States. Both she and her brother attended Torrey Pines High School, a public school. Khun Bhumi, was born with autism and required specialized schooling. In 2001, after their parents' divorce, Mai's mother and Bhumi moved back to Thailand. Mai stayed in San Diego, with her father and graduated from high school in 2003. Khun Ploypailin went back to San Diego to live with her father and entered the University of California, San Diego and graduated. After high school, Khun Mai attended University of California, Riverside.
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Sirindhorn
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (Thai: มหาจักรีสิรินธร, Thai pronunciation: [má.hǎː ʨàk.rīː sì.rīn.tʰɔːn]; RTGS: Maha Chakkri Sirinthon; April 2, 1955 — ) is the second daughter of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.
Her full ceremonial title is “Somdet Phra Theppharatratsuda Chao Fa Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Ratthasimakhunakonpiyachat Sayamborommaratchakumari” (สมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดา เจ้าฟ้ามหาจักรีสิรินธร รัฐสีมาคุณากรปิยชาติ สยามบรมราชกุมารี), which was bestowned upon her on December 5, 1977. Thais commonly refer to her by reducing such title to “Phra Thep”, meaning “princess angel”.
Because her title in Thai is the female equivalent of the title held by her brother, Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn,she is informally referred to as "crown princess".[citation needed]
The Thai constitution was altered in 1974 to allow for female succession, thus making her eligible for the throne.[citation needed] As the eldest female child of the royal family (excluding Ubol Ratana, who married a foreign commoner), her position is equivalent to a princess royal.[citation needed]
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Soamsawali
Princess Soamsawali of Thailand (Thai: โสมสวลี; RTGS: Som Sawali; Literal: "Soamsawali, the Princess Mother of the King's First Grandchild"), née Mom Luang Soamsawali Kitiyakara (Thai: หม่อมหลวง โสมสวลี กิติยากร; RTGS: Somsawali Kitiyakon; born 13 July 1957) is a member of Thai Royal Family, and is the former wife of her first cousin, Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. She was titled "the Princess Mother of the King's First Grandchild" after her divorce with the Crown Prince in 1991. She is also niece of Queen Sirikit.
Princess Soamsawali was born on 13 July 1957 at Guy's Hospital in London, United Kingdom. She is the eldest child of Mom Rajawongse Adulyakit Kitiyakara (Her father was a elder brother of Queen Sirikit of Thailand) and Thanpuying Bandhu Savali Kitiyakara (née Princess Bandhu Savali Yugala). She also has one younger sister Mom Luang Sarali Kitiyakara, born 8 April 1966.
Her father was the second child of Prince Nakkhatra Mangkala Kitiyakara, the Prince of Chanthaburi II and Mom Luang Bua Sanidvongs. Her mother was daughter of Prince Bhanubandhu Yugala and Mom Luang Soiraya Sanidvongs.
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Somchai Wongsawat
Somchai Wongsawat (Thai: สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์, born August 31, 1947) is a Thai politician, a Prime Minister of Thailand in 2008 and a former executive member of the People's Power Party (PPP) whose political rights have been disfranchised by the Constitutional Court (ConCourt) for five years.
Prior to entering electoral politics, he had served civil service and judicial service, having been appointed Permanent Secretary of Justice (the highest non-elected position in the civil service) in 2000 by the government of Chuan Leekpai. Following his retirement from office in 2006 owing to the pensionable age, he entered politics after the 2006 coup unseating the government of his brother-in-law, Thaksin Shinawatra. He joined the PPP which won the December 2007 parliamentary elections, becoming Minister of Education and Senior Deputy Prime Minister. After the premiership of Samak Sundaravej had been terminated by the ConCourt for contravening the conflict of interests law, Somchai was successfully nominated Prime Minister. His government had to deal with the 2008 Thailand political crisis as well as the global financial crisis of 2008, and the PPP was eventually dissolved by the ConCourt and its executive members, including Somchai, were prohitibited from politics for five years for vote-buying committed by Yongyuth Tiyapairat.
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Sondhi Limthongkul
Sondhi Limthongkul (Thai: สนธิ ลิ้มทองกุล; Chinese: 林明達; pinyin: Lin Mingda, born 7 November 1947) is a Thai media mogul and leader of the right-wing People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD). He was elected for leader of the New Politics Party (NPP).
Starting his career as a journalist, he later founded Manager Daily newspaper as well as satellite broadcaster ASTV. Originally a strong supporter of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, he later became a leader of the anti-Thaksin movement. Under his leadership, the PAD was the major player in the 2005–2006 Thai political crisis that led to the 2006 military coup that toppled the Thaksin government. When Thaksin-affiliated parties won the 2007 general election, Sondhi became the major player in the 2008–2009 Thai political crisis, leading the PAD in violent clashes with security forces and anti-PAD protestors as well as the seizure of Government House, Don Muang Airport, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Sondhi is more or less a supporter of the Democrat Party and stopped the PAD's protests after Democrat leader Abhisit Vejjajiva was appointed Prime Minister.
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Sonthi Boonyaratglin
General (Ret.) Sonthi Boonyaratglin (Thai: สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน, RTGS: Sonthi Bunyaratkalin) (born 2 October 1946) is former Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army and former head of the Council for National Security, the military junta that ruled the kingdom. He is the first Muslim in charge of the mostly Buddhist army. On 19 September 2006, he became the de facto head of government of Thailand after overthrowing the elected government in a coup d'état. After retiring from the Army in 2007, he became Deputy Prime Minister, in charge of national security.
Sonthi is a multimillionaire and has two wives, Sukanya and Piyada, despite legal prohibitions against bigamy.
Sonthi Boonyaratglin graduated from the 6th Class of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School. He graduated from Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy in 1969 as part of Class 17 and was commissioned into the Royal Army Infantry Corps. He went on to lead several top units, including the elite Special Warfare Command based in Lopburi province.
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Sri Suriyendra
Queen Sri Suriyendra (Thai: ศรีสุริเยนทรา; RTGS: —Si Suriyenthra—) (1767–1836) was the queen of Siam, wife of Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, who was her own cousin, and mother of Mongkut and Pinklao. She was later named upon the coronation of her son Mongkut as Krom Somdet Phra Sri Suriyendramataya.
Princess Bunreod was a daughter of Princess Sri Sudarak (เจ้าฟ้ากรมพระศรีสุดารักษ์) (sister of Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke) and her Chinese husband Chao Krua Ngern (เจ้าขรัวเงิน). Princess Bunreod lived with her mother in the Grand Palace and grew up with her maternal female cousins, the daughters of Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
Princess Bunreod had an affair with her cousin, Prince Isarasundhorn, a son and heir apparent to King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. In 1801, the King discovered the princess' four-month pregnancy and banished her from the Grand Palace to live with her brother Prince Thepharirak. Prince Isarasundhorn begged his father to no avail to return the princess to the palace. The couple eventually settled at the Old Palace (Thonburi Palace) and Princess Bunreod became the prince's consort. The baby died, however, shortly after birth. With Prince Isarasundhorn (the future Buddha Loetla Nabhalai), she bore three sons:
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Srinagarindra
Srinagarindra (Thai: ศรีนครินทรา; RTGS: —Si Nakharinthra—, née Sangwan Talapat; 21 October 1900 – 18 July 1995) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and was a member of House of Mahidol, which is descended from Chakri Dynasty, originated by Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, son of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). She was the mother of Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Naradhiwas, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII), and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).
Her given name was Sangwan (Thai: สังวาลย์), while her formal name and title were Somdech Phra Srinagarindra Boromarajajonani (Thai: สมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี). In Thailand, the she was affectionately called Somdech Ya (Thai: สมเด็จย่า), "the Royal Grandmother". By the various hill tribe people, to whom she was a special patron, she was called Mae Fah Luang (Thai: แม่ฟ้าหลวง), "Royal Mother from the Sky", or "The Heavenly Royal Mother".
Princess Srinagarindra was born on 21 October 1900, in Nonthaburi Province. Her given name was Sangwan Chukramol. She was the third child in a family of four children. Her elder brother and sister died while they were still young, and by the time she was 9 years old, she had also lost both her parents, and had only one remaining sibling, a younger brother named Thomya. Her aunt, Suay earned a living by making sweets and rolling cigarettes, became her guardian.
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Srirasmi
Princess Srirasmi of Thailand (Thai: พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าศรีรัศมิ์ พระวรชายาในสมเด็จพระบรมโอรสาธิราชฯ สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร; RTGS: —Si Rat—; Literal: "HRH Princess Srirasmi, the Princess Consort to the Crown Prince of Siam"), or Srirasmi, Princess of Thailand, (born Srirasmi Akharaphongpreecha, 9 December 1971; Thai: ศรีรัศมิ์ อัครพงศ์ปรีชา) is the consort of Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. Born to a family of modest means, she entered the service of the Crown Prince at the age of 22. She married the crown prince in February 2001.
HRH Princess Srirasmi was born in Samut Songkhram Province to a family of modest means. She was the third child of Aphirut (Thai: อภิรุจ) and Wanthanee (Thai: วันทนีย์) Akharaphongpreecha. She has a total of four siblings. She attended college at Bangkok Business College. In 1993, at the age of 22, Srirasmi entered the service of Vajiralongkorn as a civil service "lady-in-waiting". Srirasmi enrolled in Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University in 1997 and graduated in 2002 with a bachelor’s degree in management science. Vajiralongkorn personally bestowed her with her diploma. In 2007 she received a Master of Arts degree in Home Economics from Kasetsart University.
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Suchinda Kraprayoon
Suchinda Kraprayoon (Thai: สุจินดา คราประยูร, born August 6, 1933) was Prime Minister of Thailand from 7 April 1992 until 24 May 1992.
Suchinda, son of Juang and Sompong Kraprayoon, was born 6 August 1933 in the province of Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, and is of Chinese and Mon descent. He married Khunying Wannee Kraprayoon (Noonpakdee).
Suchinda first attended Wat Rajabopit School and later Amnuayslip School. He studied medicine at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok for 12 months before entering the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. He graduated from Class 5 of the Academy, many of which would join in the National Peace Keeping Council. He also attended the US Army Command and General Staff Course at the Artillery Regiment, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and the US Army Command and General Staff Course at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Suchinda returned to Thailand in 1953 to serve as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Thai Army. On 25 January 1958 he became Troop Leader in an artillery infantry regiment. He was gradually promoted and given more responsibilities including:
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Sulak Sivaraksa
Sulak Sivaraksa (Thai: สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์, pronounced [sùlák sìwárák], born March 27, 1933 in Thailand) is founder and director of the Thai NGO “Sathirakoses-Nagapradeepa Foundation”, named after two authorities on Thai culture, Sathirakoses (Phya Anuman Rajadhon) and Nagapradeepa (Phra Saraprasoet). Besides being the initiator of a number of social, humanitarian, ecological and spiritual movements and organizations in Thailand, such as the College SEM (Spirit in Education Movement).
Sulak Sivaraksa is known in the West as one of the fathers of the International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), which was established in 1989 with leading Buddhists including the 14th Dalai Lama, the Vietnamese monk and peace-activist Thich Nhat Hanh and the Theravada Bhikkhu Maha Ghosananda, as its patrons.
When Sulak Sivaraksa was awarded the Alternative Nobel Prize (Right Livelihood Award) in 1995 he became known to a wider public in Europe and the USA. Sulak was chair of the Asian Cultural Forum on Development and has been a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, the University of Hawaii and Cornell.
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Surayud Chulanont
General (ret.) Surayud Chulanont (Thai: สุรยุทธ์ จุลานนท์, RTGS: Surayut Chulanon; born 28 August 1943) is a Thai political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailand's Interim Government between 2006 and 2008. He was a former Thai military officer, Army Commander, Supreme Commander, and currently Privy Councilor to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.
Surayud came from a military family, but Surayud's father defected from the Royal Thai Army to the Communist Party of Thailand when Surayud was a young boy. Surayud joined the Thai Army and rose to power as a close aide to General Prem Tinsulanonda. He commanded troops during Bloody May, the violent 1992 crackdown on anti-government protestors, but he denied giving his men the order to shoot protesters. He was promoted to Army Commander during the government of Chuan Leekpai and was promoted to Supreme Commander in 2003, under the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. Upon retirement from the Army, King Bhumibol Adulyadej appointed Surayud to his Privy Council of personal advisors. Surayud and Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda played a key role in the promotion of General Sonthi Boonratklin to the position of Army Commander.
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Suriyenthrathibodi
Sanphet VIII or Suriyenthrathibodi (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระสรรเพชญที่ ๘, สมเด็จพระเจ้าเสือ, สมเด็จพระเจ้าสุริเยนทราบดี) was the King of Ayutthaya from 1703 to 1709 and the second ruler of the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty. Suriyenthrathibodi was well known as Luang Sorasak or Phrachao Suea, the latter means the "Tiger King". He was the eldest son of the founder of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty, Phetracha.
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Taksin
Taksin (Royal Institute: Somdet Phra Chao Taksin Maharat; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช listen (help·info) or The King of the Thonburi Kingdom; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี, Somdet Phra Chao Krung Thonburi;Chinese: 鄭昭; pinyin: Zhèng Zhāo; Teochew: Dênchao; Vietnamese: Trịnh Quốc Anh) ; (April 17, 1734 – April 7, 1782) was the only King of the Thonburi Kingdom. He is greatly revered by the Thai people for his leadership in liberating Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam after it fell under various warlords. He established the city Thonburi as the new capital, as the city Ayutthaya had been almost completely destroyed by the invaders. His reign was characterized by numerous wars, fought to repel new Burmese invasions and to subjugate the northern Thai kingdom of Lanna, the Laotian principalities, and a threatening Cambodia. He was succeeded by the Chakri dynasty and the Rattanakosin Kingdom under his long time friend King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
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Tanin Kraivixien
Tanin Kraivixien or Thanin Kraivichien (born April 5, 1927 in Bangkok, Thai: ธานินทร์ กรัยวิเชียร RTGS: Thanin Kraiwichian, Thai pronunciation: [tʰaː.nin krai.wí.t͡ɕʰian]) was the 14th prime minister of Thailand between 1976 and 1977. Tanin is a son of Hae and Pa-ob Kraivixien, and is of Chinese-Thai descent. Tanin studied law at Thammasat University, graduating in 1948. He then went to the London School of Economics to continue with his studies in Law. He graduated in 1953 and in 1958 was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn.
Tanin is a highly respected lawyer in Thailand. His involvement with Thai politics did not begin until after the student massacre on the campus of Thammasat University and the following military coup on 6 October 1976. The military named Tanin to be prime minister on 8 October 1976. His administration ruled for just one year, until 20 October 1977, when he was deposed by the military. His was the most right-wing administration in Thai history and perpetrated attacks on left-wing activists, communist sympathizers and progressive students due to the fear of communism, which had gained some popularity due to Communist Party of Thailand actions. The victory of communists in the neighboring countries of Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam gave further reason to be concerned.
wn.com/Tanin_Kraivixien -
Thai Sa
Sanphet IX (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระสรรเพชญที่ ๙) or Tai Sa (Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวท้ายสระ) was the King of Ayutthaya from 1709 to 1732 and the fourth ruler of the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty.
King Tai Sa was born Prince Surindra (Thai: พระสุรินทรกุมาร) to King Suriyendra and his principal queen. After the death of his father in 1709 Prince Surindra was crowned as King of Siam and took the reigning name Bhumindaracha (Thai: พระภูมินทราชา). He appointed his brother Prince Voraraj as the Front Palace. The king was said to be very fond of silver barb that he forbade anyone but himself from fishing them or else they would be fined. This earned him the epithet King of the Backyard Pond or King Tai Sa.
In 1715, Nguyễn Phúc Chu the Nguyen lord who supported King Keao Fa III invaded Oudong and King Thommaracha III and Prince Ang Tong along with their families fled to Ayudhaya. King Tai Sa ordered Chao Phraya Chakri to invade Cambodia to restore King Thommarcha in 1717. The Siamese fleets suffered defeat by the Vietnamese at Banteay Mas yet on the land the Siamese were able to reach Oudong in 1718 and eliminated Vietnamese troops in the city. King Keao Fa, however, took negotiating measures and agreed to pay tribute to the Siamese court.
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Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra (Thai: ทักษิณ ชินวัตร; RTGS: Thaksin Chinnawat; Thai pronunciation: [tʰák.sǐn tɕʰīn.nā.wát]; born 26 July 1949) is a Thai businessman and politician, who was Prime Minister of Thailand from 2001 to 2006, when he was overthrown in a military coup.
Thaksin founded Advanced Info Service, Thailand's most successful mobile phone operator, and became a billionaire. Thaksin entered politics in 1994 under Palang Dharma Party, left the party along with many of its MPs in 1996, and founded the populist Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party in 1998. After a historic election victory in 2001, he became prime minister, the country's first to serve a full term. Thaksin introduced a range of policies to alleviate rural poverty; highly popular, they helped reduce poverty by half in four years. He launched the country's first universal healthcare program, the 30-baht scheme, as well as a highly popular drug suppression campaign. Thaksin embarked on a massive program of infrastructure investment, including roads, public transit, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Nevertheless, public sector debt fell from 57% of GDP in January 2001 to 41% in September 2006. Levels of corruption were perceived to have fallen, with Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index improving from 3.2 to 3.8 between 2001 and 2005. The Thai Rak Thai party won an unprecedented landslide in the 2005 general election, which had the highest voter turnout in Thai history.
wn.com/Thaksin_Shinawatra -
Thanom Kittikachorn
Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (August 11, 1911 - June 16, 2004, Thai ถนอม กิตติขจร, Thai pronunciation: [tʰànɔ̌ːm kìttìkʰat͡ɕɔ̌ːn]) was a military dictator of Thailand. A staunch anti-Communist, Thanom oversaw a decade of military rule in Thailand from 1963 to 1973, until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down. His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators, followed by a military coup.
As a lieutenant-colonel, he took part in the 1947 coup led by colonel Sarit Thanarat and became a regimental Commander and head of the Lopburi military department. He was later promoted to colonel, commanding the 11th Infantry Division. He was appointed as an MP in 1951, his first political role. He was also promoted to major general the same year.
In February 1953, he led the suppression of a rebellion, and was rewarded with a promotion to the rank of lieutenant general. He represented Thailand at the ceremony to mark the end of the Korean War in July 1953 and was later promoted as Commander of the 1st Region Army.
wn.com/Thanom_Kittikachorn -
Ubolratana Rajakanya
Princess Ubolratana Rajakanya of Thailand (Thai: อุบลรัตนราชกัญญา;[needs IPA][pronunciation?]RTGS: Ubonrat Ratchakanya; Literally: "Princess Ubonratana Rajakanya, daughter to the Queen Regent[citation needed]"), or Ubolratana Sirivadhana Barnavadi in brief (born April 5, 1951 in Lausanne, Switzerland), is a princess of Thailand and the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Consort Sirikit. She relinquished her royal title and settled in the United States with her husband, Peter Ladd Jensen, but came back to Thailand after divorcing in 1998.
Since her return to Thailand, she has increasingly taken part in royal ceremonies, though not to the extent of her royal siblings. In 2008, she began a film career, playing the main role in the Thai film Where The Miracle Happens.
Princess Ubolratana Rajakanya is the eldest daughter and the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX of Thailand) and Queen Sirikit, the Queen Regent of Thailand. She was born on April 5, 1951, at Mont Suisse Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. She returned to Thailand and stayed at Ambhornsathan Throne Hall, Dusit Palace. She was styled Her Royal Highness by her father at the Royal Celebration of the first month birthday ceremony (Phra Ratchaphithi Somphot Duean Lae Khuen Phra U; พระราชพิธีสมโภชเดือนและขึ้นพระอู่) King Bhumibol Adulyadej gave her name and style Her Royal Highness Princess Ubolratana Rajakanya Sirivadhana Barnavadi. Her names are derived from several royal ancestors:
wn.com/Ubolratana_Rajakanya -
Uthong
Uthong (Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าอู่ทอง) or Ramathibodi I (Thai: สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ 1) (1314–1369) was the first king of the kingdom Ayutthaya (now part of Thailand), reigning from 1351 to 1369. He was known as Prince U Thong before he ascended to the throne on March 4, 1351. A native of Chiang Saen (now in Chiang Rai Province) he claimed descent from Khun Borom and propagated Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
King Ramathibodi's position was likely secured by political marriage and family ties. He was married to a daughter of the ruling family of Suphanburi, and may have also married into an alliance with the rulers of Lopburi - it was likely the king of Lopburi that he was initially chosen to succeed. He appointed both his brother-in-law and son to positions of leadership in Suphanburi and Lopburi, respectively, and established his own capital in the new city of Ayutthaya. King Ramathabodi's reign bound together the Khmer rulers of Lopburi, the Tai in the west, and the Chinese, Javanese, Bugis and Acehnese merchants who inhabited the coastal areas.
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Uthumphon
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Chao Uthomphon Mahaphon Phinit (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระอุทุมพรมหาพรพินิต) was the 32nd and penultimate monarch of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, ruling in 1758 for about two months. Facing various throne claimants, Uthumphon was finally forced to abdicate and enter monkhood. His preference of being a monk rather than keep the throne, earned him the epithet "Khun Luang Ha Wat" (Thai: ขุนหลวงหาวัด), or "the king who prefers the temple".
Prince Dok Duea or Prince Uthumphon—"Dok Duea" (ดอกเดื่อ) and "Uthmphon" (อุทุมพร) are under the same meaning, "fig"—was a son of Borommakot. In 1746, his elder brother, Prince Thammathibet who had been appointed as the Front Palace, was beaten to death for his affair with one of Borommakot's concubines. Borommakot didn't appoint the new Front Palace as Kromm Khun Anurak Montri or Ekkathat, the next in succession line, was proved to be incompetent. In 1757, Borommakot finally decided to skip Anurak Montri altogether and made Uthumphon the Front Palace—becoming Kromma Khun Phon Phinit.
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Vajiralongkorn
Somdet Phra Boromma-orasathirat Chao Fa Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayammakutratchakuman (Thai: สมเด็จพระบรมโอรสาธิราช เจ้าฟ้ามหาวชิราลงกรณฯ สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร; RTGS: —Mahawachiralongkon—; Thai pronunciation: [má.hǎː wá.ʨʰí.rāː.lōŋ.kɔːn]; Literally: "Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, the Royal Son and Crown Prince of Siam") (born 28 July 1952) is the only son of Bhumibol Adulyadej, the King of Thailand, and Queen Sirikit. He is the current Crown Prince of Thailand and heir apparent to the throne.
In 1972, at the age of 20, the king gave him the title "Somdech Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman", making him the Crown Prince and heir-apparent to the throne. He later graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra, Australia. An officer in the Thai military, he trained with the Australian, British and United States armed services. He is a qualified military pilot and helicopter pilot. He took an active part in military operations against the Communist Party of Thailand during the 1970s, and also led combat operations against a Vietnamese military incursion across the border from Cambodia.
wn.com/Vajiralongkorn -
Vajiravudh
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramentharamaha Vajiravudh Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาวชิราวุธฯ พระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว), or Phra Bat Somdet Phra Ramathibodi Si Sintharamaha Vajiravudh Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีศรีสินทรมหาวชิราวุธฯ พระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว), or Rama VI (1 January 1881 – 25 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1910 until his death. King Vajiravudh is known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese nationalism. His reign was characterized by Siam's movement further towards democracy and minimal participation in World War I.
Prince Vajiravudh was born on 1 January 1881 to Chulalongkorn and one of his four queens, Saovabha. In 1888, upon coming of age, Vajiravudh received the title Krom Khun Thep Dvaravati. He was firstly educated in the Royal Palace in Siamese and English language. He continued his education in Britain, at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1891 and became part of Durham Light Infantry Regiment upon graduation. In 1894, his half-brother Crown Prince Vajirunhis died. Vajiravudh was then appointed the new Crown Prince of Siam. He studied in law and history at Christ Church, Oxford in 1899. However, he suffered the appendicitis that barred him from personally receiving the graduation in 1901.
wn.com/Vajiravudh -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] ( listen); born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician who has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008 and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, and again from 2008 to 2012. Putin also serves as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election; in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term. After his successor Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election, Putin was nominated by Medvedev to be Russia's Prime Minister; Putin took office on 8 May 2008 and a period of so-called "tandemocracy" followed. In September 2011, Putin and Medvedev agreed he should seek a third, non-consecutive term in the 2012 presidential election, which he won in the first round on 4 March 2012.
wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Yingluck Shinawatra
Yingluck Shinawatra (Thai: ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร, RTGS: Yinglak Chinnawat, Thai pronunciation: [jîŋ.lák tɕʰīn.nā.wát]; born 21 June 1967), or nickname Pu (Thai: ปู; Thai pronunciation: [pūː ]; "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman and politician, member of the Pheu Thai Party, who became the 28th and current Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 general election. Yingluck is Thailand's first female Prime Minister and at 44 is the youngest Prime Minister of Thailand in over 60 years.
Born in Chiang Mai province, Yingluck Shinawatra earned bachelor's degree from Chiang Mai University and master's degree from Kentucky State University, both in public administration. She became an executive in the businesses founded by her elder brother, Thaksin Shinawatra, and later became the president of property developer SC Asset and managing director of Advanced Info Service. Meanwhile, her brother Thaksin became Prime Minister, was overthrown in a military coup, and went into self-imposed exile after a tribunal convicted him of abuse of power.
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BBC - Soul of a Nation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:59
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Thailand's "Soul of the Nation" Documentary of "King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX of the Chakri dynasty of Siam" (The King of Thailand) -- original from www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/BBC_Soul_of_a_Nation
25MAY12 THAILAND ; Part 1 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:30
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_Part_1_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
25MAY12 THAILAND ; 9of9 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:44
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_9of9_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://wn.com/HM_The_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Analyst on Thailand's monarch.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
King Bhumibol Adulyadej addressed thousands of Thais in a rare appearance on Monday. The monarch who turns 84, has been ill and living in hospital. Thousands of the country's convicts will be released as part of the annual royal pardon to mark the royal's birthday but the fugitive ex-premier, Thaksin Shinawatra will not be on that list. Al Jazeera speaks to journalist and Southeast Asia analyst, Larry Jagan.
http://wn.com/Analyst_on_Thailand's_monarch
25MAY12 THAILAND ; Part 2 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:44
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_Part_2_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
Bhumibol Adulyadej - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:37
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; RTGS: Phumiphon Adunyadet; pronounced pʰuːmípʰon ʔàdunjádèːt ( listen); see full title below; born 5 December 1927) is the reigning King of Thailand. He is k... Bhumibol Adulyadej - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Bhumibol_Adulyadej_2010-9-29.jpg Image URL: en.wikipedia.org Licensed under:Creative Commons ASA 3.0, This work is in the public domain in the United States. Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org Licensed under:This image is ineligible for copyright and therefore is in the public domain, because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship., This work is in the Public Domain., This work is in the public domain in the United States. Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org Licensed under:This image is ineligible for copyright and therefore is in the public domain, because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship., This work is in the Public Domain., This work is in the public domain in the United States. Author: US CIA...
http://wn.com/Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Wiki_Article
25MAY12 THAILAND ; Part 3 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_Part_3_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
HMJ Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
for his 84 years old dedicated to his people with his brave love heart love live our beloved King
http://wn.com/HMJ_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Thailand
Bookcase_King Bhumibol Adulyadej : A Life's Work part2-1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
"Bookcase" is a new Asean TV program that examines the book world in Thailand and beyond through our talks with authors and those contributing to the progress of the literary world at large. It airs on True Vision 99, every Wednesday, 7.30pm. Check out www.aseantv.net.
http://wn.com/Bookcase_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_A_Life's_Work_part2-1
25MAY12 THAILAND ; Part 4 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:43
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_Part_4_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
25MAY12 THAILAND ; Part 5 ; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:58
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;_Part_5_;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
Bookcase_King Bhumibol Adulyadej : A Life's Work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:27
- Updated: 17 Feb 2012
Bookcase, a program that will present many appealing literacy works in various areas of interest in Thailand and Asean country. Broadcast on ASEAN TV (True vision 99) or www.aseantv.net, Wednesday 7.30 PM
http://wn.com/Bookcase_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_A_Life's_Work
König Bhumibol Adulyadej v. Thailand / พระ Bhumibol ของประเทศไทย
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:23
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
พระ Bhumibol ของประเทศไทย
http://wn.com/König_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_v_Thailand_พระ_Bhumibol_ของประเทศไทย
5DEC11 THAILAND ; Part 1; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Attends a Meeting to Take the Auspicious Victory Blessings for a Royal Ceremony of the 84th Royal Birthday Anniversary on Balcony in front of Grand Palace Chakri Mahaprasad Hall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:48
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/5DEC11_THAILAND_;_Part_1;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Attends_a_Meeting_to_Take_the_Auspicious_Victory_Blessings_for_a_Royal_Ceremony_of_the_84th_Royal_Birthday_Anniversary_on_Balcony_in_front_of_Grand_Palace_Chakri_Mahaprasad_Hall
60th Anniversary Celebration of King Bhumibol Adulyadej sucession to the trone,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:00
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
60th Anniversary Celebration of King Bhumibol Adulyadej sucession to the trone, The world's longest-serving Head of State. Thai Television
http://wn.com/60th_Anniversary_Celebration_of_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_sucession_to_the_trone,
25MAY12 THAILAND ;Part 6; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:05
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;Part_6;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
10AUG11 THAILAND's NEWS 1of9; PM Yingluck Leads Her New Cabinet to Take a Loyalty Oath to HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:42
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/10AUG11_THAILAND's_NEWS_1of9;_PM_Yingluck_Leads_Her_New_Cabinet_to_Take_a_Loyalty_Oath_to_HM_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
12JUN06 THAILAND ; 1of4 ; The Royal Barge Procession Glorified His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:49
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
The Royal Barge Procession Glorified The Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession to the Throne 2006.
http://wn.com/12JUN06_THAILAND_;_1of4_;_The_Royal_Barge_Procession_Glorified_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
25MAY12 THAILAND ;Part 7; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:13
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;Part_7;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
Ballet Improv to "Alexandra" - music composed by HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Performing at "Cornell Thai Festival" April 20, 2012 Clark Atrium, Physical Sciences BLDG Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Dancer: Tipaluck K. Pianist: Sra C. Music: "Alexandra" Composer: HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
http://wn.com/Ballet_Improv_to_Alexandra_music_composed_by_HM_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand
Coronation of HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
HM The King of Thailand's Speech
http://wn.com/Coronation_of_HM_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
25MAY12 THAILAND ;Part 8; His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Proceeds to Praise the Memorial of Queen Suriyothai at Ayutthaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/25MAY12_THAILAND_;Part_8;_His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Proceeds_to_Praise_the_Memorial_of_Queen_Suriyothai_at_Ayutthaya
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HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand! LONG LIVE THE KING!
http://wn.com/HM_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej - King of Thailand 65th anniversary - 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej celebrates his 65th Anniversary as King of Thailand. June 9, 2011. He is the world's longest serving head of state and the longest reigning monarch in Thai history. Enjoy this tribute of photos from his wonderful life. Happy 65th Anniversary Your Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Amazing Thailand. Long Live the King!
http://wn.com/His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_King_of_Thailand_65th_anniversary_2011
Long Live The King Of Siam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej is the ninth king of the Chakri Dynasty, which was founded in 1782 by King Rama I. His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, is the longest reigning king in the Thai history. His Majesty the King is well recognized as the heart and soul of the Thai nation. He is held in high esteem not only by his own subjects, but His Majesty also commands enormous respect from people in all parts of the world.
http://wn.com/Long_Live_The_King_Of_Siam
Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:08
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ Today, December the 5th 2007 is the 80th Birth Anniversary of the Thai Monarch. It was the first time I got the chance to see the Father of this great nation in flesh. I am disappointed in the fact that I didn't have my DSLR with me... but here is a video that i took from other camera. What you probably wont be able to notice is that His Majesty is seated towards the side from where I'm shooting and he had his hand up, waving to the crowd who were waiting to get a glimpse of The Father of the Nation for a long time. I counted about 40+ cars in the motorcade, the actual figures will probably be much higher. Being a foreigner in Thailand, it was an amazing moment for me.. I cant even imagine how the Thai people must have felt. LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ
http://wn.com/Thai_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
HMJ Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
for his 84 years old dedicated to his people with his brave love heart love live our beloved King
http://wn.com/HMJ_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Thailand
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand LONG LIVE KING
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 12 Mar 2011
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand King of the world's largest ever. LONG LIVE KING
http://wn.com/His_Majesty_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_of_Thailand_LONG_LIVE_KING
When (ไกลกังวล) His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Flute ensemble Siangnanachart live 2010 Music auditorium mahidol university
http://wn.com/When_ไกลกังวล_His_Majesty_the_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Mocca - Hungry Man's Blues (Live @ Hua Hin Jazz Festival)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
The music by HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej (The King of Thailand)
http://wn.com/Mocca_Hungry_Man's_Blues_Live_@_Hua_Hin_Jazz_Festival
A Tribute to HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Updated: 06 Aug 2011
Long Live His Majesty The King. The Kingdom's Celebrations to The King's 83rd Birthday
http://wn.com/A_Tribute_to_HM_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Long live the king
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
HM blue music HMK Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://wn.com/Long_live_the_king
Royal motorcade 2009 ( King Rama 9 and royal family )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:52
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Thai royal motorcade LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ What you probably wont be able to notice is that His Majesty is seated towards the side from where I'm shooting and he had his hand up, waving to the crowd who were waiting to get a glimpse of The Father of the Nation for a long time. I counted about 40+ cars in the motorcade, the actual figures will probably be much higher. Being a foreigner in Thailand, it was an amazing moment for me.. I cant even imagine how the Thai people must have felt. LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ
http://wn.com/Royal_motorcade_2009_King_Rama_9_and_royal_family_
LONG LIVE THE KING (HIS MAJESTY KING RAMA IX/BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ's 84th ROYAL BIRTHDAY)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 09 Dec 2011
Video created by Kuya Carlo Doller Pablico (Davao City, Philippines) King Rama IX/His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 84th Royal Birthday
http://wn.com/LONG_LIVE_THE_KING_HIS_MAJESTY_KING_RAMA_IX_BHUMIBOL_ADULYADEJ's_84th_ROYAL_BIRTHDAY
Blue Day - King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Gook Geng - clarinet Bryn - guitar
http://wn.com/Blue_Day_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
King Bhumibol Adulyadej ความฝันอันสูงสุด
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
The Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej Long Live the King..จะขอเป็นข้ารองพระบาททุกชาติไป
http://wn.com/King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_ความฝันอันสูงสุด
HMK Bhumibol Adulyadej's New Year 2011 Greeting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:14
- Updated: 04 Dec 2011
http://wn.com/HMK_Bhumibol_Adulyadej's_New_Year_2011_Greeting
Corazon Espinado By IQWAL (Live From Bangkok, Thailand)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
IQWAL represented Malaysia in ASEAN + 3 Concert For The King, Bangkok, Thailand. The concert was to celebrate the 60th Coronation Anniversary of the Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej coming to the throne.
http://wn.com/Corazon_Espinado_By_IQWAL_Live_From_Bangkok,_Thailand
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:43
- Updated: 04 May 2012
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej. A big Contest of Firework in Pattaya Thailand Thailand. Italy, USA, United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Japan, China, Australia and Germany just presented their best work in honor of His Majesty the King's 84th birthday December 5th. My Family and me had the honor to sit RIGHT in FRONT on the Beach and record ALL of the great Fireworks. Enjoy the Show. LONG LIVE THE KING
http://wn.com/BIGGEST_Firework_showed_in_Pattaya_Thailand_for_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
1. Monarchy of Thailand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Long Live the Monarchy of Thailand!!! : The Monarchy fights for people Thai Monarchy and the events in reigns of King Mongkut,King Chulalongkorn,King Prajadhipok,King Ananda Mahidol and King Bhumibol Adulyadej: Franco-Siamese War Siamese revolution of 1932 King Bhumibol's coronation The 1973 democracy movement Black May (1992) The Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession to the Throne 2006 2008--2010 Thai political crisis 2010 Thai political protests The Celebration on the Auspicious Occasion of His Majesty the King's 7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary, 5th December 2011
http://wn.com/1_Monarchy_of_Thailand
Royal motorcade 2006 ( King Rama 9 and royal family )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Royal motorcade 2006 ( King Rama 9 and royal family ) the 60th Anniversary of Our beloved King's Accession to the throne June 9 , 2006 LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ
http://wn.com/Royal_motorcade_2006_King_Rama_9_and_royal_family_
เกาะในฝัน (Dream Island) His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Flute ensemble Siangnanachart live 2010 Music auditorium mahidol university
http://wn.com/เกาะในฝัน_Dream_Island_His_Majesty_the_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
ยามเย็น (Love at Sundown) His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 17 Jan 2012
Flute ensemble Siangnanachart live 2010 Music auditorium mahidol university
http://wn.com/ยามเย็น_Love_at_Sundown_His_Majesty_the_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Long Live the King
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 20 May 2012
In Thailand, Father's Day is set as the birthday of the King. December 5 is the birthday of the current king, Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) " King of King " 5 Dec.2011 I recorded from my Sony compact cam on TV maybe not clear not the best photograph but fulled with emotion of love from Thai people to their King. Sommy
http://wn.com/Long_Live_the_King
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej _part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:11
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej. A big Contest of Firework in Pattaya Thailand Thailand. Italy, USA, United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Japan, China, Australia and Germany just presented their best work in honor of His Majesty the King's 84th birthday December 5th. My Family and me had the honor to sit RIGHT in FRONT on the Beach and record ALL of the great Fireworks. Enjoy LONG LIVE THE KING
http://wn.com/BIGGEST_Firework_showed_in_Pattaya_Thailand_for_King_Bhumibol_Adulyadej_part2
2:01
HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand! LONG LIVE THE KING!...
published: 21 Sep 2008
author: Caramba1994
HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
King Bhumibol Adulyadej from Thailand! LONG LIVE THE KING!
- published: 21 Sep 2008
- views: 17538
- author: Caramba1994
2:20
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej - King of Thailand 65th anniversary - 2011
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej celebrates his 65th Anniversary as King of Thailand. J...
published: 08 Jun 2011
author: thaiangelschannel
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej - King of Thailand 65th anniversary - 2011
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej celebrates his 65th Anniversary as King of Thailand. June 9, 2011. He is the world's longest serving head of state and the longest reigning monarch in Thai history. Enjoy this tribute of photos from his wonderful life. Happy 65th Anniversary Your Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Amazing Thailand. Long Live the King!
- published: 08 Jun 2011
- views: 6037
- author: thaiangelschannel
4:39
Long Live The King Of Siam
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej is the ninth king of the Chakri Dynasty, which was fou...
published: 30 Jul 2009
author: zajiri051234
Long Live The King Of Siam
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej is the ninth king of the Chakri Dynasty, which was founded in 1782 by King Rama I. His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, is the longest reigning king in the Thai history. His Majesty the King is well recognized as the heart and soul of the Thai nation. He is held in high esteem not only by his own subjects, but His Majesty also commands enormous respect from people in all parts of the world.
- published: 30 Jul 2009
- views: 9723
- author: zajiri051234
0:08
Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej
LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ Today, December the 5th 2007 is the 80th Bir...
published: 05 Dec 2007
author: Sajal Kayan
Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej
LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ Today, December the 5th 2007 is the 80th Birth Anniversary of the Thai Monarch. It was the first time I got the chance to see the Father of this great nation in flesh. I am disappointed in the fact that I didn't have my DSLR with me... but here is a video that i took from other camera. What you probably wont be able to notice is that His Majesty is seated towards the side from where I'm shooting and he had his hand up, waving to the crowd who were waiting to get a glimpse of The Father of the Nation for a long time. I counted about 40+ cars in the motorcade, the actual figures will probably be much higher. Being a foreigner in Thailand, it was an amazing moment for me.. I cant even imagine how the Thai people must have felt. LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ
- published: 05 Dec 2007
- views: 66033
- author: Sajal Kayan
5:12
HMJ Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand
for his 84 years old dedicated to his people with his brave love heart love live our belov...
published: 05 Dec 2011
author: siriporn1968
HMJ Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand
for his 84 years old dedicated to his people with his brave love heart love live our beloved King
- published: 05 Dec 2011
- views: 1870
- author: siriporn1968
1:52
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand LONG LIVE KING
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand King of the world's largest ever. LONG LIV...
published: 03 Dec 2010
author: profthai
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand LONG LIVE KING
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand King of the world's largest ever. LONG LIVE KING
- published: 03 Dec 2010
- views: 350
- author: profthai
2:51
When (ไกลกังวล) His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Flute ensemble Siangnanachart live 2010 Music auditorium mahidol university...
published: 29 Aug 2011
author: siangnanachart
When (ไกลกังวล) His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Flute ensemble Siangnanachart live 2010 Music auditorium mahidol university
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 625
- author: siangnanachart
3:49
Mocca - Hungry Man's Blues (Live @ Hua Hin Jazz Festival)
The music by HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej (The King of Thailand)...
published: 06 Nov 2009
author: swingingfriends
Mocca - Hungry Man's Blues (Live @ Hua Hin Jazz Festival)
The music by HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej (The King of Thailand)
- published: 06 Nov 2009
- views: 5034
- author: swingingfriends
10:08
A Tribute to HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Long Live His Majesty The King. The Kingdom's Celebrations to The King's 83rd Birthday...
published: 05 Dec 2010
author: Suthep Pornpitaksuk
A Tribute to HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
Long Live His Majesty The King. The Kingdom's Celebrations to The King's 83rd Birthday
- published: 05 Dec 2010
- views: 259
- author: Suthep Pornpitaksuk
4:05
Long live the king
HM blue music HMK Bhumibol Adulyadej...
published: 20 Nov 2007
author: sayhialways
Long live the king
HM blue music HMK Bhumibol Adulyadej
- published: 20 Nov 2007
- views: 5533
- author: sayhialways
10:52
Royal motorcade 2009 ( King Rama 9 and royal family )
Thai royal motorcade LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ What you probably wont ...
published: 11 Aug 2010
author: Surapong Sitthijinda
Royal motorcade 2009 ( King Rama 9 and royal family )
Thai royal motorcade LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ What you probably wont be able to notice is that His Majesty is seated towards the side from where I'm shooting and he had his hand up, waving to the crowd who were waiting to get a glimpse of The Father of the Nation for a long time. I counted about 40+ cars in the motorcade, the actual figures will probably be much higher. Being a foreigner in Thailand, it was an amazing moment for me.. I cant even imagine how the Thai people must have felt. LONG LIVE HIS MAJESTY KING BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ
- published: 11 Aug 2010
- views: 14789
- author: Surapong Sitthijinda
0:33
LONG LIVE THE KING (HIS MAJESTY KING RAMA IX/BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ's 84th ROYAL BIRTHDAY)
Video created by Kuya Carlo Doller Pablico (Davao City, Philippines) King Rama IX/His Maje...
published: 09 Dec 2011
author: mastercarlo1995
LONG LIVE THE KING (HIS MAJESTY KING RAMA IX/BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ's 84th ROYAL BIRTHDAY)
Video created by Kuya Carlo Doller Pablico (Davao City, Philippines) King Rama IX/His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 84th Royal Birthday
- published: 09 Dec 2011
- views: 46
- author: mastercarlo1995
4:14
King Bhumibol Adulyadej ความฝันอันสูงสุด
The Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej Long Live the King..จะขอเป็นข้ารองพระบาททุกชาติไป...
published: 08 Apr 2007
author: suthida chamrat
King Bhumibol Adulyadej ความฝันอันสูงสุด
The Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej Long Live the King..จะขอเป็นข้ารองพระบาททุกชาติไป
- published: 08 Apr 2007
- views: 161078
- author: suthida chamrat
Vimeo results:
5:09
Bhumibol Adulyadej 3 3
stop112...
published: 11 Aug 2012
author: stoplese majeste
Bhumibol Adulyadej 3 3
stop112
5:15
Bhumibol Adulyadej 2 3
stop 112...
published: 11 Aug 2012
author: stoplese majeste
Bhumibol Adulyadej 2 3
stop 112
9:02
Bhumibol Adulyadej 1 3
stop 112...
published: 11 Aug 2012
author: stoplese majeste
Bhumibol Adulyadej 1 3
stop 112
22:34
Jaojai_Smile teeth from H.M.K. Bhumibol Adulyadej
"Smile tooth project"= Thai dental implant
from The dentist team who inspired by
H.M.K. B...
published: 23 Dec 2010
author: dentyomaraj
Jaojai_Smile teeth from H.M.K. Bhumibol Adulyadej
"Smile tooth project"= Thai dental implant
from The dentist team who inspired by
H.M.K. Bhumibol Adulyadej's words.
Youtube results:
4:22
Corazon Espinado By IQWAL (Live From Bangkok, Thailand)
IQWAL represented Malaysia in ASEAN + 3 Concert For The King, Bangkok, Thailand. The conce...
published: 23 Aug 2010
author: IQWAL1MALAYSIA
Corazon Espinado By IQWAL (Live From Bangkok, Thailand)
IQWAL represented Malaysia in ASEAN + 3 Concert For The King, Bangkok, Thailand. The concert was to celebrate the 60th Coronation Anniversary of the Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej coming to the throne.
- published: 23 Aug 2010
- views: 2582
- author: IQWAL1MALAYSIA
12:43
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej. A big Contest of ...
published: 18 Dec 2011
author: SamphaiBusiness
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej
BIGGEST Firework showed in Pattaya Thailand for King Bhumibol Adulyadej. A big Contest of Firework in Pattaya Thailand Thailand. Italy, USA, United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Japan, China, Australia and Germany just presented their best work in honor of His Majesty the King's 84th birthday December 5th. My Family and me had the honor to sit RIGHT in FRONT on the Beach and record ALL of the great Fireworks. Enjoy the Show. LONG LIVE THE KING
- published: 18 Dec 2011
- views: 418
- author: SamphaiBusiness
3:07
1. Monarchy of Thailand
Long Live the Monarchy of Thailand!!! : The Monarchy fights for people Thai Monarchy and t...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: novaskosia
1. Monarchy of Thailand
Long Live the Monarchy of Thailand!!! : The Monarchy fights for people Thai Monarchy and the events in reigns of King Mongkut,King Chulalongkorn,King Prajadhipok,King Ananda Mahidol and King Bhumibol Adulyadej: Franco-Siamese War Siamese revolution of 1932 King Bhumibol's coronation The 1973 democracy movement Black May (1992) The Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession to the Throne 2006 2008--2010 Thai political crisis 2010 Thai political protests The Celebration on the Auspicious Occasion of His Majesty the King's 7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary, 5th December 2011
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 501
- author: novaskosia
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
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Photo: UN / Evan Schneider
20 Nov 2012
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CNTV
BANGKOK, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrived here Tuesday night for an official visit to Thailand. As two friendly neighbors, China and Thailand have maintained stable and healthy relations and conducted fruitful cooperation in various fields, which have benefited the two peoples,...(size: 5.7Kb)
Chinese premier visits Thailand to boost ties
20 Nov 2012
North Jersey
BANGKOK (AP) — Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao has begun a two-day visit to Thailand as part of a regional tour before he steps down next year....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Washington Post
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>Chinese premier visits Thailand to boost ties
20 Nov 2012
Seattle Post
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20 Nov 2012
The Independent
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Scoop
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NZ Herald
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Deccan Herald
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The Washington Post
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19 Nov 2012
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post
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The Examiner
Related topics Top News TopicsBarack ObamaAsian trip Advertisement President Barack Obama completed the first leg of his Asian trip and the first stop on the trip was in Thailand. President Barack Obama of the United States of America and Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand released a...(size: 12.3Kb)
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช; RTGS: Phumiphon Adunyadet; pronounced [pʰūː.mí.pʰōn ʔà.dūn.jā.dèːt] ( listen); see full title below; born 5 December 1927) is the current Monarch of Thailand. He is known as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.[1]
Although Bhumibol is legally a constitutional monarch, he has made several decisive interventions in the Thai political sphere. He was credited with facilitating Thailand's transition to democracy in the 1990s, although he has supported numerous military regimes, including Sarit Dhanarajata's during the 1960s and the Council for National Security in 2006–8. During his long reign, he has authorized over 15 coups, 16 constitutions, and 27 changes of prime ministers.[2] He has also used his influence to stop military coups, including attempts in 1981 and 1985. Bhumibol is advised by a hand-picked Privy Council.
Bhumibol is respected[3][4] and revered by many Thais.[5] He is, by law passed by the Thai parliament, considered "inviolable" and lèse majesté, i.e. offence against the dignity of the monarch, may be punished.[5] In 1957, the overthrow of the government was justified with allegations of lese majeste.[6][7] Bhumibol however invited public criticism in a 2005 speech.[8]
Bhumibol is credited with a social-economic theory of self-sufficiency. His personal wealth is tremendous: Forbes estimated Bhumibol's personal fortune, including property managed by the Crown Property Bureau which is considered national property,[9] to be US$30 billion in 2010, and he has been consistently placed at number one of the magazine's list of "The World's Richest Royals".[10][11] The Crown Property Bureau spends money on public welfare such as youth development, however it does not pay taxes and its finances are reported only to Bhumibol.[12] Bhumibol himself has made donations to numerous development projects in Thailand, in areas including agriculture, environment, public health, occupational promotion, water resources, communications and public welfare.[13] Commemoration of Bhumibol's contributions to Thailand are ubiquitous in the Thai media.[14]
Early life[link]
He was born at the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States on 5 December 1927.[15] He was the younger son of HRH Prince Mahidol Adulyadej and Mom Sangwan (later HRH Princess Srinagarindra, the Princess Mother: Somdet Phra Si Nakharinthra Boromaratchachonnani). His name, Bhumibol Adulyadej, means "Strength of the Land, Incomparable Power".[16] His father was enrolled in the Public Health program at Harvard University, hence his unusual place of birth for a monarch.
He came to Thailand in 1928, after Prince Mahidol obtained a certificate from Harvard. He briefly attended Mater Dei school in Bangkok but in 1933 his mother took the family to Switzerland, where he continued his education at the Ecole Nouvelle de la Suisse Romande in Lausanne. He received the baccalauréat des lettres (high-school diploma with major in French literature, Latin, and Greek) from the Gymnase Classique Cantonal of Lausanne, and by 1945 had begun studying science at the University of Lausanne, when World War II ended and the family returned to Thailand.[17]
Succession and marriage[link]
| Thai Royal Family |
|---|
 |
|
HM The King
|
Bhumibol ascended the throne following the death by gunshot wound of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, on 9 June 1946, in mysterious circumstances.[18] Bhumibol returned to Switzerland in order to complete his education, and his uncle, Rangsit, Prince of Chainat, was appointed Prince Regent. Bhumibol then switched over his field of study to law and political science.
While finishing his degree in Switzerland, Bhumibol visited Paris frequently. It was in Paris that he first met Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, daughter of the Thai ambassador to France.[19]
On 4 October 1948, while Bhumibol was driving a Fiat Topolino on the Geneva-Lausanne road, he collided with the rear of a braking truck 10 km outside of Lausanne. He hurt his back and incurred cuts on his face that cost him the sight of his right eye.[20][21] While he was hospitalised in Lausanne, Sirikit visited him frequently. She met his mother, who asked her to continue her studies nearby so that Bhumibol could get to know her better. Bhumibol selected for her a boarding school in Lausanne, Riante Rive. A quiet engagement in Lausanne followed on 19 July 1949, and the couple were married on 28 April 1950, just a week before his coronation.
Bhumibol and his wife Queen Sirikit have four children:
- (Formerly HRH) Princess Ubol Ratana, born 5 April 1951 in Lausanne, Switzerland;
- HRH The Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, born 28 July 1952;
- HRH The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, born 2 April 1955;
- HRH The Princess Chulabhorn Walailak, born 4 July 1957.
One of Bhumibol's grandchildren, Bhumi Jensen, was killed in the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. He was the autistic son of Princess Ubol Ratana.[22]
Coronation and titles[link]
Bhumibol was crowned King of Thailand on 5 May 1950 at the Royal Palace in Bangkok where he pledged that he would "reign with righteousness for the benefit and happiness of the Siamese people" ("เราจะครองแผ่นดินโดยธรรม เพื่อประโยชน์สุขแห่งมหาชนชาวสยาม").[23] Notable elements associated with the coronation included the Bahadrabith Throne beneath the Great White Umbrella of State; and he was presented with the royal regalia and utensils.[24]
In 1950 on Coronation Day, Bhumibol's consort was made Queen (Somdej Phra Boromarajini). The date of his coronation is celebrated each 5 May in Thailand as Coronation Day, a public holiday. On 9 June 2006, Bhumibol celebrated his 60th anniversary as the King of Thailand, becoming the longest reigning monarch in Thai history.
Following the death of his grandmother Queen Savang Vadhana, Bhumibol entered a 15-day monkhood (22 October 1956 – 5 November 1956) at Wat Bowonniwet, as is customary for Buddhist males on the death of elder relatives.[25] During this time, Sirikit was appointed his regent. She was later appointed Queen Regent (Somdej Phra Boromarajininat) in recognition of this.
Although Bhumibol is sometimes referred to as King Rama IX in English, Thais refer to him as Nai Luang or Phra Chao Yu Hua (ในหลวง or พระเจ้าอยู่หัว: both mean "the King" or "Lord Upon our Heads"). He is also called Chao Chiwit ("Lord of Life").[26] Formally, he would be referred to as Phrabat Somdej Phra Chao Yu Hua (พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว) or, in legal documents, Phrabat Somdej Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช), and in English as His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. He signs his name as ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช ป.ร. (Bhumibol Adulyadej Por Ror; this is the Thai equivalent of Bhumibol Adulyadej R[ex]).
Role in Thai politics[link]
Plaek Pibulsonggram era[link]
File:PPS.JPG
Marshal and Mrs. Pibulsonggram with Eleanor Roosevelt
In the early years of his reign, during the government of military dictator Plaek Pibulsonggram, Bhumibol had no real power and was little more than a ceremonial figure under the military-dominated government. In August 1957, 6 months after parliamentary elections, General Sarit Dhanarajata accused the government of Field Marshal Pibulsonggram of lèse majesté due to its conduct of the 2,500th anniversary celebration of Buddhism.[27][7] On 16 September 1957, Pibulsonggram went to Bhumibol to seek support for his government.[28] Bhumibol told the Field Marshal to resign to avoid a coup; Pibulsonggram refused. That evening, Sarit Dhanarajata seized power, and two hours later Bhumibol imposed martial law throughout the Kingdom.[29] Bhumibol issued a Proclamation appointing Sarit as "Military Defender of the Capital" without anyone countersigning this Proclamation. It included the following statements:[30]
| “ | Whereas it appears that the public administration of the government under the premiership of Field Marshal P. Phibunsonggram is untrustworthy, and that it could not maintain the public order, the military, led by Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarajata, has successfully taken over the public administration and now acts as the Military Defender of the Capital. I, hereby, appoint Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarajata as the Military Defender of the Capital, and command that all the citizens shall remain calm while all the public servants shall serve the orders issued by Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarajat. This Proclamation shall come into force immediately. Done this 16th Day of September, Buddhist Era 2500 (1957). | ” |
Sarit Dhanarajata era[link]
During Sarit's dictatorship, the monarchy was revitalised. Bhumibol attended public ceremonies, toured the provinces and patronised development projects. Under Sarit, the practice of crawling in front of royalty during audiences, banned by King Chulalongkorn, was revived in certain situations and the royal-sponsored Thammayut Nikaya order was revitalised. For the first time since the absolute monarchy was overthrown, a king was conveyed up the Chao Phraya River in a Royal Barge Procession to offer robes at temples.[31][32]
Other disused ceremonies from the classical period of the Chakri dynasty, such as the royally-patronised ploughing ceremony (Thai: พิธีพืชมงคล), were also revived.[33] Bhumibol's birthday (5 December) was declared the national day, replacing the previous national day, the anniversary of the Siamese Revolution of 1932 (24 June).[34] Upon Sarit's death in 8 December 1963, an unprecedented 21 days of mourning were declared in the palace. A royal five-tier umbrella shaded his body while it lay in state. Long-time royal adviser Phraya Srivisarn Vacha later noted that no Prime Minister ever had such an intimate relationship with Bhumibol as Sarit.[35]
Contemporary thinkers differ in their views about the relationship between Bhumibol and Sarit. Paul Handley, writer of The King Never Smiles views Sarit as Bhumibol's tool, whereas political scientist Thak Chaloemtiarana asserts that Sarit used Bhumibol in order to build his own credibility.[36][37]
Thanom Kittikachorn era and short democratic phase[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2012) |
Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn was appointed premier a day after Sarit's death in 1963. He continued most of Sarit's policies for a decade. In October 1973 after massive protests and the deaths of a large number of pro-democracy demonstrators, Bhumibol opened the gates of the Chitralada Palace to fleeing protesters, and held an audience with student leaders. Bhumibol subsequently appointed the Thammasat University Rector Sanya Dharmasakti as the new Prime Minister, replacing Thanom. Thanom subsequently moved to the United States and Singapore. A succession of civilian governments followed, but the return of Field Marshal Thanom and his ordination as a novice monk at Wat Bowonniwet in 1976 led to renewed conflict, culminating in the 6 October 1976 Massacre at Thammasat University by royalist paramilitary forces.
Prem Tinsulanond era[link]
The ensuing chaos was used as a pretext for a military coup. The junta submitted three names to the king to choose from to become the next Premier: Deputy President of the king's Privy Council Prakob Hutasingh, right-wing Bangkok Governor Thamnoon Thien-ngern, and conservative Supreme Court judge Tanin Kraivixien.[38] Bhumibol chose Tanin as the most suitable. However, Tanin proved to be very right-wing himself, causing student protesters to flee to join the communists in the jungle. Tanin was himself overthrown in a military coup in October 1977 led by General Kriangsak Chomanan. Kriangsak was succeeded in 1980 by the popular Army Commander-in-Chief, General Prem Tinsulanond, later the Privy Council President.
Bhumibol's refusal to endorse military coups in 1981 (the April Fool's Day coup) and 1985 (the Share Rebellion) ultimately led to the victory of forces loyal to the government, despite some violence – including in 1981, the seizure of Bangkok by rebel forces. The coups led many to believe that Bhumibol had misjudged Thai society and that his credibility as an impartial mediator between various political and military factions had been compromised.[39][40][41]
Crisis of 1992[link]
File:Black May Thailand.jpg
Royal intervention on the night of 20 May. Chamlong Srimuang (left) and Suchinda Kraprayoon (middle) submit to the King (seated).
Main article: Black May (1992)
In 1992, Bhumibol played a key role in Thailand's transition to a democratic system. A coup on 23 February 1991 returned Thailand back under military dictatorship. After a general election in 1992, the majority parties invited General Suchinda Kraprayoon, a leader of the coup group, to be the Prime Minister. This caused much dissent, which escalated into demonstrations that led to a large number of deaths when the military was brought in to control the protesters. The situation became increasingly critical as police and military forces clashed with the protesters. Violence and riot spread out in many areas of the capital with rumours of a rift among the armed forces.[42]
Amidst the fear of civil war, Bhumibol intervened. He summoned Suchinda and the leader of the pro-democracy movement, retired Major General Chamlong Srimuang, to a televised audience, urged them to find a peaceful resolution. At the height of the crisis, the sight of both men appearing together on their knees (in accordance with royal protocol) made a strong impression on the nation, and led to Suchinda's resignation soon afterwards.
It was one of the few occasions in which Bhumibol directly and publicly intervened in a political conflict. A general election was held shortly afterward, leading to a civilian government.[43]
2003 War on Drugs[link]
In his 4 December 2002 speech on the eve of his birthday, King Bhumibol spoke about the rise in drug use, the high social costs and deaths caused by drugs, and called for a "War on Drugs."[44] Privy Councillor General Phichit Kunlawanit called on the Thaksin Shinawatra government to use its majority in parliament to establish a special court to deal with drug dealers, stating that “if we execute 60,000 the land will rise and our descendants will escape bad karma”.[45]
On 14 January 2003, Thaksin launched a campaign to rid "every square inch of the country" of drugs.[46] His War on Drugs campaign consisted of setting provincial arrest and seizure targets including "blacklists", awarding government officials for achieving targets and threatening punishment for those who failed to make the quota, targeting dealers, and "ruthless" implementation. In the first three months, Human Rights Watch reported that 2,275 people were killed, almost double the number normally killed in drug-related violence.[47] Human rights critics claimed a large number were extrajudicially executed.[48][49] The War on Drugs was widely criticized by the international community.[50]
According to the Narcotics Control Board, the campaign was effective in reducing drug consumption, especially in schools.[51] The War on Drugs was one of the most popular policies of the Thaksin government. Bhumibol, in a 2003 birthday speech, praised Thaksin and criticized those who counted only dead drug dealers while ignoring deaths caused by drugs.[52]
"ไอ้การชัยชนะของการปราบไอ้ยาเสพติดนี่ ดีที่ปราบ แล้วก็ที่เขาตำหนิบอกว่า เอ้ย คนตาย ตั้ง ๒,๕๐๐ คน อะไรนั่น เรื่องเล็ก ๒,๕๐๐ คน ถ้านายกฯ ไม่ได้ทำ นายกฯ ไม่ได้ทำ ทุกปี ๆ จดไว้นะ มีมากกว่า ๒,๕๐๐ คนที่ตาย" "Victory in the War on Drugs is good. They may blame the crackdown for more than 2,500 deaths, but this is a small price to pay. If the prime minister failed to curb [the drug trade], over the years the number of deaths would easily surpass this toll.[53] "
Bhumibol also asked the commander of the police to investigate the killings.[54] Police Commander Sant Sarutanond reopened investigations into the deaths, and again claimed that few of the deaths were at the hands of the police.
After the 2006 coup, the military junta appointed a committee led by former Attorney General Kanit Na Nakorn to investigate deaths in the War on Drugs.[55] The committee found no evidence linking Thaksin or members of his government to any extrajudicial killings. However, critics claimed that the true findings of the committee were suppressed.[56]
While he was opposition leader, Abhisit Vejjajiva accused Thaksin of crimes against humanity for the War on Drugs. After he became Prime Minister, Abhisit opened an investigation led by former attorney-general Kampee Kaewcharoen, claiming that a successful probe could lead to prosecution by the International Criminal Court.[47][57][58] As of the August 2011 parliamentary elections, Abhisit's investigation failed to find or publicize any evidence linking Thaksin or members of his Government to any extrajudicial killings.
Crisis of 2005–2006 and the September 2006 coup[link]
Background to the coup[link]
See also: Thailand political crisis 2005-2006
Weeks before the April 2006 legislative election, the Democrat Party-led opposition and the People's Alliance for Democracy petitioned Bhumibol to appoint a replacement prime minister and cabinet. Demands for royal intervention met with much criticism from the public. Bhumibol, in a speech on 26 April 2006, responded, "Asking for a Royally-appointed prime minister is undemocratic. It is, pardon me, a mess. It is irrational".[59]
After publicly claiming victory in the boycotted April parliamentary elections, Thaksin Shinawatra had a private audience with the king. A few hours later, Thaksin appeared on national television to announce that he would be taking a break from politics.
In May 2006, the Sondhi Limthongkul-owned Manager Daily newspaper published a series of articles describing the "Finland Plot", alleging that Thaksin and former members of the Communist Party of Thailand planned to overthrow the king and seize control of the nation. No evidence was ever produced to verify the existence of such a plot, and Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai party vehemently denied the accusations and sued the accusers.
In a rare, televised speech to senior judges, Bhumibol requested the judiciary to take action to resolve the political crisis.[59] On 8 May 2006, the Constitutional Court invalidated the results of the April elections and ordered new elections scheduled for 15 October 2006.[60] The Criminal Court later jailed the Election Commissioners.[61][62]
On 14 July 2006, Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda addressed graduating cadets of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, telling them that the Thai military must serve the King – not the Government.[63]
On 20 July, Bhumibol signed a royal decree endorsing new House elections for 15 October 2006. In an unprecedented act, the King wrote a note on the royal decree calling for a clean and fair election. That very day, Bhumibol underwent spinal surgery.[64]
The coup[link]
See also: 2006 Thailand coup
In the evening of 19 September, the Thai military overthrew the Thaksin government and seized control of Bangkok in a bloodless coup. The junta, led by the Sonthi Boonyaratglin, Commander of the Army, called itself the Council for Democratic Reform under the Constitutional Monarchy, accused the deposed prime minister and his regime of many crimes, including lèse majesté, and pledged its loyalty to Bhumibol. Martial law was declared, the Constitution repealed and the October elections cancelled. Protests and political meetings were banned.[65] On 20 September, Bhumibol endorsed the coup, and ordered civil servants to take orders from Sonthi.
The King's role in the coup was the subject of much speculation among Thai analysts and the international media, although publication of such speculation was banned in Thailand. The King had an audience with Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda at the same time as the First Special Forces were ordered mobilised.[66] Anti-coup protesters claimed that Prem was a key mastermind of the coup, although the military claimed otherwise and banned any discussion of the topic. In a BBC interview, Thitinan Pongsudhirak of Chulalongkorn University noted, "This coup was nothing short of Thaksin versus the King... He is widely seen as having implicitly endorsed the coup." In the same interview, social critic Sulak Sivaraksa claimed, "Without his involvement, the coup would have been impossible." Sulak added that the King is "very skillful. He never becomes obviously involved. If this coup goes wrong, Sonthi will get the blame, but whatever happens, the King will only get praise."[67] On Saturday 23 September 2006, the junta warned they would "urgently retaliate against foreign reporters whose coverage has been deemed insulting to the monarchy."[68] The President of Bhumibol's Privy Council, General Prem Tinsulanonda, supported the coup. The junta later appointed Privy Council member General Surayud Chulanont as Prime Minister.
On 20 April 2009, Thaksin claimed in an interview with the Financial Times that Bhumibol had been briefed by Privy Councillors Prem Tinsulanonda and Surayud Chulanont about their plans to stage the 2006 coup. He claimed that General Panlop Pinmanee, a leader of the People's Alliance for Democracy, had told him of the briefing.[69][70] The Thai embassy in London denied Thaksin's claims.
After the coup[link]
The junta appointed a Constitutional Tribunal to rule on the alleged poll fraud cases concerning the Thai Rak Thai and Democrat political parties. Guilty rulings would have dissolved both parties, Thailand's largest and oldest, respectively, and banned the parties' leadership from politics for five years. The weeks leading up to the verdicts saw rising political tensions. On 24 May 2007, about a week before the scheduled verdict, Bhumibol gave a rare speech to the Supreme Administrative Court (the President of which is also a member of the Constitutional Tribunal). "You have the responsibility to prevent the country from collapsing," he warned them in the speech, which was shown on all national television channels simultaneously during the evening. “The nation needs political parties.... In my mind, I have a judgment but I cannot say," he said. "Either way the ruling goes, it will be bad for the country, there will be mistakes."[71][72][73] The Tribunal later acquitted the Democrat Party but dissolved the Thai Rak Thai party and banned 111 of its executives from politics for five years.
The junta-appointed Constitution Drafting Assembly later tried to use the King in a propaganda campaign to increase public support for its widely criticised draft constitution. The CDA placed billboards saying, "Love the King. Care about the King. Vote in the referendum. throughout the Northeast of Thailand, where opposition to the junta was greatest.[74]
2008 crisis[link]
Main article: 2008–2010 Thai political crisis
The military's constitution passed the referendum, and general election was held in December 2007. The People's Power Party, consisting of many former Thai Rak Thai Party MPs and supporters, won the majority and formed a government.[75] The People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) refused to accept the election results and started protests, eventually laying siege to Government House, Don Muang Airport, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Although the PAD claimed they were defending the monarchy, Bhumibol remained silent. However, after a PAD supporter died in a clash with police, Queen Sirikit presided over her cremation. Princess Sirindhorn, when asked at a US press conference whether the PAD was acting on behalf of the monarchy, replied, "I don't think so. They do things for themselves."[76] Questioning and criticism over Bhumibol's role in the crisis increased, particularly from the international press.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83] “It is more and more difficult for them to hold the illusion that the monarchy is universally adored,” says a Thai academic.[84]
In April 2008, Bhumibol appointed alleged coup plotter General Surayud Chulanont to Privy Council of Thailand. In the weeks leading up to 2011 general election, Bhumibol appointed Air Chief Marshal Chalit Pukbhasuk, a leader of the 2006 military coup, to his Privy Council.[85]
Bhumibol was admitted to Siriraj Hospital in September 2009 for flu and pneumonia.[86] Rumors about his ill-health caused Thai financial markets to tumble in October 2009.[87]
Royal powers[link]
Constitutional powers[link]
- For a historical perspective on how Bhumibol's constitutional powers have changed over time, see the Constitutions of Thailand article
Bhumibol retains enormous powers, partly because of his immense popularity and partly because his powers – although clearly defined in the Thai constitution – are often subject to conflicting interpretations. This was highlighted by the controversy surrounding the appointment of Jaruvan Maintaka as Auditor-General. Jaruvavn had been appointed by The State Audit Commission. However, the Constitutional Court ruled in July 2004 that her appointment was unconstitutional. Jaruvan refused to vacate her office without an explicit order from Bhumibol, on the grounds that she had previously been royally approved. When the Senate elected a replacement for Jaruvan, Bhumibol refused to approve him.[88] The Senate declined to vote to override Bhumibol's veto.[89] Finally in February 2006 the Audit Commission reinstated Jaruvan when it became clear from a memo from the Office of the King's Principal Private Secretary that King Bhumibol supported her appointment.
Bhumibol has vetoed legislation very rarely. In 1976, when the Parliament voted 149–19 to extend democratic elections down to district levels, Bhumibol refused to sign the law.[90] The Parliament refused to vote to overturn the King's veto. In 1954, Bhumibol vetoed parliamentary-approved land reform legislation twice before consenting to sign it.[91] The law limited the maximum land an individual could hold to 50 rai (80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft)), at a time when the Crown Property Bureau was the Kingdom's largest land-owner. The law was not enforced as General Sarit soon overthrew the elected government in a coup and repealed the law.
Bhumibol has the constitutional prerogative to pardon criminals, although there are several criteria for receiving a pardon, including age and remaining sentence. The 2006 pardoning of several convicted paedophiles, including an Australian rapist and child pornographer, caused controversy.[92][93][94] However under the Thailand Constitution, the King has the prerogative to grant a pardon and all laws, Royal Prescripts and Royal Commands relating to State affairs must be countersigned by a Minister unless otherwise provided in this Constitution. The pardon list is created and proposed by the government official, which was under the Shinawatra's 2006 government.
Network monarchy and extraconstitutional powers[link]
Several academics outside of Thailand, including Duncan McCargo and Federico Ferrara have noted the active political involvement of Bhumibol through a "network monarchy," whose most significant proxy is Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanond. McCargo claimed that Bhumibol's deeply conservative network worked behind the scenes to establish political influence in the 1990s, but was deeply threatened by the landslide election victories of Thaksin Shinawatra in 2001 and 2005.[95] Ferrara claimed, shortly before the Thai Supreme Court delivered its verdict to seize Thaksin Shinawatra's assets, that the judiciary was a well-established part of Bhumibol's network and represented his main avenue to exercise extra-constitutional prerogatives despite having the appearance of being constitutional. He also noted how, in comparison to the Constitutional Court's 2001 acquittal of Thaksin, the judiciary was a much more important part of the "network" than it was in the past.[96]
The network's ability to exercise power is based partly on Bhumibol's popularity and strict control of Bhumibol's popular image. Bhumibol's popularity was demonstrated following the 2003 Phnom Penh riots in Cambodia, when hundreds of Thai protesters, enraged by rumors that Cambodian rioters had stomped on photographs of Bhumibol, gathered outside the Cambodian embassy in Bangkok. Photographs of the stomping were not published in Thailand, but were available on the internet. The situation was resolved peacefully only when Police General Sant Sarutanonda told the crowd that he had received a call from royal secretary Arsa Sarasin conveying Bhumibol's request for calm. The crowd dispersed.[97]
Royal projects[link]
History[link]
The development of the country must be fostered in stages. It must start with the construction of infrastructure, that is, the provision of food and basic necessities for the people by methods which are economic, cautious and conforming with principles. Once the foundation is firmly established, progress can be continually, carefully and economically promoted. This approach will prevent incurring mistakes and failures, and lead to the certain and complete achievement of the objectives.—Bhumibol's speech at Kasetsart University Commencement Ceremony on 19 July 1974.[98]
Bhumibol has been involved in many social and economic development projects. The nature of his involvement has varied by political regime.[99]
The government of Plaek Pibulsonggram (1951–1957) limited Bhumibol to a ceremonial role. During that period Bhumibol produced some films and operated a radio station from Chitlada Palace using his own personal funds.
In the military governments of Sarit Dhanarajata and his successors (1958–1980), Bhumibol was re-portrayed as the "Development King" and the inspiration of the economic and political goals of the regime. Royally-ordered projects were implemented under the financial and political support of the government, including projects in rural areas and communities under the influence of the Communist Party of Thailand. Bhumibol's visits to these projects were heavily promoted by the Sarit government and broadcast on the state-controlled media.
During the governments of General Prem Tinsulanond (1981–1987), the relationship between the Thai state and the monarch was at its closest. Prem, later to become President of Bhumibol's Privy Council, officially allocated government budgets and manpower to support royal projects. Most activities in this period involved the development of large scale irrigation projects in rural areas.
During the modern period (post-1988), the structured development of the Royal Projects reached its apex. Bhumibol's Chaipattana Foundation was established, promoting his "sufficiency economy" theory, an alternative to the export-oriented policies adopted by the period's elected governments. Following the 2006 coup, establishment of a "sufficiency economy" was enshrined in the constitution as being a primary goal of the government, and government financial support for royal projects boomed.
Example projects[link]
- Rama VIII Bridge. Suggested by Bhumibol, funded by the government
- Huai Ongkod land reform project, Kanchanaburi province. Suggested by Bhumibol, using government-owned land.
- Royal Medical Team. Bhumibol's private physicians accompanying him on village tours were encouraged to provide medical care for local residents. In addition, the Royal Household sends letters of support to physicians who volunteer to serve in hospitals in provinces where royal palaces are situated.[100]
Awards[link]
Bhumibol has received numerous royal and state orders as befitting of his stature. In addition, the king was awarded the William J. Donovan Medal, Award of Friendship OSS, New York, U.S.A.presented by the Office of Strategic Services (soon to be CIA) on 29 October 1987.[101]
Bhumibol, who serves as head of The National Scout Organization of Thailand, was presented the Bronze Wolf award on 20 June 2006, the highest award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, for his support and development of Scouting in Thailand by Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden and Honorary President of the World Scout Foundation. The presentation took place at Chitralada Palace in Thailand and was witnessed by Chairman of the World Scout Committee Herman Hui.
In May 2006, UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, presented the United Nations' first and only Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award to Bhumibol.[102]
Bhumibol set a world record for receiving the greatest number of honorary university degrees (136) in 1997.[103] Most of his degrees came from Thai universities: for instance, Kasetsart University awarded him ten honorary doctoral degrees at once.
60th Anniversary celebrations[link]
Also called the Diamond Jubilee, the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of His Majesty the King's Accession to the Throne were a series of events marking Bhumibol's reign. Events included the royal barge procession on the Chao Phraya River, fireworks displays, art exhibitions, pardoning 25,000 prisoners,[104] concerts and dance performances.
Tied in with the anniversary, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan presented Bhumibol with the United Nations Development Programme's first Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award on 26 May 2006. National holidays were on 9 June and 12–13 June 2006. On 9 June, the King and Queen appeared on the balcony of Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall before hundreds of thousands of people. The official royal barge procession on 12 June was attended by the King and Queen and royal visitors from 26 other countries. On 13 June, a state banquet for the royal visitors was held in the newly constructed Rama IX Throne Hall at the Grand Palace, the first official function for the hall. The Chiang Mai Royal Flora Expo was also held to honour the anniversary.
On 16 January 2007, the CDRM officially declared the end of the 60th anniversary celebrations and commenced year-long celebrations of Bhumibol's 80th birthday.[105]
Private life[link]
| Monarchs of the Chakri Dynasty |
|
|---|---|
 |
Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (King Rama I) |
 |
Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (King Rama II) |
 |
Jessadabodindra (King Rama III) |
.jpg){kind=small} |
Mongkut (King Rama IV) |
 |
Chulalongkorn (King Rama V) |
 |
Vajiravudh (King Rama VI) |
 |
Prajadhipok (King Rama VII) |
 |
Ananda Mahidol (King Rama VIII) |
 |
Bhumibol Adulyadej (King Rama IX) |
Bhumibol is a painter, musician, photographer, author and translator. His book Phra Mahachanok is based on a traditional Jataka story of Buddhist scripture. The Story of Thong Daeng is the story of his dog Thong Daeng.[106]
In his youth, Bhumibol was greatly interested in firearms. He kept a carbine, a Sten gun, and two automatic pistols in his bedroom, and he and his elder brother, King Ananda Mahidol, often used the gardens of the palace for target practice.[107]
There are two English language books that provide extensive detail – albeit not always verifiable – about Bhumibol's life, especially his early years and then throughout his entire reign. One is The Revolutionary King by William Stevenson, the other is The King Never Smiles by Paul M. Handley. A third and earlier work, The Devil's Discus, is also available in Thai and English. All three books are banned in Thailand.
Bhumibol's creativity in, among other things, music, art, and invention, was the focus of a 2 minute long documentary created by the government of Abhibisit Vejjajiva that was screened at all branches of the Major Cineplex Group and SF Cinema City, the two largest cinema chains in Thailand.[108]
Health[link]
Bhumibol suffers from lumbar spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the canal that contains the spinal cord and nerve roots, which results in back and leg pain and numbness in the legs. He received a microsurgical decompression in July 2006.[109][110]
Bhumibol was taken to Bangkok's Siriraj Hospital on 13 October 2007, complaining he felt weak down his right side; doctors later found out through scans that he had a blood shortage to his brain.[111] He was discharged on 7 November 2007.[112]
On 19 September 2009, he was once again admitted to Siriraj Hospital, apparently with the flu and pneumonia. US diplomatic cables from 2009, published by Wikileaks in 2011, reported that the king is suffering from Parkinson's disease and depression.[113] His youngest daughter HRH Princess Chulabhorn Walailak confirmed in an April 2011 television interview that the king remains in the hospital.[114]
On 17 November 2011, Bhumibol was diagnosed with diverticulitis while being confined in Siriraj Hospital. He is also forced to remain in fast until the disease is cured, the Bureau of the Royal Household announced.[115] He received further treatment for the condition in January 2012.
Music[link]
Bhumibol is an accomplished jazz musician and composer, particularly for his works on the alto saxophone. He was the first Asian composer awarded honorary membership of the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in Vienna at the age of 32.[116] He used to play jazz music on air on the Or Sor radio station. In his travels, he has played with such jazz legends as Benny Goodman, Jack Teagarden, Lionel Hampton, Maynard Ferguson, and Preservation Hall Jazz Band. His songs can often be heard at social gatherings and concerts. In 2003, the University of North Texas College of Music awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Music. The king's abilities as a jazz musician were mentioned by Aunt Jenny (Imogene Coca) in an episode of The Brady Bunch titled "Jan's Aunt Jenny", which originally aired on 21 January 1972.[117]
Sailing[link]
Bhumibol is an accomplished sailor and sailboat designer.[118] He won a gold medal for sailing in the Fourth Southeast Asian Peninsular (SEAP) Games in 1967, together with HRH Princess Ubol Ratana whom he tied for points.[119] This accomplishment is all the more remarkable given Bhumibol's lack of binocular depth perception. Bhumibol has also sailed the Gulf of Thailand from Hua Hin to Toey Harbour in Sattahip, covering 60 nautical miles (110 km) in a 14-hour journey on the "Vega 1," an OK Class dinghy he built.[107]
Like his father, a former military naval engineer, Bhumibol was an avid boat designer and builder. He produced several small sail-boat designs in the International Enterprise, OK, and Moth Classes. His designs in the Moth class include the “Mod,” “Super Mod,” and “Micro Mod.”[120]
Patents[link]
Bhumibol is the only Thai monarch to hold a patent.[121][122] He obtained one in 1993 for a waste water aerator named "Chai Pattana", and several patents on rainmaking since 1955: the "sandwich" rainmaking patent in 1999 and lately the "supersandwich" patent in 2003.[123][124][125]
Wealth[link]
Estimates of the post-devaluation (circa 1997–1998) wealth of the royal household range from 10 billion to 20 billion USD.[126] In August 2008, Forbes came out with its 2008 version of The World's Richest Royals. King Bhumibol took first place on the list with an estimated wealth of $35 billion.[127] A few days later the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand issued a statement that the Forbes report erred in attributing wealth owned by the Crown Property Bureau (CPB) solely to Bhumibol.[128] In the 2009 version of its list, Forbes acknowledged the government's objections, but justified the continued inclusion of the CPB's assets on the ground that Bhumibol was its trustee.[10] The 2009 estimate was down to $30 billion due to declines in real estate and stocks.[10]
The wealth and properties of Bhumibol and the royal family are managed by the Crown Property Bureau and the Privy Purse. The CPB was established by law but is managed independently of the Thai Government and reports only to Bhumibol.[107][129]
Through the CPB, Bhumibol and the royal family own land and equity in many companies and massive amounts of land, including 3,493 acres in Bangkok.[130] The CPB is the majority shareholder of Siam Cement (the largest Thai industrial conglomerate), Christiani & Nielsen (one of the largest Thai construction firms), Deves Insurance (which holds a monopoly on government property insurance and contract insurance), Siam Commercial Bank (one of the largest Thai banks), and Shin Corporation (a major Thai telecommunications firm, through the CPB's holdings in Siam Commercial Bank). The CPB also rents or leases about 36,000 properties to third parties, including the sites of the Four Seasons Hotel Bangkok, the Suan Lum Night Bazaar, Siam Paragon and the Central World Tower. The CPB spearheaded a plan to turn Bangkok’s historical Rajadamnoen Avenue into a shopping street known as the “Champs-Élysées of Asia” and in 2007, shocked longtime residents of traditional marketplace districts by serving them with eviction notices.[131] Bhumibol's substantial income from the CPB, estimated to be at least five billion baht in 2004 alone, is exempt from taxes.[131][132] The CPB receives many state privileges. Although the Ministry of Finance technically runs the CPB, decisions are made solely by Bhumibol. The CPB's annual report is for the eye of Bhumibol alone; the annual report is not released to the public.[131]
In addition, Bhumibol has numerous personal investments independent of the CPB. He is personally the majority shareholder of the Thai Insurance Company and Sammakorn, as well as many other companies.[133] He currently holds 30% in Siam Cement,[134] and 20% in the Siam Commercial Bank.[135]
The CPB has a fleet of three aircraft for the use of the royal family, including a Boeing 737-800 and an Airbus A319. The newer Airbus had been purchased by the Thaksin Shinawatra government for government use, but after the 2006 coup, the junta offered it to the king. The other planes are used by members of the royal family.[136]
Among other vehicles, Bhumibol owns two custom-built stretch limousines from LCW Automotive Corp.[137] The Golden Jubilee Diamond, the largest faceted diamond in the world, was given to him by businessman Henry Ho.
Lèse majesté[link]
Main article: Lèse majesté in Thailand
Although Bhumibol is held in great respect by many Thais[citation needed], he is also protected by lèse majesté laws which allow critics to be jailed for three to fifteen years.[138] The laws were toughened during the dictatorship of royalist Premier Tanin Kraivixien, such that criticism of any member of the royal family, the royal development projects, the royal institution, the Chakri Dynasty, or any previous Thai King was also banned.
During his 2005 birthday speech, Bhumibol invited criticism: "Actually, I must also be criticised. I am not afraid if the criticism concerns what I do wrong, because then I know. Because if you say the king cannot be criticised, it means that the king is not human", he claimed. "If the king can do no wrong, it is akin to looking down upon him because the king is not being treated as a human being. But the king can do wrong."[8] A widespread barrage of criticisms resulted, followed by a sharp rise in lese majeste prosecutions. Lese majeste cases rose from five or six a year pre-2005 to 478 in 2010.[139]
Biographies[link]
American journalist Paul Handley, who spent thirteen years in Thailand, wrote the biography The King Never Smiles. The Information and Communications Ministry banned the book and blocked the book's page on the Yale University Press website in January 2006. In a statement dated 19 January 2006, Thai National Police Chief General Kowit Wattana said the book has "contents which could affect national security and the good morality of the people."[140] The book provides a detailed discussion of Bhumibol's role in Thai political history and also analyzes the factors behind Bhumibol's popularity.
William Stevenson, who had access to the Royal Court and the Royal Family, wrote the biography The Revolutionary King in 2001.[141] An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol.[142] Critics noted that the book displays intimate knowledge about personal aspects of Bhumibol. However, the book has been unofficially banned in Thailand and the Bureau of the Royal Household warned the Thai media about even referring to it in print. An official ban was not possible as it was written with Bhumibol's blessing. The book has been criticised for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it refers to him by his personal nickname "Lek"), and proposing a controversial theory explaining the death of King Ananda. Stevenson said, "The king said from the beginning the book would be dangerous for him and for me."[142]
Succession to the throne[link]
Bhumibol's only son, Prince Vajiralongkorn, was given the title "Somdej Phra Boroma Orasadhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" (Crown Prince of Siam) on 28 December 1972 and made heir apparent (องค์รัชทายาท) to the throne in accordance with the Palace Law on Succession of 1924.[143]
On 5 December 1977, Princess Sirindhorn was given the title "Siam Boromrajakumari" (Princess Royal of Siam). Her title is often translated by the English-language press as "Crown Princess", although her official English-language title is simply "Princess".[144]
Although the constitution was later amended to allow the Privy Council to appoint a princess as successor to the throne, this would only occur in the absence of an heir apparent. This amendment is retained in Section 23 of the 1997 "People's Constitution." This effectively allowed Princess Sirindhorn to potentially be second in line to the throne, but did not affect Prince Vajiralongkorn's status as heir apparent.
Recent constitutions of Thailand have made the amendment of the Palace Law of Succession the sole prerogative of the reigning king. According to Gothom Aryan, former election commissioner, this allows the reigning king, if he so chooses, to appoint his son or any of his daughters to the throne.[145]
Titles and styles[link]
| Monarchical styles of King Bhumibol Adulyadej Rama IX of Thailand |
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|---|---|
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| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Thai full title is "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakkrinaruebodin Sayamminthrathirat Borommanatbophit" (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช มหิตลาธิเบศรรามาธิบดี จักรีนฤบดินทร สยามินทราธิราช บรมนาถบพิตร; listen (help·info)), which is referred to in the chief legal documents; and in general documents, the title is shorthened to "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Bhumibol Adulyadej Sayamminthrathirat Borommanatbophit" or just "Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Bhumibol Adulyadej."
The literal translation of the title is as follows:[146]
- Phra—a third person pronoun referring to the person with much higher status than the speaker, meaning "excellent" in general. The word is from Sanskrit vara ("excellent").
- Bat—"foot," from Sanskrit pāda.
- Somdet—"lord," from Khmer "samdech" ("excellency").
- Poraminthara—"the great," from Sanskrit parama ("great") + indra ("leader")
- Maha—"great," from Sanskrit, "maha"
- Bhumibol—"Strength of the Land," from Sanskrit bhumi ("land") +bala ("strength")
- Adulyadej—"Incomparable power," from Sanskrit atulya ("incomparable") +teja ("power")
- Mahitalathibet—"Son of Mahidol"
- Ramathibodi—"Rama, the Avatar of God Vishnu to become the great ruler"; from Sanskrit rama + adhi ("great") + patī ("president")
- Chakkrinaruebodin—"Leader of the People who is from the House of Chakri", from Sanskrit Cakrī + nari ("men") + patī ("president")
- Sayamminthrathirat—"the Great King of Siam," from Sanskrit Siam (former name of Thailand) + indra + ati ("great") + rāja ("king)
- Borommanatbophit— "the Royalty who is the Great Shelter", from Sanskrit parama ("great") + nādha ("the one who others can depend on" or "Power/Right") + "pavitra" ("royalty")
Ancestors[link]
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See also[link]
- Monarchy of Thailand
- Golden Jubilee Diamond, the largest faceted diamond in the world, was presented to Bhumibol Adulyadej on the 50th anniversary of his coronation.
- Constitutions of Thailand, describing the evolution of Bhumibol's constitutional rights and responsibilities.
- History of Thailand (1932-1973)
- History of Thailand since 1973
- Public Holidays in Thailand
- Thai royal and noble titles
- List of longest reigning monarchs of all time
- Royal Flags of Thailand
References[link]
- ^ "A Royal Occasion speeches". Journal. Worldhop. 1996. Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060512194220/http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Doherty, Ben (15 October 2009). "Fears for Thai monarch set stockmarket tumbling for second day". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/15/thailand-bhumibol-stockmarket-sickness. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- ^ Aphornsuvan, Thanet (2004), "Bhumibol Adulyadej", Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor (ABC-CLIO): p. 232, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA232&dq=bhumibol+respected&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZM1YT9PICsrU0QXKuOjHDQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=bhumibol%20respected&f=false
- ^ Nimanandh, Kongphu; Andrews, Tim G. (2009), "Socio-cultural context", The Changing Face of Management in Thailand (Taylor & Francis): p. 73, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FIDKY-RFDTMC&pg=PA73&dq=bhumibol+respected&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZM1YT9PICsrU0QXKuOjHDQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=bhumibol%20respected&f=false
- ^ a b "Why Thailand's king is so revered". News. UK: BBC. 5 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7128935.stm. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ a b Thak Chaloemtiarana (1979). Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism. Social Science Association of Thailand. p. 98.
- ^ a b "Royal Birthday Address: 'King Can Do Wrong'". National Media. 5 December 2005. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/12/05/headlines/data/headlines_19334288.html. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ Declaration on Crown Property and Royal Assets, TH: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 22 August 2008, http://www.mfa.go.th/web/200.php?id=20551 .
- ^ a b c Serafin, Tatiana (17 June 2009). "The World's Richest Royals". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/17/monarchs-wealth-scandal-business-billionaires-richest-royals.html.
- ^ Tatiana Serafin, “The world’s richest royals”, Forbes, 7 July 2010.
- ^ The Crown Property Bureau – Youth Development Archived 10 August 2011 at WebCite
- ^ Some information about HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej Archived 10 August 2011 at WebCite
- ^ Channel News Asia, Thais celebrate Queen's birthday as govt investigates monarchy threat, 12 August
- ^ "Biography of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej". http://kanchanapisek.or.th/biography/index.en.html.
- ^ Wimuttanon, Suvit (ed.) (2001). Amazing Thailand (special collector's edition). World Class Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 974-91020-3-7.
- ^ "Biography of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej". The Golden Jubilee Network. Kanchanapisek Network. 1999. http://www.kanchanapisek.or.th/biography/hmk.en.html. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
- ^ Handley, Paul M (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press, pp. 78–9. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ Bhirom Bhakdi, Soravij. "Queens of the Chakri Dynasty". http://www.soravij.com/queens.html. Retrieved 1 August 2006.
- ^ "The Making of a Monarch". Bangkok Post. 5 December 2005. http://www.bangkokpost.net/60yrsthrone/60yrsthrone/index.html. Retrieved 12 July 2006.
- ^ Handley, Paul M (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press, p. 104. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ "Khun Poom Jensen, Son of Princess Ubolratana". Soravij.com. http://soravij.com/poomjensen.html. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
- ^ "Royal Power Controversy". 2Bangkok.com. http://www.2bangkok.com/news05t.shtml. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
- ^ Royal Regalia and Royal Utensils of Siam + images
- ^ "Thailand Monarchy". Thailand Travel and Tours. 2006. http://www.thailandtraveltours.com/thailand-thai-monarchy-thailandthaimonarchy.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ Head, Jonathan. Why Thailand's king is so revered, BBC News, 5 December 2007. Accessed 11 May 2008.
- ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. pp. 129–130, 136–137. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua (1995). Thailand's Durable Premier. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 967-65-3053-0.
- ^ "The Proclamation Imposing Martial Law throughout the Kingdom". The Government Gazette of Thailand 74 (76). 16 September 1957.
- ^ "The Proclamation Appointing the Military Defender". The Government Gazette of Thailand 74 (76). 16 September 1957. http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2500/A/076/1.PDF.
- ^ Evans, Dr. Grant; citing Christine Gray (1998). "The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos since 1975". Laosnet.org. http://www.laosnet.org/fa-ngum/ewans.htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Evans, Dr. Grant (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos since 1975. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 89–113. ISBN 0-8248-2054-1.
- ^ Klinkajorn, Karin. "Creativity and Settings of Monuments and Sites in Thailand: Conflicts and Resolution" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. http://www.international.icomos.org/xian2005/papers/2-18.pdf. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ให้ถือวันพระราชสมภพ เป็นวันเฉลิมฉลองของชาติไทย, ราชกิจจานุเบกษา เล่ม 77 ตอน 43 24 พฤษภาคม 2503 หน้า 1452
- ^ Thongthong Chandrangsu, A Constitutional Legal Aspect of the King's Prerogatives (M.A. thesis) Chulalongkorn University, 1986, page 160
- ^ ใจ อึ๊งภากรณ์, บทความ รศ.ใจ อึ๊งภากรณ์ วิจารณ์ : The King Never Smiles, 14 ธันวาคม 2549
- ^ ทักษ์ เฉลิมเตียรณ, การเมืองระบบพ่อขุนอุปถัมภ์แบบเผด็จการ, สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ 2525
- ^ "His Gracious Majesty". The Nation. 2 February 2007. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/webblog/view_blog.php?uid=492&bid=1817%20His%20Gracious%20Majesty. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ Michael Schmicker, Asian Wall Street Journal, 23 December 1982
- ^ สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์, "ลอกคราบสังคมไทย", กรุงเทพฯ: หนังสือไทย, 2528
- ^ Anonymous, "The Chakri Dynasty and Thai Politics, 1782–1982", cited in Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. p. 298. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ "Development Without Harmony". Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization. 2000. http://www.seameo.org/vl/92may/92may1.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ "BIOGRAPHY of Chamlong Srimuang". The 1992 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service. Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. 2000. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographySrimuangCha.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ The Royal Jubilee Network, พระราชดำรัส พระราชทานแก่คณะบุคคลต่างๆ ที่เข้าเฝ้าฯ ถวายชัยมงคล ในโอกาสวันเฉลิมพระชนมพรรษา ณ ศาลาดุสิดาลัย สวนจิตรลดา พระราชวังดุสิตฯ วันพุธที่ ๔ ธันวาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๕ (ฉบับไม่เป็นทางการ)
- ^ Michael K. Connors, Ambivalent About Rights: “Accidental” Killing Machines, Democracy and Coups D’etat., Draft paper presented to Human Rights in Asia Workshop, University of Melbourne, 1–2 October 2009.
- ^ Anucha Yuwadee, Bangkok Post, 15 January 2003
- ^ a b National News Bureau of Thailand, Academics call for law to prosecute Thaksin in World Court, 28 June 2010
- ^ "A Wave of Drug Killings Is Linked to Thai Police" By Seth Mydans, 8 April 2003 New York Times [1]
- ^ Amnesty International report: Thailand: Grave developments – Killings and other abuses
- ^ March 2003 "DRUG-RELATED KILLINGS: Verify the toll, say diplomats". The Nation. 4 March 2003. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/search/page.arcview.php?clid=2&id=75010&date=4 March 2003.
- ^ Thailand: Public Senses War On Drugs Futile 20 March 2005
- ^ "พระราชดำรัส พระราชทานแก่คณะบุคคลต่างๆ ที่เข้าเฝ้าฯ ถวายชัยมงคล ในโอกาสวันเฉลิมพระชนมพรรษา ณ ศาลาดุสิดาลัย สวนจิตรลดา พระราชวังดุสิตฯ วันพฤหัสบดีที่ ๔ ธันวาคม พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๖ (ฉบับไม่เป็นทางการ)". The Golden Jubilee Network. 2003. http://kanchanapisek.or.th/speeches//1204.th.html. "ไอ้การชัยชนะของการปราบไอ้ยาเสพติดนี่ ดีที่ปราบ แล้วก็ที่เขาตำหนิบอกว่า เอ้ย คนตาย ตั้ง ๒,๕๐๐ คน อะไรนั่น เรื่องเล็ก ๒,๕๐๐ คน ถ้านายกฯ ไม่ได้ทำ นายกฯ ไม่ได้ทำ ทุกปี ๆ จดไว้นะ มีมากกว่า ๒,๕๐๐ คนที่ตาย ที่ตายทั้งคนที่เสพติด แล้วก็ขึ้นไป ฆ่าคน หรือทำอะไร เผาอะไรต่าง ๆ รวมทั้งเจ้าหน้าที่ที่ต้องไปปราบปกติ ก็ตายมากเหมือนกัน แต่ไม่พูดเท่านั้นเอง ไม่ไปนับ แต่นี้เขาก็นับไปชี้ ชี้ ชี้นับ พวกที่ค้า พวกที่ทำ ก็ตายเยอะเหมือนกัน ก่อนนี้ แต่ไม่พูดถึง เชื่อว่าพอๆ กับที่ได้จดว่า มีผู้ที่ตายในการสงครามต่อสู้ยาเสพติด ที่ทราบว่าคนตาย เพราะยาเสพติดนี่ มากมาย"
- ^ Asia Sentinel The Long Wait for Justice in Thailand, 10 August 2007
- ^ (Thai) Royal Jubilee Network, 2003 Birthday Speech of King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- ^ "Kanit to chair extrajudicial killings probe" Bangkok Post, 3 August 2007[dead link]
- ^ "Thailand's drug wars. Back on the offensive" 24 January 2008 The Economist
- ^ Thailand Times, Thaksin’s ‘Drug Murders’ investigated, 10 June 2010
- ^ Extra-juridical killing cases by Thaksin government investigated again in Thailand
- ^ a b "HM the King's 26 April speeches". The Nation. http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/04/27/headlines/headlines_30002592.php. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ "Constitution Court invalidate the April election and order new election". The Nation. http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/08/headlines/headlines_30003512.php. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ "EC Commissioners arrive at Bangkok Remand Prison". The Nation. http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/07/25/headlines/headlines_30009521.php. Retrieved 25 July 2006.
- ^ "EC Guilty in Historic Ruling". Bangkok Post. http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=111195. Retrieved 25 July 2006.
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- ^ สำนักราชเลขาธิการ
- ^ The Economist, Fuelling the pyre, 16 October 2008
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- ^ Reuters, Q+A-Thailand's intractable political crisis, 27 November 2008
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- ^ Reuters, Welcome to Bangkok airport – no passport needed, 29 November 2008
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- ^ King Bhumibol to remain in hospital. UK: Female First. 12 August 2010. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/royal_family/King+Bhumibol-53750.html .
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- ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ "Aussie pedophile free on royal pardon". The Nation. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060707203217/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30007691. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ McDonald, Phillipa (30 June 2006). "Campaigners condemn paedophile's release". ABC News Online. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1675208.htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Bathersby, Damien (2 July 2006). "Royal pardon for child predator". Sunshine Coast Daily. http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/localnews/storydisplay.cfm?storyid=3690777&thesection=localnews&thesubsection=&thesecondsubsection=. Retrieved 5 July 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Duncan McCargo, Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand, The Pacific Review, Volume 18, Issue 4 December 2005
- ^ Federico Ferrara, Thailand Unhinged: unraveling the myth of a Thai-style democracy, Equinox Publishing 2010
- ^ "The Burning of the Thai Embassy in Cambodia". The Nation, 2Bangkok.com. 2003. http://www.2bangkok.com/burning.shtml. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ "Sufficiency Economy :implications and applications". NESDB. http://www.nesdb.go.th/Md/book/booksuffwork_eng.pdf. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Chitbundid, Chanida (2003). /2546_ANTH.htm "The Royally-initiated Projects: The Making of Royal Hegemony (B.E. 2494–2546)". Thammasat University. http://socio.tu.ac.th/For%20Web%20(soc-anth) /2546_ANTH.htm. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
- ^ "The Projects". Office of the Royal Development Projects Board. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071103191658/http://www.rdpb.go.th/rdpb/EN/BRANDSITE/theproject_rdp07_5.aspx. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Thaiways magazine: Awards presented to the king". 2011. http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/king/awarda_presented.html. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "With new Human Development award, Annan hails Thai King as example for the world". UN News Center. 2006. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18625&Cr=Thai&Cr1=. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. p. 417. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ Pinyorat, Rungrawee C. (2006). "Millions of Thai honor king". Boston.com News, Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013150334/http://boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/06/09/millions_of_thai_honor_king. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ "Govt launches commemorative events for HM the King's 80th birthday". The Nation. 16 February 2007. http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/16/headlines/headlines_30027071.php. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The Story of Tongdaeng. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4
- ^ a b c Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-300-10682-3.
- ^ MCOT, Commerce Ministry launches film to honour creative King Bhumibol, 10 February 2010
- ^ "Doctors to Permfom Surgery on Thai king, 78". Bangkok Post. http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=109508_19114638.html. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ^ "Doctors to perform surgery to cure lumbar spine stenosis for His Majesty". Breaking News. The Nation. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30008905. Retrieved 20 July 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "Thailand's king taken to hospital". BBC News. 13 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7043205.stm. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
- ^ "Homeward-bound King Bhumibol, in pink, snaps pics of happy, weeping subjects". MCOT English News, Thai News Agency. http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=1204. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
- ^ WikiLeaks cables reveal scandal and disease in Thai royal family The Australian, 24 June 2011
- ^ His majesty the king 'still works tirelessly' in hospital The Nation, 8 April 2011
- ^ "Household Bureau: The King incurs diverticulitis". Manager Online. http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9540000147777. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ Tang, Alisa (13 June 2006). "Thailand's monarch is ruler, jazz musician". Boston.com News, Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/06/13/thailands_monarch_is_ruler_jazz_musician/?rss_id=Boston.com+%2F+News. Retrieved 28 February 2007. [dead link]
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0531102/
- ^ "The Heart for Art". Bangkok Post. 6 February 2006. http://www.bangkokpost.net/60yrsthrone/art/index.html. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ^ Cummins, Peter (December 2004). "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great: Monarch of Peace and Unity". Chiang Mai Mail. http://www.chiangmai-mail.com/111/special.shtml. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ^ "H.M. King Bhumibol Adulyadej". Minsitry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand. http://www.thai2arab.com/eng/content.php?page=sub&category=4&subcategory=43&id=31. Retrieved 4 March 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Long Live The King!". Bangkokker. 9 June 2006. http://bangkokker.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
- ^ "H.M. Biography". Assumption University. 9 June 2006. http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/special_event/king9/english/his.html. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
- ^ "Thai king's patent to make rain". BBC News. 27 March 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2940430.stm. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
- ^ "Weather Modification by Royal Rainmaking Technology". 60th Celebrations. 17 June 2006. http://60thcelebrations.com/english/news_detail.php?id=155. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
- ^ "Thai King gets rainmaking patent". 60th Celebrations. 9 June 2006. http://www.out-law.com/page-6996. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
- ^ Horn, Robert (6 December 1999). "The Banker Who Saved A King". Time Asia. http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/1206/thai3.moneyman.html. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Horn, Robert (20 August 2008). "Forbes The world's richest royals". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/20/worlds-richest-royals-biz-richroyals08-cz_ts_0820royalintro.html. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ "Forbes Says Bhumipol Richest Person In World" (in Thai). ASTV. 23 August 2008. http://www.manager.co.th/Around/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000099637. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Pendelton, Devon; Tatiana Serafin (30 August 2007). "The World's Richest Royals". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro.html. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ AFP, "King Bhumibol as world's wealthiest royal", 22 August 2008
- ^ a b c "Thailand's Royal Wealth: How Thailand's Royals Manage to Own All the Good Stuff". Asia Sentinel. 1 March 2007. http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=402&Itemid=32. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ "Royal Assets Structuring Act of 1936" (in Thai). Section 8. The Crown Property Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070809204241/http://www.crownproperty.or.th/history.php. Retrieved 25 September 2007. (พระราชบัญญัติ จัดระเบียบทรัพย์สิน ฝ่ายพระมหากษัตริย์)
- ^ See Stock Exchange of Thailand Report 56-1 for TIC and SAMCO
- ^ Shareholder services. The Siam Cement Group. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/1312942296795210 .
- ^ "[Company holder]" (in Thai) ตลาดหลักทรัพย์แห่งประเทศไทย : ข้อมูลรายบริษัท/หลักทรัพย์. TH: SET. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/1312942326931947 .
- ^ "King's new aircraft arrives, with 'Air Force One' in reserve". The Nation. 21 April 2007. http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/21/national/national_30032343.php. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ Business Wire, A Limousine Built for a King, 26 April 2009
- ^ Champion, Paul (25 September 2007). "Professor in lese majeste row". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=67215&videoChannel=1. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
- ^ FT, High time to concede the Thai king can do wrong, 20 July 2011
- ^ Warrick-Alexander, James (6 February 2006). "Thailand Bars Univ. Website". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013142909/http://yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=31649. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Stevenson, William (2001). The Revolutionary King. Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-451-4.
- ^ a b McCarthy, Terry (6 December 1999). "The King and Ire". Time Asia. http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/1206/thai1.king.html. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ The Royal Gazette, 28 December 1972
- ^ "Biography of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn". The Golden Jubilee Network. 2004. http://kanchanapisek.or.th/biography/sirindhorn/index.en.html. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ Aryan, Gothan (16 September 2004). "Thai Monarchy" (PDF). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. http://www.idea.int/news/upload/Nepal%20-%20Thai%20monarchy%20paper%20-%20Gothom%20Aryan.pdf. Retrieved 5 July 2006. presented in Kathmandu, Nepal
- ^ Kanchanapisek.or.th (English)
Literature[link]
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The Story of Tongdaeng. Amarin Book, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The Story of Mahajanaka. Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1997. ISBN 974-8364-71-2
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The Story of Mahajanaka: Cartoon Edition. Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1999. ISBN 974-272-074-6
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. His Majesty the King's Photographs in the Development of the Country. Photographic Society of Thailand & Thai E, Bangkok. 1992. ISBN 974-88805-0-8
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. Paintings by his Majesty the King: Special exhibition for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration at the National Gallery, Chao Fa Road, Bangkok, 1 April – 30 June 1982. National Gallery, Bangkok. 1982. ASIN B0007CCDMO
- HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, Chaturong Pramkaew (Ed.). My Country Thailand...land of Everlasting Smile. Amarin Book, Bangkok. 1995. ISBN 974-8363-53-8
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rama IX |
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- The Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of His Majesty's Accession to the Throne – official website for the Diamond Jubilee
- A Visionary Monarch – provides a lot of insights on his visions and contributions to the country.
- Songs composed by Bhumibol
- The Golden Jubilee Network – has many subjects on Bhumibol, including his projects, speeches, and his royal new year card.
- Supreme Artist – see works of art created by Bhumibol.
- The King's Birthplace
- Thai monarchy
- Thailand’s Guiding Light
- Thailand: How a 700-Year-Old System of Government Functions – article by David Lamb (LA Times staff writer) on Bhumibol
- "'The King Never Smiles': L'etat, c'est moi", Sreeram Chaulia, worldpress.org, 4 October 2006
- Far Eastern Economic Review, “The King’s Conglomerate”, June 1988. Contains an interview with Chirayu Isarangkun Na Ayuthaya, Crown Property Bureau
- King of Thailand
|
Bhumibol Adulyadej
Born: 5 December 1927 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ananda Mahidol |
King of Thailand 1946–present |
Incumbent Heir: Maha Vajiralongkorn |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bhumibol Adulyadej |
| Alternative names | Rama IX, the Ninth Rama, King Bhumipol |
| Short description | King of Thailand |
| Date of birth | 5 December 1927 |
| Place of birth | Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://cs.wn.com/Pchúmipchon Adunjadét
http://id.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://es.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://ru.wn.com/Пхумипон Адульядет
http://nl.wn.com/Rama IX
http://pl.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://fr.wn.com/Rama IX
http://de.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
http://hi.wn.com/भूमिबोल अतुल्यतेज
http://pt.wn.com/Bhumibol Adulyadej
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sri Suriyothai | |
|---|---|
| Chief Queen of Siam | |
| Spouse | Maha Chakkraphat |
| Issue | |
| Phra Ramesuan King Mahinthrathirat Queen Wisutkasat Phra Boromdilok Phra Thepkassatri |
|
| Died | 3 February 1549 |
- "Suriyothai" redirects here. For the movie, see The Legend of Suriyothai.
Somdet Phra Sri Suriyothai (Thai: สมเด็จพระศรีสุริโยทัย) was a royal consort during the 16th century Ayutthaya period of Siam (now Thailand). She is famous for having given up her life in the defense of her husband, King Maha Chakkraphat in a battle during the Burmese-Siamese War of 1548.
Somdet Phra (สมเด็จพระ) is her queenly rank; Sri (ศรี,) pronounced and often transcribed Si, is an honorific. Her given name Suriyothai สุริโยทัย means "dawn". It is a compound of Suriya, from Sanskrit surya सूर्य "sun"; plus Uthai from udaya उदय "rising", a cognate of Aurora and Ushas.
Contents |
Life[link]
Suriyothai was queen during the early part of the reign of King Maha Chakkraphat (2091 to 2106 Buddhist Era, with another reign from 2111 to 2112 B.E.). In 1548 AD, barely six months into King Maha Chakkraphat's reign, the King of Burma invaded Siam with the intent of sacking the main capital, Ayutthaya.
As was the custom at the time, King Maha Chakkraphat led his troops in the defense of the city from atop his war elephant. Even though women were not permitted to take part in battle, Queen Suriyothai was so concerned for her husband that she disguised herself as a man and rode into battle on her own elephant.
During the battle with Burmese troops, King Maha Chakkraphat's elephant collapsed from wounds and he was in danger of being killed. Queen Suriyothai rode her elephant to protect her husband and was killed by a scythe.
Children[link]
- Phra Ramesuan - Upparat, captured and ransomed in 1549, taken as prisoner in 1564, died in captivity in Burma.
- Phra Mahin - later King Mahinthrathirat.
- Phra Sawatdirat - became wife of Maha Thammaracha, later Queen Wisutkasat, mother of King Naresuan, King Ekathotsarot and Princess Suphankanlaya.
- Phra Boromdilok - died next to her mother in battle.
- Phra Thepkassatri - bride-to-be of King Setthathirath of Lan Xang, kidnapped and taken to Burma
Legacy[link]
A memorial chedi to Queen Suriyothai, Phra Chedi Sisuriyothai, was built by King Maha Chakkraphat in her honor. The chedi is located at Wat Suanluang Sopsawan at the banks of the Chao Phraya, southwest of the Wang Luang (Royal Palace). There is also a memorial park to her outside of Ayutthaya, featuring a large statue of the queen riding a war elephant.
In 2001, a Thai movie about her life, The Legend of Suriyothai, was released. The film was directed by M.C. Chatrichalerm Yukol of the Thai Royal Family and financed by Queen Sirikit.
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sri Suriyothai |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 3 February 1549 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Sri_Suriyothai
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Suriyothai
http://pl.wn.com/Suriyothai
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Suriyothai
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
