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- Éringes
- Étais
- Étalante
- Étaules, Côte-d'Or
- Étevaux
- Étormay
- Étrochey
- Évreux
- Évry, Essonne
-
Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
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Agencourt
Coordinates: 47°07′44″N 4°58′54″E / 47.1289°N 4.9817°E / 47.1289; 4.9817
Agencourt is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Agey
Coordinates: 47°17′06″N 4°45′47″E / 47.285°N 4.7631°E / 47.285; 4.7631
Agey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Ahuy
Coordinates: 47°22′11″N 5°01′23″E / 47.3697°N 5.0231°E / 47.3697; 5.0231
Ahuy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
The settlement of Ahuy is located on the outskirts of the Langres Plateau, 6 km north of Dijon. It is located off the Route 107 in a picturesque setting, which keeps the area peaceful and hidden. The village is a popular starting point for hikes due to the presence of old buildings and green setting in the area, upon which hiking trails have been constructed.
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Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
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Aiserey
Coordinates: 47°10′23″N 5°09′46″E / 47.1731°N 5.1628°E / 47.1731; 5.1628
Aiserey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
It is a small town situated on the Canal of Burgundy, which passes through the town. The town is best known for being home to the only sugar refinery in Bourgogne. The town holds an annual Sugar Festival on the second Sunday of each September because of this.
The town of Aiserey is located 20 kilometres from Dijon, and is accessed by Route 968, which goes through the town.
The major attractions to the village are the castle and the church, which are both situated in the centre of the village.
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Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
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Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
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Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
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Allerey
Coordinates: 47°11′24″N 4°26′21″E / 47.19°N 4.4392°E / 47.19; 4.4392
Allerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
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Ancey
Coordinates: 47°19′48″N 4°49′39″E / 47.33°N 4.8275°E / 47.33; 4.8275
Ancey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Antheuil
Coordinates: 47°10′24″N 4°44′47″E / 47.1733°N 4.7464°E / 47.1733; 4.7464
Antheuil is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
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Arceau
Coordinates: 47°23′07″N 5°11′25″E / 47.3853°N 5.1903°E / 47.3853; 5.1903
Arceau is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Arcenant
Coordinates: 47°08′25″N 4°50′48″E / 47.1403°N 4.8467°E / 47.1403; 4.8467
Arcenant is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
Located in Hautes-Côtes de Nuits between Dijon and Beaune Arcenant lies 9 km west of Nuits-Saint-Georges and 16 km north of Beaune.
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Arconcey
Coordinates: 47°13′10″N 4°27′21″E / 47.2194°N 4.4558°E / 47.2194; 4.4558
Arconcey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Argilly
Coordinates: 47°04′09″N 5°00′46″E / 47.0692°N 5.0128°E / 47.0692; 5.0128
Argilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Arrans
Coordinates: 47°41′48″N 4°19′10″E / 47.6967°N 4.3194°E / 47.6967; 4.3194
Arrans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Autricourt
Coordinates: 47°59′55″N 4°37′15″E / 47.9986°N 4.6208°E / 47.9986; 4.6208
Autricourt is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Ource, which flows northwestward through the middle of the commune.
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Auxant
Coordinates: 47°07′28″N 4°37′31″E / 47.1244°N 4.6253°E / 47.1244; 4.6253
Auxant is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Auxonne
Coordinates: 47°11′41″N 5°23′19″E / 47.1947°N 5.3886°E / 47.1947; 5.3886
Auxonne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
Auxonne is one of the sites of the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the Auxonne SNCF train station on the Dijon - Besançon train line. It also was home to the Artillery School where Napoleon received his first training.
It is sister-city with Heidesheim in Germany.
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Avelanges
Coordinates: 47°35′11″N 5°01′34″E / 47.5864°N 5.0261°E / 47.5864; 5.0261
Avelanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Avosnes
Coordinates: 47°21′59″N 4°38′35″E / 47.3664°N 4.6431°E / 47.3664; 4.6431
Avosnes is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
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Bagnot
Coordinates: 47°03′36″N 5°04′35″E / 47.06°N 5.0764°E / 47.06; 5.0764
Bagnot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Barjon
Coordinates: 47°36′45″N 4°57′34″E / 47.6125°N 4.9594°E / 47.6125; 4.9594
Barjon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Beaune
Coordinates: 47°01′30″N 4°50′23″E / 47.025°N 4.8397°E / 47.025; 4.8397
Beaune (French pronunciation: [bon]) is the wine capital of Burgundy in the Cote d'Or department in eastern France. It is located between Paris and Geneva.
Beaune is one of the key wine centers in France and the annual wine auction of the Hospices de Beaune is the primary wine auction in France. The town is surrounded by some of the world's most famous wine villages, while the facilities and cellars of many producers, large and small, are situated in Beaune itself. With a rich historical and architectural heritage, Beaune is considered the "Capital of Burgundy wines".
It is an ancient and historic town on a plain by the hills of the Cote d'Or, with features remaining from the pre-Roman and Roman eras, through the medieval and renaissance periods and up to recent history and modern times.
Beaune is a walled city, with about half of the battlements, ramparts, and the moat, having survived and in good condition, and the central "old town" is extensive. Historically Beaune is intimately connected with the Dukes of Burgundy.
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Beaunotte
Coordinates: 47°40′43″N 4°42′23″E / 47.6786°N 4.7064°E / 47.6786; 4.7064
Beaunotte is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Belleneuve
Coordinates: 47°21′29″N 5°15′59″E / 47.3581°N 5.2664°E / 47.3581; 5.2664
Belleneuve is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Beneuvre
Coordinates: 47°41′33″N 4°56′37″E / 47.6925°N 4.9436°E / 47.6925; 4.9436
Beneuvre is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Benoisey
Coordinates: 47°34′38″N 4°23′56″E / 47.5772°N 4.3989°E / 47.5772; 4.3989
Benoisey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Beurizot
Coordinates: 47°21′10″N 4°29′43″E / 47.3528°N 4.4953°E / 47.3528; 4.4953
Beurizot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Białystok
Białystok ([bʲaˈwɨstɔk] ( listen)) (Belarusian: Беласток, Biełastok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located in the North Podlasie Lowland (pl:Nizina Północnopodlaska) on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character, and occupy around 1,756 ha (4,340 acres) (17.2% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland.
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Billey
Coordinates: 47°08′45″N 5°25′57″E / 47.1458°N 5.4325°E / 47.1458; 5.4325
Billey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Binges
Coordinates: 47°19′48″N 5°16′05″E / 47.33°N 5.2681°E / 47.33; 5.2681
Binges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Blancey
Coordinates: 47°18′16″N 4°27′59″E / 47.3044°N 4.4664°E / 47.3044; 4.4664
Blancey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Bonnencontre
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 5°08′54″E / 47.0844°N 5.1483°E / 47.0844; 5.1483
Bonnencontre is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Boudreville
Coordinates: 47°56′08″N 4°49′43″E / 47.9356°N 4.8286°E / 47.9356; 4.8286
Boudreville is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bouhey
Coordinates: 47°12′05″N 4°40′10″E / 47.2014°N 4.6694°E / 47.2014; 4.6694
Bouhey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bouilland
Coordinates: 47°07′59″N 4°46′38″E / 47.1331°N 4.7772°E / 47.1331; 4.7772
Bouilland is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bouix
Coordinates: 47°53′17″N 4°29′06″E / 47.8881°N 4.485°E / 47.8881; 4.485
Bouix is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bourberain
Coordinates: 47°30′04″N 5°17′49″E / 47.5011°N 5.2969°E / 47.5011; 5.2969
Bourberain is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Bousselange
Coordinates: 46°59′23″N 5°15′39″E / 46.9897°N 5.2608°E / 46.9897; 5.2608
Bousselange is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Boussenois
Coordinates: 47°37′50″N 5°12′39″E / 47.6306°N 5.2108°E / 47.6306; 5.2108
Boussenois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Boussey
Coordinates: 47°22′24″N 4°33′15″E / 47.3733°N 4.5542°E / 47.3733; 4.5542
Boussey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bretenière
Coordinates: 47°14′29″N 5°06′54″E / 47.2414°N 5.115°E / 47.2414; 5.115
Bretenière is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Brianny
Coordinates: 47°24′44″N 4°22′27″E / 47.4122°N 4.3742°E / 47.4122; 4.3742
Brianny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Brochon
Coordinates: 47°14′23″N 4°58′18″E / 47.2397°N 4.9717°E / 47.2397; 4.9717
Brochon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Some of the vineyards in Brochon are part of the appellation d'origine contrôlée Gevrey-Chambertin, and some are part of Fixin appellation. Most are however only entitled to the Côte de Nuits-Villages appellation. There is no Brochon appellation.
Brochon is twinned with:
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Broin
Coordinates: 47°04′47″N 5°06′35″E / 47.0797°N 5.1097°E / 47.0797; 5.1097
Broin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Broindon
Coordinates: 47°11′54″N 5°02′43″E / 47.1983°N 5.0453°E / 47.1983; 5.0453
Broindon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgaria
i/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Buncey
Coordinates: 47°49′26″N 4°33′47″E / 47.8239°N 4.5631°E / 47.8239; 4.5631
Buncey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Busseaut
Coordinates: 47°44′16″N 4°38′51″E / 47.7378°N 4.6475°E / 47.7378; 4.6475
Busseaut is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bèze
Coordinates: 47°28′00″N 5°16′00″E / 47.4667°N 5.2667°E / 47.4667; 5.2667
Bèze is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bévy
Coordinates: 47°10′47″N 4°51′19″E / 47.1797°N 4.8553°E / 47.1797; 4.8553
Bévy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Bézouotte
Coordinates: 47°23′01″N 5°19′59″E / 47.3836°N 5.3331°E / 47.3836; 5.3331
Bézouotte is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Censerey
Coordinates: 47°12′12″N 4°21′18″E / 47.2033°N 4.355°E / 47.2033; 4.355
Censerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Chaignay
Coordinates: 47°28′39″N 5°04′16″E / 47.4775°N 5.0711°E / 47.4775; 5.0711
Chaignay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chambain
Coordinates: 47°47′54″N 4°55′18″E / 47.7983°N 4.9217°E / 47.7983; 4.9217
Chambain is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chambeire
Coordinates: 47°16′58″N 5°15′55″E / 47.2828°N 5.2653°E / 47.2828; 5.2653
Chambeire is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chamblanc
Coordinates: 47°01′14″N 5°09′04″E / 47.0206°N 5.1511°E / 47.0206; 5.1511
Chamblanc is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Chamesson
Coordinates: 47°47′28″N 4°32′38″E / 47.7911°N 4.5439°E / 47.7911; 4.5439
Chamesson is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Champagny
Coordinates: 47°27′27″N 4°45′51″E / 47.4575°N 4.7642°E / 47.4575; 4.7642
Champagny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Burgandy, eastern France.
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Champdôtre
Coordinates: 47°10′56″N 5°18′16″E / 47.1822°N 5.3044°E / 47.1822; 5.3044
Champdôtre is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Champrenault
Coordinates: 47°24′02″N 4°40′52″E / 47.4006°N 4.6811°E / 47.4006; 4.6811
Champrenault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chanceaux
Coordinates: 47°31′12″N 4°43′07″E / 47.52°N 4.7186°E / 47.52; 4.7186
Chanceaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Chanceaux is located 5 kilometers from the source of the Seine.
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Channay
Coordinates: 47°52′59″N 4°19′57″E / 47.8831°N 4.3325°E / 47.8831; 4.3325
Channay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Charencey
Coordinates: 47°25′22″N 4°40′21″E / 47.4228°N 4.6725°E / 47.4228; 4.6725
Charencey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Charigny
Coordinates: 47°25′55″N 4°25′32″E / 47.4319°N 4.4256°E / 47.4319; 4.4256
Charigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Chassey
Coordinates: 47°28′37″N 4°26′46″E / 47.4769°N 4.4461°E / 47.4769; 4.4461
Chassey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chaugey
Coordinates: 47°45′10″N 4°57′05″E / 47.7528°N 4.9514°E / 47.7528; 4.9514
Chaugey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chazilly
Coordinates: 47°11′03″N 4°34′59″E / 47.1842°N 4.5831°E / 47.1842; 4.5831
Chazilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chenôve
Coordinates: 47°17′30″N 5°00′29″E / 47.2917°N 5.0081°E / 47.2917; 5.0081
Chenôve is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
It is the most populous suburb of the city of Dijon, and is located adjacent to the city's southwest side.
The vineyards of Chenôve are part of the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Marsannay.
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Cheuge
Coordinates: 47°23′29″N 5°23′37″E / 47.3914°N 5.3936°E / 47.3914; 5.3936
Cheuge is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chevannay
Coordinates: 47°23′50″N 4°39′18″E / 47.3972°N 4.655°E / 47.3972; 4.655
Chevannay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Chivres
Coordinates: 46°58′37″N 5°05′48″E / 46.9769°N 5.0967°E / 46.9769; 5.0967
Chivres is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Châtellenot
Coordinates: 47°14′13″N 4°29′24″E / 47.2369°N 4.49°E / 47.2369; 4.49
Châtellenot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Clamerey
Coordinates: 47°23′14″N 4°25′39″E / 47.3872°N 4.4275°E / 47.3872; 4.4275
Clamerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Clomot
Coordinates: 47°11′30″N 4°29′11″E / 47.1917°N 4.4864°E / 47.1917; 4.4864
Clomot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Clémencey
Coordinates: 47°14′53″N 4°52′59″E / 47.2481°N 4.8831°E / 47.2481; 4.8831
Clémencey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Clénay
Coordinates: 47°24′17″N 5°07′18″E / 47.4047°N 5.1217°E / 47.4047; 5.1217
Clénay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Combertault
Coordinates: 46°59′37″N 4°53′59″E / 46.9936°N 4.8997°E / 46.9936; 4.8997
Combertault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Comblanchien
Coordinates: 47°06′08″N 4°55′19″E / 47.1022°N 4.9219°E / 47.1022; 4.9219
Comblanchien is a commune just to the south of Nuits-Saint-Georges in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Comblanchien lies in the Côte d'Or escarpment. The Jurassic limestone of the Côte includes a pink-veined marble called Pierre de Comblanchien which was laid down in the Bathonian epoch.
The stone has characteristics similar to those of marble and is notable for the variety of its shades of colour, the pink of bindweed (Convolvulus) and beige. Its veining harmonizes with any decorative style. It is not susceptible to frost damage, is fine-grained and capable of accepting a polish. It may be slippery if used polished, as a flooring. Its most notable use was in l'Opéra in Paris.
The quarries lie in the Côte overlooking Route Nationale 74, north and south of the village and similar stones are found in other places along the same vein.
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Commarin
Coordinates: 47°15′27″N 4°38′59″E / 47.2575°N 4.6497°E / 47.2575; 4.6497
Commarin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
The most remarkable building in Commarin is the château, parts of which date back to the 14th century.
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Corberon
Coordinates: 47°00′32″N 4°59′42″E / 47.0089°N 4.995°E / 47.0089; 4.995
Corberon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corgengoux
Coordinates: 46°59′29″N 4°59′21″E / 46.9914°N 4.9892°E / 46.9914; 4.9892
Corgengoux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corgoloin
Coordinates: 47°05′05″N 4°54′55″E / 47.0847°N 4.9153°E / 47.0847; 4.9153
Corgoloin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corpeau
Coordinates: 46°55′46″N 4°45′09″E / 46.9294°N 4.7525°E / 46.9294; 4.7525
Corpeau is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corrombles
Coordinates: 47°31′05″N 4°11′51″E / 47.5181°N 4.1975°E / 47.5181; 4.1975
Corrombles is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Corsaint
Coordinates: 47°32′23″N 4°12′00″E / 47.5397°N 4.2°E / 47.5397; 4.2
Corsaint is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Corsica
Corsica ( /ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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Couchey
Coordinates: 47°15′41″N 4°58′56″E / 47.2614°N 4.9822°E / 47.2614; 4.9822
Couchey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
The vineyards of Couchey are part of the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Marsannay.
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Courban
Coordinates: 47°55′06″N 4°44′12″E / 47.9183°N 4.7367°E / 47.9183; 4.7367
Courban is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Courlon
Coordinates: 47°39′12″N 5°00′21″E / 47.6533°N 5.0058°E / 47.6533; 5.0058
Courlon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Courtivron
Coordinates: 47°32′28″N 4°58′00″E / 47.5411°N 4.9667°E / 47.5411; 4.9667
Courtivron is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Couternon
Coordinates: 47°20′05″N 5°09′02″E / 47.3347°N 5.1506°E / 47.3347; 5.1506
Couternon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Crimolois
Coordinates: 47°16′29″N 5°07′18″E / 47.2747°N 5.1217°E / 47.2747; 5.1217
Crimolois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Crugey
Coordinates: 47°11′07″N 4°40′29″E / 47.1853°N 4.6747°E / 47.1853; 4.6747
Crugey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Créancey
Coordinates: 47°14′52″N 4°35′12″E / 47.2478°N 4.5867°E / 47.2478; 4.5867
Créancey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Crépand
Coordinates: 47°36′44″N 4°18′38″E / 47.6122°N 4.3106°E / 47.6122; 4.3106
Crépand is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Cuiserey
Coordinates: 47°22′24″N 5°19′23″E / 47.3733°N 5.3231°E / 47.3733; 5.3231
Cuiserey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Culètre
Coordinates: 47°08′52″N 4°34′37″E / 47.1478°N 4.5769°E / 47.1478; 4.5769
Culètre is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Daix
Coordinates: 47°21′10″N 4°59′59″E / 47.3528°N 4.9997°E / 47.3528; 4.9997
Daix is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Dallas
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Darcey
Coordinates: 47°33′05″N 4°34′14″E / 47.5514°N 4.5706°E / 47.5514; 4.5706
Darcey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Darois
Coordinates: 47°23′29″N 4°56′25″E / 47.3914°N 4.9403°E / 47.3914; 4.9403
Darois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Dyn'Aéro has its headquarters in Darois.
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Diancey
Coordinates: 47°10′57″N 4°21′48″E / 47.1825°N 4.3633°E / 47.1825; 4.3633
Diancey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Diénay
Coordinates: 47°31′17″N 5°04′01″E / 47.5214°N 5.0669°E / 47.5214; 5.0669
Diénay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Drambon
Coordinates: 47°20′16″N 5°21′43″E / 47.3378°N 5.3619°E / 47.3378; 5.3619
Drambon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Drée
Coordinates: 47°21′00″N 4°41′30″E / 47.35°N 4.6917°E / 47.35; 4.6917
Drée is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Duesme
Coordinates: 47°38′38″N 4°41′04″E / 47.6439°N 4.6844°E / 47.6439; 4.6844
Duesme is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is a puddle ironlattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair, it has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
The tower stands 320 metres (1,050 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-story building. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. However, because of the addition, in 1957, of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France, after the Millau Viaduct.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Esbarres
Coordinates: 47°05′43″N 5°12′56″E / 47.0953°N 5.2156°E / 47.0953; 5.2156
Esbarres is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Essarois
Coordinates: 47°45′15″N 4°47′07″E / 47.7542°N 4.7853°E / 47.7542; 4.7853
Essarois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Essey
Coordinates: 47°12′21″N 4°31′36″E / 47.2058°N 4.5267°E / 47.2058; 4.5267
Essey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Fauverney
Coordinates: 47°15′21″N 5°08′43″E / 47.2558°N 5.1453°E / 47.2558; 5.1453
Fauverney is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Fixin
Coordinates: 47°14′47″N 4°58′23″E / 47.2464°N 4.973°E / 47.2464; 4.973
Fixin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne region on the Grand Crus route in eastern France.
Fixin is one of the wine communes of Côte de Nuits.
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Flammerans
Coordinates: 47°13′52″N 5°26′54″E / 47.2311°N 5.4483°E / 47.2311; 5.4483
Flammerans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Flavignerot
Coordinates: 47°16′48″N 4°55′03″E / 47.28°N 4.9175°E / 47.28; 4.9175
Flavignerot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Foissy
Coordinates: 47°07′23″N 4°33′47″E / 47.1231°N 4.5631°E / 47.1231; 4.5631
Foissy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Foncegrive
Coordinates: 47°36′41″N 5°09′27″E / 47.6114°N 5.1575°E / 47.6114; 5.1575
Foncegrive is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Fontangy
Coordinates: 47°20′49″N 4°21′25″E / 47.3469°N 4.3569°E / 47.3469; 4.3569
Fontangy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Forléans
Coordinates: 47°29′03″N 4°12′21″E / 47.4842°N 4.2058°E / 47.4842; 4.2058
Forléans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Franxault
Coordinates: 47°03′15″N 5°16′41″E / 47.0542°N 5.2781°E / 47.0542; 5.2781
Franxault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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French Grand Prix
The French Grand Prix (1906-1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968-2008: Grand Prix de France) is a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's annual Formula One automobile racing championships. The last race was held in 2008, but the event is scheduled to return in 2013.
Grand Prix motor racing originated in France and the French Grand Prix, open to international competition, is the oldest Grand Prix race, first run on 26 June 1906 under the auspices of the Automobile Club de France in Sarthe, with a starting field of 32 automobiles.
The first World Championships were organized in 1925 with the French Grand Prix, the Italian Grand Prix, the Belgian Grand Prix and the Indianapolis 500. The French Grand Prix was part of the Formula One championships from their inception in 1950 until 2008. It was designated the European Grand Prix four times between 1924 and 1966, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe.
The race has been held at various racetracks throughout France, such as the Autodrome de Montlhéry. Since 1991 its permanent home was the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours. The move to Magny-Cours was an attempt to stimulate the economy of the area, but many within Formula One complained about the remote nature of the circuit.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Frôlois
Coordinates: 47°31′50″N 4°37′55″E / 47.5306°N 4.6319°E / 47.5306; 4.6319
Frôlois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Fussey
Coordinates: 47°07′11″N 4°50′12″E / 47.1197°N 4.8367°E / 47.1197; 4.8367
Fussey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Fénay
Coordinates: 47°14′37″N 5°03′36″E / 47.2436°N 5.06°E / 47.2436; 5.06
Fénay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Gemeaux
Coordinates: 47°28′43″N 5°08′15″E / 47.4786°N 5.1375°E / 47.4786; 5.1375
Gemeaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Genlis
Coordinates: 47°14′30″N 5°13′26″E / 47.2417°N 5.2239°E / 47.2417; 5.2239
Genlis is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Gergueil
Coordinates: 47°14′28″N 4°49′09″E / 47.2411°N 4.8192°E / 47.2411; 4.8192
Gergueil is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gevrolles
Coordinates: 47°59′18″N 4°46′45″E / 47.9883°N 4.7792°E / 47.9883; 4.7792
Gevrolles is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Glanon
Coordinates: 47°02′27″N 5°06′26″E / 47.0408°N 5.1072°E / 47.0408; 5.1072
Glanon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Gomméville
Coordinates: 47°57′42″N 4°29′44″E / 47.9617°N 4.4956°E / 47.9617; 4.4956
Gomméville is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with:
Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Hauteroche
Coordinates: 47°30′05″N 4°34′55″E / 47.5014°N 4.5819°E / 47.5014; 4.5819
Hauteroche is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Izeure
Coordinates: 47°10′15″N 5°08′18″E / 47.1708°N 5.1383°E / 47.1708; 5.1383
Izeure is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Izier
Coordinates: 47°16′57″N 5°11′30″E / 47.2825°N 5.1917°E / 47.2825; 5.1917
Izier is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Technical description of the coat of arms (Blasonnement): "On top of a blue background there are two golden lances arranged to look like Saint Andrew's Cross and a golden mallet over everything."
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Jallanges
Coordinates: 46°59′21″N 5°09′03″E / 46.9892°N 5.1508°E / 46.9892; 5.1508
Jallanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Jancigny
Coordinates: 47°23′04″N 5°24′32″E / 47.3844°N 5.4089°E / 47.3844; 5.4089
Jancigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It was a childhood home of the famous cosmetics expert Judith Solomonovna Berger (b. 1939, Dijon), known as Monique Berger who now lives in Ljubljana, Slovenia and works for the Mueller Company.
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Jouey
Coordinates: 47°09′15″N 4°26′52″E / 47.1542°N 4.4478°E / 47.1542; 4.4478
Jouey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Juillenay
Coordinates: 47°21′39″N 4°16′37″E / 47.3608°N 4.2769°E / 47.3608; 4.2769
Juillenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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La Chaume
Coordinates: 47°52′47″N 4°50′24″E / 47.8797°N 4.84°E / 47.8797; 4.84
La Chaume is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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La Rochepot
Coordinates: 46°57′32″N 4°40′47″E / 46.9589°N 4.6797°E / 46.9589; 4.6797
La Rochepot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
It has a hillside chateau on the D973 road between Beaune and Nolay on the way to Saisy.
The Chateau
The Chateau Roof
The Chateau
The Vines
The Chateau
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Lacanche
Coordinates: 47°04′33″N 4°33′37″E / 47.0758°N 4.5603°E / 47.0758; 4.5603
Lacanche is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Laignes
Coordinates: 47°50′38″N 4°21′50″E / 47.8439°N 4.3639°E / 47.8439; 4.3639
Laignes is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lamargelle
Coordinates: 47°32′04″N 4°50′30″E / 47.5344°N 4.8417°E / 47.5344; 4.8417
Lamargelle is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lanthes
Coordinates: 46°59′40″N 5°12′16″E / 46.9944°N 5.2044°E / 46.9944; 5.2044
Lanthes is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lantilly
Coordinates: 47°32′41″N 4°22′42″E / 47.5447°N 4.3783°E / 47.5447; 4.3783
Lantilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Le Fête
Coordinates: 47°11′03″N 4°30′36″E / 47.1842°N 4.51°E / 47.1842; 4.51
Le Fête is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Le Meix
Coordinates: 47°36′06″N 4°56′33″E / 47.6017°N 4.9425°E / 47.6017; 4.9425
Le Meix is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lechâtelet
Coordinates: 47°03′41″N 5°08′42″E / 47.0614°N 5.145°E / 47.0614; 5.145
Lechâtelet is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Les Goulles
Coordinates: 47°52′57″N 4°54′23″E / 47.8825°N 4.9064°E / 47.8825; 4.9064
Les Goulles is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Les Maillys
Coordinates: 47°08′16″N 5°20′27″E / 47.1378°N 5.3408°E / 47.1378; 5.3408
Les Maillys is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Leuglay
Coordinates: 47°48′54″N 4°47′34″E / 47.815°N 4.7928°E / 47.815; 4.7928
Leuglay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Levernois
Coordinates: 46°59′47″N 4°52′26″E / 46.9964°N 4.8739°E / 46.9964; 4.8739
Levernois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Liernais
Coordinates: 47°12′27″N 4°16′59″E / 47.2075°N 4.2831°E / 47.2075; 4.2831
Liernais is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Longeault
Coordinates: 47°13′21″N 5°15′17″E / 47.2225°N 5.2547°E / 47.2225; 5.2547
Longeault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Longvic
Coordinates: 47°17′19″N 5°03′52″E / 47.2886°N 5.0644°E / 47.2886; 5.0644
Longvic is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Rangers F.C. and Algeria defender Madjid Bougherra was born here.
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Losne
Coordinates: 47°05′57″N 5°15′50″E / 47.0992°N 5.2639°E / 47.0992; 5.2639
Losne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Louesme
Coordinates: 47°53′51″N 4°45′34″E / 47.8975°N 4.7594°E / 47.8975; 4.7594
Louesme is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bas nɔr.mɑ̃.di]; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an administrative region of France. It was created in 1956, when the Normandy region was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. The region includes three departments, Calvados, Manche and Orne, that cover the part of Normandy traditionally termed "Lower Normandy" lying west of the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a small part remaining in Upper Normandy), a small part of the Pays d'Ouche (the main part remaining in Upper Normandy), the Norman Perche and part of the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent of the surface area of France.
The traditional districts of Lower Normandy include the Cotentin Peninsula and La Hague, the Campagne de Caen, the Norman Bocage, the Bessin and the Avranchin.
The traditional province of Normandy, with an integral history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided in 1957 into two regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.
During the Roman era, the region was divided into several different city-states. That of Vieux was excavated in the 17th century, revealing numerous structures and vestiges bearing testimony to the prosperity of the Caen region.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Maconge
Coordinates: 47°13′17″N 4°34′42″E / 47.2214°N 4.5783°E / 47.2214; 4.5783
Maconge is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Magnien
Coordinates: 47°06′08″N 4°26′19″E / 47.1022°N 4.4386°E / 47.1022; 4.4386
Magnien is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Manlay
Coordinates: 47°07′47″N 4°20′32″E / 47.1297°N 4.3422°E / 47.1297; 4.3422
Manlay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marandeuil
Coordinates: 47°20′54″N 5°20′54″E / 47.3483°N 5.3483°E / 47.3483; 5.3483
Marandeuil is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marcellois
Coordinates: 47°20′59″N 4°36′50″E / 47.3497°N 4.6139°E / 47.3497; 4.6139
Marcellois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marcenay
Coordinates: 47°51′49″N 4°24′16″E / 47.8636°N 4.4044°E / 47.8636; 4.4044
Marcenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marcheseuil
Coordinates: 47°08′42″N 4°20′59″E / 47.145°N 4.3497°E / 47.145; 4.3497
Marcheseuil is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marliens
Coordinates: 47°12′43″N 5°11′01″E / 47.212°N 5.1836°E / 47.212; 5.1836
Marliens is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Martrois
Coordinates: 47°18′41″N 4°32′16″E / 47.3114°N 4.5378°E / 47.3114; 4.5378
Martrois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Mauvilly
Coordinates: 47°42′30″N 4°41′54″E / 47.7083°N 4.6983°E / 47.7083; 4.6983
Mauvilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Meloisey
Coordinates: 47°02′02″N 4°44′09″E / 47.0339°N 4.7358°E / 47.0339; 4.7358
Meloisey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Meloisey is a village of the Hautes Côtes de Beaune wine region, close to Beaune.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Menesble
Coordinates: 47°46′27″N 4°53′51″E / 47.7742°N 4.8975°E / 47.7742; 4.8975
Menesble is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Merceuil
Coordinates: 46°57′00″N 4°50′32″E / 46.95°N 4.8422°E / 46.95; 4.8422
Merceuil is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (French: France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (la France d'outre-mer, or l'Outre-mer, or colloquially les DOM-TOM) is the collective name for the French overseas departments (départements d'outre-mer or DOM),territories (territoires d'outre-mer or TOM), collectivities (collectivités d'outre-mer or COM) and the sui generis collectivity (collectivité sui generis) of New Caledonia.
Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form what is officially called the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 81.8% of the territory and 95.9% of the population of the French Republic.
The five overseas departments—Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte—have the same political status as metropolitan France's departments. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE, although in reality this France entière does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories which have more autonomy than the overseas departments (read the Origin of the name section below).
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Meuilley
Coordinates: 47°08′32″N 4°52′36″E / 47.1422°N 4.8767°E / 47.1422; 4.8767
Meuilley is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Meulson
Coordinates: 47°41′21″N 4°41′56″E / 47.6892°N 4.6989°E / 47.6892; 4.6989
Meulson is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Meursanges
Coordinates: 46°59′31″N 4°56′45″E / 46.9919°N 4.9458°E / 46.9919; 4.9458
Meursanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Meursault
Coordinates: 46°58′44″N 4°46′16″E / 46.9789°N 4.7711°E / 46.9789; 4.7711
Meursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne (Burgundy) in eastern France.
Meursault is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Côte de Beaune subregion of the Burgundy wine region. It lies along the foot of the Cote-d'Or escarpment, around Beaune and with the broad Saône valley plain to its east. Meursault produces mainly white wines from Chardonnay grapes, primarily in a style with a clear oak influence, which have led to descriptions such as "buttery" to be applied to powerful examples of Meursault wines. Within the Meursault AOC there are some Premier Cru vineyards, but no Grand Cru. This has however not stopped the wines from Meursault from competing with the white burgundies from the villages Chassagne-Montrachet and Puligny-Montrachet, where several Grands Crus are situated. The town of Meursault is home to the international wine event La Paulée de Meursault.
Meursault is situated on a prehistoric settlement.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Mimeure
Coordinates: 47°09′05″N 4°29′51″E / 47.1514°N 4.4975°E / 47.1514; 4.4975
Mimeure is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Missery
Coordinates: 47°18′31″N 4°22′28″E / 47.3086°N 4.3744°E / 47.3086; 4.3744
Missery is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Moitron
Coordinates: 47°40′39″N 4°49′19″E / 47.6775°N 4.8219°E / 47.6775; 4.8219
Moitron is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Molesme
Coordinates: 47°56′08″N 4°21′28″E / 47.9356°N 4.3578°E / 47.9356; 4.3578
Molesme is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Molesme grew up round the Benedictine monastery of Molesme Abbey, established here in the late 11th century by Saint Robert, who later founded Cîteaux Abbey, motherhouse of the Cistercian Order, with a group of monks from Molesme.
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Molinot
Coordinates: 47°00′54″N 4°35′21″E / 47.015°N 4.5892°E / 47.015; 4.5892
Molinot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Moloy
Coordinates: 47°32′27″N 4°56′39″E / 47.5408°N 4.9442°E / 47.5408; 4.9442
Moloy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Molphey
Coordinates: 47°20′42″N 4°12′41″E / 47.345°N 4.2114°E / 47.345; 4.2114
Molphey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montbard
Coordinates: 47°37′25″N 4°20′16″E / 47.6236°N 4.3378°E / 47.6236; 4.3378
Montbard is a commune and subprefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne region in eastern France.
Montbard is a small industrial town on the river Brenne. The Forges de Buffon, ironworks established by Buffon, are located in the nearby village of Buffon. There has been a cricket team in the town since 1993.
Montbard is near the site of Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
The Château was the scene of the marriage of Anne de Bourgogne and John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford in 1423. It was acquired by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.
The abbey of Fontenay Buffon
Some TGV express trains between Paris and Dijon stop at Montbard.
The Burgundy Canal also passes through the town.
Montbard was the birthplace of:
Jean-Andoche Junot (1771-1813), general during the First French Empire, committed suicide in Montbard
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Montberthault
Coordinates: 47°28′10″N 4°09′34″E / 47.4694°N 4.1594°E / 47.4694; 4.1594
Montberthault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Monthelie
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 4°46′03″E / 46.9933°N 4.7675°E / 46.9933; 4.7675
Monthelie is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Monthelie is one of the wine communes of the Côte de Beaune.
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Montmançon
Coordinates: 47°21′12″N 5°22′46″E / 47.3533°N 5.3794°E / 47.3533; 5.3794
Montmançon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Montmoyen
Coordinates: 47°44′03″N 4°47′39″E / 47.7342°N 4.7942°E / 47.7342; 4.7942
Montmoyen is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Montoillot
Coordinates: 47°16′14″N 4°39′28″E / 47.2706°N 4.6578°E / 47.2706; 4.6578
Montoillot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Musigny
Coordinates: 47°09′47″N 4°31′12″E / 47.163°N 4.52°E / 47.163; 4.52
Musigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Mâlain
Coordinates: 47°19′36″N 4°47′44″E / 47.3267°N 4.7956°E / 47.3267; 4.7956
Mâlain is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Ménessaire
Coordinates: 47°08′09″N 4°08′55″E / 47.1358°N 4.1486°E / 47.1358; 4.1486
Ménessaire is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nantoux
Coordinates: 47°02′02″N 4°45′40″E / 47.0339°N 4.7611°E / 47.0339; 4.7611
Nantoux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Nicey
Coordinates: 47°51′46″N 4°18′57″E / 47.8628°N 4.3158°E / 47.8628; 4.3158
Nicey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Noidan
Coordinates: 47°20′45″N 4°24′34″E / 47.3458°N 4.4094°E / 47.3458; 4.4094
Noidan is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Normier
Coordinates: 47°22′05″N 4°26′09″E / 47.3681°N 4.4358°E / 47.3681; 4.4358
Normier is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Obtrée
Coordinates: 47°55′20″N 4°33′24″E / 47.9222°N 4.5567°E / 47.9222; 4.5567
Obtrée is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Oisilly
Coordinates: 47°25′17″N 5°22′00″E / 47.4214°N 5.3667°E / 47.4214; 5.3667
Oisilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Opole
Opole [ɔˈpɔlɛ] ( listen) (German: Oppeln, Silesian German: Uppeln, Silesian: Uopole) is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River (Odra). It has a population of 125,992 (June 2009) and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County. Today, many German Upper Silesians and Poles of German ancestry live in the Opole region; in the city itself, Germans make up less than 3% of population.
The name Opole likely originated from the medieval Slavic term for a group of settlements.
Opole's history begins in the 8th century. It this time, according to the archeological excavations, the first Slavic settlement was founded on the Ostrówek - the northern part of the Pasieka island in the middle of the Odra river. In the early 10th century it developed into one of the main gróds of the Slavic Opolanie. At the end of the century Silesia became part of Poland and was ruled by the Piast dynasty; the land of the pagan Opolanie was conquered by Duke Mieszko I in 992. From the 11th-12th centuries it was also a castellany. After the death of Duke Władysław II the Exile, Silesia was divided in 1163 between two Piast lines- the Wrocławska line in Lower Silesia and the Opolsko-Raciborska of Upper Silesia. Opole would became a duchy in 1172 and would share much in common with the Duchy of Racibórz, with which it was often combined. In 1281 Upper Silesia was divided further between the heirs of the dukes. The Duchy of Opole was temporarily reestablished in 1290.
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Orain
Coordinates: 47°36′33″N 5°25′45″E / 47.6092°N 5.4292°E / 47.6092; 5.4292
Orain is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Jean Thurel, the "oldest soldier of Europe", was born in Orain in 1699.
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Orgeux
Coordinates: 47°21′47″N 5°09′17″E / 47.3631°N 5.1547°E / 47.3631; 5.1547
Orgeux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Origny
Coordinates: 47°42′06″N 4°38′22″E / 47.7017°N 4.6394°E / 47.7017; 4.6394
Origny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Orret
Coordinates: 47°35′56″N 4°41′42″E / 47.5989°N 4.695°E / 47.5989; 4.695
Orret is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Ouges
Coordinates: 47°15′44″N 5°04′34″E / 47.2622°N 5.0761°E / 47.2622; 5.0761
Ouges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Painblanc
Coordinates: 47°08′52″N 4°37′41″E / 47.1478°N 4.6281°E / 47.1478; 4.6281
Painblanc is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Panges
Coordinates: 47°22′16″N 4°47′57″E / 47.3711°N 4.7992°E / 47.3711; 4.7992
Panges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Pasques
Coordinates: 47°22′02″N 4°51′47″E / 47.3672°N 4.8631°E / 47.3672; 4.8631
Pasques is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pɛ.i də la lwaʁ]; Breton: Broioù al Liger) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is one of the regions created in the late 20th century to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, one of a handful so-called "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre)¹. Other examples of "artificially created" regions include Rhône-Alpes, which was created as the region for Lyon, and Midi-Pyrénées, which was created as the region for Toulouse.
Pays de la Loire is made up of the following historical provinces:
Consequently, the name of the region, chosen by the French central government, was not based on history, but purely on geographical references: Pays (i.e. "lands") de la Loire (i.e. "of the Loire River"). However, the majority of the famous châteaux of the Loire Valley are located in the Centre region, and not inside Pays de la Loire, despite the confusing name. The Pays de la Loire present many great monuments as the castles of Angers, Laval, Mayenne and the Nantes "Château des Ducs de Bretagne", the Royal Fontevraud Abbey (the widest monastic ensemble in Europe), the old city of Le Mans, and also many natural parks such as the Brière and the Marsh of Poitou.
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Pellerey
Coordinates: 47°30′21″N 4°46′59″E / 47.5058°N 4.7831°E / 47.5058; 4.7831
Pellerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Pichanges
Coordinates: 47°27′46″N 5°09′03″E / 47.4628°N 5.1508°E / 47.4628; 5.1508
Pichanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pluvault
Coordinates: 47°12′45″N 5°15′19″E / 47.2125°N 5.2553°E / 47.2125; 5.2553
Pluvault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pluvet
Coordinates: 47°12′18″N 5°15′55″E / 47.205°N 5.2653°E / 47.205; 5.2653
Pluvet is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Pommard
Coordinates: 47°00′36″N 4°47′45″E / 47.0100°N 4.7958°E / 47.0100; 4.7958
Pommard is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France.
It is famous for its Côte de Beaune wine production. This beautiful village is situated directly south of Beaune along the Route des Grands Crus. The D973 runs through the village from Beaune and then via Saisy to Autun.
Like Nuits-Saint-Georges, the name of Pommard was made famous as a marketplace for wines from better areas, in the days before Appellation Controlee. The fact that its name is easy for foreigners to pronounce also helped. 130,000 cases produced from 337 hectares makes it the second biggest area by production after Beaune. 135 hectares of that is Premier Cru, of which Les Epenots and Les Rugiens are the most notable.
Pommard produces purely red wine - no whites.
The square bell tower of its eighteenth century church characterise the village and on the hills that surround Pommard the vineyards dominate the landscape.
Pommard is twinned with:
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Posanges
Coordinates: 47°25′10″N 4°31′36″E / 47.4194°N 4.5267°E / 47.4194; 4.5267
Posanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pothières
Coordinates: 47°55′24″N 4°31′14″E / 47.9233°N 4.5206°E / 47.9233; 4.5206
Pothières is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pouillenay
Coordinates: 47°30′29″N 4°28′09″E / 47.5081°N 4.4692°E / 47.5081; 4.4692
Pouillenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Premières
Coordinates: 47°14′06″N 5°17′05″E / 47.235°N 5.2847°E / 47.235; 5.2847
Premières is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Prenois
Coordinates: 47°22′35″N 4°53′54″E / 47.3764°N 4.8983°E / 47.3764; 4.8983
Prenois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is best known for the Dijon-Prenois racetrack.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Prâlon
Coordinates: 47°18′39″N 4°46′34″E / 47.3108°N 4.7761°E / 47.3108; 4.7761
Prâlon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Puits
Coordinates: 47°44′05″N 4°27′39″E / 47.7347°N 4.4608°E / 47.7347; 4.4608
Puits is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Pécs
Pécs (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpeːtʃ] ( listen); known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administrative and economical centre of Baranya county. Pécs is also the seat of Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs.
The city Sopianae was founded by Romans at the beginning of the 2nd century, on an area peopled by Celts and Pannoni tribes. By the 4th century it became the capital of Valeria province and a significant early Christian center. The early Christian necropolis is from this era which became an UNESCO World Heritage Site in December 2000.
Its episcopate was founded in 1009 by Steven I, and the first university in Hungary was founded in Pécs in 1367 by Louis I the Great. (The largest university still resides in Pécs with about 34,000 students). Pécs was formed into one of the cultural and arts center of the country by bishop Janus Pannonius, the great, Hungarian, humanist poet. Pécs has a rich heritage from the age of a 150 year long Ottoman occupation, like the mosque of Pasha Qasim the Victorious on Széchenyi square.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Quetigny
Coordinates: 47°18′55″N 5°06′25″E / 47.3153°N 5.1069°E / 47.3153; 5.1069
Quetigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia (Emilian: Rèz, Latin: Regium Lepidi) is an affluent city in northern Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region. It has about 170,000 inhabitants and is the main comune (municipality) of the Province of Reggio Emilia.
The town is also referred to by its more official name of Reggio nell'Emilia listen (help·info). The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia (called Reggiani) usually call their town by the simple name of Reggio. In some ancient maps the town is also named Reggio di Lombardia.
The old town has an hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th-17th centuries. The commune's territory is totally on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.
Though not Roman in origin, Reggio began as an historical site with the construction by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of the Via Aemilia, leading from Piacenza to Rimini (187 BC). Reggio became a judicial administration centre, with a forum called at first Regium Lepidi, then simply Regium, whence the city's current name.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Renève
Coordinates: 47°24′15″N 5°24′23″E / 47.4042°N 5.4064°E / 47.4042; 5.4064
Renève is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
The town is famous chiefly as the site of Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia's torture and execution in 613, the aged monarch being racked for three days, and then torn apart by horses.
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Roilly
Coordinates: 47°25′11″N 4°20′27″E / 47.4197°N 4.3408°E / 47.4197; 4.3408
Roilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in central France.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Sacquenay
Coordinates: 47°35′36″N 5°19′23″E / 47.5933°N 5.3231°E / 47.5933; 5.3231
Sacquenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Saffres
Coordinates: 47°22′09″N 4°34′46″E / 47.3692°N 4.5794°E / 47.3692; 4.5794
Saffres is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Salives
Coordinates: 47°37′03″N 4°55′11″E / 47.6175°N 4.9197°E / 47.6175; 4.9197
Salives is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Salmaise
Coordinates: 47°27′25″N 4°39′49″E / 47.4569°N 4.6636°E / 47.4569; 4.6636
Salmaise is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Samerey
Coordinates: 47°05′27″N 5°21′41″E / 47.0908°N 5.3614°E / 47.0908; 5.3614
Samerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Santosse
Coordinates: 47°00′22″N 4°37′50″E / 47.0061°N 4.6306°E / 47.0061; 4.6306
Santosse is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Saulieu
Coordinates: 47°16′51″N 4°13′46″E / 47.2808°N 4.2294°E / 47.2808; 4.2294
Saulieu is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Burgundy region in eastern France.
Capital of the Morvan, and found in the Morvan Regional Park, Saulieu is located to the southeast of Paris on the RN6 road.
This walled town has existed since Roman times when it was known as Sidolocus (or Sedelocus), as seen on the tombs and engravings that can be found in the hills overlooking the modern town. Every Saturday morning a unique market is held in the square selling goods of many kinds.[citation needed]
The Basilica of Saint Andoche, famous for its carved capitals depicting biblic stories and religious teachings was founded as an abbey church in the 6th century. Rebuilt as a collegiate church in the 12th century and became a Minor Basilica in 1919.
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Saussy
Coordinates: 47°28′08″N 4°57′46″E / 47.4689°N 4.9628°E / 47.4689; 4.9628
Saussy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Savilly
Coordinates: 47°07′37″N 4°16′51″E / 47.1269°N 4.2808°E / 47.1269; 4.2808
Savilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Savoisy
Coordinates: 47°43′52″N 4°24′52″E / 47.7311°N 4.4144°E / 47.7311; 4.4144
Savoisy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Savolles
Coordinates: 47°22′38″N 5°16′32″E / 47.3772°N 5.2756°E / 47.3772; 5.2756
Savolles is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Savouges
Coordinates: 47°11′05″N 5°03′43″E / 47.1847°N 5.0619°E / 47.1847; 5.0619
Savouges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Segrois
Coordinates: 47°09′37″N 4°53′36″E / 47.1603°N 4.8933°E / 47.1603; 4.8933
Segrois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Seigny
Coordinates: 47°34′27″N 4°26′05″E / 47.5742°N 4.4347°E / 47.5742; 4.4347
Seigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Selongey
Coordinates: 47°35′19″N 5°11′11″E / 47.5886°N 5.1864°E / 47.5886; 5.1864
Selongey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Semarey
Coordinates: 47°16′08″N 4°38′04″E / 47.2689°N 4.6344°E / 47.2689; 4.6344
Semarey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Semezanges
Coordinates: 47°12′57″N 4°51′33″E / 47.2158°N 4.8592°E / 47.2158; 4.8592
Semezanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Semond
Coordinates: 47°43′09″N 4°35′35″E / 47.7192°N 4.5931°E / 47.7192; 4.5931
Semond is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Senailly
Coordinates: 47°35′06″N 4°16′02″E / 47.585°N 4.2672°E / 47.585; 4.2672
Senailly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Seurre
Coordinates: 46°59′57″N 5°08′51″E / 46.9992°N 5.1475°E / 46.9992; 5.1475
Seurre is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
This commune lies at the crossroad of routes to Dijon, Chalon-sur-Saône, Dôle, Beaune and Louhans.
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Skopje
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, [ˈskɔpjɛ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282 the town was part of the Serbian realm and its capital city since 1346. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Ottoman control over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912 the city was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of Axis powers. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital city of independent Macedonia.
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Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
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Soirans
Coordinates: 47°12′27″N 5°17′21″E / 47.2075°N 5.2892°E / 47.2075; 5.2892
Soirans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Sombernon
Coordinates: 47°18′31″N 4°42′30″E / 47.3086°N 4.7083°E / 47.3086; 4.7083
Sombernon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Souhey
Coordinates: 47°29′09″N 4°25′10″E / 47.4858°N 4.4194°E / 47.4858; 4.4194
Souhey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Sussey
Coordinates: 47°13′27″N 4°21′50″E / 47.2242°N 4.3639°E / 47.2242; 4.3639
Sussey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Talant
Coordinates: 47°20′14″N 5°00′23″E / 47.3372°N 5.0064°E / 47.3372; 5.0064
Talant is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Talmay
Coordinates: 47°21′20″N 5°26′23″E / 47.3556°N 5.4397°E / 47.3556; 5.4397
Talmay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Tarsul
Coordinates: 47°31′56″N 4°59′11″E / 47.5322°N 4.9864°E / 47.5322; 4.9864
Tarsul is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tellecey
Coordinates: 47°17′41″N 5°16′55″E / 47.2947°N 5.2819°E / 47.2947; 5.2819
Tellecey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Terrefondrée
Coordinates: 47°43′52″N 4°51′55″E / 47.7311°N 4.8653°E / 47.7311; 4.8653
Terrefondrée is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Thenissey
Coordinates: 47°29′48″N 4°37′28″E / 47.4967°N 4.6244°E / 47.4967; 4.6244
Thenissey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Thoires
Coordinates: 47°56′08″N 4°40′35″E / 47.9356°N 4.6764°E / 47.9356; 4.6764
Thoires is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Thomirey
Coordinates: 47°04′56″N 4°35′26″E / 47.0822°N 4.5906°E / 47.0822; 4.5906
Thomirey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Thoste
Coordinates: 47°26′14″N 4°13′36″E / 47.4372°N 4.2267°E / 47.4372; 4.2267
Thoste is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tichey
Coordinates: 47°00′49″N 5°17′05″E / 47.0136°N 5.2847°E / 47.0136; 5.2847
Tichey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tillenay
Coordinates: 47°10′54″N 5°21′11″E / 47.1817°N 5.3531°E / 47.1817; 5.3531
Tillenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Touillon
Coordinates: 47°39′10″N 4°25′38″E / 47.6528°N 4.4272°E / 47.6528; 4.4272
Touillon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Toutry
Coordinates: 47°30′06″N 4°07′21″E / 47.5017°N 4.1225°E / 47.5017; 4.1225
Toutry is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Trochères
Coordinates: 47°20′43″N 5°18′23″E / 47.3453°N 5.3064°E / 47.3453; 5.3064
Trochères is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Trouhans
Coordinates: 47°09′00″N 5°16′30″E / 47.15°N 5.275°E / 47.15; 5.275
Trouhans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Trouhaut
Coordinates: 47°23′29″N 4°45′25″E / 47.3914°N 4.7569°E / 47.3914; 4.7569
Trouhaut is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Trugny
Coordinates: 46°58′59″N 5°08′48″E / 46.9831°N 5.1467°E / 46.9831; 5.1467
Trugny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tréclun
Coordinates: 47°11′28″N 5°17′31″E / 47.1911°N 5.2919°E / 47.1911; 5.2919
Tréclun is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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Turcey
Coordinates: 47°24′25″N 4°43′05″E / 47.4069°N 4.7181°E / 47.4069; 4.7181
Turcey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di]; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is one of the 27 regions of France. It was created in 1984 from two départements: Seine-Maritime and Eure, when Normandy was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. This division continues to provoke controversy, and some continue to call for reuniting the two regions. However, the name Upper Normandy existed prior to 1956 and referred by tradition to territories currently included within the administrative region: the Pays de Caux, the Pays de Bray (not that of Picardy), the Roumois, the Campagne of Le Neubourg, the Plaine de Saint André and the Norman Vexin. Today, most of the Pays d'Auge, as well as a small portion of the Pays d'Ouche, are located in Lower Normandy.
Rouen is the regional capital, historically important with many fine churches and buildings, including the tallest cathedral tower in France. The region's largest city, in terms of metropolitan population, is Le Havre. The region is twinned with the London Borough of Redbridge in England. Its economy is centered around agriculture, industry, petrochemicals and tourism.
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Urcy
Coordinates: 47°15′43″N 4°51′11″E / 47.2619°N 4.8531°E / 47.2619; 4.8531
Urcy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vannaire
Coordinates: 47°54′52″N 4°34′12″E / 47.9144°N 4.57°E / 47.9144; 4.57
Vannaire is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Vanvey
Coordinates: 47°50′06″N 4°42′34″E / 47.835°N 4.7094°E / 47.835; 4.7094
Vanvey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Varanges
Coordinates: 47°13′52″N 5°11′38″E / 47.2311°N 5.1939°E / 47.2311; 5.1939
Varanges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vauchignon
Coordinates: 46°58′37″N 4°38′42″E / 46.9769°N 4.645°E / 46.9769; 4.645
Vauchignon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Veilly
Coordinates: 47°07′40″N 4°35′59″E / 47.1278°N 4.5997°E / 47.1278; 4.5997
Veilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Velogny
Coordinates: 47°24′16″N 4°27′45″E / 47.4044°N 4.4625°E / 47.4044; 4.4625
Velogny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Verdonnet
Coordinates: 47°44′14″N 4°19′51″E / 47.7372°N 4.3308°E / 47.7372; 4.3308
Verdonnet is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vernot
Coordinates: 47°29′29″N 4°58′27″E / 47.4915°N 4.9743°E / 47.4915; 4.9743
Vernot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vertault
Coordinates: 47°54′56″N 4°21′04″E / 47.9156°N 4.3511°E / 47.9156; 4.3511
Vertault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. The ancient Gallo-Roman settlement of Vertillum lies just west of the village.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vesvres
Coordinates: 47°23′01″N 4°31′58″E / 47.3836°N 4.5328°E / 47.3836; 4.5328
Vesvres is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vianges
Coordinates: 47°09′42″N 4°19′32″E / 47.1617°N 4.3256°E / 47.1617; 4.3256
Vianges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vieilmoulin
Coordinates: 47°18′45″N 4°40′47″E / 47.3125°N 4.6797°E / 47.3125; 4.6797
Vieilmoulin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vielverge
Coordinates: 47°16′10″N 5°27′07″E / 47.2694°N 5.4519°E / 47.2694; 5.4519
Vielverge is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Villargoix
Coordinates: 47°17′38″N 4°17′36″E / 47.2939°N 4.2933°E / 47.2939; 4.2933
Villargoix is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Villeberny
Coordinates: 47°26′16″N 4°36′00″E / 47.4378°N 4.6°E / 47.4378; 4.6
Villeberny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Villebichot
Coordinates: 47°08′26″N 5°02′41″E / 47.1406°N 5.0447°E / 47.1406; 5.0447
Villebichot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Villecomte
Coordinates: 47°30′39″N 5°02′10″E / 47.5108°N 5.0361°E / 47.5108; 5.0361
Villecomte is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Villeferry
Coordinates: 47°27′22″N 4°30′56″E / 47.4561°N 4.5156°E / 47.4561; 4.5156
Villeferry is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Viserny
Coordinates: 47°33′37″N 4°16′51″E / 47.5603°N 4.2808°E / 47.5603; 4.2808
Viserny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vitteaux
Coordinates: 47°23′55″N 4°32′33″E / 47.3986°N 4.5425°E / 47.3986; 4.5425
Vitteaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Viévigne
Coordinates: 47°26′09″N 5°13′52″E / 47.4358°N 5.2311°E / 47.4358; 5.2311
Viévigne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Viévy
Coordinates: 47°03′29″N 4°27′11″E / 47.0581°N 4.4531°E / 47.0581; 4.4531
Viévy is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Volgograd
Volgograd (Russian: Волгогра́д; IPA: [ˌvəlɡɐˈɡrat] ( listen)), formerly called Tsaritsyn (Russian: Цари́цын (help·info); 1589–1925) and Stalingrad (Russian: Сталингра́д (help·info); 1925–1961) is an important industrial city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. It is 80-kilometer (50 mi) long, north to south, situated on the western bank of the Volga River. Population: 1,021,244 (2010 Census preliminary results); 1,011,417 (2002 Census); 1,022,578 (1989 Census). The city became famous for its resistance, extensive damage, and death toll during the Battle of Stalingrad in World War II.
Although it is possible the city originated in 1555, it was first mentioned documentally in 1589 as Tsaritsyn, located at the confluence of the Tsaritsa and Volga Rivers. The fortress Sary Su (a local Tatar language name meaning: yellow water/river), was established to defend the unstable southern border of the country. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement. It was captured twice by Cossack rebels, under Stepan Razin in the rebellion of 1670 and Yemelyan Pugachev in 1774. Tsaritsyn became an important river port and commercial center in the 19th century.
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Vonges
Coordinates: 47°17′35″N 5°24′01″E / 47.2931°N 5.4003°E / 47.2931; 5.4003
Vonges is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Voudenay
Coordinates: 47°05′28″N 4°23′09″E / 47.0911°N 4.3858°E / 47.0911; 4.3858
Voudenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Vougeot
Coordinates: 47°10′38″N 4°57′51″E / 47.1772°N 4.9642°E / 47.1772; 4.9642
Vougeot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
The historical wall-enclosed Grand Cru vineyard Clos Vougeot is situated within the commune and makes up most of its vineyard surface.
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Véronnes
Coordinates: 47°32′06″N 5°13′53″E / 47.535°N 5.2314°E / 47.535; 5.2314
Véronnes is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Ébaty
Coordinates: 46°55′48″N 4°47′07″E / 46.93°N 4.7853°E / 46.93; 4.7853
Ébaty is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Échalot
Coordinates: 47°36′46″N 4°50′19″E / 47.6128°N 4.8386°E / 47.6128; 4.8386
Échalot is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Échannay
Coordinates: 47°16′57″N 4°40′34″E / 47.2825°N 4.6761°E / 47.2825; 4.6761
Échannay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Échenon
Coordinates: 47°06′53″N 5°17′04″E / 47.1147°N 5.2844°E / 47.1147; 5.2844
Échenon is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Échevronne
Coordinates: 47°06′23″N 4°51′06″E / 47.1064°N 4.8517°E / 47.1064; 4.8517
Échevronne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Échigey
Coordinates: 47°11′03″N 5°11′50″E / 47.1842°N 5.1972°E / 47.1842; 5.1972
Échigey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Écutigny
Coordinates: 47°05′06″N 4°37′22″E / 47.085°N 4.6228°E / 47.085; 4.6228
Écutigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Éguilly
Coordinates: 47°18′16″N 4°30′04″E / 47.3044°N 4.5011°E / 47.3044; 4.5011
Éguilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Époisses
Coordinates: 47°30′28″N 4°10′28″E / 47.5078°N 4.1744°E / 47.5078; 4.1744
Époisses is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France, located around halfway between Dijon and Auxerre.
The village is most famous for its namesake cheese, Époisses de Bourgogne, a pungent unpasteurized cows-milk cheese. This cheese is one of several well-known French cheeses.
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Éringes
Coordinates: 47°35′34″N 4°27′54″E / 47.5928°N 4.465°E / 47.5928; 4.465
Éringes is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Étais
Coordinates: 47°42′31″N 4°26′15″E / 47.7086°N 4.4375°E / 47.7086; 4.4375
Étais is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Étalante
Coordinates: 47°38′32″N 4°45′48″E / 47.6422°N 4.7633°E / 47.6422; 4.7633
Étalante is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Étevaux
Coordinates: 47°19′23″N 5°19′06″E / 47.3231°N 5.3183°E / 47.3231; 5.3183
Étevaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Étormay
Coordinates: 47°35′53″N 4°34′33″E / 47.5981°N 4.5758°E / 47.5981; 4.5758
Étormay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Étrochey
Coordinates: 47°53′32″N 4°31′34″E / 47.8922°N 4.5261°E / 47.8922; 4.5261
Étrochey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Benignus of Dijon
Saint Benignus of Dijon (in French, Saint Bénigne) was a martyr honored as the patron saint and first herald of Christianity of Dijon, Burgundy (Roman Divio). His feast falls, with All Saints, on November 1; his name stands under this date in the Martyrology of St. Jerome. No particulars concerning the person and life of Benignus were known at Dijon. He may have been a missionary priest from Lyon, martyred at Epagny under Aurelian (ruled 270-75), near Dijon.
According to Gregory of Tours the common people reverenced his grave, but Gregory's great-grandfather, Saint Gregory, bishop of Langres (507-539/40), wished to put an end to this veneration, because he believed the grave to belong to a heathen. He went about this in the following manner: announcing that he had learned in a nighttime vision that the burial spot (in a large necropolis outside the Roman city) was in fact the previously overlooked grave of the holy martyr Benignus, the bishop had the tomb in which the sarcophagus lay restored, and he built a basilica over it. Saint Benignus' Abbey developed at the site and joined the Cluniac order. In the early eleventh century a larger church was built by its abbot William of Volpiano (died 1031). The abbey church built by Gregory of Langres was superseded by a Romanesque basilica, which collapsed in 1272 and was replaced by the present Dijon cathedral, dedicated to Benignus, where the shrine survived an earthquake in 1280 and the French Revolution. His sarcophagus can still be seen in the crypt.
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Bernard Courtois
Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, (12 February 1777–27 September 1838) was a French chemist born in Dijon, France.
Courtois grew up in the prestigious surroundings of his father's workplace at the Dijon Academy. The Academy, where the family lived, was a small hotel that had been converted for scientific studies. Courtois' father, Jean-Baptiste, worked for the chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau as well as for the Academy as a pharmacist and was called by his family pharmacien de l'Academie. When Courtois was twelve the family moved to the Saint-Medard Nitrary, an experimental nitrate plant which Jean-Baptiste bought from Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau and his partner.
Courtois and his brother Pierre learned the trade of making potassium nitrate for gunpowder for the French Revolution. Courtois, however, branched off from this venture to learn chemistry. Courtois lived at Saint-Medard Nitrary until he was about eighteen, when he left his family home to begin his trade apprenticeship in chemistry in Auxerre. Here for three years he was a student of M. Frémy, the future grandfather of Edmond Frémy. He then obtained a position with Antoine-François de Fourcroy at the École Polytechnique in Paris. In 1799 Courtois served as a pharmacist in military hospitals. In 1801 he returned to the École Polytechnique to work in the laboratory of Louis Jacques Thénard.
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Charles the Bold
Charles the Bold (or Charles the Rash) (Dutch: Karel de Stoute, French: Charles le Téméraire or Charles le Hardi) (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), baptised Charles Martin, was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. Known as Charles the Terrible to his enemies, he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history.
After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for more than two centuries.
Charles the Bold was born in Dijon, the son of Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal. In his father's lifetime (1433–1467) he bore the title of Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also made a Knight of the Golden Fleece just twenty days after his birth, being invested by Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de Croÿ.
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Claude Jade
Claude Marcelle Jorré, better known as Claude Jade (French: [klod ʒad]; 1948–2006), was a French actress, known for starring as Christine in François Truffaut's three films Stolen Kisses (1968), Bed and Board (1970) and Love on the Run (1979). Jade acted in theatre, film and television. Her film work outside of France included the Soviet Union, the United States, Italy and Japan.
The daughter of university professors, Jade spent three years at Dijon's Conservatory of Dramatic Art, where in 1964 she won a best actress prize for her portrayal of Agnès in Molière's L'école des femmes. In 1966 she won the Prix de Comédie for Jean Giraudoux's stage play Ondine, performed at the Comédie Boulogne. She moved to Paris and became a student of Jean-Laurent Cochet at the Edouard VII theater, and began acting in television productions, including the TV series Les oiseaux rares.
While performing as Frida in Pirandello's Henri IV, in a production by Sacha Pitoëff at the Théâtre Moderne, Jade was discovered by New Wave film director François Truffaut. He was "completely taken by her beauty, her manners, her kindness, and her joie de vivre", and cast her in the role of Christine Darbon in Stolen Kisses (1968). During the filming, Jade and Truffaut were engaged at one point. Stolen Kisses won great acclaim and put Jade in the international spotlight for her strong performance. In her role as Christine she taught her lover Antoine the best way to butter toast in the morning, and engaged in other amusing scenes with him. The American critic Pauline Kael wrote that Jade "seems a less ethereal, more practical Catherine Deneuve". Playing the same character, Jade appeared in two more movies by Truffaut, Bed and Board (1970), Love on the Run (1979).
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François Chaussier
François Chaussier (July 2, 1746 – June 19, 1828) was a French anatomist who was a native of Dijon. His name is associated with the Prix Chaussier (Chaussier Prize).
He studied medicine in Besançon, and later returned to Dijon, where he worked as a hospital physician and also performed pioneer research in forensic medicine. In 1780 he became a professor of anatomy. In 1794 he was summoned to Paris by Antoine-François Fourcroy (1755–1809), and was given the responsibility of drafting a report on the establishment of learning institutions of health. This report was presented to the National Convention on November 27, 1794.
Afterwards, Chaussier remained in Paris where he became a professor at the École Polytechnique, and a chief obstetrician at the Paris Maternité, where he was a colleague of Jean-Louis Baudelocque (1745–1810). In 1822 Chaussier was elected as a member of the Academy of Sciences.
Chaussier did early studies of neuralgia, and introduced a procedure for revival of "near-dead" newborns. He also performed a descriptive survey of all muscles in the human body, and developed a new system of designation for muscles.
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François Jouffroy
François Jouffroy (1 February 1806 – 25 June 1882) was a French sculptor.
Jouffroy was born in Dijon, the son of a baker, and attended the local drawing school before being admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1824. In 1832 he won the Prix de Rome. Jouffroy often had to contend with Pierre-Jean David d'Angers for public commissions, but during the Second Empire (1851–1870) still participated in the decoration of several public buildings.
Among his students was Jean Dampt. Jouffroy died at Laval, Mayenne, in 1882.
His best-known work is probably the sculpture “Girl Confiding her Secret to Venus” (1839), which can presently be seen at the Louvre. Among his other works are:
As a teacher at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Jouffroy had great influence on several famous artists, among these:
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François Rude
François Rude (4 January 1784 - 3 November 1855) was a French sculptor. He was the stepfather of Paul Cabet, a sculptor.
Born in Dijon, he worked at his father's trade as a stovemaker till the age of sixteen, but received training in drawing from François Devosges, where he learned that a strong, simple contour was an invaluable ingredient in the plastic arts In 1809 he went to Paris from the Dijon school of art, and became a pupil of Pierre Cartellier, obtaining the Grand Prix de Rome in 1812. After the second restoration of the Bourbons he retired to Brussels, where, probably owing to the intervention of the exiled Jacques-Louis David he got some work under the architect Charles Vander Straeten, who employed him to execute nine bas-reliefs in the palace of Tervuren, now destroyed.
At Brussels Rude married the painter Sophie Fremiet, daughter of a Bonapartist compatriot to whom he had many obligations, but gladly availed himself of an opportunity to return to Paris, where in 1827 a statue of the Virgin for St Gervais and a Mercury fastening his Sandals (now in the Musée du Louvre) obtained much attention.
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Félix Kir
Canon Félix Kir (January 22, 1876 - April 26, 1968) was a French Catholic priest, resistance fighter and politician.
He was born at Alise-Sainte-Reine on the Côte-d'Or. He entered a small seminary at Plombières-lès-Dijon in 1891 and was ordained 1901. He then worked as a parish priest. During the occupation of France during World War II, he took an active part in the French Resistance, helping with the escape of 5,000 prisoners of war from a camp at Longvic. He was arrested and condemned to death, but he was released because of his status. He continued organising operations, and was seriously wounded, but escaped interrogation by the Gestapo.
In 1945 he was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur and was elected mayor of Dijon and to the French National Assembly. He remained mayor of Dijon up to his death.
A local drink, then locally known as 'blanc-cassis,' consists of white burgundy wine, traditionally Aligoté, mixed with Crème de Cassis, a sweet, blackcurrant-flavored liqueur. Kir habitually served this local drink to delegations and so the drink itself is now known internationally as Kir.
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Gustave Eiffel
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( /ˈaɪfəl/ French pronunciation: [efɛl]) (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct. He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel concentrated his energies on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making important contributions in both fields.
Gustave Eiffel was born in Dijon, in the Côte-d'Or department of France, the first child of Alexandre and Catherine Eiffel. The family was originally from Germany, being descended from Jean-René Bönickhausen, who emigrated from Marmagen and settled in Paris at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The family adopted the name Eiffel as a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region from which it had come. Although the family always used the name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bönickhausen, and was not formally changed to Eiffel until 1880.
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Henry Darcy
Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (June 10, 1803 – January 3, 1858) was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics.
He was born in Dijon, France. Despite his father's death in 1817 when he was 14, his mother was able to borrow money to pay for his tutors. In 1821 he enrolled at the École Polytechnique (Polytechnic School) in Paris, and transferred two years later to the École des Ponts et Chaussées (School of Bridges and Roads), which lead to employment in the Corps of Bridges and Roads.
Henry met an English woman, Henriette Carey, whose family had been living in Dijon, and married her in 1828.
As a member of the Corps, he built an impressive pressurized water distribution system in Dijon following the failure of attempts to supply adequate fresh water by drilling wells. The system carried water from Rosoir Spring 12.7 km away through a covered aqueduct to reservoirs near the city, which then fed into a network of 28,000 meters of pressurized pipes delivering water to much of the city. The system was fully closed and pressurized by gravity, and thus required no filters or pumps. He was also involved in many other public works in and around Dijon, as well as in the politics of the Dijon city government.
wn.com/Henry_Darcy -
John the Fearless
John the Fearless (French: Jean sans Peur, Dutch: Jan zonder Vrees), also John II, Duke of Burgundy, known as John of Valois and John of Burgundy (28 May 1371 – 10 September 1419), was Duke of Burgundy from 1404 to 1419. For a period he was regent for his mentally ill first cousin Charles VI of France and a member of the Valois Dynasty.
Born in Dijon, John was the son of Philip the Bold and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders. As heir apparent, he used the title of Count of Nevers from 1384 to 1405, however, after his accession he ceded it to his brother Philip.
In 1385, John married Margaret of Bavaria, daughter of Albrecht of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Hainaut, to consolidate his position in the Low Countries, after cancelling his engagement with Catherine of France, daughter of Charles V of France.
Before his accession to the Duchy of Burgundy, John was one of the principal leaders of the French forces sent to aid King Sigismund of Hungary in his war against Sultan Bayezid I. John fought in the battle of Nicopolis (25 September 1396) with such enthusiasm and bravery that he was given the nickname of Fearless (Sans-Peur). Despite his personal bravery, his impetuous leadership ended in disaster for the European expedition. He was taken prisoner and released only in the next year, against an enormous ransom paid by his father.
wn.com/John_the_Fearless -
Julien Pillet
Julien Pillet (born 28 September 1977 in Dijon, Côte-d'Or) is a French sabre fencer. He is a three-time Olympic medalist as he won the gold in the team event at the 2004 Summer Olympics and also at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He also won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, again in the sabre team event. He finished 4th in the individual sabre event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Pillet won the individual bronze medal at the 2006 European Seniors Fencing Championship and the gold medal in the sabre team event at the 2006 World Fencing Championships after beating Spain in the final. He accomplished this with his team mates Vincent Anstett, Nicolas Lopez and Boris Sanson.
wn.com/Julien_Pillet -
Laurent Chambertin
Laurent Chambertin (born September 29, 1966 in Dijon, Côte-d'Or) is a retired volleyball player from France, who earned a total number of 336 caps for the Men's National Team.
wn.com/Laurent_Chambertin -
Madjid Bougherra
Madjid Bougherra (Arabic: مجيد بوغرة; born 7 October 1982) is a professional footballer. He currently plays for Lekhwiya and the Algeria national team. He is a defender, who can also play as a midfielder.
Bougherra began his professional football career with French club Gueugnon before having spells with English sides Crewe Alexandra, Sheffield Wednesday and Charlton Athletic. Bougherra moved to Rangers in the summer of 2008 for a fee of £2.5 million, he made his debut against Falkirk in August of that year. Bougherra made 113 appearances for Rangers and was a key part of the team that won the Scottish Premier League championship in seasons 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11. In August 2011 Rangers sold Bougherra to Lekhwiya for £1.7 million.
Bougherra has received over fifty caps for the Algeria national football team representing the team at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, where Algeria finished fourth, and the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.
Bougherra began his career at AS Quetigny in 1999, spending a season at the club before moving to local club AS Longvic.
wn.com/Madjid_Bougherra -
Philip the Bold
Philip the Bold (Dutch: Filips de Stoute French: Philippe le Hardi), also Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (January 15, 1342, Pontoise – April 27, 1404, Halle), was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne of Luxembourg. By his marriage to Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, he also became Count Philip II of Flanders, Count Philip IV of Artois and Count-Palatine Philip IV of Burgundy. He was the founder of the Burgundian branch of the House of Valois.
Born in 1342, Philip gained his cognomen the Bold when, at the age of 14, he fought beside and was captured with his father at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was created Duke of Touraine in 1360, but in 1363, as a reward for his behaviour at Poitiers, he returned this to the crown, receiving instead from his father the Duchy of Burgundy in apanage, which his father had been Duke of since the death of Philip of Rouvres in 1361. Philip would rule the Duchy until his death.
On 19 June 1369, Philip married the 19 year old Margaret of Dampierre, the daughter of Louis II, Count of Flanders, who would become the heiress of Flanders, Brabant, Artois, and the Free County of Burgundy after the death of her brother in 1376. Margaret was the widow of his stepbrother, Philip of Rouvres, Duke of Burgundy, Count Palatine of Burgundy, and Count of Artois, Boulogne and Auvergne. The two had been betrothed and married as children, she at seven years old, he at 11 years old; he died when he was about 15 and she about 11. Their marriage was without issue. As her father's eventual heiress, Margaret would bring rich possessions to her husband and to their children.
wn.com/Philip_the_Bold -
Philip the Good
Philip the Good KG (French: Philippe le Bon, Dutch: Filips de Goede), also Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (July 31, 1396 – June 15, 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty (the then Royal family of France). During his reign Burgundy reached the height of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts. Philip is known in history for his administrative reforms, patronage of Flemish artists such as Jan van Eyck, and the capture of Joan of Arc. During his reign he alternated between English and French alliances in an attempt to improve his dynasty's position. As ruler of Flanders, Brabant, Namur and Limburg, he has played an important role in the history of the Netherlands.
Born in Dijon, he was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria-Straubing. On 28 January 1405, he was named Count of Charolais in appanage of his father and probably on the same day he was engaged to Michele of Valois (1395–1422), daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. They were married in June 1409.
wn.com/Philip_the_Good -
Roger Guillemin
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, Bourgogne, France) received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Nobel prize for medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.
Completing his undergraduate work at the University of Burgundy, Guillemin received his M.D. degree from the Medical Faculty at Lyon in 1949, and went to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to work with Hans Selye at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. The same year he moved to the United States to join the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine at Houston. In 1965, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1970 he helped in creating the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California where he worked until retirement in 1989.
Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally discovered the structures of TRH and GnRH in separate laboratories. The process of this scientific discovery at Guillemin's laboratory is the subject of a study by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, published as Laboratory Life.
wn.com/Roger_Guillemin -
Vitalic
Vitalic (born as Pascal Arbez in 1976) is an electronic music artist. He was born in France and is of Spanish and Italian descent.
His first singles were released in 1996 and 1997, but were confined to the underground electronic music scene. However, he became good friends with Michel Amato, also known as The Hacker, whom he met in the Rex, the "techno temple" of Laurent Garnier. The Hacker suggested he send his new tracks to DJ Hell, head of Gigolo records in Munich. Pascal did so, and International DeeJay Gigolo Records released the well known Poney EP in 2001, which was a huge success shortly after its release. With the track "La Rock 01", Vitalic created a club anthem which was a hit in the summer of 2001. The track was also included on many compilation albums, even rock compilations. Miss Kittin included "La Rock 01" on her DJ mix album On the Road.
In 2005, Vitalic's released his debut album, OK Cowboy on Different/PIAS Recordings. Pascal states that all of the instruments used in the album are synthesized. His official website states that "the only thing he can't fake is the emotion that galvanizes his music."
wn.com/Vitalic -
Émile Allegret
Émile Allegret (born the 24 April 1907 at Dijon and died 22 November 1990 at Vaux-sur-Mer) was a French soldier and member of the French Resistance during World War II.
After secondary school, he joined the French Air Force in 1926 for five years. A non-commissioned officer, he followed the course for élève aspirant (training student) (EOR). He then graduated from the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) and became an engineer and test pilot. A reserve officer, he was staying at Royan as a flight instructor when war was declared in September 1939. He heard the appeal of 18 June 1940 and, after the second Armistice at Compiègne, refused to fly for the German air force. Émile Allegret quickly joined the French Resistance. Obliged to conceal his identity, he became an agent of the resistance movement Organisation civile et militaire. After joining the 6th arrondissement of Paris, he carried out information missions on the Atlantic coast and in particular at Royan, where he revealed the location of fortifications and coastal defense batteries. He succeeded in a mission to avoid weapons and ammunition stored in the basement of the City Hall of Royan.[clarification needed] Hunted by the Gestapo, he had to leave France and succeeded, the 24th of December 1942, in joining Spain by crossing the Pyrenees.
wn.com/Émile_Allegret
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Dijon Talton - Wild Out
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
New Single from Dijon "WildOut" Directed by Meagan Good Starring Hosea Chanchez, Logan Browning, and Ashley Everett
http://wn.com/Dijon_Talton_Wild_Out
New Single from Dijon "WildOut" Directed by Meagan Good Starring Hosea Chanchez, Logan Browning, and Ashley Everett
Dijon, Colmar & Strasbourg, France slide show.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:10
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
tourvideos.com Alsace during Christmas season, featuring the cities of Dijon, Colmar and Strasbourg. Colmar at Christmas comes alive with hundreds of festive booths and activities, and we visit some nearby wine villages, including Ribeauville, Kaysersberg, Riquewihr and Konigsberg. Strasbourg is the largest city in Alsace, famous for picturesque canals running through the Old Town, and the very tall gothic cathedral.
http://wn.com/Dijon,_Colmar_Strasbourg,_France_slide_showmov
tourvideos.com Alsace during Christmas season, featuring the cities of Dijon, Colmar and Strasbourg. Colmar at Christmas comes alive with hundreds of festive booths and activities, and we visit some nearby wine villages, including Ribeauville, Kaysersberg, Riquewihr and Konigsberg. Strasbourg is the largest city in Alsace, famous for picturesque canals running through the Old Town, and the very tall gothic cathedral.
- published: 02 Dec 2009
- views: 18428
- author: denniscallan
FFSA GT at Dijon - 2009 - perfect Racesound - GT1 Corvette C6R Audi R8 LMS BMW Alpina B6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Nice Weekend with the French GT at Dijon. Perfect Racesound!!! I still Love love this Video...it is one of my best...
http://wn.com/FFSA_GT_at_Dijon_2009_perfect_Racesound_GT1_Corvette_C6R_Audi_R8_LMS_BMW_Alpina_B6
Nice Weekend with the French GT at Dijon. Perfect Racesound!!! I still Love love this Video...it is one of my best...
- published: 28 May 2009
- views: 26811
- author: MPZRACEVIDEO
DIJON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Sur une chanson De Yves Jamait
http://wn.com/DIJON
Dijon's Song - Zach Blum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Recorded by Nick Bruno who made this song possible. William Viviani Video recorded raw footage, and thanks to everyone who supported zach prior to the making of this song, especially lydia pisa and Nick Bruno, much love
http://wn.com/Dijon's_Song_Zach_Blum
Recorded by Nick Bruno who made this song possible. William Viviani Video recorded raw footage, and thanks to everyone who supported zach prior to the making of this song, especially lydia pisa and Nick Bruno, much love
- published: 15 Feb 2011
- views: 26966
- author: ROCxBEATS
Best F1 Duel - Gilles Villeneuve x Rene Arnoux , NA v Turbo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
This is the best duel in F1 history! Arnoux' Renault 1.5liter (91.5 in3) V6 turbo engines and Villeneuve's Ferrari 312T4 3.0liter flat 12. Overtakes at 256km/h!!! (160mph!)
http://wn.com/Best_F1_Duel_Gilles_Villeneuve_x_Rene_Arnoux_,_NA_v_Turbo
This is the best duel in F1 history! Arnoux' Renault 1.5liter (91.5 in3) V6 turbo engines and Villeneuve's Ferrari 312T4 3.0liter flat 12. Overtakes at 256km/h!!! (160mph!)
- published: 16 Nov 2005
- views: 523922
- author: c0V3Ro
The Legendary Villeneuve - Arnoux battle at Dijon 1979
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
This battle still stands as the benchmark upon which other battles are judged.
http://wn.com/The_Legendary_Villeneuve_Arnoux_battle_at_Dijon_1979
This battle still stands as the benchmark upon which other battles are judged.
- published: 02 Jul 2009
- views: 27355
- author: f1junkie08
Loire Valley chateau, France slide show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:28
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
tourvideos.com Rapid-paced slide show about the chateau of the Loire including Cheverny, Amboise, Chenonceau, Clos-Luce, Chambord, Azay and towns of Chinon, Tours and Blois.
http://wn.com/Loire_Valley_chateau,_France_slide_show
tourvideos.com Rapid-paced slide show about the chateau of the Loire including Cheverny, Amboise, Chenonceau, Clos-Luce, Chambord, Azay and towns of Chinon, Tours and Blois.
- published: 02 Dec 2009
- views: 12722
- author: denniscallan
GT1 Saleen S7R vs. Corvette C6R - big Sounds and Action - FFSA GT at Dijon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Great Race at Dijon/France - now in remastered quality.
http://wn.com/GT1_Saleen_S7R_vs_Corvette_C6R_big_Sounds_and_Action_FFSA_GT_at_Dijon
Great Race at Dijon/France - now in remastered quality.
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 8299
- author: MPZRACEVIDEO
Seinfeld - Kramer cannot eat a sandwich without Dijon mustard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Kramer has a sophisticated palate ...Newman rides a customized pink bicycle "This is one sweet ride!"
http://wn.com/Seinfeld_Kramer_cannot_eat_a_sandwich_without_Dijon_mustard
Kramer has a sophisticated palate ...Newman rides a customized pink bicycle "This is one sweet ride!"
- published: 13 Mar 2011
- views: 121628
- author: 850iStyle
GoPro HD : Dijon | Fixie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
IMPORTANT : Description in English and French. VIDEO HD ! 1080p 720p ! Free download for song: www.mediafire.com Dos Buster never fails to impress ! Dos Buster ne manque jamais d'impressionner ! Today we test the GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition in the small streets of Dijon ! Aujourd'hui on test la GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition dans les petites rues de Dijon !
http://wn.com/GoPro_HD_Dijon_|_Fixie
IMPORTANT : Description in English and French. VIDEO HD ! 1080p 720p ! Free download for song: www.mediafire.com Dos Buster never fails to impress ! Dos Buster ne manque jamais d'impressionner ! Today we test the GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition in the small streets of Dijon ! Aujourd'hui on test la GoPro Hero 3 Silver Edition dans les petites rues de Dijon !
- published: 29 Dec 2012
- views: 261
- author: Dos Buster
What Chu? Got on your Baby Legs .... Dijon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Subscribe to me Don't you see I is trying to come up with stuff? LOL Thanks so much xoooxox --- Subscribe to GloZell's Google+ plus.google.com Buy New T-Shirts Here bit.ly Thanks for subscribing www.facebook.com See all of GloZell's YouTube videos! www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Follow GloZell on Twitter! www.twitter.com Visit GloZell's Blog... Where She Shares Her Exciting, Hilarious Life as a Comedienne! www.GloZellBlog.com Visit GloZell's Official Website http ---
http://wn.com/What_Chu?_Got_on_your_Baby_Legs_Dijon
Subscribe to me Don't you see I is trying to come up with stuff? LOL Thanks so much xoooxox --- Subscribe to GloZell's Google+ plus.google.com Buy New T-Shirts Here bit.ly Thanks for subscribing www.facebook.com See all of GloZell's YouTube videos! www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Follow GloZell on Twitter! www.twitter.com Visit GloZell's Blog... Where She Shares Her Exciting, Hilarious Life as a Comedienne! www.GloZellBlog.com Visit GloZell's Official Website http ---
- published: 10 Sep 2012
- views: 50795
- author: glozell1
WOODS - Twisted Tongue (FD Session)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Session recorded in "Le grenier" @ the venue "La Vapeur" in Dijon on the 10th of april, 2009. Thanks to the band ! EDIT : The session is out on vinyl : capturedtracks.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/WOODS_Twisted_Tongue_FD_Session
Session recorded in "Le grenier" @ the venue "La Vapeur" in Dijon on the 10th of april, 2009. Thanks to the band ! EDIT : The session is out on vinyl : capturedtracks.blogspot.com
- published: 11 Apr 2009
- views: 24407
- author: faitsdiversshow
How to cook Parmesan and Dijon Crusted Chicken with Curtis Stone - Coles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Coles and Curtis Stone show how to cook sliced chicken strips coated in parmesan and Dijon mustard make a popular and tasty dinner for the family. This recipe is easy to make and goes a long way served with pan fried green bean and caper salad. View the full recipe video at recipes.coles.com.au
http://wn.com/How_to_cook_Parmesan_and_Dijon_Crusted_Chicken_with_Curtis_Stone_Coles
Coles and Curtis Stone show how to cook sliced chicken strips coated in parmesan and Dijon mustard make a popular and tasty dinner for the family. This recipe is easy to make and goes a long way served with pan fried green bean and caper salad. View the full recipe video at recipes.coles.com.au
- published: 20 Feb 2012
- views: 9242
- author: ColesSupermarkets
Dijon Summer 2010 Montage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Homies killed it this summer!! Feat: David & Charlélie Vuillemin, Nicolas Douriaux, Mathieu Christin, Tristan Suchaut, Vincent Gros & Mathieu du Rablais Filmed & edited by Charlélie Vuillemin www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Dijon_Summer_2010_Montage
Homies killed it this summer!! Feat: David & Charlélie Vuillemin, Nicolas Douriaux, Mathieu Christin, Tristan Suchaut, Vincent Gros & Mathieu du Rablais Filmed & edited by Charlélie Vuillemin www.youtube.com
- published: 26 Oct 2010
- views: 22757
- author: Vianouzagain
Dijon 2010 - Retrospective
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Une vue d'ensemble des IXè Rencontres d'Arts Martiaux Historiques Européens, du 6 au 9 mai 2010, Université de Bourgogne. An overview of the IXth Historical European Martial Arts Gathering, May 6-9 2010, University of Burgundy.
http://wn.com/Dijon_2010_Retrospective
Une vue d'ensemble des IXè Rencontres d'Arts Martiaux Historiques Européens, du 6 au 9 mai 2010, Université de Bourgogne. An overview of the IXth Historical European Martial Arts Gathering, May 6-9 2010, University of Burgundy.
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 7055
- author: DeTailleetdEstoc
footsat.wifeo.com - Dijon vs Le Havre - ligue 2 - 5eme journée
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
footsat.wifeo.com - Dijon Le Havre ligue 2 5eme journée
http://wn.com/footsatwifeocom_Dijon_vs_Le_Havre_ligue_2_5eme_journée
footsat.wifeo.com - Dijon Le Havre ligue 2 5eme journée
- published: 25 Aug 2012
- views: 17086
- author: McDonnell Miller
Villeneuve - Arnoux Dijon 1979 - Liveübertragung der letzten 3 Runden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Das legendäre Duell zwischen René Arnoux und Gilles Villeneuve in Dijon, Kommentar von Heinz Prüller. 1979 French Formula One Grand Prix: the legendary duel between René Arnoux and Gilles Villeneuve at Dijon. Live German commentary of the last three laps by Austrian Heinz Prüller.
http://wn.com/Villeneuve_Arnoux_Dijon_1979_Liveübertragung_der_letzten_3_Runden
Das legendäre Duell zwischen René Arnoux und Gilles Villeneuve in Dijon, Kommentar von Heinz Prüller. 1979 French Formula One Grand Prix: the legendary duel between René Arnoux and Gilles Villeneuve at Dijon. Live German commentary of the last three laps by Austrian Heinz Prüller.
- published: 07 Aug 2008
- views: 34958
- author: AuthentiekeRebhuhn
Medieval 2 Total War - France Campaign Part 2: Taking Dijon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:27
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Thanks for every Like and Favorite! They really help! Join ColdMeat's Army! tinyurl.com TWITCH.TV | www.twitch.tv FACEBOOK | on.fb.me TWITTER | www.twitter.com GOOGLE+ | goo.gl Subscribe to the Medieval 2: Total War Show on Youtube! ► www.youtube.com ★Visit GameFanShop for some GREAT DEALS on Games! www.gamefanshop.com __________________________________________________ Playlists: www.youtube.com Main Channel: www.youtube.com ColdMeat's 24/7 ARCADE on STEAM! steamcommunity.com Tags: "medieval 2 total war" "medieval ii total war" "Total War" Gameplay "medieval 3 total war" Campaign Battle Machinima ColdMeat247
http://wn.com/Medieval_2_Total_War_France_Campaign_Part_2_Taking_Dijon
Thanks for every Like and Favorite! They really help! Join ColdMeat's Army! tinyurl.com TWITCH.TV | www.twitch.tv FACEBOOK | on.fb.me TWITTER | www.twitter.com GOOGLE+ | goo.gl Subscribe to the Medieval 2: Total War Show on Youtube! ► www.youtube.com ★Visit GameFanShop for some GREAT DEALS on Games! www.gamefanshop.com __________________________________________________ Playlists: www.youtube.com Main Channel: www.youtube.com ColdMeat's 24/7 ARCADE on STEAM! steamcommunity.com Tags: "medieval 2 total war" "medieval ii total war" "Total War" Gameplay "medieval 3 total war" Campaign Battle Machinima ColdMeat247
- published: 03 Mar 2012
- views: 9207
- author: ColdMeat247
Dijon Project Poweriser 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
www.powerisers.de www.poweriser.fr www.rise-up.fr www.easyriser.fr Musique : Tis and Clits - She likes gasoline profile.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Dijon_Project_Poweriser_2008
www.powerisers.de www.poweriser.fr www.rise-up.fr www.easyriser.fr Musique : Tis and Clits - She likes gasoline profile.myspace.com
- published: 20 Aug 2008
- views: 205514
- author: PoweriserEurope
Young Blu - The LSD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Check Out the creative wordplay Young Blu "Da Boss" displays on this upbeat rance "The LSD". Video Shot and Edited by @Twobrainz DL Young Blu's Album "TOWNIE" at www.youngblu.com
http://wn.com/Young_Blu_The_LSD
Check Out the creative wordplay Young Blu "Da Boss" displays on this upbeat rance "The LSD". Video Shot and Edited by @Twobrainz DL Young Blu's Album "TOWNIE" at www.youngblu.com
- published: 28 Jun 2012
- views: 3732
- author: Dijon Silva
Porsche GT3 onboard Dijon Prenois - Battle vs 964 Turbo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Porsche GT3 onboard Dijon Prenois - Battle vs 964 Turbo (hardly modified, about 430 hp)driven by "Papero"). My codriver was Luke Duke. Didn't want to pass him as it was really too exciting to see him so horny from behind
http://wn.com/Porsche_GT3_onboard_Dijon_Prenois_Battle_vs_964_Turbo
Porsche GT3 onboard Dijon Prenois - Battle vs 964 Turbo (hardly modified, about 430 hp)driven by "Papero"). My codriver was Luke Duke. Didn't want to pass him as it was really too exciting to see him so horny from behind
- published: 10 Jun 2008
- views: 13207
- author: zampa1973
Ferrari 250 LM circuit lap from passenger seat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Take a ride with a professional driver in a 1964 Ferrari 250 LM...complete with V12 soundtrack and a spin!
http://wn.com/Ferrari_250_LM_circuit_lap_from_passenger_seat
Take a ride with a professional driver in a 1964 Ferrari 250 LM...complete with V12 soundtrack and a spin!
- published: 23 Dec 2008
- views: 45852
- author: highoctanexxx
photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra
01 Jan 2013
INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
03 Jan 2013
A gang of men accused of repeatedly raping a 23-year-old student on a moving bus in New Delhi in a deadly crime that repulsed the nation are to appear in court today for the first time. A British tourist join others in a candlelight vigil to mourn the death of a gang rape victim, in Kolkata, India Photo. AP. 3.52AM GMT 03 Jan 2013 ... Police have ordered a bone test to determine his age and whether he can stand trial in an adult court....(size: 11.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
03 Jan 2013
Washington. Aiming to get cooperation through dialogue, the US said that it is working hard to create an environment within Afghanistan and also in the region to have support for Afghan-Afghan reconciliation ... Responding to questions, Nuland said the US supports an Afghan-led process of reconciliation ... Saying that Pakistan needs to engage with Afghanistan directly, Nuland said the US supports dialogue between the two ... PTI ... First Published....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Juan Karita
04 Jan 2013
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has released a public letter urging the United Kingdom to relinquish its control over the disputed Falkland Islands. ... The veterans delivered a letter addressed to the British Ambassador in Argentina, John Freeman, criticising the British government for refusing to discuss the sovereignty of the islands with the Argentine government ... 508 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies. Share....(size: 19.6Kb)
New York Daily News
04 Jan 2013
No one sympathizes with squeezing in time to eat healthy and to exercise better than working mom Dari Alexander, WNYW Fox 5 anchor on “Fox 5 News at 6 p.m.” and “Fox 5 News at 10 p.m.” Her new book, “The Quick & Clean Diet. Lose the Weight, Feel Great and Stay Lean for Life,” is now in bookstores. “Nothing happens overnight,” she says ... 1 ... I love Bragg’s Liquid Aminos and Dijon Mustard. 2 ... 3. Never go grocery shopping without a list ... 4 ... 5....(size: 2.2Kb)
Business Wire
04 Jan 2013
Category Leader Introduces Tasty New Low-Fat and Low-Calorie Ready-to-Eat Popcorn . ENGLEWOOD, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Popcorn, Indiana®, innovator of all-natural popcorn snacks, today announced the debut of Popcorn, Indiana FITtm, a new line of better-for-you popcorn that will be available nationwide beginning in January 2013 ... Sea Salt, Parmesan & Herb, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, and Onion Dijon ... About Popcorn, Indiana ... Contacts ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
Lehigh Valley
04 Jan 2013
Duck Fat Fries (Tallman Farm potatoes fried in rendered duck fat, rosemary, Pecorino-Romano and Dijon aioli) — $6; Fried Turkey Wings (house-made barbecue sauce, napa cabbage and fennel slaw) — $8; Grilled Chicken Breast and Reeder Farms Butternut Squash (Free Bird Farm herb-marinated chicken, Reeder Farms sweet potato, apple and bacon ......(size: 6.6Kb)
The News Tribune
04 Jan 2013
When I mentioned to a friend that I had just returned from a great meal in Centralia, I got the weirdest response. Did I order sweet potato fries with my burger at Burgerville? No. No, I did not. But I did find the finest mole you’ll ever eat and a pizza with an ethereal crust ... LA TARASCA ... Try the Smokin’ Cubano ($10.75), made with house-smoked pork, layers of deli ham and assertively slathered with Dijon mustard and pickles ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
New York Daily News
03 Jan 2013
Put down the oily, oversized sandwich. Step away from the buy-by-pound buffet. It’s time to get out of that lunch rut ... 2-3 tablespoon Dijon mustard ... Blend tofu with Dijon and vinegar until creamy ... Taste and add more lemon, agave nectar, or Dijon as needed ... 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard ... Next, add mayo, Dijon, orange juice, and orange zest, stirring to combine ... If you double this recipe, you may want to be careful with the amount of Dijon you use....(size: 6.8Kb)
Ha'aretz
03 Jan 2013
related articles. Let winter vegetables take you back to your roots. By Vered Guttman . Jan.03,2013 . 2.53 PM. Serves 6-8. Ingredients.. 1 celeriac. 2 carrots. 1 fennel. 1 bunch radishes. 2 cups frisée. 4 green onions, thinly sliced. For the dressing.. 3 tablespoons white wine vinegar. 3 tablespoons olive oil. 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard. Salt and black pepper to taste ... Directions. ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
03 Jan 2013
Chicago, Illinois (PRWEB) January 03, 2013 Twisted Butter is pleased to announce that their flavor-infused butter has been nominated as one of the Best New Dairy Products of 2012 by Dairy Foods Magazine ... Blueberry, Honey & Lemon Zest; Cinnamon, Honey & Brown Sugar; Cilantro & Lime; Chives & Parsley; Portobello Mushroom with Boursin-Garlic & Fine Herb Cheese; and Bacon, Dijon Mustard & Green Onion ... Jessica Prah ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Examiner
03 Jan 2013
As the hostess, it is your job to make your guests happy. Some need food with their beer while watching an exciting game to get happy. Chips and great dips are o-kee-dokey; but, appetizers that are special and un-expected become winners ... ½ C mayonnaise ½ C sour cream 2 T Dijon mustard 1 T mustard, whole grain 1 T horseradish, grated 1 T honey 1 t garlic cloves, minced ¼ t Tabasco Sauce 1 t parsley flakes salt & pepper to taste ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Miami Herald
03 Jan 2013
Salad. Pomelo, Escarole and Candied Bacon Salad with Meyer Lemon Dressing. Here, sweet pomelo and brown-sugar-glazed bacon balance the slight bitterness of the escarole. The juice of Meyer lemons is less tart than that of regular lemons, but the latter can be substituted. This salad looks nice arranged on individual plates, with 2 strips of bacon laid over the top of each portion ... 1/4 teaspoon salt. 1/2 teaspoon Dijon-style mustard ... Source....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Examiner
03 Jan 2013
What Examiners do for examiner.com is... report on local stuff. If an Examiner is a Bakery Examiner, then of course they go into bakeries and after a thorough examination, they report on their findings ... “Been there done that don’t you know.” ... This is the best ... It is Fra’ Mani rosemary ham (hand formed & smoked over natural hardwood & seasoned with rosemary), brie, dried cranberries, arugula, dijon, mayo, on a sourdough ciabatta ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Detroit Free Press
03 Jan 2013
Here are a few that crossed our desks.For celebrity worshippers. "One Dish at a Time" by Valerie Bertinelli (Rodale Books, $30.00) ... Author Kumai, a former model and Le Cordon Bleu-trained chef, offers recipes for miso-glazed cod with baby bok choy, Dijon-braised Brussels sprouts and oxtail ragu with pappardelle to move you toward a sexier bod (and perhaps even help you cook in high heels and a mini-skirt, as she apparently does). ....(size: 4.4Kb)
The Gleaner
03 Jan 2013
Michele Kayal, Associated Press ... Here are a few. For celebrity worshippers. One Dish at a Time by Valerie Bertinelli ... For magazine readers ... Author Kumai, a former model and Le Cordon Bleu-trained chef, offers recipes for miso-glazed cod with baby bok choy, Dijon-braised Brussels sprouts and oxtail ragu with pappardelle to move you towards a sexier bod (and perhaps even help you cook in high heels and a mini-skirt, as she apparently does)....(size: 5.3Kb)
Houston Chronicle
03 Jan 2013
PRWeb . January 3, 2013. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1 ... Chicago, Illinois (PRWEB) January 03, 2013 ... Twisted Butter is overjoyed to have stolen the hearts (and taste buds) of the magazine’s panelists ... Blueberry, Honey & Lemon Zest; Cinnamon, Honey & Brown Sugar; Cilantro & Lime; Chives & Parsley; Portobello Mushroom with Boursin-Garlic & Fine Herb Cheese; and Bacon, Dijon Mustard & Green Onion ... Tweet ... ....(size: 11.0Kb)
This article is about the French city. For other uses, see Dijon (disambiguation).
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Dijon |
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| Place Darcy.JPG | |
.svg) |
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 Dijon
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Location within Burgundy region
Dijon
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| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Burgundy |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Dijon |
| Intercommunality | Dijon |
| Mayor | François Rebsamen (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 220–410 m (720–1,350 ft) (avg. 245 m or 804 ft) |
| Land area1 | 40.41 km2 (15.60 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 151,576 (2008) |
| - Density | 3,751 /km2 (9,720 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21231/ 21000 |
| Website | http://www.dijon.fr/ |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Contents |
History[link]
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
Capital of the Duchy of Burgundy[link]
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
20th century[link]
It was occupied by Nazi Germany between June 1940 and 12 September 1944, when it was liberated by joint French/UK/US forces.[1]
Climate[link]
The average low of winter is -1°C (with average high of 4.2°C). The average high of summer is 25.3°C (average low 14.7°C). Average normal temperatures are between 2.3C and 5.3C from November to March, and 17.2C to 19.7C from June to August.
| Climate data for Dijon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
14.83 (58.69) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −1 (30.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.1 (57.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
6.27 (43.28) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 59.2 (2.331) |
52.5 (2.067) |
52.8 (2.079) |
52.2 (2.055) |
86.3 (3.398) |
62.4 (2.457) |
51.0 (2.008) |
65.4 (2.575) |
66.6 (2.622) |
57.6 (2.268) |
64.2 (2.528) |
62.0 (2.441) |
732.2 (28.827) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 11.1 | 9.3 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.7 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 115.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.7 | 89.6 | 139.5 | 177.0 | 204.6 | 234.0 | 266.6 | 229.4 | 195.0 | 120.9 | 69.0 | 52.7 | 1,831 |
| Source: HKO | |||||||||||||
Population[link]
| Year | 1793 | 1800 | 1806 | 1821 | 1831 | 1836 | 1841 | 1846 | 1851 | 1856 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 20,760 | 18,888 | 22,026 | 22,397 | 25,352 | 24,817 | 26,184 | 27,543 | 32,253 | 33,493 |
| Year | 1861 | 1866 | 1872 | 1876 | 1881 | 1886 | 1891 | 1896 | 1901 | 1906 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 37,074 | 39,193 | 42,573 | 47,939 | 55,453 | 60,855 | 65,428 | 67,736 | 71,326 | 74,113 |
| Year | 1911 | 1921 | 1926 | 1931 | 1936 | 1946 | 1954 | 1962 | 1968 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 76,847 | 78,578 | 83,815 | 90,869 | 96,257 | 100,664 | 112,844 | 135,694 | 145,357 |
| Year | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 151,705 | 140,942 | 146,703 | 150,138 | 151,576 |
Sights[link]
Dijon boasts a large number of churches, notably Notre Dame de Dijon, St. Philibert, St. Michel, Dijon Cathedral, the crypt of which, dedicated to Saint Benignus, dates from 1,000 years ago. The city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic and Renaissance. Many still-inhabited town houses in the city's central district date from the 18th century and earlier.
Dijon architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of tiles glazed in terracotta, green, yellow and black and arranged in eye-catching geometric patterns.
Dijon was largely spared the destruction of wars such as the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the Second World War, despite the city being occupied. Therefore, many of the old buildings such as the half-timbered houses dating from the 12th to the 15th centuries (found mainly in the city's core district) are undamaged, at least by organized violence.
Dijon is home to many museums, including the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon in part of the Ducal Palace (see below). It contains, among other things, ducal kitchens dating back to the mid-15th century, and a substantial collection of European painting from Roman times through contemporary art.
Among the more popular sights is the Ducal Palace, the Palais des Ducs et des États de Bourgogne or "Palace of the Dukes and the States of Burgundy" (47°19′19″N 5°2′29″E / 47.32194°N 5.04139°E / 47.32194; 5.04139), which includes one of only a few remaining examples of the Capetian period in the region.
The church of Notre Dame is famous for both its art and architecture. Popular legend has it that one of its stone relief sculptures, an owl (la chouette) is a good-luck charm: visitors to the church touch the owl with their left hands to make a wish. (The current carving was restored after it was damaged by vandalism in the night of 5 and 6 January 2001).
Transport[link]
Dijon is located approximately 300 km (190 mi) southeast of Paris, which takes about three hours by car along the motorways A38 and A6. The A31 provides connections to Nancy, Lille and Lyon. The A39 connects Dijon with Bourg-en-Bresse and Geneva, the A36 with Mulhouse and Basel.
The Gare de Dijon-Ville is the main railway station, providing connection in one hour and 40 minutes by the TGV high-speed train (LGV Sud-Est) to Paris-Gare de Lyon. For comparison, Lyon is 180 km (110 mi) away and two hours distant – although there is no high-speed train link between both cities. Nice takes about six hours by TGV and Strasbourg about three hours at regular train speed. Lausanne in Switzerland is less than 150 km (93 mi) away or two hours by train. Several regional trains of TER Bourgogne depart from the station.
A new tram network is under construction in Dijon; it is expected to open in 2012.[2]
Culture[link]
Dijon holds its International and Gastronomic Fair every year in autumn. With over 500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors every year, it is one of the ten most important fairs in France. Dijon is also home, every three years, to the international flower show Florissimo.
Dijon has numerous museums such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, the Musée Archéologique, the Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, the Musée d'Art Sacré, and the Musée Magnin. It also contains approximately 700 hectares of parks and green space, including the Jardin botanique de l'Arquebuse.
Apart from the numerous bars, which sometimes have live bands, some popular music venues in Dijon are : Le zenith de Dijon, La Vapeur and l'Atheneum.
Colleges and universities[link]
- Dijon hosts the main campus of the University of Burgundy (Université de Bourgogne)
- École nationale des beaux-arts de Dijon
- European Campus of Sciences Po Paris
- ENESAD - Établissement National d’Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon
Food and drink[link]
Mustard[link]
Dijon is famous for its mustard: the term Dijon mustard (moutarde de Dijon) designates a method of making a particularly strong mustard relish. This is not necessarily produced near Dijon, as the term is regarded as genericized under European Union law, so that it cannot be registered for protected designation of origin status.[3] Most Dijon mustard (brands such as Amora or Maille) is produced industrially and over 90% of mustard seed used in local production is imported, mainly from Canada. In 2008, Unilever closed its Amora mustard factory in Dijon. Dijon mustard shops also feature exotic or unusually-flavored mustard (fruit-flavoured, for example), often sold in decorative hand-painted faience (china) pots.
Wine and Liqueurs[link]
As the capital of the Burgundy region, Dijon reigns over some of the best wine country in the world. Many superb vineyards producing vins d'appellation contrôlée, such as Vosne-Romanée and Gevrey-Chambertin, are within 20 minutes of the city center. The town's university boasts a renowned oenology institute. The road from Santenay to Dijon, known as the route des Grands Crus, passes through an idyllic countryside of vineyards, rivers, villages, forests, and 12th century churches.
The city is also well known for its crème de cassis, or blackcurrant liqueur, used in the drink known as "Kir", a mixture of white wine, especially Bourgogne aligoté, with blackcurrant liqueur, named after former mayor of Dijon canon Félix Kir.
Sport[link]
To the northwest of Dijon, the race track of Dijon-Prenois hosts various motor sport events. It hosted the Formula 1 French Grand Prix on five occasions from 1974 to 1984.
Dijon is home to Dijon FCO, a Football team in Ligue 1 .Dijon has its own basketball club (Pro A), JDA Dijon Basket.
Dijon is home to the Dijon Ducs ice hockey team, who play in the Magnus League.[4]
Personalities[link]
- John the Fearless (1371–1419), Duke of Burgundy
- Charles, Duke of Burgundy (1433–1477)
- Jane Frances de Chantal (Jeanne – Françoise Frémiot, baronne de Chantal, 1572–1641), founder of the Visitation Order
- Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704), bishop and theologist
- Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764), composer
- François Chaussier (1746–1828), physician
- Bernard Courtois (1777–1838), discoverer of the element iodine
- François Rude (1784–1855), sculptor
- Augustin Cauchy (1789–1867), mathematician
- Henry Darcy (1803–1858), engineer
- François Jouffroy (1806–1882), sculptor
- Henri Legrand du Saulle (1830 – 1886), psychiatrist
- Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923), engineer and architect
- Elizabeth of the Trinity (Marie – Élisabeth Catez, 1880–1906), Carmelite nun and religious writer
- Émile Allegret (1907-1990), French soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II
- Roger Guillemin (b. 1924), Nobel laurate in Physiology and Medicine
- Jean-Pierre Marielle (b. 1932), actor
- Claude Jade (1948–2006), actress
- Jean-Marc Boivin (1951–1990), extreme sports specialist
- Vitalic (born as Pascal Arbez in 1976), an electronic music artist
- Julien Pillet (b. 1977), olympic medalist sabre fencer
- Anne-Caroline Chausson (b. 1977), olympic medalist BMX racer
- Madjid Bougherra (b. 1982), Rangers F.C. football/soccer player
- Laurent Chambertin volleyball player
Photo gallery[link]
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Roof work, Dijon.JPG
Some of the beautiful roof work seen throughout Dijon
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N39604410 30268799 7019.jpg
The false gargoyles on Notre Dame de Dijon
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Porte Guillaume (Guillaume Gate) on Darcy Square
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Rue de la Liberté (Freedom Street)
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Carrefour du Miroir, Rue de la Libérté (Mirror's Crossroads)
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Boutique de la moutarde Maille (Mustard shop of the Maille brand)
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Place François Rude (François Rude Square)
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Typical street in the old town-centre
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Place de la Libération (Liberation Square)
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Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Dukes of Burgundy's Palace)
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Philippe le Bon Tower
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Philippe II Le Hardi's tomb
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Cathedral St. Begnine
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Saint-Michel Church
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N39604410 30268803 8274.jpg
The Market in Dijon designed by Gustave Eiffel (who also designed the Eiffel Tower)
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La Chouette ("The Owl") at Notre Dame de Dijon (rub it for goodluck)
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Place Darcy.JPG
Place Darcy during a light snow
_at_Notre_Dame_de_Dijon.JPG)
International relations[link]
Twin towns – sister cities[link]
Dijon is twinned with:
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "SAS – Special Air Service – WWII". Sasregiment.org.uk. http://www.sasregiment.org.uk/ww2.html. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Railway Gazette: Pioneering PPP energises Dijon tram". http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/pioneering-ppp-energises-dijon-tram.html. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "SCADPlus: Protection of Geographical Indications and Designations of Origin". Europa (web portal). http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l66044.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ Dijon Hockey Club. "Duc's Official Website" (in French). http://www.dhc.reseau-concept.net/. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "Opole Official Website – Twin Towns".
(in English and Polish) 2007–2009 Urząd Miasta Opola. http://www.opole.pl/miasto/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=20&Itemid=108. Retrieved 18 June 2009. - ^ "Official portal of City of Skopje – Skopje Sister Cities". City of Skopje. 2006–2009. http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ Friendly relationship at Official website of Volgograd
- ^ "Vennskapsbyer". www.visitvolgograd.info. http://www.visitvolgograd.info/Vennskapsbyer.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dijon |
- Official Dijon website
- Dijon tourism website
- Dijon travel guide from Wikitravel
- A lot of photos about Dijon
- Official site of the city government
- Original WW2 color photos of VE Day 1944 in Dijon
- Old Postal Cards about Dijon
- Dijon in 1900
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http://wn.com/Dijon
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Dijon
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http://pl.wn.com/Dijon
http://fr.wn.com/Dijon
http://ru.wn.com/Дижон
http://hi.wn.com/दीजों
http://de.wn.com/Dijon
http://pt.wn.com/Dijon
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| File:Villeneuve Monza 1981.jpg | |
| Born | (1950-01-18)18 January 1950 |
|---|---|
| Died | 8 May 1982(1982-05-08) (aged 32) |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Canadian |
| Active years | 1977–1982 |
| Teams | McLaren, Ferrari |
| Races | 68 (67 starts)[1] |
| Championships | 0 (2nd in 1979) |
| Wins | 6 |
| Podiums | 13 |
| Career points | 101 (107)[2] |
| Pole positions | 2 |
| Fastest laps | 8 |
| First race | 1977 British Grand Prix |
| First win | 1978 Canadian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1981 Spanish Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1982 Belgian Grand Prix |
Joseph Gilles Henri Villeneuve, better known as Gilles Villeneuve (French pronunciation: [ʒil vilnœv]; January 18, 1950 – May 8, 1982), was a Canadian racing driver. An enthusiast of cars and fast driving from an early age, he started his professional career in snowmobile racing in his native province of Quebec. He moved into single seaters, winning the US and Canadian Formula Atlantic championships in 1976, before being offered a drive in Formula One with the McLaren team at the 1977 British Grand Prix. He was taken on by reigning world champions Ferrari for the end of the season and from 1978 to his death in 1982 drove for the Italian team. He won six Grand Prix races in a short career at the highest level. In 1979, he finished second by four points in the championship to team-mate Jody Scheckter.
Villeneuve died in a 140 mph (225 km/h) crash caused by a collision with the March of Jochen Mass during qualifying for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. The accident came less than two weeks after an intense argument with his team-mate, Didier Pironi, over Pironi's move to pass Villeneuve at the preceding San Marino Grand Prix. At the time of his death, Villeneuve was extremely popular with fans and has since become an iconic figure in the history of the sport. His son, Jacques Villeneuve, became Formula One world champion in 1997 and, to date, the only Canadian to win the Formula One World Championship.
Contents |
Personal and early life[link]
Villeneuve was born in Richelieu, a small town in the largely French-speaking province of Quebec in Canada and grew up in Berthierville.[3] He married Joann Barthe in 1970, with whom he had two children, Jacques and Melanie.[4] During his early career Villeneuve took his family on the road with him in a motorhome during the racing season, a habit which he continued to some extent during his Formula One career.[5] He often claimed to have been born in 1952. By the time he got his break in Formula One, he was already 27 years old and took two years off his age to avoid being considered too old to make it at the highest level of motorsports.[6]
Niki Lauda said of him, "He was the craziest devil I ever came across in Formula 1... The fact that, for all this, he was a sensitive and lovable character rather than an out-and-out hell-raiser made him such a unique human being".[7]
His younger brother Jacques also had a successful racing career in Formula Atlantic, Can Am and CART.[8] Gilles' son, also named Jacques, won the Indianapolis 500 and CART championships in 1995 and became Formula One World Champion in 1997.[9]
Early career[link]
Villeneuve started competitive driving in local drag-racing events, entering his road car, a modified 1967 Ford Mustang. He was soon bored by this[10] and entered the Jim Russell Racing School at Le Circuit Mont Tremblant to gain a racing licence. He then had a very successful season in Quebec regional Formula Ford, running his own two-year-old car and winning seven of the ten races he entered.[11] The next year he progressed to Formula Atlantic, competing there for four years, running his own car again for one of those seasons. He won his first Atlantic race in 1975 at Gimli Motosport Park in heavy rain. In 1976, teamed with Chris Harrison's Ecurie Canada and factory March race engineer Ray Wardell, he dominated the season by winning all but one of the races and taking the US and Canadian titles. He won the Canadian championship again in 1977.
Money was very tight in Villeneuve's early career. He was a professional racing driver from his late teens, with no other income. In the first few years the bulk of his income actually came from snowmobile racing, where he was extremely successful. He could demand appearance money as well as race money, especially after winning the 1974 World Championship Snowmobile Derby. His second season in Formula Atlantic was part-sponsored by his snowmobile manufacturer, Skiroule.[12] He credited some of his success to his snowmobiling days: "Every winter, you would reckon on three or four big spills — and I'm talking about being thrown on to the ice at 100 miles per hour. Those things used to slide a lot, which taught me a great deal about control. And the visibility was terrible! Unless you were leading, you could see nothing, with all the snow blowing about. Good for the reactions — and it stopped me having any worries about racing in the rain."[13]
Formula One career[link]
After Villeneuve impressed James Hunt by beating him and several other Grand Prix stars in a non-championship Formula Atlantic race at Trois-Rivières in 1976, Hunt's McLaren team offered Villeneuve a Formula One deal for up to five races in a third car during the 1977 season.[14] Villeneuve made his debut at the 1977 British Grand Prix, where he qualified 9th in McLaren's old M23, splitting the regular drivers Hunt and Jochen Mass who were driving newer M26s. In the race he set fifth fastest lap and finished 11th after being delayed for two laps by a faulty temperature gauge. The British press coverage of Villeneuve's performance was generally complimentary, including John Blunsden's comment in The Times that "Anyone seeking a future World Champion need look no further than this quietly assured young man."[15]
Despite this, shortly after the British race McLaren's experienced team manager Teddy Mayer decided not to continue with Villeneuve for the following year. His explanation was that Villeneuve "was looking as though he might be a bit expensive" and that Patrick Tambay, the team's eventual choice for 1978, was showing similar promise.[16] Villeneuve was left with no solid options for 1978, although Canadian Walter Wolf, for whom Villeneuve had driven in Can-Am racing, considered giving him a drive at Wolf Racing and also recommended him to the Ferrari team's founder, Enzo Ferrari. Rumours circulated that Villeneuve was one of several drivers in whom the Italian team was interested, and in August 1977 he flew to Italy to meet Ferrari, who was immediately reminded of the pre-war European champion Tazio Nuvolari: "When they presented me with this 'piccolo canadese', this minuscule bundle of nerves, I immediately recognised in him the physique of Nuvolari and said to myself, let's give him a try."[17] Ferrari was satisfied with Villeneuve's promise after a session at Ferrari's Fiorano test track, despite the Canadian making many mistakes and setting relatively slow times, and Villeneuve signed to drive for Ferrari in the last two races of the 1977 season and the 1978 season.[18] Villeneuve later remarked that: "If someone said to me that you can have three wishes, my first would have been to get into racing, my second to be in Formula 1, my third to drive for Ferrari..."[13]
Villeneuve's arrival was one factor that prompted Ferrari driver Niki Lauda to quit the team at the 1977 Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport having already clinched his second championship with the Italian team.[19] Villeneuve retired from the race after sliding off the track on another competitor's oil. He also raced in the Japanese Grand Prix, but retired on lap five when he tried to outbrake the Tyrrell P34 of Ronnie Peterson. The pair banged wheels causing Villeneuve's Ferrari to became airborne. It landed on a group of spectators watching the race from a prohibited area, killing one spectator and a race marshal and injuring ten people. After an investigation into the incident no blame was apportioned and, although he was "terribly sad" at the deaths, Villeneuve did not feel responsible for them.[20]
The 1978 season saw a succession of retirements for Villeneuve, often after problems with the new Michelin radial tyres. Early in the season, he started on the front row at the United States Grand Prix West, but crashed out of the lead on lap 39. Despite calls in the Italian press for him to be replaced, Ferrari persisted with him. Towards the end of the season, Villeneuve's results improved. He finished second on the road at the Italian Grand Prix, although he was penalised a minute for jumping the start, and ran second at the United States Grand Prix before his engine failed. Finally at the season-ending Canadian Grand Prix at Circuit Île Notre-Dame (a circuit that was eventually named after him) Villeneuve scored his first Grand Prix win after Jean-Pierre Jarier's Lotus stopped with engine trouble.[21] As of 2011, he is the only Canadian to win his home race.
File:GillesVilleneuve ReneArnoux Dijion1979.jpg
In the 1979 French Grand Prix Villeneuve and René Arnoux had a memorable duel for second place.
Villeneuve was joined by Jody Scheckter in 1979 after Carlos Reutemann moved to Lotus. Villeneuve won three races during the year. The 1979 French Grand Prix is remembered for Villeneuve's wheel-banging duel with René Arnoux in the last laps of the race.[22] Arnoux passed Villeneuve for second place with three laps to go, but Villeneuve re-passed him on the next lap. On the final lap Arnoux attempted to pass Villeneuve again, and the pair ran side-by-side through the first few corners of the lap, making contact several times. Arnoux took the position but Villeneuve attempted an outside pass one corner later. The cars bumped hard, Villeneuve slid wide but then passed Arnoux on the inside at a hairpin turn and held him off for the last half of the lap to secure second place. Villeneuve commented afterwards, "I tell you, that was really fun! I thought for sure we were going to get on our heads, you know, because when you start interlocking wheels it's very easy for one car to climb over another."[23] At the Dutch Grand Prix a slow puncture collapsed Villeneuve's left rear tyre and put him off the track. He returned to the circuit and limped back to the pits on three wheels, losing the damaged wheel on the way. On his return to the pits Villeneuve insisted that the team replace the missing wheel, and had to be persuaded that the car was beyond repair.[24] Villeneuve could have won the World Championship by beating Scheckter at the Italian Grand Prix, but chose to follow team orders and finish behind him, ending his own championship challenge. The pair finished first and second in the championship, with Scheckter beating Villeneuve by just four points. During the extremely wet Friday practice session for the season-ending United States Grand Prix, Villeneuve set a time variously reported to be either 9 or 11 seconds faster than any other driver. His team-mate Jody Scheckter, who was second fastest, recalled that "I scared myself rigid that day. I thought I had to be quickest. Then I saw Gilles's time and — I still don't really understand how it was possible. Eleven seconds!"[25]
The 1980 season was a complete disaster for Ferrari. Villeneuve had been considered favourite for the drivers championship by UK bookmakers,[26] but only scored six points in the whole campaign in the 312T5 which had only partial ground effects. Scheckter scored only two points and retired at the end of the season.
For the 1981 season, Ferrari introduced their first turbo engined F1 car, the 126C, which produced tremendous power but was let down by its poor handling. Villeneuve was partnered with Didier Pironi who noted that Villeneuve "had a little family [at Ferrari] but he made me welcome and made me feel at home overnight ... [He] treated me as an equal in every way."[27] Villeneuve won two races during the season. At the Spanish Grand Prix Villeneuve kept five quicker cars behind him for most of the race using the superior straight-line speed of his car. After an hour and 46 minutes of racing Villeneuve led second-placed Jacques Laffite by only 0.22 seconds. Fifth-placed Elio de Angelis was only just over a second further back.[28] Harvey Postlethwaite, who was hired by Ferrari to design the follow-on and much more successful 126C2 that won the Constructors' Championship in 1982, later commented "That car...had literally one quarter of the downforce that, say Williams or Brabham had. It had a power advantage over the Cosworths for sure, but it also had massive throttle lag at that time. In terms of sheer ability I think Gilles was on a different plane to the other drivers. To win those races, the 1981 GPs at Monaco and Jarama — on tight circuits — was quite out of this world. I know how bad that car was."[29] At the 1981 Canadian Grand Prix Villeneuve damaged the front wing of his Ferrari and drove for most of the race in heavy rain with the wing obscuring his view ahead. There was a risk of being black flagged but eventually the wing became detached and Villeneuve drove on to finish third with the nose section of his car missing.
The first few races of the 1982 season were promising. Villeneuve led in Brazil in the new 126/C2, before spinning into retirement, and finished third at the United States Grand Prix West although he was later disqualified for a technical infringement. The Ferraris were handed an unexpected advantage at the San Marino Grand Prix as an escalation of the FISA-FOCA war saw the FOCA teams boycott the race, effectively leaving Renault as Ferrari's only serious opposition. With Renault driver Prost retiring from fourth place on lap 7 followed by his team-mate Arnoux on the 44th lap Ferrari seemed to have the win guaranteed. In order to conserve fuel and ensure the cars finished the Ferrari team ordered both drivers to slow down. Villeneuve believed that the order also meant that the drivers were to maintain position but Pironi passed Villeneuve. A few laps later Villeneuve re-passed Pironi and slowed down again, believing that Pironi was simply trying to entertain the Italian crowd. On the last lap Pironi passed and aggressively chopped across the front of Villeneuve and took the win. Villeneuve was irate as he believed that Pironi had disobeyed the order to hold position. Meanwhile Pironi claimed that he had done nothing wrong as the team had only ordered the cars to slow down, not maintain position. Villeneuve stated after the race "I think it is well known that if I want someone to stay behind me and I am faster, then he stays behind me."[30] Feeling betrayed and angry Villeneuve vowed never to speak to Pironi again.[31]
In 2007, former Marlboro marketer John Hogan disputed the claim that Pironi had gone back on a prior arrangement with Villeneuve. He said: "Neither of them would ever have agreed to what effectively was throwing a race. I think Gilles was stunned somebody had out-driven him and that it just caught him so much by surprise." Hogan's company sponsored Pironi while he was at Ferrari. A comparison of the lap times of the two drivers showed that Villeneuve lapped far slower when he was in the lead, suggesting that he had indeed been trying to save fuel.[32]
Death[link]
On May 8, 1982, Villeneuve died after an accident during the final qualifying session for the Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. At the time of the crash, Pironi had set a time 0.1s faster than Villeneuve for sixth place. Villeneuve was using his final set of qualifying tyres, which were probably already past their best, and many writers say that he was attempting to improve his time on his final lap. Some suggest that he was specifically aiming to beat Pironi.[33] However, Villeneuve's biographer Gerald Donaldson quotes Ferrari race engineer Mauro Forghieri as saying that the Canadian, although pressing on in his usual fashion, was returning to the pits when the accident occurred.[34] If so, he would not have set a time on that lap.
With eight minutes of the session left, Villeneuve came over the rise after the first chicane and caught Jochen Mass travelling much more slowly through the left-handed bend before the Terlamenbocht corner. Mass saw Villeneuve approaching at high speed and moved to the right to let him through on the racing line. At the same instant Villeneuve also moved right to pass the slower car. The Ferrari hit the back of Mass' car and was launched into the air at a speed estimated at 200–225 km/h (120–140 mph). It was airborne for more than 100 m before nosediving into the ground and disintegrating as it somersaulted along the edge of the track. Villeneuve, still strapped to his seat, but without his helmet, was thrown a further 50 m from the wreckage into the catch fencing on the outside edge of the Terlamenbocht corner.[34][35]
Several drivers stopped and rushed to the scene. John Watson and Derek Warwick pulled Villeneuve, his face blue, from the catch fence.[36] The first doctor arrived within 35 seconds to find that Villeneuve was not breathing, although his pulse continued; he was intubated and ventilated before being transferred to the circuit medical centre and then by helicopter to University St Raphael Hospital where a fatal fracture of the neck was diagnosed.[37] Villeneuve was kept alive on life support while his wife travelled to the hospital and the doctors consulted with specialists worldwide. He died at 9:12 that evening.[34]
Legacy[link]
At the funeral in Berthierville former team-mate Jody Scheckter delivered a simple eulogy: "I will miss Gilles for two reasons. First, he was the fastest driver in the history of motor racing. Second, he was the most genuine man I have ever known. But he has not gone. The memory of what he has done, what he achieved, will always be there."[38]
Villeneuve is still remembered at Grand Prix races, especially those in Italy. At the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, the venue of the San Marino Grand Prix, a corner was named after him and a Canadian flag is painted on the third slot on the starting grid, from which he started his last race. There is also a bronze bust of him at the entrance to the Ferrari test track at Fiorano.[39] At Zolder the corner where Villeneuve died has been turned into a chicane and named after him.[40]
The racetrack on Île Notre-Dame, Montreal, host to the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix and NASCAR Nationwide Series, was named Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in his honour at the Canadian Grand Prix of 1982. His homeland has continued to honour him: In Berthierville a museum was opened in 1992 and a lifelike statue stands in a nearby park which was also named in his honour.[39] Villeneuve was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame at their inaugural induction ceremony at the Four Seasons Hotel, Toronto, Ontario on August 19, 1993. In June 1997 Canada also issued a postage stamp in his honour.
There is still a huge demand for Villeneuve memorabilia at the race-track shops and several books have been written about him. The number 27, the number of his Ferrari in 1981 and 1982, is still closely associated with him by fans. Jean Alesi, whose aggression and speed in the wet were compared to Villeneuve's,[41] also used the number at Ferrari. Villeneuve's son, Jacques, drove the #27 during his IndyCar and Indianapolis 500 winning season with Barry Green and has also used the number for occasional drives in NASCAR and the Speedcar Series. Canadian driver and 2011 IndyCar Rookie of the Year James Hinchcliffe adopted the number 27 for the 2012 season.
A film based on the biography by Gerald Donaldson was announced in 2005, intended for release in 2007, but as of 2012 has not emerged.[42]
In popular culture[link]
The popular Belgian comics series Michel Vaillant by Jean Graton is set in the world of motor racing and, although largely fictional, often includes real-life figures including drivers, officials and journalists. Villeneuve appears in a number of stories, and in Steve Warson contre Michel Vaillant (fr: "Steve Warson versus Michel Vaillant") becomes the 1980 World Champion (though in the 1981 season, covered in Rififi en F1 ("F1 in Chaos"), Graton acknowledges Alan Jones as the real Champion)[43] and Quebec prog-rock/pop group The Box based their 1984 song "Live on TV" inspired by Villeneuve's televised death.
Helmet[link]
Villeneuve's helmet carried a stylised 'V' in red on either side — an effect he devised with his wife Joann. The base colour was black.[44] His son, Jacques, uses the same basic design, but like his contemporary, Christian Fittipaldi, he has changed the colours. British driver Perry McCarthy also used this design and color scheme on his helmet, but with the design in reverse.
Complete Formula One World Championship results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | WDC | Pts.[2] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | Marlboro Team McLaren | McLaren M23 | Cosworth V8 | ARG |
BRA |
RSA |
USW |
ESP |
MON |
BEL |
SWE |
FRA |
GBR 11 |
GER |
AUT |
NED |
ITA |
USA |
NC | 0 | ||
| Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312T2 | Ferrari Flat-12 | CAN 12 |
JPN Ret |
||||||||||||||||||
| 1978 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312T2 | Ferrari Flat-12 | ARG 8 |
BRA Ret |
9th | 17 | |||||||||||||||
| Ferrari 312T3 | Ferrari Flat-12 | RSA Ret |
USW Ret |
MON Ret |
BEL 4 |
ESP 10 |
SWE 9 |
FRA 12 |
GBR Ret |
GER 8 |
AUT 3 |
NED 6 |
ITA 7 |
USA Ret |
CAN 1 |
|||||||
| 1979 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312T3 | Ferrari Flat-12 | ARG Ret |
BRA 5 |
2nd | 47 (53) | |||||||||||||||
| Ferrari 312T4 | Ferrari Flat-12 | RSA 1 |
USW 1 |
ESP 7 |
BEL 7 |
MON Ret |
FRA 2 |
GBR 14 |
GER 8 |
AUT 2 |
NED Ret |
ITA 2 |
CAN 2 |
USA 1 |
||||||||
| 1980 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312T5 | Ferrari Flat-12 | ARG Ret |
BRA 16 |
RSA Ret |
USW Ret |
BEL 6 |
MON 5 |
FRA 8 |
GBR Ret |
GER 6 |
AUT 8 |
NED 7 |
ITA Ret |
CAN 5 |
USA Ret |
12th | 6 | |||
| 1981 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 126CK | Ferrari V6 | USW Ret |
BRA Ret |
ARG Ret |
SMR 7 |
BEL 4 |
MON 1 |
ESP 1 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 10 |
AUT Ret |
NED Ret |
ITA Ret |
CAN 3 |
CPL DSQ |
7th | 25 | ||
| 1982 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 126C2 | Ferrari V6 | RSA Ret |
BRA Ret |
USW DSQ |
SMR 2 |
BEL DNS |
MON | DET | CAN | NED | GBR | FRA | GER | AUT | SUI | ITA | CPL | 15th | 6 |
References[link]
- ^ "Gilles entered 68 races but only started 67". [1]. 2006-06-09. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070702170436/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/drivers/careers/600.cfm. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
- ^ a b Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.11–13
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.27–29
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.50–51, 114
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.11
- ^ "Legends claimed by the track". BBC. 2001-02-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1178492.stm.
- ^ "Jacques Villeneuve (Senior) injured". Inside F1, Inc. http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns19993.html. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Hall of Fame: Jacques Villeneuve". Formula One Administration Ltd.. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/5/. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.21
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.30–31
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.41
- ^ a b Roebuck (1986) p.211
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.63–67
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.88. Denis Jenkinson noted "the smooth, confident way that he had driven" and Nigel Roebuck said the he had "demonstrated enormous natural talent."
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.90–91
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.107–108
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.95–104
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.111
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.120–122
- ^ Fearnley (August 2006)
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.184–187
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.187
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.194–196
- ^ Roebuck (1986) p.208 gives the gap as 11 seconds. Walker (January 1980) reports the gap to be 9 seconds. Autosport (11th October 1979 p. 17) reports Villeneuve's lap to be 2:01.437 and second placed Scheckter's 2:11.089, a gap being 9.652 sec
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.223
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.240
- ^ Donaldson (2003) pp.253–256
- ^ Roebuck (1986) p.214
- ^ Roebuck (1999) p.182
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.289
- ^ "Doubt over facts of Villeneuve-Pironi row". F1Fanatic.co.uk. 2007. http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2007/07/24/doubt-over-facts-of-villeneuve-pironi-row/. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Bamsey (1983) p.50, Lang (1992) pp.96–97, Watkins (1997) p.98 and Fearnley (May, 2007) all write that Villeneuve was attempting to beat Pironi. Jenkinson (June 1982) writes only that he "was in the middle of a last desperate bid to improve his grid position."
- ^ a b c Donaldson (2003) pp.296–298
- ^ Lang (1992) p.97
- ^ Fearnley (May, 2007)
- ^ Watkins (1997) pp.96–98
- ^ Donaldson (2003) p.304
- ^ a b Donaldson (2003) pp.305–306
- ^ "Zolder". Inside F1, inc. http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/cir-076.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ Andrews, Mark (1999). "Jean Alesi: The Wrong Time and the Wrong Place". atlasf1.autosport.com. http://atlasf1.autosport.com/99/fra/andrews.html. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ "Villeneuve (archived version)". IMDB.com, inc. Archived from the original on 2006-04-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20060419154348/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449114/. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ Dossiers Michel Vaillant 'Gilles Villeneuve' - review of a book on Villeneuve, published under the Michel Vaillant banner
- ^ Donaldson, Gerald (1989, 2003) Gilles Villeneuve p.95 Virgin Books ISBN 0-7535-0747-1
Books[link]
- Donaldson, Gerald (2003). Gilles Villeneuve: The Life of the Legendary Racing Driver. London: Virgin. ISBN 0-7535-0747-1.
- Bamsey, Ian (1983). Automobile Sport 82-83. City: Haynes Manuals. ISBN 0-946321-01-9.
- Lang, Mike (1992). Grand Prix! vol.4. Sparkford: Foulis. ISBN 0-85429-733-2.
- Roebuck, Nigel (1986). Grand Prix Greats. Cambridge: P. Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-792-7.
- Roebuck, Nigel (1999). Chasing the Title. City: Haynes Publications. ISBN 1-85960-604-0.
- Watkins, Sid (1997). Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One. City: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-35139-7.
Magazines[link]
- Fearnley, Paul (August 2006). "Profile: Ferrari 312T3". Motor Sport (Haymarket): pp. 52–61.
- Fearnley, Paul (May 2007). "It's war. Absolutely war.". Motor Sport (Haymarket): pp. 52–61.
- Jenkinson, Denis (June 1982). "Grote Prijs van Belgie". Motor Sport (Motor Sport Magazine Ltd.): pp. 708–712.
- Walker, Rob (January 1980). "US GP Report". Road & Track: pp. 104–107.
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
- Official Formula 1 website. Archive: Results for 1977 — 1982 seasons www.formula1.com Retrieved 6 February 2009
All Pre-Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
- Donaldson (2003) pp. 310–315
Further reading[link]
- de la Plante, Allan; Lecours, Pierre (1982). Villeneuve. Macmillan. ISBN 0-7715-9851-3.
- Henry, Alan. Villeneuve (Kimberley's Racing Driver Profile No. 3). London: Kimberley's. ISBN 0-946132-22-4.
- Roebuck, Nigel (1990). Gilles Villeneuve. Richmond: Hazleton. ISBN 0-905138-70-8.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gilles Villeneuve |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gilles Villeneuve |
- Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame
- http://www.museegillesvilleneuve.com
- CBC Digital Archives — Gilles Villeneuve: Racing at the speed of light
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Bill Brack |
Canadian Formula Atlantic Champion 1976–1977 |
Succeeded by Howdy Holmes (1978 North American Champion) |
| None | American Formula Atlantic Champion 1976 |
|
| Preceded by James Hunt |
Brands Hatch Race of Champions winner 1979 |
Succeeded by Keke Rosberg |
| Preceded by Patrick Depailler |
Formula One fatal accidents May 8, 1982 |
Succeeded by Riccardo Paletti |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Villeneuve, Gilles |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian racing driver |
| Date of birth | 1950-01-18 |
| Place of birth | Richelieu, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | 1982-05-08 |
| Place of death | Zolder, Belgium |
http://wn.com/Gilles_Villeneuve
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Вильнёв, Жиль
http://nl.wn.com/Gilles Villeneuve
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Villeneuve
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Curtis Stone | |
|---|---|
 Stone in Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 2007 Photo by Joseph Trotz |
|
| Born | (1975-11-04) 4 November 1975 (age 36) Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Chef, Television Personality |
| Partner | Lindsay Price (2009–present; 1 child) |
| Website | |
| curtisstone.com | |
Curtis Stone (born 4 November 1975) is an Australian celebrity chef, author and television personality, nicknamed "The Quiet Terminator"[1][2] by fans following his performance on The Celebrity Apprentice 3.
Contents |
Background[link]
He was born in Melbourne, Australia. Stone began cooking with his grandmother at the age of five. He attended Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School. His father, Bryan Stone, is an accountant.
Career[link]
Stone was studying for his Bachelor of Business before deciding his heart was in food.[3] He worked at some top Australian restaurants before leaving to work at various restaurants in London. In Australia, he debuted his cooking career at age 18 at the Savoy Hotel.[4] On completing his qualifications as a chef, Stone began cooking in London under Marco Pierre White at the Café Royal and Mirabelle.[5] He went on to become head chef at White's Quo Vadis.
Television[link]
Stone returned briefly to Australia to make the traveling cooking show Surfing the Menu (on ABC TV) with another chef, Ben O'Donoghue.[6]
No stranger to television, Stone had appeared in a number of cooking programs in the UK, including Dinner in a Box, Good Food Live and Saturday Kitchen. He also hosted the first season of My Restaurant Rules in Australia. Beginning in May 2006, Stone hosted Take Home Chef on TLC in the United States,[7] which went on to become an international hit for TLC.
Stone appears regularly on NBC's Today. His second appearance in 2007 featured him visiting the home of host Meredith Vieira to teach her how to cook, as her children had complained that she did not know how.[8] On 14 January 2011, Stone co-hosted the fourth hour of Today with Hoda Kotb.[9] He has also appeared on Martha Stewart's show Martha, also on NBC, Access Hollywood, Lopez Tonight and The Nate Berkus Show. On 7 June 2011, Curtis was a guest on Conan, where he taught Conan how to prepare the perfect date night meal.[10]
He has appeared on Food Network's Iron Chef America in the episode "Battle Skipjack Tuna," where he lost to Iron Chef Bobby Flay.[11] Stone has also appeared on several episodes of The Biggest Loser.
Stone was also a candidate on The Celebrity Apprentice 3, which premiered in March 2010 and was the third installment to the Celebrity version of The Apprentice. The show premiered on 14 March 2010, and Stone was fired on 16 May 2010, placing fourth out of 14 contestants. Stone has also made appearances on The Ellen Degeneres Show and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Stone appeared on a segment of Oprah's Ultimate Australian Adventure, a four-day television event that aired 18–22 January 2011. Stone threw the talk show host a beach barbecue on Hamilton Island's Whitehaven Beach using Australia's best seafood, meats and produce.[12]
In June 2010 it was announced that Stone would join the judging and investment panel on NBC's new series America's Next Great Restaurant alongside Bobby Flay, Steve Ells and Lorena Garcia.[13] The first season aired Sundays from 6 March – 1 May 2011 directly followed by the fourth edition of The Celebrity Apprentice, where Stone made a guest appearance on the first episode.[14]
In 2011, Stone became host of the third season of Bravo's Top Chef Masters, replacing Kelly Choi.[15] In January 2012, Bravo announced Stone would co-host a new culinary reality show called Around the World in 80 Plates with fellow celebrity chef Cat Cora, set to premiere in May 2012. The series follows 12 chefs competing in a culinary race across 10 countries in 44 days.[16]
In addition, Stone does TV commercials for Coles Supermarkets, Hy-Vee[17] and Great Grains cereal. In 2011, Stone described to GQ Australia[2] his relationship with big supermarkets. "I never even thought about working for a supermarket. But there’s that feeling you get when you walk down the street and someone comes up and says, ‘You know what? We never used to cook fish in our house. Since we’ve tried that salmon recipe we have it once a week.’ The feeling that gives you is worth a million other things".[18]
Other projects[link]
In 2007 Stone hosted the Great Barrier Feast Culinary Masterclass event on Hamilton Island featuring other notable Australian chefs, Geoff Jansz, Shannon Bennett, and Justin North.[19]
In 2008 Stone developed "Kitchen Solutions by Curtis Stone,"[20] a line of kitchen utensils, accessories and glassware. He also has written a series of cookbooks, including Surfing the Menu: Two Chefs, One Journey: A Fresh Food Adventure and Cooking With Curtis: Easy, Everyday and Adventurous Recipes for the Home Cook. His latest book, Relaxed Cooking with Curtis Stone: Recipes to Put You in My Favorite Mood, was released in April 2009.[21]
Stone’s cookbook, Relaxed Cooking with Curtis Stone (ISBN 9781741669718), was published by Random House Australia in November 2009. It is a collection of recipes that are fuss free and tasty.[22]
In 2010, Stone gave a cooking class and demonstration at the Singapore Sun Festival.[23] In October 2010 it was announced that Stone had created recipes for in-flight meals for United Airlines.[24]
Curtis Stone is also creating recipes for West Des Moines, IA-based Hy-Vee grocery stores.
In 2011, he was appointed as an Ambassador for Cottage by the Sea, alongisde Big Wave Surfer Jeff Rowley and Olympic Champion Cathy Freeman. These high profile Australians have been enlisted by Cottage by the Sea as Ambassadors, who give up their own time to support the charity to raise needed funds and share why children in need deserve to have the experience of their lifetime. Cottage by the Sea is one of Australia's oldest charities and each year provides short-term beachside holidays and respite care for more than 900 children and families in need.
In summer 2011, Curtis Stone launched a kitchenware line including cookware, kitchen tools and cutlery called Curtis Stone Kitchen Solutions exclusively at CHEFS Catalog. In 2012, the line will be available at Curtis Stone Shop, Dillards and will premiere on HSN.
Personal life[link]
Stone was listed as one of the sexiest men alive in People magazine in 2006 alongside George Clooney and Brad Pitt. Stone is also a life long fan of the Geelong Football Club.
Stone has been dating actress Lindsay Price since late 2009.[25] The couple have a son, Hudson, born on 6 November 2011.[26][27]
References[link]
- ^ Daniel Maurer (13 January 2011). "Curtis Stone Replaces Kelly Choi As Host of Top Chef Masters". Random House Australia. http://newyork.grubstreet.com/2011/01/curtis_stone_replaces_kelly_ch.html?mid=twitter_GrubStreet. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ Stacey Leebern (25 May 2011). "Curtis Stone: Interview". Southern Views. http://southernviews.tumblr.com/post/5836171224/curtis-stone. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ^ "Curtis Stone". TV.com. 24 November 2006. http://www.tv.com/curtis-stone/person/365333/summary.html. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Take Home Chef: Meet the Chef". TLC. 30 October 2007. http://tlc.discovery.com/fansites/takehomechef/bio.html. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Curtis Stone: Celebrity Chef". Lifestylefood.com.au. http://www.lifestylefood.com.au/chefs/curtisstone/. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Curtis Stone - Surfing the Menu". Abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/surfingmenu/about_curtis.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ http://tlc.discovery.com/fansites/takehomechef/takehomechef.html
- ^ "Cooking with 'Take Home Chef' Curtis Stone - Today: Food: Recipe - MSNBC.com". Msnbc.msn.com. 25 April 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18306362/. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ "Bad New Ladies: Curtis Stone Confirms He's Taken". msnbc.msn.com. 14 January 2011. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/41076661/ns/today-food/t/bad-news-ladies-curtis-stone-confirms-hes-taken/.
- ^ "Curtis Stone Teaches Conan How to Cook for Date Night". 8 June 2011. http://eater.com/archives/2011/06/08/curtis-stone-teaches-conan-how-to-cook-for-date-night.php.
- ^ "List of Iron Chef America Episodes". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iron_Chef_America_episodes.
- ^ "Day Two of our Ultimate Australian Adventure in which Curtis Stone Serves us Dinner, We Hang Out With All Ten Tenors and I Make Oprah Cry". 11 December 2011. http://stylesubstancesoul.com/2011/12/day-two-of-our-ultimate-australian-adventure-in-which-curtis-stone-serves-us-dinner-we-hang-out-with-all-ten-tenors-and-i-make-oprah-cry-2/.
- ^ "Curtis Stone and Two Others Join Bobby Flay Restaurant Series". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Stone-Flay-Restaurant-1019478.aspx.
- ^ The Apprentice (Season 11): Episode 1
- ^ "Bravo: Curtis Stone to Host Top Chef Masters Season 3". Eater.com. http://eater.com/archives/2011/01/13/bravo-announces-top-chef-masters-season-3-with-host-curtis-stone.php.
- ^ "Bravo Release—Announce NEw & Returning Series for 2012". 7 January 2012. http://www.nbcuniversal.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=8345&NewsAreaID=2&ClientID=5.
- ^ http://www.hy-vee.com/company/press-room/press-releases/hy-vee-partners-with-curtis-stone-to-celebrate-food-family-fun.aspx
- ^ [1], Curtis Stone - GQ
- ^ "Island daze for tropical gourmands". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 July 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/queensland/island-daze-for-tropical-gourmands/2007/07/12/1183833685332.html?page=fullpage.
- ^ http://www.curtisstone.com/kitchen-solutions.aspx
- ^ Gayot, Sophie (20 June 2008). "Cooking With Curtis Cookbook Review". article. http://www.thefoodpaper.com/ The Food Paper. http://www.thefoodpaper.com/cookbooks/cooking_with_curtis.html. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ Curtis Stone (November 2009). "Relaxed Cooking with Curtis Stone". New York Magazine. http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Books/RELAXED-COOKING-WITH-CURTIS-STONE/9781741669718/Paperback/. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ "Singapore Sun Festival official site". http://singaporesunfestival.com/2010/.
- ^ Haywood, Linda (27 October 2010). "Curtis Stone Recipes: Braised Short Ribs and Chinese Chicken Salad". article. http://theglobalherald.com The Global Herald. http://theglobalherald.com/curtis-stone-recipes-braised-short-ribs-and-chinese-chicken-salad/6450/. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ "Aussie chef running hot abroad". News Ltd. 5 February 2011. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/aussie-chef-running-hot-abroad/story-fn6bn9st-1226000473230. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ Stone, Curtis. (21 November 2011). Chef Curtis Stone Twitter post
- ^ Michaud, Sarah (22 November 2011). "Curtis Stone, Lindsay Price Welcome First Child". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20544756,00.html.
External links[link]
- Curtis Stone Official Website
- Curtis @ Lifestyle Food
- Cooking With Curtis Stone at KitchenDaily
- Interview with Curtis Stone (13 June 2007)
- Interview with Curtis Stone (18 June 2008)
- YourSingapore - Singapore Sun Festival
- About Curtis Stone Kitchen Solutions at CHEFS Catalog
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Stone, Curtis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 4 November 1975 |
| Place of birth | Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
