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Mobile Network Code: 503 05 NZ non-geographic prefix: 027

The XT Mobile Network is a UMTS mobile network run by Telecom New Zealand. It operates nationwide in the 850 MHz frequency, with 2100 MHz infill in major urban areas.

The network is HSPA+ enabled, with a maximum downlink transmission rate of 21.1 Mbit/s and an uplink rate of 5.2 Mbit/s attainable for capable hardware. HSPA+ has a theoretical maximum of 56 Mbit/s download speed and 22 Mbit/s upload speed. The network is not 2G capable.

For many customers on the CDMA network, the only noticeable difference between the two networks was the requirement of a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

On 30 November 2010 Telecom New Zealand closed the part of their CDMA 3G mobile data network known as EVDO (previously also known as T3G).

After lengthy internal and corporate trials, the XT Network was launched to the public on 29 May 2009, at 7:30am.

New Features[link]

With the launch of the XT network, a number of new services were available to subscribers, including Prepaid roaming, video calls, Mobile TV, and high-speed internet access.

Launch[link]

On 27 April 2009, Telecom announced that the new XT Mobile network would launch on 13 May 2009 at 6:30pm^[1][2][3]. However, a Vodafone New Zealand and Telecom dispute about Network Interference pushed the date to 29 May^[4].

In May 2009, Vodafone sued Telecom, accusing it of interfering with their network, using the same frequency bands as their existing 3G network. However, Telecom had said it is working with Vodafone to resolve the issues and was surprised by that company's decision to go legal^[5]. A decision was made between the two companies to increase the filtering of the network, with neither company stating who was footing the bill^[4]

Network Outages[link]

December 2009[link]

On Monday, 14 December 2009 at approximately 4:30am, the Telecom XT Mobile Network went down for the majority of people who live south of Taupo for eight hours (although there were claims of issues slightly before this time). Telecom said a technical fault, affecting a Christchurch-based technology component that was installed to fix a prior fault, had caused the loss of mobile service, including voice, SMS, and mobile broadband^[6][7]

At approximately 7am the day of the Network Crash, Telecom published a statement via Twitter saying: "We are having some issues with XT sites South of Taupo, Technical teams are working on restoring service" and more than an hour later, also published via Twitter "XT sites south of Taupo have no coverage, currently a Severity 1 Fault being worked on to get service restored asap."^[7]

The older CDMA network was not affected during the outage of the XT network.

The network was fully restored by approximately 5:00pm the same day.

January 2010[link]

On Wednesday, 27 January 2010 around mid-morning, the Telecom XT Mobile Network once again crashed affecting approximately 100,000 customers south of Taupo. The crash was believed to be caused by similar circumstances as the late 2009 crash. This was fixed for many users within around 7 hours, however many areas including Queenstown, Timaru, Dunedin and Invercargill had still not been restored as of Thursday 28 January 2010 at 7pm, with some users experiencing up to 3 days without service in some areas. This second network crash in two months caused a considerable public uproar and raised serious questions about the credibility of Telecom and its XT Network.

February 2010[link]

Another outage affected the lower south of the North Island on 16 and 17 February and affected subscribers south of Taupo.

On 22 February about 5.30pm, Telecom said "We are currently experiencing some issues with our XT Mobile network which may mean some customers south of Taupo (including South Island) are having problems using Mobile services. This may include making/receiving calls, sending/receiving text messages and using Mobile Broadband services. We apologise for the inconvenience this is causing. We are working hard to resolve the issue and will continue to update this message as we learn more. This message was updated on Monday 22 February at 8:15pm."

Advertising[link]

Before and immediately after launch the XT mobile network was promoted by 3 advertisements hosted by Richard Hammond, and following this was an advert featuring stuntwoman/actress Zoë Bell, advertising speed and roaming capabilities.

Telecom claim the XT Network to be "Faster in more places" than any other mobile network in New Zealand, including competitor Vodafone and start-up 2degrees; these claims are backed by independent testing commissioned by Telecom, as well as testing undertaken by technology commentator Chris Keall of The National Business Review (NBR). Current (2011) advertising material proclaims the network to reach "97% of places Kiwis live and work"^[8].

As of 2011 the exact meaning of "XT" remains unknown to the public, as even Telecom's website fails to address this anomaly. An independent news website featured a "Q&A" having questions submitted by the public and answers from Telecom representatives, and one of the questions asked addressed this: "What time on friday will the network launch? What does XT stand for? XTra? tXT? eXTraordinary? Xtra Telecom?". The network's response only addressed the first part of the question: "The official XT Launch time is 07:30 29 May 2009."^[9]

Competitors[link]

Telecom has two competitors in the New Zealand market.

Vodafone New Zealand which operates a GSM 900/1800 network since 1993 and a WCDMA 2100 MHz network since 2005. Vodafone, in response to Telecom's "Faster In More Places" claim, had constructed a nation-wide WCDMA 900 MHz network in areas where they did not already have an existing 2100 MHz network. Vodafone also controls 66% of the market.

2degrees, a recent start-up, currently operates a GSM 900/1800 EDGE network and WCDMA 2100 network.

References[link]

1. ^ "Telecom reveals May 13 launch for new 3G network". NZ Herald. 27 April 2009. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10568837. 
2. ^ Vaughan, Gareth (27 April 2009). "New mobile network to launch May 13". Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/telecoms-it-media/2365922/New-mobile-network-to-launch-May-13. 
3. ^ "Telecom brings 3G launch forward". TVNZ. 27 April 2009. http://tvnz.co.nz/business-news/telecom-brings-3g-launch-forward-2678289. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Chang, Adrian; Vaughan, Gareth (7 May 2009). "Vodafone, Telecom reach deal". Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/telecoms-it-media/2391180/Vodafone-Telecom-reach-deal. 
5. ^ "Vodafone says interference is beyond its control". Computerworld. 5 May 2009. http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/netw/7E3E28D6AC09A115CC2575AC006D66AF. 
6. ^ Francis, Clio (14 December 2009). "Telecom XT network restored". http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/3156246/Telecom-XT-network-restored. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Nash, Kieran (14 December 2009). "Telecom's XT network still down south of Taupo". NZ Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10615386. 
8. ^ "Telecom XT Mobile Network". http://www.telecom.co.nz/insidext. 
9. ^ "Telecom XT Network Q&A - Questions & Answers". Scoop Media. 26 May 2009. http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0905/S00265.htm#7. 

Top of a cellular radio tower

A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.

Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:

• flexible enough to use the features and functions of almost all public and private networks^[1]
• increased capacity
• reduced power use
• larger coverage area
• reduced interference from other signals

An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi drivers' radio system, in which a taxi company has several transmitters based around a city that can communicate directly with each other.

Concept[link]

Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern 1/4

In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other regular shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is assigned multiple frequencies (f₁ - f₆) which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference.

The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the fact that the same radio frequency can be reused in a different area for a completely different transmission. If there is a single plain transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency. Unfortunately, there is inevitably some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency.

In the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would change from channel to channel. The drivers knew which frequency covered approximately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they would try other channels until they found one that worked. The taxi drivers would only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator (in a sense TDMA).

Cell signal encoding[link]

To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) were developed.

With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used in each cell are different from the frequencies used in each neighbouring cell. In a simple taxi system, the taxi driver manually tuned to a frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal and to avoid interference from signals from other cells.

The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the same result; the distributed transceivers can select one cell and listen to it.

Other available methods of multiplexing such as polarization division multiple access (PDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) cannot be used to separate signals from one cell to the next since the effects of both vary with position and this would make signal separation practically impossible. Time division multiple access, however, is used in combination with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of systems to give multiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell.

Frequency reuse[link]

The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency. The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor.

The reuse distance, D is calculated as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): D=R\sqrt{3N},\,

where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius in the ranges (1 km to 30 km). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.^[2]

The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is 1/K (or K according to some books) where K is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 depending on notation).^[3]

In case of N sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors. N is typically 3. A reuse pattern of N/K denotes a further division in frequency among N sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (GSM).

If the total available bandwidth is B, each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of B/K, and each sector can use a bandwidth of B/NK.

Code division multiple access-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While N is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually.

Depending on the size of the city, a taxi system may not have any frequency-reuse in its own city, but certainly in other nearby cities, the same frequency can be used. In a big city, on the other hand, frequency-reuse could certainly be in use.

Recently also orthogonal frequency-division multiple access based systems such as LTE are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band, inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) already defined in the standard.^[4] Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beam forming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future.

Directional antennas[link]

Although the original 2-way-radio cell towers were at the centers of the cells and were omni-directional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge.^[5] Each tower has three sets of directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels (from three towers) for each cell. The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.^[6]

Broadcast messages and paging[link]

Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles, commonly, for example in mobile telephony systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one to one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called paging. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging.

The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a Location Area in the GSM or UMTS system, or Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in LTE, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in pagers, in CDMA systems for sending SMS messages, and in the UMTS system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.

Movement from cell to cell and handover[link]

In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If a communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the message on a different frequency.

In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is called the handover or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues.

The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other varies considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover).

Mobile phone network[link]

GSM network architecture

The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A mobile phone is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base station), or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.

Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that a limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less interference.

A cellular network is used by the mobile phone operator to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to telephone exchanges (or switches), which in turn connect to the public telephone network.

In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately ½ mile, while in rural areas, the range could be as much as 5 miles. It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles away.

Since almost all mobile phones use cellular technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS (analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However, satellite phones are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower, but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.

There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), 3GSM, Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN).

Structure of the mobile phone cellular network[link]

A simple view of the cellular mobile-radio network consists of the following:

• A network of radio base stations forming the base station subsystem.
• The core circuit switched network for handling voice calls and text
• A packet switched network for handling mobile data
• The public switched telephone network to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network

This network is the foundation of the GSM system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set up, and handover.

Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (Radio Base Station) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the Mobile switching center (MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an uplink while the other way is termed downlink.

Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing schemes: frequency division multiplex (FDM), time division multiplex (TDM), code division multiplex (CDM), and space division multiplex (SDM). Corresponding to these multiplexing schemes are the following access techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and space division multiple access (SDMA).^[7]

Cellular handover in mobile phone networks[link]

As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell whilst a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time switch the call onto the new channel.

With CDMA, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a pseudonoise code (PN code) specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional cellular technology, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell.

In IS-95 inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as NMT it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk of an unexpected return to the old channel.

If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.

Cellular frequency choice in mobile phone networks[link]

The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450 MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage. GSM 900 (900 MHz) is a suitable solution for light urban coverage. GSM 1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls. UMTS, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to GSM 1800.

Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Pico cells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbours.

Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain signal-to-noise ratio, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the power control algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased any more, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In CDMA-based systems, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name, cell breathing.

One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter, in others it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage.

Coverage comparison of different frequencies[link]

The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a CDMA2000 network:^[8]

See also[link]

• Cellular frequencies
  • GSM frequency bands
  • UMTS frequency bands
• Cellular repeater
• Cellular router
• Cellular traffic
• Cell on wheels
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
• MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)
• Network congestion
• OpenBTS
• Professional mobile radio (PMR)
• Radio resource management (RRM)
• Signal strength
• Spectral efficiency comparison table

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• P. Key, D. Smith. Teletraffic Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (mobile).
• William C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications Systems (1989), McGraw-Hill.

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Look up field day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Field day may refer to:

• Field day (agriculture), a trade show
• Field Day (amateur radio), an annual amateur radio exercise
• Field Day (band), a Canadian pop-punk band from Calgary, Alberta
• Field Day (festival), a music festival in London
• Field Day (Sydney festival), an outdoor music festival held every year on New Years Day in Sydney
• Field Day Theatre Company, Northern Irish community theatre company
• Field Day (Dag Nasty album)
• Field Day (Marshall Crenshaw album)
• Field Day (Anthony Phillips album)
• Sports day, a competitive event held by schools
• Club Day, an English community celebration

See also[link]

• Field trip

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