Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Empiricism
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- A posteriori
- A. J. Ayer
- A.J. Ayer
- Abductive reasoning
- Absolute idealism
- Active intellect
- Aesthetics
- Africana philosophy
- Agriculturalism
- Al Farabi
- Al-Andalus
- Alan Ross Anderson
- Alan Turing
- Albert Einstein
- Alchemy
- Alethiology
- Alexander Bain
- Alfred Jules Ayer
- Alfred Tarski
- Alonzo Church
- Alvin Goldman
- Alvin Plantinga
- Ambiguity
- American philosophy
- Analysis
- Analytic philosophy
- Anarchism
- Ancient Greek
- Ancient philosophy
- Anglican
- Anti-realism
- Antinomy
- Antiquarian
- Arabic literature
- Argument
- Argumentation theory
- Aristotelianism
- Aristotle
- Atheism
- Atomism
- Auguste Comte
- Augustus De Morgan
- Averroes
- Averroism
- Avicenna
- Axiology
- Axiom
- Axiomatic system
- Aztec philosophy
- Baruch Spinoza
- Bas van Fraassen
- BBC
- Behaviorism
- Belief
- Berlin Circle
- Bertrand Russell
- Bias
- Bonaventure
- Boolean function
- Boolean logic
- Borknagar
- Brill Publishers
- British philosophy
- Buddhist philosophy
- C. D. Broad
- Cantor's theorem
- Carl Gustav Hempel
- Cartesianism
- Category Logic
- Category Philosophy
- Causality
- Certainty
- Cf.
- Chinese philosophy
- Christian philosophy
- Chrysippus
- Church–Turing thesis
- Class (set theory)
- Classical liberalism
- Classical logic
- Classical philosophy
- Cogency
- Cognitive science
- Coherentism
- Common sense
- Compatibilism
- Completeness
- Computability theory
- Computable function
- Conceptualism
- Confirmation holism
- Confucianism
- Consequentialism
- Consistency
- Contextualism
- Contingent
- Conventionalism
- Countable set
- Credibility
- Critical thinking
- Criticism of science
- Cynicism
- Cārvāka
- Dagobert D. Runes
- Daniel Dennett
- Danish philosophy
- David Hilbert
- David Hume
- Decidability (logic)
- Decision problem
- Deconstruction
- Deductive reasoning
- Deductive system
- Definite description
- Definition
- Degree of truth
- Demarcation problem
- Denotation
- Deontic logic
- Deontology
- Descartes
- Description
- Description logic
- Desert island
- Determinism
- Dialetheism
- Dogmatic school
- Domain of a function
- Doxastic logic
- Dualism
- Duns Scotus
- Edmund Gettier
- Education
- Edward Pococke
- Effective method
- Empiric school
- Empirical
- Empirical formula
- Empirical knowledge
- Empirical method
- Empirical research
- Empirical validation
- Empiricism
- Empiricism (album)
- Empty set
- Entailment
- Entscheidungsproblem
- Enumeration
- Epicureanism
- Epiphenomenalism
- Epistemology
- Ernst Schröder
- Ernst Zermelo
- Ethical egoism
- Ethics
- Event (philosophy)
- Evidence
- Existentialism
- Experience
- Experiment
- Explanation
- Explanatory power
- Exploratory thought
- Extensionality
- Fact
- Fallacy
- Fallibilism
- Falsifiability
- Feminist philosophy
- Feral child
- Fictionalism
- Finitary relation
- Finite model theory
- Finite set
- Finitism
- First-order logic
- Formal epistemology
- Formal language
- Formal proof
- Formal system
- Formation rule
- Foundationalism
- Francis Bacon
- Frankfurt School
- Free will
- French philosophy
- Fuzzy finite element
- Fuzzy logic
- Fuzzy rule
- Fuzzy set
- Fuzzy set operations
- G. E. M. Anscombe
- G. E. Moore
- Galileo Galilei
- Georg Cantor
- George Berkeley
- George Boole
- George Boolos
- Gerhard Gentzen
- German philosophy
- Gettier problem
- Gianni Vattimo
- Gilbert Ryle
- Giuseppe Peano
- Gottlob Frege
- Hackett Publishing
- Haecceity
- Hans Reichenbach
- Haskell Curry
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
- Hegelianism
- Henri Poincaré
- Herbert Spencer
- Hermeneutics
- Heyting arithmetic
- Hilary Putnam
- Hindu philosophy
- Historicism
- History of logic
- History of science
- Holism
- Hugh of Saint Victor
- Hypotheses
- Hypothesis
- Ibn al-Haytham
- Ibn al-Nafis
- Ibn Tufail
- Idealism
- Illuminationism
- Immanuel Kant
- Imre Lakatos
- Index of philosophy
- Indian philosophy
- Indirect perception
- Inductive reasoning
- Inference
- Infinitism
- Informal logic
- Ingenuity
- Innate idea
- Innate ideas
- Innatism
- Inquiry
- Instrumentalism
- Intellect
- Intuitionism
- Intuitionistic logic
- Iranian philosophy
- Irvin Rock
- Isaac Newton
- Islamic philosophy
- Islamic theology
- Italian philosophy
- J. L. Austin
- Jaakko Hintikka
- Jain philosophy
- Japanese philosophy
- Jewish philosophy
- John Dewey
- John Locke
- John Stuart Mill
- John Wisdom
- Jon Barwise
- Jurisprudence
- Jürgen Habermas
- Kalam
- Kantianism
- Karl Pearson
- Karl Popper
- Karl Theodor Jaspers
- Knowledge
- Kokugaku
- Korean Confucianism
- Korean philosophy
- Kurt Gödel
- Kyoto school
- Larry Laudan
- Latin
- Laurence BonJour
- Legal positivism
- Leibniz
- Leopold Löwenheim
- Leopold von Ranke
- Linear logic
- List of fallacies
- List of logicians
- List of paradoxes
- List of philosophers
- List of philosophies
- Logic
- Logical atomism
- Logical connective
- Logical form
- Logical positivism
- Logical truth
- Logicism
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Marxist philosophy
- Materialism
- Mathematical logic
- Mathematical science
- Mathematics
- Mazdak
- Medieval
- Medieval philosophy
- Meta-epistemology
- Metalogic
- Metamathematics
- Metaphilosophy
- Metaphysics
- Metatheorem
- Michael Dummett
- Middle ages
- Modal logic
- Modal operator
- Model theory
- Modern philosophy
- Modern science
- Modernism
- Mohism
- Monism
- Monody
- Moral absolutism
- Moral particularism
- Moral universalism
- Moritz Schlick
- Morris T. Keeton
- Name
- Natural deduction
- Natural philosophy
- Natural science
- Natural world
- Nature
- Nature (philosophy)
- Naïve realism
- Nelson Goodman
- Neo-Confucianism
- Neo-Kantianism
- Neo-Thomism
- Neoplatonism
- Neopragmatism
- Neotaoism
- Neutral monism
- New Confucianism
- Niccolò Machiavelli
- Nicholas Maxwell
- Nicholas Rescher
- Nihilism
- Nominalism
- Non-classical logic
- Non-standard model
- Norm (philosophy)
- Nous
- Observation
- On the Soul
- Ontology
- Ontology language
- Opinion
- Ordered pair
- Otto Neurath
- Outline of logic
- P. F. Strawson
- Pain (philosophy)
- Paraconsistent logic
- Paradigm
- Paradox
- Paradox of analysis
- Parsimony
- Passive intellect
- Paul Bernays
- Paul Feyerabend
- Paul Grice
- Paul Häberlin
- Perception
- Peripatetic school
- Peter Achinstein
- Peter Geach
- Peter Singer
- Phaedo
- Phenomena
- Phenomenalism
- Philosophical logic
- Philosophical novel
- Philosophy
- Philosophy of design
- Philosophy of film
- Philosophy of logic
- Philosophy of mind
- Philosophy of music
- Philosophy of sex
- Philosophy of war
- Pierre Duhem
- Pierre Gassendi
- Plato
- Platonic realism
- Platonism
- Polish philosophy
- Political philosophy
- Portal Epistemology
- Portal Logic
- Portal Philosophy
- Positivism
- Possible world
- Post-structuralism
- Posterior Analytics
- Potentiality
- Power set
- Pragmatic maxim
- Pragmatism
- Predicate logic
- Premise
- Presupposition
- Probability
- Problem of induction
- Process philosophy
- Proof theory
- Propaganda
- Proposition
- Prudence
- Pseudoscience
- Pythagorean hammers
- Pythagoreanism
- Qualia
- Quantification
- R.B. Braithwaite
- Radical empiricism
- Range (mathematics)
- Rationalism
- Raymond Smullyan
- Reality
- Reason
- Reasoning
- Recursion
- Recursive set
- Reductionism
- Reference
- Regress argument
- Relativism
- Relevance
- Relevance logic
- Reliabilism
- Renaissance
- Renaissance humanism
- René Descartes
- Revelation
- Rhetoric
- Rhetoric of science
- Richard Rorty
- Rigid designator
- Rigour
- Robert Audi
- Robert Boyle
- Robert Grosseteste
- Robert Kilwardby
- Robert Nozick
- Roger Bacon
- Romanian philosophy
- Rudolf Carnap
- Rule of inference
- Russian philosophy
- Satisfiability
- Saul Kripke
- Scholasticism
- Scholastics
- School of Names
- Science
- Scientific law
- Scientific method
- Scientific realism
- Scientific theory
- Scientism
- Second-order logic
- Semantics
- Sense and Reference
- Sense data
- Sensory perception
- Set (mathematics)
- Set theory
- Sextus Empiricus
- Simplicity
- Skepticism
- Social epistemology
- Social science
- Solipsism
- Sophism
- Soundness
- Speculative reason
- Spinoza
- Square of opposition
- Statement (logic)
- Stephen Cole Kleene
- Stephen Toulmin
- Stoicism
- Strict implication
- Structural rule
- Structuralism
- Subjective idealism
- Subset
- Substitution (logic)
- Substructural logic
- Sufi philosophy
- Supernatural
- Supervenience
- Syllogism
- Symbol (formal)
- Syntax (logic)
- Søren Kierkegaard
- Tabula Rasa
- Tabula rasa
- Taoism
- Tautology (logic)
- Template Logic
- Template talk Logic
- Temporal logic
- Term logic
- Testability
- Testable
- The Enlightenment
- Theorem
- Theories of humor
- Theory
- Theory choice
- Theory of Forms
- Theory of knowledge
- Third Man Argument
- Thomas Aquinas
- Thomas Hobbes
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn
- Thomism
- Thoralf Skolem
- Thought experiment
- Traditions
- Transcendentalism
- Truth
- Truth table
- Truth value
- Type theory
- Uncountable set
- Uniformitarianism
- Utilitarianism
- Vagueness
- Validity
- Value added
- Venn diagram
- Verificationism
- Vienna Circle
- Vincenzo Galilei
- Virtue Ethics
- Vitalism
- W. S. Hett
- W.V. Quine
- W.V.O. Quine
- Well-formed formula
- Western philosophy
- Wilhelm Windelband
- Wilhelm Wundt
- William James
- William of Ockham
- William Whewell
- Yangism
- Zen
- Zoroastrianism
- Zurvanism
-
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.
http://wn.com/Al-Andalus
-
A. J. Ayer
http://wn.com/A_J_Ayer -
A.J. Ayer
http://wn.com/AJ_Ayer -
Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
http://wn.com/Alan_Ross_Anderson -
Alan Turing
http://wn.com/Alan_Turing -
Albert Einstein
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein -
Alexander Bain
http://wn.com/Alexander_Bain -
Alfred Jules Ayer
http://wn.com/Alfred_Jules_Ayer -
Alfred Tarski
http://wn.com/Alfred_Tarski -
Alonzo Church
http://wn.com/Alonzo_Church -
Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
http://wn.com/Alvin_Plantinga -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Auguste Comte
http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte -
Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
http://wn.com/Augustus_De_Morgan -
Averroes
http://wn.com/Averroes -
Avicenna
http://wn.com/Avicenna -
Baruch Spinoza
http://wn.com/Baruch_Spinoza -
Bas van Fraassen
http://wn.com/Bas_van_Fraassen -
Bertrand Russell
http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell -
Bonaventure
Bonaventure (; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (), was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, the seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor. He was a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (). Many writings believed in the Middle Ages to be his are now collected under the name Pseudo-Bonaventura.
http://wn.com/Bonaventure -
Borknagar
http://wn.com/Borknagar -
C. D. Broad
C. D. Broad (full name Charlie Dunbar Broad; 30 December 1887 - 11 March 1971) was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as The Mind and Its Place in Nature, published in 1925, Scientific Thought, published in 1930, and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'', published in 1933.
http://wn.com/C_D_Broad -
Carl Gustav Hempel
Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (born January 8, 1905 in Oranienburg, Germany died November 9, 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism. He is especially well-known for his articulation of the Deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960's. He is also known for the Raven paradox, which highlights the problem of induction.
http://wn.com/Carl_Gustav_Hempel -
Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
http://wn.com/Chrysippus -
Dagobert D. Runes
Dagobert David Runes (January 6, 1902 – September 24, 1982) was a philosopher and author. Born in Zastavna, Bukovina, Austro-Hungary (now in Ukraine), he emigrated to the United States in 1926. He had received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Vienna in 1924. In the U.S. he became editor of The Modern Thinker and later Current Digest. From 1931 to 1934 he was Director of the Institute for Advanced Education in New York City. In 1941 he founded the Philosophical Library, a spiritual organization and publisher. Runes was a colleague and friend of Albert Einstein.
http://wn.com/Dagobert_D_Runes -
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett -
David Hilbert
David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
http://wn.com/David_Hilbert -
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume -
Descartes
http://wn.com/Descartes -
Duns Scotus
Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
http://wn.com/Duns_Scotus -
Edmund Gettier
Edmund L. Gettier III (born 1927 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst; he may owe his reputation to a single three-page paper published in 1963 called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"
http://wn.com/Edmund_Gettier -
Edward Pococke
http://wn.com/Edward_Pococke -
Ernst Schröder
http://wn.com/Ernst_Schröder -
Francis Bacon
http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon -
G. E. Moore
:"G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.
http://wn.com/G_E_Moore -
Galileo Galilei
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei -
Georg Cantor
http://wn.com/Georg_Cantor -
George Berkeley
George Berkeley ( ) (12 March 1685 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory contends that individuals can only know directly sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter". The theory also contends that ideas are dependent upon being perceived by minds for their very existence, a belief that became immortalized in the dictum, "esse est percipi" ("to be is to be perceived"). He published his chief philosophical work A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge in 1710.
http://wn.com/George_Berkeley -
George Boole
http://wn.com/George_Boole -
George Boolos
http://wn.com/George_Boolos -
Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundation of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Gentzen -
Gianni Vattimo
Gianteresio Vattimo, also known as Gianni Vattimo (born January 4, 1936) is an internationally recognized Italian author, philosopher, and politician. Many of his works have been translated into English.
http://wn.com/Gianni_Vattimo -
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford), was a British philosopher, and a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". Some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as "behaviourist" (not to be confused with the psychological behaviourism of B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson). Ryle's best known book is The Concept of Mind (1949), in which he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'." Ryle, having engaged in detailed study of the key works of Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Husserl, and Heidegger, himself suggested instead that the book "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."
http://wn.com/Gilbert_Ryle -
Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of exceptional philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named in his honor. As part of this axiomatization effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Peano -
Gottlob Frege
http://wn.com/Gottlob_Frege -
Hans Reichenbach
http://wn.com/Hans_Reichenbach -
Haskell Curry
http://wn.com/Haskell_Curry -
Henri Poincaré
http://wn.com/Henri_Poincaré -
Herbert Spencer
http://wn.com/Herbert_Spencer -
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
http://wn.com/Hilary_Putnam -
Hugh of Saint Victor
http://wn.com/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor -
Ibn al-Haytham
http://wn.com/Ibn_al-Haytham -
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant -
Imre Lakatos
http://wn.com/Imre_Lakatos -
Isaac Newton
http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton -
J. L. Austin
http://wn.com/J_L_Austin -
Jaakko Hintikka
Kaarlo Jaakko Juhani Hintikka (born January 12, 1929) is a Finnish philosopher and logician.
http://wn.com/Jaakko_Hintikka -
John Dewey
http://wn.com/John_Dewey -
John Locke
http://wn.com/John_Locke -
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill -
John Wisdom
http://wn.com/John_Wisdom -
Jon Barwise
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Jon_Barwise -
Jürgen Habermas
http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas -
Karl Popper
http://wn.com/Karl_Popper -
Kurt Gödel
http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel -
Larry Laudan
Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
http://wn.com/Larry_Laudan -
Laurence BonJour
Laurence BonJour (born 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Washington.
http://wn.com/Laurence_BonJour -
Leibniz
http://wn.com/Leibniz -
Leopold Löwenheim
http://wn.com/Leopold_Löwenheim -
Leopold von Ranke
http://wn.com/Leopold_von_Ranke -
Ludwig Wittgenstein
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein -
Mazdak
http://wn.com/Mazdak -
Michael Dummett
Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett FBA D.Litt (born 1925) is a leading British philosopher. He has both written on the history of analytic philosophy, and made original contributions to the subject, particularly in the areas of philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of logic, philosophy of language and metaphysics. He also devised the Quota Borda system of proportional voting, based on the Borda count, and has written scholarly works on tarot. Other interests have been immigration law and English grammar and usage. In 1944 he was received into the Roman Catholic Church, and remains a practising Catholic.
http://wn.com/Michael_Dummett -
Moritz Schlick
http://wn.com/Moritz_Schlick -
Nelson Goodman
Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906, Somerville, Massachusetts – 25 November 1998, Needham, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism and aesthetics.
http://wn.com/Nelson_Goodman -
Niccolò Machiavelli
http://wn.com/Niccolò_Machiavelli -
Nicholas Maxwell
Nicholas Maxwell (born 1937) is a philosopher who has devoted much of his working life to arguing that there is an urgent need to bring about a revolution in academia so that it seeks and promotes wisdom and does not just acquire knowledge.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Maxwell -
Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was forced to flee his native country for Great Britain in the wake of the Nazi occupation, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
http://wn.com/Otto_Neurath -
P. F. Strawson
Sir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA (23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that he was appointed as a college lecturer at University College, Oxford in 1947 and became a tutorial fellow the following year until 1968. On his retirement in 1987, he returned to the college and continued working there until shortly before his death.
http://wn.com/P_F_Strawson -
Paul Bernays
http://wn.com/Paul_Bernays -
Paul Feyerabend
http://wn.com/Paul_Feyerabend -
Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England – August 28, 1988, Berkeley, California), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British-educated philosopher of language, who spent the final two decades of his career in the United States.
http://wn.com/Paul_Grice -
Peter Achinstein
Peter Achinstein is a distinguished American Philosopher of Science. He is the author of numerous influential books and articles. He is currently the director of the Yeshiva University Center for History and Philosophy of Science, and is also the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein University Professor of Philosophy at the University
http://wn.com/Peter_Achinstein -
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Peter Singer
Peter Albert David Singer (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian perspective.
http://wn.com/Peter_Singer -
Pierre Duhem
http://wn.com/Pierre_Duhem -
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Gassendi -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
R.B. Braithwaite
http://wn.com/RB_Braithwaite -
Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
http://wn.com/Raymond_Smullyan -
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
Richard Rorty
http://wn.com/Richard_Rorty -
Robert Audi
http://wn.com/Robert_Audi -
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle FRS was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He is best known for Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.
http://wn.com/Robert_Boyle -
Robert Grosseteste
http://wn.com/Robert_Grosseteste -
Robert Kilwardby
http://wn.com/Robert_Kilwardby -
Robert Nozick
http://wn.com/Robert_Nozick -
Roger Bacon
http://wn.com/Roger_Bacon -
Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
http://wn.com/Romanian_philosophy -
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap -
Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy -
Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
http://wn.com/Saul_Kripke -
Spinoza
http://wn.com/Spinoza -
Stephen Cole Kleene
http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene -
Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Toulmin -
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes -
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
http://wn.com/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn -
Thoralf Skolem
http://wn.com/Thoralf_Skolem -
Vincenzo Galilei
Vincenzo Galilei (c. 1520 – 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and the father of the famous astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei and of the composer Michelagnolo Galilei. He was a seminal figure in the musical life of the late Renaissance, and contributed significantly to the musical revolution which demarcates the beginning of the Baroque era.
http://wn.com/Vincenzo_Galilei -
W.V. Quine
http://wn.com/WV_Quine -
W.V.O. Quine
http://wn.com/WVO_Quine -
Wilhelm Windelband
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Windelband -
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded one of the first formal laboratories for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Wundt -
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
http://wn.com/William_Whewell
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Stephen Fry on empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 11 Jun 2010
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Clip from Splashlife's most excellent interview with Stephen Fry.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry_on_empiricism
Rationalism versus Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Published: 29 Jun 2008
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Why Rationalism is the way to go. This video consists of two examples for each epistemologic processes. The "someone goes behind the wall" is a classic example when explaining rationalism and empiricism. The cliff example is conjecture based solely on how these two epistemologists act (not think) in the wall example: the empiricist goes after, while the rationalist stays still. This is a joke.
http://wn.com/Rationalism_versus_Empiricism
Empiricism Philosophy Movie Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 23 Jan 2009
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
david hume, george berkeley, john locke. made for the great david bleakley
http://wn.com/Empiricism_Philosophy_Movie_Review
Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Published: 16 Oct 2009
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Hume 1: Empiricism and the A Priori
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:00
- Published: 08 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
The tenth video in Dr. Richard Brown's Online Introduction to Philosophy class. For all video go to onlinephilosophyclass.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Hume_1_Empiricism_and_the_A_Priori
Kant: Marrying Rationalism and Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Published: 14 Nov 2009
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
"Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him." In epistemology, a priori propositions can be known independent of (prior to) experience, whereas a posteriori propositions can be known only on the basis of experience (after experience). Thus, the distinction between a priori and a posteriori corresponds roughly to the distinction between nonempirical and empirical knowledge. The a priori / a posteriori distinction is applied to ways of knowing, propositions, arguments, and concepts. Because of its dependence upon verification by experience, the foundation for classifying a proposition as a posteriori is more easily grasped. An a priori concept can be acquired independently of experience, which may include, but is not necessarily confined to innate concepts. In logic, a proposition is a statement, couched as a declarative sentence, that affirms or denies the predicate, and that is either true or false. An analytic proposition can variously be described as a proposition whose predicate concept is contained within its subject concept, a proposition that is true by definition, whose truth depends solely on the meaning of its terms, or a proposition that is made true solely by the conventions of language. Analytic propositions, because truth is built in by virtue <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Kant_Marrying_Rationalism_and_Empiricism
Classical Empiricism and Logical Positivism (Part 4-1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:43
- Published: 19 Aug 2010
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
The first section of the fourth part of my series on the philosophy of science. In this video I cover the basics of the 'classical empiricism' of Locke and Hume, in preparation for discussing Logical Positivism.
http://wn.com/Classical_Empiricism_and_Logical_Positivism_Part_4-1
Empiricism Vs. Rationalism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 04 Mar 2012
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
A grade 11 IB Theory of Knowledge project on Empericism and Rationalism. A Mac Vs. PC spin off.
http://wn.com/Empiricism_Vs_Rationalism
Skepticism, Empiricism, and Rationalism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Published: 09 Jun 2009
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
This is a brief description and clarification from the ideas presented in the Rauhut reading for Epistemology - Part I.
http://wn.com/Skepticism,_Empiricism,_and_Rationalism
ACT - Radical Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 18 Jul 2007
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
In 2006 I worked with Anna Munster and a group of people on Assemblage for Collective Thought. This is a rough sketch of one section of it (without sound). The others involved were Ross Harley, Michele Barker, Gillian Fuller, Kate Richards, Trebor Scholz, Matthew Fuller, Mat Wall-Smith, Brett Neilson, Lisa Gye, Dragana Antic. We collaborated on set tasks via a wiki for several weeks, with everyone contributing images, sounds, text, video. See 01sj.org for more info.
http://wn.com/ACT_Radical_Empiricism
Psychojargon: Collaborative Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Published: 06 Sep 2010
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
Cognitive Behavioural Therapist John Anderson explains what the term "Collaborative Empiricism" means.
http://wn.com/Psychojargon_Collaborative_Empiricism
Kant: Rationalism VS Empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Published: 13 Apr 2009
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
This is our Philosophy project about Immanuel Kant. Enjoy(:
http://wn.com/Kant_Rationalism_VS_Empiricism
Philosophy Wars, Episode V: The Empiricists Strike Back
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Published: 18 Apr 2007
- Updated: 18 Mar 2012
Follow up to Episode IV in which our hero, Ludwig Starthinker, is ruthlessly pusued by the evil Darth Frege and his band of analytic philosophers intent on reducing him to a set of necessary and sufficient conditions... More info at www.keithwilson.org.uk
http://wn.com/Philosophy_Wars,_Episode_V_The_Empiricists_Strike_Back
Gresham College Lecture - Keith Ward - The Empiricist Turn (1 of 6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 10 Dec 2008
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
This video was uploaded with the written permission of Gresham College. • The Empiricist Turn, Part 1 of 6 • Date/Time: 14/02/2008 Speaker: Professor Keith Ward. Professor Ward has a BA from the University of Wales, an MA from the University of Cambridge, an MA and B Litt from the University of Oxford, a DD from Cambridge and a DD from Oxford. This lecture is about Hume and the grounding of knowledge in human experience, the conflict of reason and common sense. The lecturer raises a thought-provoking question: Hume was wrong about science - was he wrong about religion too? For more information, other lectures, transcripts, downloadable audio and video. Please visit the Gresham College website for this lecture: www.gresham.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Gresham_College_Lecture_Keith_Ward_The_Empiricist_Turn_1_of_6
Borknagar - Empiricism - The Black Canvas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Updated: 04 Aug 2012
Borknagar - Empiricism - The Black Canvas
http://wn.com/Borknagar_Empiricism_The_Black_Canvas
Gresham College Lecture - Keith Ward - The Empiricist Turn (2 of 6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Published: 10 Dec 2008
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
This video was uploaded with the written permission of Gresham College. • The Empiricist Turn, Part 2 of 6 • Date/Time: 14/02/2008 Speaker: Professor Keith Ward. Professor Ward has a BA from the University of Wales, an MA from the University of Cambridge, an MA and B Litt from the University of Oxford, a DD from Cambridge and a DD from Oxford. This lecture is about Hume and the grounding of knowledge in human experience, the conflict of reason and common sense. The lecturer raises a thought-provoking question: Hume was wrong about science - was he wrong about religion too? For more information, other lectures, transcripts, downloadable audio and video. Please visit the Gresham College website for this lecture: www.gresham.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Gresham_College_Lecture_Keith_Ward_The_Empiricist_Turn_2_of_6
Language: the Nativist/Empiricist Debate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 11 May 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Is language a cultural artifact created by humans or is it hardwired in the brain? Is language an external tool or an internal instinct? Do we check if a sentence belongs to a language by asking native speakers for their intuitions or by running a query against a database of words that have been used in that language? This short video explores the surface of an ongoing controversy in linguistics over the operational definition of language. It also explains how this debate impacts the way videos about linguistics & language are presented on this channel.
http://wn.com/Language_the_Nativist_Empiricist_Debate
![Borknagar - Soul Sphere - Empiricism [AUDIO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120927092354im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BDcgcNsBmmk/0.jpg "Borknagar - Soul Sphere - Empiricism [AUDIO]")
Borknagar - Soul Sphere - Empiricism [AUDIO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:41
- Published: 01 Dec 2009
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Early Modern Aesthetic Theory and Empiricists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:32
- Published: 02 Oct 2011
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
This is a discussion about the themes in Early Modern Aesthetic Theory that appear under the influence of British Empiricists of the 17th and 18th century. In particular ideas about imagination/fancy, taste, and aesthetic experience, and beauty and the sublime are examined.
http://wn.com/Early_Modern_Aesthetic_Theory_and_Empiricists
448 Empiricism and Nonsense Part 1: Church
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:31
- Published: 07 Oct 2006
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
A brief history of belief and disbelief
http://wn.com/448_Empiricism_and_Nonsense_Part_1_Church
empiricism and perceptualism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Published: 27 Apr 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
what's the difference?
http://wn.com/empiricism_and_perceptualism
CIA's war in Pakistan - 22 March 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 22 Mar 2009
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
The US military has been coming under an increasing number of attacks for the high number of civilians being killed by their missile strikes in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Leon Panetta, the head of the US Central Intelligence Agency, put the attacks high on the agenda during his visit to Islamabad in Pakistan. Al Jazeera's Zeina Khodr has more.
http://wn.com/CIA's_war_in_Pakistan_22_March_2009
Mike Mentzer talks about empiricism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Published: 21 Jul 2009
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
The word empirical denotes information gained by means of observation or experiment. A central concept in science and the scientific method is that all evidence must be empirical, or empirically based, that is, dependent on evidence and not on intuition or revelation.
http://wn.com/Mike_Mentzer_talks_about_empiricism
Photo: AP Photo / Matt Dunham
25 Sep 2012
Zeenews Bureau New Delhi/Islamabad: Pakistan is abuzz with reports of a steamy love affair between Bilawal Bhutto and foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar, a Bangladeshi tabloid claimed. Bilawal is said...
Photo: AP / Syria 2011 Archives via AP Video
26 Sep 2012
DAMASCUS, Syria (AP) — Twin blasts targeting Syria's army command headquarters rocked the capital on Wednesday, setting off hours of sporadic gunbattles and a raging fire inside the heavily...
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
25 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling If language is a form and manner of thinking, then Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney just disqualified himself when he declared that a...
Photo: AP / Wally Santana
25 Sep 2012
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japanese Coast Guard vessels fired water cannon to turn away about 40 Taiwan fishing boats and eight Taiwan Coast Guard vessels from waters Japan considers its own on Tuesday in an...
The Guardian
Philosopher Sir Karl...(size: 0.1Kb)
A Call to Empiricism
15 Mar 2012
Huffington Post
By Sebastian Deri As someone who was better at English and history than math and science in high school, what I chose to study in college was partly an effort to shy away from the latter fields and take refuge in "softer" subjects. "Leave the questions of science to the scientists, I am concerned...(size: 5.7Kb)
The Guardian
A letter written by...(size: 0.2Kb)
Graveyard of empiricism
13 Dec 2011
Foreign Policy
800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 As Yogi Berra famously put it, "it's déjà vu all over again." Amid a looming budget standoff, a presidential election cycle in full swing, and the popular dissatisfaction of both the left and right, the...(size: 10.1Kb)
AUDIO: Eugenics and Global Empiricism
24 Jul 2010
GlobalResearch
Gene Basler interviews Andrew Gavin Marshall, Research Associate at the Centre for Research on Globalization regarding his July 2010 article, "New Eugenics and the Rise of the Global Scientific Dictatorship". Listen to internet radio with Gene Basler on Blog Talk Radio Andrew Gavin Marshall is a...(size: 2.3Kb)
Medical empiricism
14 Jul 2010
New Scientist
When discussing the measures to which some people will resort in searching for a cure for autism, Jim Giles inadvertently highlights a widespread...(size: 1.0Kb)
Hot Air
Generally speaking, Marc Ambinder is one of the best political writers at The Atlantic, but he misses by a mile in Friday’s “Have Conservatives Gone Mad?“ In it, Ambinder trudges down the latest fad in punditry, that the Right has closed its collective mind, and that the opposition...(size: 6.0Kb)
The Examiner
Comment RSS Print The literature in neuroscience abounds with statements claiming conscious experience—the mind—to be merely the by-product of neuronal firing, thus denying and devaluing any claim to legitimacy the domain of interior subjectivity might have; yet it often does so...(size: 6.3Kb)
Taking empiricism to irrational level
29 Sep 2008
The Times of India
By creating a $700-bn fund to bail out banks on Wall Street, the US government has directly or indirectly taken over several global investment banks. The bail-out fund could further increase to over a trillion dollars in the months ahead...(size: 5.5Kb)
The right spirit of empiricism
11 Feb 2008
The Times of India
The problem with developing an entirely scientific worldview is that it can become ridiculously limited. The reason is because science moves on the premise of falsifiability, or testability. This means that an assertion can be shown to be false by an observation or a physical experiment. For...(size: 2.5Kb)
This article is about the field of philosophy. For the album by Borknagar, see Empiricism (album).
Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.[1] One of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism, idealism and historicism, empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or traditions[2]; empiricists may argue however that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sense experiences. [3]
Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.
Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke and John Stuart Mill.
Contents |
Origin[link]
The English term "empiric" derives from the Greek word ἐμπειρία, which is cognate with and translates to the Latin experientia, from which we derive the word "experience" and the related "experiment". The term was used of the Empiric school of ancient Greek medical practitioners, who rejected the doctrines of the (Dogmatic school), preferring to rely on the observation of phenomena.[4]
Usage[link]
Main article: Empirical method
A central concept in science and the scientific method is that it must be empirically based on the evidence of the senses. Both natural and social sciences use working hypotheses that are testable by observation and experiment. The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axioms, established scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.
Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience.[5] This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which asserts that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas.[6][7] The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".[8][9]
History[link]
Early empiricism[link]
See also: Tabula Rasa and Nous
The notion of tabula rasa ("clean slate" or "blank tablet") connotes a view of mind as an originally blank or empty recorder (Locke used the words "white paper") on which experience leaves marks. This denies that humans have innate ideas. The image dates back to Aristotle;
What the mind (nous) thinks must be in it in the same sense as letters are on a tablet (grammateion) which bears no actual writing (grammenon); this is just what happens in the case of the mind. (Aristotle, On the Soul, 3.4.430a1).
Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible, was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the middle ages summarized one of his positions as "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" (Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses").
During the middle ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna[10] and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.[11] For Ibn Sina ("Avicenna"]), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts." The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-‘aql al-fa‘il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge".[10] So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.
In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Arab philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.[11]
A similar Islamic theological novel, Theologus Autodidactus, was written by the Arab theologian and physician Ibn al-Nafis in the 13th century. It also dealt with the theme of empiricism through the story of a feral child on a desert island, but departed from its predecessor by depicting the development of the protagonist's mind through contact with society rather than in isolation from society.[12]
During the 13th century Thomas Aquinas adopted the Aristotelian position that the senses are essential to mind into scholasticism, making it a dogma of Roman Catholic belief. Bonaventure (1221–1274), one of Aquinas' fiercest intellectual opponents, offered some of the strongest arguments in favour of the Platonic idea of the mind.
Renaissance Italy[link]
In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead.
Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said,[13]
If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings.
The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520–1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for "experiment" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded "experience and demonstration" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.
British empiricism[link]
British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.
In response to the early-to-mid-17th century "continental rationalism" John Locke (1632–1704) proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori, i.e., based upon experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet," in Locke's words "white paper," on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Complex ideas combine simple ones, and divide into substances, modes, and relations. According to Locke, our knowledge of things is a perception of ideas that are in accordance or discordance with each other, which is very different from the quest for certainty of Descartes.
A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it). In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God.[14] Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.[15][16]
The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, "Mr. Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. In this view, we must say, that it is only probable all men must die, or that the sun will rise to-morrow."[17] And, "Mr. Locke, in his chapter of power, says that, finding from experience, that there are several new productions in nature, and concluding that there must somewhere be a power capable of producing them, we arrive at last by this reasoning at the idea of power. But no reasoning can ever give us a new, original, simple idea; as this philosopher himself confesses. This, therefore, can never be the origin of that idea."[18]
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.[19]
Via his skeptical arguments he maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument.[19] Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.[19]
Hume concluded that such things as belief in an external world and belief in the existence of the self were not rationally justifiable. According to Hume these beliefs were to be accepted nonetheless because of their profound basis in instinct and custom. Hume's lasting legacy, however, was the doubt that his skeptical arguments cast on the legitimacy of inductive reasoning, allowing many skeptics who followed to cast similar doubt.
Phenomenalism[link]
Main article: Phenomenalism
Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit.[20] According to an extreme empiricist theory known as Phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences.[21] Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist — hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the "permanent possibility of sensation".[22] Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:
[Mill] claimed that mathematical truths were merely very highly confirmed generalizations from experience; mathematical inference, generally conceived as deductive [and a priori] in nature, Mill set down as founded on induction. Thus, in Mill's philosophy there was no real place for knowledge based on relations of ideas. In his view logical and mathematical necessity is psychological; we are merely unable to conceive any other possibilities than those that logical and mathematical propositions assert. This is perhaps the most extreme version of empiricism known, but it has not found many defenders.[16]
Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience.[23] The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms.[16][24] Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all".[24] Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.[16][24][25]
The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data.[26] If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).[27][28]
Logical empiricism[link]
Main article: Logical positivism
Logical empiricism (aka logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach. The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (d. 1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori).[29] On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.[30]
In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics. That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, "X at location Y and at time T observes such and such."[31] The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic-synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War 2 by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. By the late 1960s, it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course, though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists.
Integration of empiricism and rationalism: Pragmatism[link]
In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions that took place while Charles Sanders Peirce and William James were both at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.
Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view. Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach "presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth".[32]
In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or "thisness" – what the Scholastics called its haecceity – that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.[33][34]
Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained that the empirically observed "directly apprehended universe needs ... no extraneous trans-empirical connective support",[35] by which he meant to rule out the perception that there can be any value added by seeking supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. James's "radical empricism" is thus not radical in the context of the term "empiricism", but is instead fairly consistent with the modern use of the term "empirical". (His method of argument in arriving at this view, however, still readily encounters debate within philosophy even today.)
John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured by scientific instruments, and the results of such measurements generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation.[36] Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Empiricism". http://philosophy.wisc.edu/sober/Empiricism%20oct%20069.pdf.
- ^ Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-158591-6.
- ^ Hume, David. Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748.
- ^ Sini, Carlo. "Empirismo" in Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia (ed.) Gianni Vattimo et al. 2004
- ^ Markie, P. (2004), "Rationalism vs. Empiricism" in Edward D. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprint.
- ^ Loeb, Luis E. (1981), From Descartes to Hume: Continental Metaphysics and the Development of Modern Philosophy, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
- ^ Engfer, Hans-Jürgen (1996), Empirismus versus Rationalismus? Kritik eines philosophiegeschichtlichen Schemas, Padeborn: Schöningh.
- ^ Buckle, Stephen (1999), “British Sceptical Realism. A Fresh Look at the British Tradition”, European Journal of Philosophy, 7, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Peter Anstey, "ESP is best", Early Modern Experimental Philosophy, 2010.
- ^ a b Sajjad H. Rizvi (2006), Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980–1037), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ a b G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224–62, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09459-8
- ^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World)
- ^ ”Seeing the Body: The Divergence of Ancient Chinese and Western Medical Illustration”, Camillia Matuk, Journal of Biocommunication, VOl. 32, No. 1, 2006, [1]
- ^ Thornton, Stephen (1987) "Berkeley's Theory of Reality" in The Journal of the Limerick Philosophical Society, UL.ie
- ^ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "George Berkeley", vol. 1, p. 297.
- ^ a b c d Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Empiricism", vol. 2, p. 503.
- ^ Hume, "Of Probability", Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=341&chapter=61960&layout=html#a_606643
- ^ Hume, "Of the Idea of a Necessary Connexion", Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=341&chapter=61962&layout=html#a_606645
- ^ a b c Hume, D. "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding", in Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, 2nd edition, L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1902. (Orig. 1748).
- ^ Morick, H. (1980), Challenges to Empiricism, Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, IN.
- ^ Marconi, D (2004), "Fenomenismo"', in Gianni Vattimo and Gaetano Chiurazzi (eds.), L'Enciclopedia Garzanti di Filosofia, 3rd edition, Garzanti, Milan, Italy.
- ^ Mill, J.S., "An Examination of Sir William Rowan Hamilton's Philosophy", in A.J. Ayer and Ramond Winch (eds.), British Empirical Philosophers, Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1968.
- ^ Wilson, Fred (2005), "John Stuart Mill", in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ a b c Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Phenomenalism", vol. 6, p. 131.
- ^ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Axiomatic Method", vol. 5, p.188–189, 191ff.
- ^ Bolender, John (1998), "Factual Phenomenalism: A Supervenience Theory"', Sorites, no. 9, pp. 16–31.
- ^ Berlin, Isaiah (2004), The Refutation of Phenomenalism, Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library.
- ^ Chisolm, R. (1948), "The Problem of Empiricism", Journal of Philosophy 45, 512–517.
- ^ Achinstein, Peter, and Barker, Stephen F. (1969), The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
- ^ Barone, Francesco (1986), Il neopositivismo logico, Laterza, Roma Bari.
- ^ Rescher, Nicholas (1985), The Heritage of Logical Positivism, University Press of America, Lanham, MD.
- ^ Ward, Teddy (n.d.), "Empiricism", Eprint.
- ^ Rock, Irvin (1983), The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Rock, Irvin, (1997) Indirect Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ James, William (1911), The Meaning of Truth.
- ^ Dewey, John (1906), Studies in Logical Theory.
References[link]
- Achinstein, Peter, and Barker, Stephen F. (1969), The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
- Aristotle, "On the Soul" (De Anima), W. S. Hett (trans.), pp. 1–203 in Aristotle, Volume 8, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1936.
- Aristotle, Posterior Analytics.
- Barone, Francesco (1986), Il neopositivismo logico, Laterza, Roma Bari.
- Berlin, Isaiah (2004), The Refutation of Phenomenalism, Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library.
- Bolender, John (1998), "Factual Phenomenalism: A Supervenience Theory"', Sorites, no. 9, pp. 16–31.
- Chisolm, R. (1948), "The Problem of Empiricism", Journal of Philosophy 45, 512–517.
- Dewey, John (1906), Studies in Logical Theory.
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Empiricism", vol. 4, p. 480.
- Hume, D., A Treatise of Human Nature, L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), Oxford University Press, London, UK, 1975.
- Hume, D. "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding", in Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, 2nd edition, L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1902.
- James, William (1911), The Meaning of Truth.
- Keeton, Morris T. (1962), "Empiricism", pp. 89–90 in Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ.
- Leftow, Brian (ed., 2006), Aquinas: Summa Theologiae, Questions on God, pp. vii et seq.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Development of Aristotle's Thought", vol. 1, p. 153ff.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "George Berkeley", vol. 1, p. 297.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Empiricism", vol. 2, p. 503.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Mathematics, Foundations of", vol. 5, p, 188–189.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Axiomatic Method", vol. 5, p. 192ff.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Epistemological Discussion", subsections on "A Priori Knowledge" and "Axioms".
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Phenomenalism", vol. 6, p. 131.
- Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1969), "Thomas Aquinas", subsection on "Theory of Knowledge", vol. 8, pp. 106–107.
- Marconi, D (2004), "Fenomenismo"', in Gianni Vattimo and Gaetano Chiurazzi (eds.), L'Enciclopedia Garzanti di Filosofia, 3rd edition, Garzanti, Milan, Italy.
- Markie, P. (2004), "Rationalism vs. Empiricism" in Edward D. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprint.
- Maxwell, Nicholas (1998), The Comprehensibility of the Universe: A New Conception of Science, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Mill, J.S., "An Examination of Sir William Rowan Hamilton's Philosophy", in A.J. Ayer and Ramond Winch (eds.), British Empirical Philosophers, Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1968.
- Morick, H. (1980), Challenges to Empiricism, Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, IN.
- Peirce, C.S., "Lectures on Pragmatism", Cambridge, MA, March 26 – May 17, 1903. Reprinted in part, Collected Papers, CP 5.14–212. Published in full with editor's introduction and commentary, Patricia Ann Turisi (ed.), Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking: The 1903 Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism", State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1997. Reprinted, pp. 133–241, Peirce Edition Project (eds.), The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913), Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1998.
- Rescher, Nicholas (1985), The Heritage of Logical Positivism, University Press of America, Lanham, MD.
- Rock, Irvin (1983), The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Rock, Irvin, (1997) Indirect Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Runes, D.D. (ed., 1962), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ.
- Sini, Carlo (2004), "Empirismo", in Gianni Vattimo et al. (eds.), Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia.
- Solomon, Robert C., and Higgins, Kathleen M. (1996), A Short History of Philosophy, pp. 68–74.
- Sorabji, R. (1972), Aristotle on Memory.
- Thornton, Stephen (1987), Berkeley's Theory of Reality, Eprint
- Ward, Teddy (n.d.), "Empiricism", Eprint.
- Wilson, Fred (2005), "John Stuart Mill", in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Eprint.
External links[link]
- Empiricism on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Empiricism
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Rationalism vs. Empiricism
- Theory of Knowledge: An Introduction to Empiricism
–
http://wn.com/Empiricism
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Empirismo
http://cs.wn.com/Empirismus
http://id.wn.com/Empirisme
http://es.wn.com/Empirismo
http://ru.wn.com/Эмпиризм
http://nl.wn.com/Empirisme
http://pl.wn.com/Empiryzm
http://fr.wn.com/Empirisme
http://de.wn.com/Empirismus
http://hi.wn.com/अनुभववाद
http://pt.wn.com/Empirismo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Stephen Fry, see Stephen Fry (disambiguation).
| Stephen Fry | |
|---|---|
 Fry in Happy Birthday to GNU (2008) |
|
| Born | Stephen John Fry (1957-08-24) 24 August 1957 (age 54) Hampstead, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Queens' College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, author, journalist, broadcaster, film director |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Influenced by | Oscar Wilde, P. G. Wodehouse, Evelyn Waugh, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson, Douglas Adams, Rowan Atkinson, Christopher Hitchens |
| Title |
President of Mind (2011–present)[1] |
| Religion | None (atheist) |
| Partner | Daniel Cohen (1995–2010) |
| Parents | Alan John Fry Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
| www.stephenfry.com | |
Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English[4][5] actor, screenwriter, author, playwright, journalist, poet, comedian, television presenter, film director, and a director of Norwich City Football Club.[6]
After a troubled childhood and adolescence, during which he was expelled from a number of schools and eventually spent three months in prison for credit card fraud, he was able to secure a place at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he studied English Literature.
He first came to public attention in the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue presentation "The Cellar Tapes", which also included Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. With Hugh Laurie, as the comedy double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie, and took the role of Jeeves (with Laurie playing Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster.
As an actor, Fry played the lead in the film Wilde, was Melchett in the BBC television series Blackadder, starred as the title character Peter Kingdom in the ITV series Kingdom, has a recurring guest role as Dr. Gordon Wyatt on the Fox crime series Bones and appeared as rogue TV host Gordon Deitrich in the dystopian thriller V For Vendetta. He has also written and presented several documentary series including the 2008 television series Stephen Fry in America, which saw him travelling across all 50 US states. Since 2003 he has been the host of the quiz show QI.
As well as his work in television, Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines, and has written four novels and two volumes of autobiography, Moab Is My Washpot and The Fry Chronicles. He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4, starring in the comedy series Absolute Power, being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute, and acting as chairman for I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton. Fry is also known in the UK for his audiobook recordings, particularly as reader for all seven Harry Potter novels.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Fry was born in Hampstead, London, on 24 August 1957, the son of Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman) and Alan John Fry, who was an English physicist and inventor.[7][8] His maternal grandparents, Martin and Rosa Neumann,[8] were Hungarian Jewish immigrants from Šurany, which is now in Slovakia.[8][9][10] His mother's aunt and cousins died in Auschwitz.[8] Fry grew up in the village of Booton near Reepham, Norfolk, having moved from Chesham, Buckinghamshire at an early age.[11]
Fry briefly attended Cawston Primary School, Cawston, Norfolk[12] before going on to Stouts Hill Preparatory School at the age of seven, and then to Uppingham School, Rutland, where he joined Fircroft house and was described as a "near-asthmatic genius".[13] He was expelled from Uppingham when he was 15, and subsequently from the Paston School.
At 17, after leaving Norfolk College of Arts and Technology, Fry absconded with a credit card stolen from a family friend, was arrested in Swindon, and as a result spent three months in Pucklechurch Prison on remand.[14]
Following his release he resumed his education at City College Norwich, promising administrators that he would study rigorously to sit the Cambridge entrance exams. He scored well enough to gain a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Fry joined the Cambridge Footlights, appeared on University Challenge, and gained a degree in English literature.[15] It was at the Footlights that Fry met his future comedy collaborator Hugh Laurie.
Career[link]
Further information: Works of Stephen Fry
Television[link]
Comedy[link]
Fry's career in television began with the 1982 broadcasting of The Cellar Tapes, the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue which was written by Fry, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. The revue caught the attention of Granada Television, who, keen to replicate the success of the BBC's Not the Nine O'Clock News, hired Fry, Laurie and Thompson to star alongside Ben Elton in There's Nothing to Worry About!. A second series, re-titled Alfresco, was broadcast in 1983 and a third in 1984; it established Fry and Laurie's reputation as a comedy double act. In 1983, the BBC offered them their own show, which became The Crystal Cube, a mixture of science fiction and mockumentary that was axed after the first episode. Undeterred, Fry and Laurie appeared in an episode of The Young Ones in 1984, and Fry in Ben Elton's 1985 series, Happy Families. In 1986 and 1987 Fry and Laurie also performed sketches on the LWT/Channel 4 show Saturday Live.
Forgiving Fry and Laurie for The Crystal Cube, the BBC commissioned a sketch show in 1986 that was to become A Bit of Fry & Laurie. The programme ran for 26 episodes spanning four series between 1986 and 1995, and was very successful. During this time Fry starred in Blackadder II as Lord Melchett, made a guest appearance in Blackadder the Third as the Duke of Wellington, then returned to a starring role in Blackadder Goes Forth as General Melchett. In the 1988 television special Blackadder's Christmas Carol he played the roles of Lord Melchett and Lord Frondo.
Between 1990 and 1993, Fry starred as Jeeves (alongside Hugh Laurie's Bertie Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster, 23 hour-long adaptations of P.G. Wodehouse's novels and short stories.
Towards the end of 2003, Fry starred alongside John Bird in the television adaptation of Absolute Power, previously a radio series on BBC Radio 4.
In 2010 Fry took part in a Christmas series of Short Films called 'Little Crackers'. Fry's short is based on a story from his childhood at school.[16] He appeared as the Christian God in 2011's Holy Flying Circus.
Drama[link]
Fry has appeared in a number of BBC adaptations of plays and books, including a 1992 adaptation of the Simon Gray play The Common Pursuit (Fry had previously appeared in the West End stage production); a 1998 Malcolm Bradbury adaptation of the Mark Tavener novel, In the Red, with Fry taking the part of the Controller of BBC Radio 2; and in 2000 Fry took the role of Professor Bellgrove in the BBC serial Gormenghast which were adapted from the first two novels of Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast series. In 2011, Fry portrayed Professor Mildeye in the BBC adaption of Mary Norton's 1952 novel The Borrowers.
Fry narrates the English language version of the Spanish children's animated series Pocoyo.[17]
From 2007 to 2009, Fry played the lead role in (and was executive producer for) the legal drama Kingdom, which ran for three series on ITV1.[18] He has also taken up a recurring guest role as psychiatrist Dr. Gordon Wyatt in the popular American drama Bones.
In 2010, having learned some Irish for the role,[19] he filmed a cameo role in Ros na Rún, an Irish language soap opera broadcast in Ireland, Scotland and the United States.[20][21][22]
Documentaries and other factual programmes[link]
Fry made his first foray into documentary-making with the Emmy Award-winning The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive in 2006; also in 2006, he appeared in the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, tracing his maternal family tree to investigate his Jewish ancestry.[23] Fry narrated The Story of Light Entertainment, which was shown from July–September 2006.[24][25] In 2007 he presented a documentary on the subject of HIV and AIDS, HIV and Me.[26]
On 7 May 2008, Fry gave a speech as part of a series of BBC lectures on the future of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom,[27] which he later recorded for a podcast.[28]
His six-part travel series Stephen Fry in America began on BBC One in October 2008 and saw him travel to each of the 50 US states;[29] in the same year he narrated the nature documentaries Spectacled Bears: Shadow of the Forest for the BBC Natural World series.[30]
In the 2009 television series Last Chance to See, Fry and zoologist Mark Carwardine sought out endangered species, some of which had been featured in Douglas Adams' and Carwardine's 1990 book and radio series of the same name[31] Also in 2009, Fry briefly hosted CBBC series Horrible Histories, an educational TV show for school children.
In August 2011 Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets was shown on Channel 4 as one of the 100 Greatest strand.[32] His choice for the greatest gadget was the cigarette lighter which he described as "fire with a flick of the fingers".[32]
In September 2011 Fry's Planet Word, a five-part documentary about language, aired on BBC HD and BBC Two.[33][34]
[edit] QI
In 2003, Fry began hosting QI (Quite Interesting), a British comedy panel game television quiz show. QI was created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. QI has the highest viewing figures for any show on BBC Four and UKTV G2 (now Dave).[35][36] In 2006, Fry won the Rose d'Or award for "Best Game Show Host" for his work on the series.[37]
Film[link]
Having made his film debut in the 1985 film The Good Father, Fry had a brief appearance in A Fish Called Wanda (in which he is knocked out by Kevin Kline, who is posing as an airport security man) and then appeared in the lead role for Kenneth Branagh's Peter's Friends in 1992. In the 1994 romantic comedy film I.Q., he played the role of James Moreland.[38] Portraying Oscar Wilde (of whom he had been a fan since the age of 13) in the 1997 film Wilde, he fulfilled to critical acclaim a role that he has said he was "born to play". It also earned him a nomination for Best Actor – Drama in the 1998 Golden Globe Award. A year later, Fry starred in David Yates' small independent film The Tichborne Claimant, and in 2001 he played the detective in Robert Altman's period costume drama, Gosford Park. In the same year he also appeared in the Dutch film The Discovery of Heaven, directed by Jeroen Krabbé and based on the novel by Harry Mulisch.
In 2003, Fry made his directorial debut with Bright Young Things, adapted by himself from Evelyn Waugh's Vile Bodies. In 2001, he began hosting the BAFTA Film Awards, a role from which he stepped down in 2006.[39] Later that same year, he wrote the English libretto and dialogue for Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of The Magic Flute.
Fry continues to make regular film appearances, notably in treatments of literary cult classics. He portrayed Maurice Woodruff in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, served as narrator in the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and in 2005 he appeared in both A Cock and Bull Story, based on Tristram Shandy, and as a non-conforming TV Presenter who challenges the fascist state in V for Vendetta.[40][41] In 2006, he played the role of gadget-master Smithers in Stormbreaker, and in 2007 he appeared as himself hosting a quiz in St Trinian's. In 2007, Fry wrote a script for a remake of The Dam Busters for director Peter Jackson.[42]
Fry was offered a role in Valkyrie but was unable to participate.[43] Fry starred in the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland, as the voice of The Cheshire Cat.[44] He played Mycroft Holmes in the sequel to Sherlock Holmes directed by Guy Ritchie.[45] In 2010, Fry provided the voice of Socrates the Lion in the environmental animated film Animals United. He will portray the Master of Lake-town in the 2012 film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.[46]
Feature filmography[link]
- 1985: The Good Father – Creighton
- 1988: A Fish Called Wanda – Hutchison
- 1992: Peter's Friends – Peter
- 1994: I.Q. – James Moreland
- 1997: Wilde – Oscar Wilde
- 1998: The Tichborne Claimant – Hawkins
- 1999: Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? – Dr.Peter Robinson
- 2001: Gosford Park – Inspector Thompson
- 2001: The Discovery of Heaven – Onno
- 2002: Thunderpants – Sir Antony Silk (Judge)
- 2003: Bright Young Things – Director
- 2004: The Life and Death of Peter Sellers – Maurice Woodruff
- 2005: V for Vendetta – Deitrich
- 2005: The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy – The Narrator (Voice)
- 2006: The Magic Flute – Writer
- 2006: Stormbreaker – Smithers
- 2007: St. Trinian's – Himself
- 2007: Eichmann – Minister Tormer
- 2009: House of Boys – Dr Marsh
- 2010: Alice in Wonderland – Cheshire Cat (Voice)
- 2010: Animals United – Socrates the Lion (Voice)
- 2011: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows – Mycroft Holmes
- 2012: The Hobbit: There and Back Again – Master of Lake-town
Radio[link]
Fry came to the attention of radio listeners with the 1986 creation of his alter-ego, Donald Trefusis, whose "wireless essays" were broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme Loose Ends. In the 1980s he starred as David Lander in four series of the BBC Radio 4 show Delve Special, written by Tony Sarchet, which became the six part Channel 4 series This is David Lander in 1988. In 1988, Fry wrote and presented a six-part comedy series entitled Saturday Night Fry; frequent radio appearances have ensued (notably on panel games Just a Minute and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue). In 2000, he began starring as Charles Prentiss in the Radio 4 comedy Absolute Power, reprising the role for three further series on radio and two on television. In 2002, Fry voiced Winnie-the-Pooh and was one of the narrators of A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner. He presented a 20-part, two-hour series, The Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music, a "witty guide" to the genre over the past 1,000 years, on Classic FM.
In 2007, he hosted Current Puns, an exploration of wordplay, and Radio 4: This Is Your Life, to celebrate the radio station's 40th anniversary. He also interviewed Tony Blair as part of a series of podcasts released by 10 Downing Street.[47]
In February 2008, Fry began presenting podcasts entitled Stephen Fry's Podgrams, in which he recounts his life and recent experiences.[28] In July 2008, he appeared as himself in I Love Stephen Fry, an Afternoon Play for Radio 4 written by former Fry and Laurie script editor Jon Canter.[48]
Since August 2008 he has presented Fry's English Delight, a series on BBC Radio 4 about the English language.[49] As of 2011, it has been running for four series and 15 episodes.
In the summer 2009 series of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Fry was one of a trio of hosts replacing Humphrey Lyttelton (the others being Jack Dee and Rob Brydon).[50]
In 2012 he appeared as a guest panellist in the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics.[51]
Theatre[link]
Fry wrote the play Latin! or Tobacco and Boys for the 1980 Edinburgh Festival, where it won the Fringe First prize.[52] It had a revival in 2009 at London's Cock Tavern Theatre, directed by Adam Spreadbury-Maher.[53] The Cellar Tapes, the Footlights Revue of 1981, won the Perrier Comedy Award. In 1984, Fry adapted the hugely successful 1930s musical Me and My Girl for the West End, where it ran for eight years. He was also cast in a lead role in Simon Gray's 1995 play, Cell Mates, which he left three days into the West End run, pleading stage fright. He later recalled the incident as a hypomanic episode in his documentary about bipolar disorder, The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive. In 2007, Fry wrote a Christmas pantomime, Cinderella, which ran at London's Old Vic Theatre.[54]
Fry is a long-standing fan of the anarchic 1960s British musical comedy group, the Bonzo Dog Band and, particularly, of its eccentric front man, the late Vivian Stanshall. Fry helped to fund an ill-fated 1988 London re-staging of Stanshall's acclaimed Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera, written by Vivian and Ki Longfellow-Stanshall for the Bristol-based Old Profanity Showboat. Fry performed several of Stanshall's numbers as part of the Bonzos' 2006 reunion concert at the London Astoria. He also appears as a shiny New Millennium Bonzo on their post-reunion album, Pour l'Amour des Chiens, on which he recites a recipe for "Salmon Proust", plays a butler in "Hawkeye the Gnu", and voices ads for the fictitious "Fiasco" stores.
Following three one-man shows in Australia, Fry announced a "sort of stand-up" performance at The Royal Albert Hall in London for September 2010.[55]
Audio books[link]
Stephen Fry has been the reader for the British versions of all of J.K.Rowling's Harry Potter series of audio books. He discussed this project in an interview with J.K. Rowling in 2005.[56] Fry has also been the reader for Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy film tie-in edition. He has also made recordings of his own books, such as The Stars' Tennis Balls and Moab Is My Washpot; and works by Roald Dahl, Michael Bond, A. A. Milne, and Anthony Buckeridge.
Video games[link]
Fry's distinctive voice has been featured in a number of video games, including an appearance as Reaver, a primary antagonist in Lionhead Studios games Fable II and Fable III, and as the narrator in LittleBigPlanet and its sequel on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.[57][58] He also served as narrator on the first four Harry Potter games (Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, Prisoner of Azkaban and the Goblet of Fire).
Advertisements[link]
Fry has lent himself and his voice to many advertisements, starting with an appearance as "Count Ivan Skavinsky Skavar" in a 1982 advert for Whitbread Best Bitter. Fry has said in his memoirs that after receiving his payment for this work – £25,000 – he has never subsequently experienced "what one could call serious money troubles".[59] He has since appeared in adverts for products and companies such as Marks and Spencer, Twinings, Kenco, Vauxhall, Honda, Direct Line, Calpol, Heineken, Alliance & Leicester, After Eights, Trebor, Panama cigars and Orange Mobile.
Literature[link]
Since the publication of his first novel, The Liar (1991), Fry has written three further novels, several non-fiction works and two volumes of autobiography. Making History (1997) is partly set in an alternative universe where Adolf Hitler's father is made infertile and his replacement proves a rather more effective Führer. The book won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History. The Hippopotamus (1994) is about Edward (Ted/Tedward) Wallace and his stay at his old friend Lord Logan's country manor in Norfolk. The Stars' Tennis Balls (2000) is a modern retelling of The Count of Monte Cristo. Fry's book, The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within, is a guide to writing poetry.
When writing a book review for Tatler, Fry wrote under a nom de plume, Williver Hendry, editor of A Most Peculiar Friendship: The Correspondence of Lord Alfred Douglas and Jack Dempsey, a field close to Fry's heart as an Oscar Wilde enthusiast. Once a columnist in The Listener and The Daily Telegraph, he now writes a weekly technology column in the Saturday edition of The Guardian. His blog attracted more than 300,000 visitors in its first two weeks.[29]
In May 2009, Fry unveiled The Dongle of Donald Trefusis, an audiobook series following Donald Trefusis (a fictional character from Fry's novel The Liar and from the BBC Radio 4 series Loose Ends), set over 12 episodes.[60] After its release, it reached No. 1 on the UK Album Chart list.
Fry's use of the word "luvvie" (spelled "lovie" by Fry) in The Guardian on 2 April 1988 is given by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest recorded use of the word as a humorous synonym for "actor".[61]
Football[link]
In August 2010, Fry joined the Board of Directors at Norwich City Football Club. A lifelong fan of "the Canaries" and a regular visitor to Carrow Road, he said on being appointed "Truly this is one of the most exciting days of my life and I am as proud and pleased as I could be."[6]
Twitter[link]
In October 2008, Fry began posting to the social networking site Twitter,[62] which he regularly updates.[63] On 16 May 2009, he celebrated the 500,000-follower mark: "Bless my soul 500k followers. And I love you all. Well, all except that silly one. And that's not you."[64]
Fry wields a considerable amount of influence through his use of Twitter.[65][66] He is frequently asked to promote various charities and causes, often inadvertently causing their websites to crash because of the volume of traffic generated by his large number of followers; as Fry notes on his website: "Four thousand hits a second all diving down the pipeline at the same time for minutes on end."[67] Fry uses his influence to recommend underexposed musicians and authors (who often see large increases in web hits and sales)[68][69] and to raise awareness of contemporary issues in the world of media and politics, notably the dropping of an injunction against The Guardian[70][71] and the lambasting of Daily Mail columnist Jan Moir over her article on the death of Boyzone member Stephen Gately.[72][73]
In October 2009 Fry again sparked debate amongst users when he announced his intention to leave the social networking site after criticism from another user on Twitter. He retracted the intention the next day.[74] In October 2010, Fry left Twitter for a few days following press criticism of a quote taken from an interview he had given, with a farewell message of "Bye bye". After returning, Fry explained that he had left Twitter to "avoid being sympathised with or told about an article I would otherwise never have got wind of".[75] In some quarters the general methods Fry uses on Twitter have been criticised.[76]
In November 2009 Fry's Twitter account reached one million followers. He commemorated the million followers milestone with a humorous video blog in which a 'Step Hen Fry' clone speaks from the year 2034 where MySpace, Facebook and Twitter have combined to form 'Twit on MyFace'.[77] In November 2010 Fry welcomed his two millionth follower with a blog entry detailing his opinions and experiences of Twitter.[78] On 11 March 2012, Fry noted his passing of the four million follower mark with a tweet: "Lordy I've breasted the 4 million followers tape. Love you all. Yes even YOU. But let's dedicate today to Douglas Adams's diamond jubilee"[79]
Acclaim[link]
In 1995, Fry was presented with an honorary doctorate from the University of Dundee, which named their main Students' Association bar after his novel The Liar. Fry is a patron of its Lip Theatre Company.[80] He also served two consecutive terms – 1992 to 1995 and 1995 to 1998 – as the student-elected Rector of the University of Dundee. Such was his popularity, he was unopposed when he sought re-election to office in 1995, and by the time he completed his second term in office he had won the widespread admiration of the University's staff and students.[81][82] He was awarded the AoC Gold Award in 2004, and was entered into their hall of fame.[83] Fry was also awarded an honorary degree from Anglia Ruskin University in 2005.[84][85] He was made honorary president of the Cambridge University Quiz Society and honorary fellow of his alma mater Queens' College, Cambridge. On 13 July 2010, he was made an honorary fellow of Cardiff University[86] and on 28 January 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Sussex for his work campaigning for people suffering from mental health problems, bipolar disorder and HIV.[87]
He is a Patron of the Norwich Playhouse theatre and a Vice President of The Noël Coward Society.[88] Fry was the last person to be named Pipe Smoker of the Year before the award was discontinued.[89]
In December 2006 he was ranked sixth for the BBC's Top Living Icon Award,[90] was featured on The Culture Show, and was voted Most Intelligent Man on Television by readers of Radio Times. The Independent on Sunday Pink List named Fry the second most influential gay person in Britain in May 2007; he had taken the twenty-third position on the list the previous year.[91] Later the same month he was announced as the 2007 Mind Champion of the Year[1] in recognition of the success of his documentary The Secret Life of a Manic Depressive in raising awareness of bipolar disorder. Fry was also nominated in "Best Entertainment Performance" for QI and "Best Factual Series" for Secret Life of the Manic Depressive at the 2007 British Academy Television Awards.[92] That same year, Broadcast magazine listed Fry at number four in its "Hot 100" list of influential on-screen performers, describing him as a polymath and a "national treasure".[93] He was also granted a lifetime achievement award at the British Comedy Awards on 5 December 2007[94] and the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards on 20 January 2010.[95]
BBC Four dedicated two nights of programming to Fry on 17 and 18 August 2007, in celebration of his 50th birthday. The first night, comprising programs featuring Fry, began with a sixty-minute documentary entitled Stephen Fry: 50 Not Out. The second night was composed of programs selected by Fry, as well as a 60-minute interview with Mark Lawson and a half-hour special, Stephen Fry: Guilty.[96] The weekend programming proved such a ratings hit for BBC Four that it was repeated on BBC Two on 16 and 17 September 2007.
In 2011, he was the subject of Molly Lewis's song An Open Letter to Stephen Fry, in which the singer jokingly offers herself as a surrogate mother for his child.[97] In February 2011, Fry was awarded the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, the Harvard Secular Society and the American Humanist Association.[98]
Views on religion[link]
Fry has repeatedly expressed opposition to organised religion and has identified himself as an atheist and humanist, while declaring some sympathy for the ancient Greek belief in capricious gods. In his first autobiography he wrote, "I knew I couldn't believe in God, because I was fundamentally Hellenic in my outlook."[99] He has accepted that religion can have positive effects, "Sometimes belief means credulity, sometimes an expression of faith and hope which even the most sceptical atheist such as myself cannot but find inspiring."[100]
In 2009, The Guardian published a letter from Fry addressing his younger self, explaining how his future is soon to unfold, reflecting on the positive progression towards gay acceptance and openness around him, and yet not everywhere, while warning on how "the cruel, hypocritical and loveless hand of religion and absolutism has fallen on the world once more".[101] Later that year, he and Christopher Hitchens participated in an "Intelligence Squared" debate in which they argued against Ann Widdecombe and Archbishop John Onaiyekan, who supported the view that the Catholic Church was a force for good. Fry and Hitchens argued that the church did more harm than good. Fry attacked the Catholic Church's teachings on sexuality and denounced its wealth.[102]
In 2010 he was made a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association, stating: "it is essential to nail one’s colours to the mast as a humanist."[103] Later that year, Fry, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom being a state visit.[104]
On 22 February 2011, Fry was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, joining a list of previous honorees including novelist Salman Rushdie, screenwriter Joss Whedon, and Mythbusters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[105]
Personal life[link]
Fry struggled to keep his homosexuality secret during his teenage years at public school, and has claimed not to have engaged in sexual activity for 16 years from 1979 until 1995.[106][107] When asked when he first acknowledged his sexuality, Fry quipped: "I suppose it all began when I came out of the womb. I looked back up at my mother and thought to myself, 'That's the last time I'm going up one of those.'"[108] Fry was in a 14-year relationship with Daniel Cohen, which ended in 2010.[109][110][111] Fry has stated that he is 90% homosexual, but has been attracted to women on occasion.[112]
Fry has a home in London and another in Hollywood.[113] He also has a home near King's Lynn, Norfolk. When in London, Fry drives a dark green TX4 London cab.
Fry was an active supporter of the Labour Party for many years, and appeared in a party political broadcast on its behalf with Hugh Laurie and Michelle Collins in November 1993. Despite this, he did not vote in the 2005 General Election because of the stance of both the Labour and Conservative parties with regard to the Iraq War. Despite his praise of the Blair/Brown government's work on social reform, Fry has been critical of the Labour Party's "Third Way" concept. Fry appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.[114]
He is on cordial terms with Prince Charles (despite a mild parody Fry performed in his role of King Charles I in the comedy programme Blackadder: The Cavalier Years), through his work with the Prince's Trust. He attended the Prince of Wales' and Camilla Parker Bowles' wedding in 2005.
Fry is a friend of British comedian and actor (and Blackadder co-star) Rowan Atkinson and was best man at Atkinson's wedding to Sunetra Sastry at the Russian Tea Room in New York City. Fry was a friend of British actor John Mills.[115]
His best friend is Hugh Laurie,[116] whom he met while both were at Cambridge and with whom he has collaborated many times over the years. He was best man at Laurie's wedding and is godfather to all three of his children.[117]
A fan of cricket, Fry has claimed to be related to former England cricketer C.B. Fry,[118] and was interviewed for the Ashes Fever DVD, reporting on England's victory over Australia in the 2005 Ashes series. Regarding football, he is a supporter of Norwich City, and is a regular visitor to Carrow Road.
He has been described as "deeply dippy for all things digital", claims to have bought the third Macintosh computer sold in the UK (his friend Douglas Adams bought the first two) and jokes that he has never encountered a smartphone that he has not bought.[119] He counts Wikipedia among his favourite websites "because I like to find out that I died, and that I'm currently in a ballet in China, and all the other very accurate and important things that Wikipedia brings us all."[120]
Fry has a long-standing interest in Internet production, including having his own website since 1997. His current site, The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry, has existed since 2002 and has attracted many visitors following his first blog in September 2007, which comprised a 6,500 word "blessay" on smartphones. In February 2008, Fry launched his private podcast series, Stephen Fry's Podgrams, and a forum, including discussions on depression and activities in which Fry is involved. The website content is created by Stephen Fry and produced by Andrew Sampson. Fry is also a supporter of GNU and the Free Software Foundation.[121] For the 25th anniversary of the GNU operating system, Fry appeared in a video explaining some of the philosophy behind GNU by likening it to the sharing found in science.[122]
On 30 April 2008, Fry signed an open letter, published in The Guardian newspaper by some well known Jewish personalities, stating their opposition to celebrating the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel.[123] Furthermore, he is a signatory member of the British Jews for Justice for Palestinians organisation, which campaigns for Palestinian rights.[124]
Fry was among over 100 signatories to a statement published by Sense About Science on 4 June 2009, condemning British libel laws and their use to "severely curtail the right to free speech on a matter of public interest."[125]
Poland controversy[link]
See also: Anti-Polish sentiment and Polish death camp controversy
On 6 October 2009, Fry was interviewed by Jon Snow on Channel 4 News[126] as a signatory of a letter to British Conservative Party leader David Cameron expressing concern about the party's relationship with Poland's opposition national conservative Law and Justice party in the European Parliament.[127] During the interview, he stated:
There has been a history, let's face it, in Poland of a right-wing Catholicism which has been deeply disturbing for those of us who know a little history, and remember which side of the border Auschwitz was on and know the stories, and know much of the anti-semitic, and homophobic and nationalistic elements in countries like Poland.
The remark prompted a complaint from the Polish Embassy in London, an editorial in The Economist and criticism from British Jewish historian David Cesarani.[128][129][130][131] Fry has since posted an apology in a six-page post on his personal blog, in which he stated:
I offer no excuse. I seemed to imply that the Polish people had been responsible for the most infamous of all the death factories of the Third Reich. I didn't even really at the time notice the import of what I had said, so gave myself no opportunity instantly to retract the statement. It was a rubbishy, cheap and offensive remark that I have been regretting ever since. I take this opportunity to apologise now. I said a stupid, thoughtless and fatuous thing. It detracted from and devalued my argument, such as it was, and it outraged and offended a large group of people for no very good reason. I am sorry in all directions, and all the more sorry because it is no one's fault but my own, which always makes it so much worse.[132]
Health[link]
Fry has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder,[133] specifically stating he suffers from Cyclothymia, referring to it as "bipolar lite".[134][135] He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1995 while appearing in a West End play called Cell Mates and subsequently walked out of the production, prompting its early closure and incurring the displeasure of co-star Rik Mayall and playwright Simon Gray. Mayall's comedy partner, Adrian Edmondson, made light of the subject in his and Mayall's second Bottom live show. After walking out of the production, Fry went missing for several days while contemplating suicide. He abandoned the idea and left the United Kingdom by ferry, eventually resurfacing in Belgium.[136]
Fry has spoken publicly about his experience with bipolar disorder, which was also depicted in the documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive.[137][138] In the programme, he interviewed other sufferers of the illness including Carrie Fisher, Richard Dreyfuss and Tony Slattery. Also featured were chef Rick Stein, whose father committed suicide, Robbie Williams, who talks of his experience with major depression, and comedienne and former mental health nurse Jo Brand. He is also involved with the mental health charity Stand to Reason.[139]
In 2009, Fry lent his support to a campaign led by the human rights organisation Reprieve to prevent the execution of heroin trafficker Akmal Shaikh, a British citizen originally from Pakistan. Some of Shaikh's supporters have said he suffered from undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Despite calls for clemency, Shaikh was executed in the People's Republic of China for drug trafficking.[140]
In January 2008, he broke his arm while filming Last Chance to See in Brazil.[141] He later explained in a podcast how the accident happened: while climbing aboard a boat, he slipped between it and the dock, and, while stopping himself from falling into the water, his body weight caused his right humerus to snap. The damage was more severe than first thought: the resulting vulnerability to his radial nerve – he was at risk of losing the use of his arm – was not diagnosed until he saw a consultant in the UK.[142]
As the host of QI, Fry has stated that he is allergic to both champagne[143] and bumble bee stings.[144]
Appearing on Top Gear in 2009, Fry had lost a significant amount of weight, prompting host Jeremy Clarkson to ask jokingly, "Where's the rest of you?" Fry explained that he had shed a total of 6 stone (84 lb; 38 kg), attributing the weight loss to doing a lot of walking while listening to downloaded Audiobooks.[145]
Fry is between 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m) in height.[146][147]
Business[link]
In 2008, Fry formed SamFry Ltd, with long-term collaborator Andrew Sampson, to produce and fund new material, as well as manage his official website.[148]
Bibliography[link]
- Fry, Stephen; Laurie, Hugh (1990). A Bit of Fry and Laurie. Mandarin. ISBN 978-0-7493-0705-9.
- Fry, Stephen (1991). The Liar. Soho. ISBN 978-0-939149-82-7.
- Fry, Stephen (1994). The Hippopotamus. Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-054-1.
- Fry, Stephen (1997). Making History. Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-946481-5.
- Fry, Stephen (1997). Moab Is My Washpot: An Autobiography. Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-202-6.
- Fry, Stephen (2000). The Stars' Tennis Balls. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-180151-9.
- Fry, Stephen (2003). Revenge: A Novel (reprint ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-6819-4.
- Fry, Stephen (2005). The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-179661-7.
- Lloyd, John; Fry, Stephen; Mitchinson, John (2006). The Book of General Ignorance. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23368-7.
- Carwardine, Mark; Fry, Stephen (2009). Last Chance to See. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-0-00-729072-7.
- Fry, Stephen (2010). The Fry Chronicles: An Autobiography. Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-5483-5.
References[link]
- ^ a b "Stephen Fry announced as president of Mind". Mind. http://www.mind.org.uk/news/5260_stephen_fry_announced_as_new_president_of_mind. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ QI XL Series I episode 7
- ^ UK Brigade of Kentucky Colonels
- ^ Utley, Tom (24 February 2006). "Stephen Fry is too English to be an example of anything". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3623250/Stephen-Fry-is-too-English-to-be-an-example-of-anything.html. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Fry and IODA Partner for The Dongle of Donald Trefusis" (PDF) (Press release). stephenfry.com. 27 May 2009. http://www.stephenfry.com/dongle/press/PressRelease_StephenFry_DongleOfDonaldTrefusis.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Stephen Fry joins Norwich City board". BBC News. 13 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-10968940.
- ^ "Stephen Fry Biography (1957–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/71/Stephen-Fry.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ a b c d ""Who Do You Think You Are?", Series Two: Celebrity Gallery". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/wdytya_s2_celeb_gallery_03.shtml.
- ^ Hamilton, Alan (28 January 2005). "Candles light heart of darkness". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article507549.ece. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Smith, David (5 June 2005). "I saw hate in a graveyard – Stephen Fry". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/05/religion.hayfestival2005. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ "Its photo still moves Stephen Fry to tears - now the star's former family home could be yours for £995,000". Daily Mail. Retrieved 24 May 2012
- ^ "Cawston Parish in Norfolk". Cawstonparish.info. http://www.cawstonparish.info/Web%20Sites%20&%20Books%20About%20Cawston.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Fry and Laurie Reunited, 2010 (GOLD)
- ^ Fry, Stephen (1997). Moab Is My Washpot — An Autobiography. London: Hutchinson. pp. 305–335. ISBN 0-09-180161-3.
- ^ "University Challenge page at UK Game Shows". http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/University_Challenge.
- ^ "Stephen Fry – Little Crackers". Sky1.sky.com. http://sky1.sky.com/Little-Crackers-Stephen-Fry-About. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ "Pocoyo". CITV. http://www.citv.co.uk/page.asp?partid=68. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "ITV axes Stephen Fry's 'Kingdom'". Digital Spy. 9 October 2009. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a181343/itv-axes-stephen-frys-kingdom.html. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ "Stephen Fry Learns Irish for ‘Ros na Rún’". IFTN.
- ^ Taylor, Charlie and Boland, Rosita. "Stephen Fry to cameo in TG4 soap". The Irish Times. 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Fry set for Ros na Run cameo". Irish Independent. 17 November 2010.
- ^ "'Full Irish' Fry takes soap role". BBC News. 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? - Past Stories - Stephen Fry". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/whodoyouthinkyouare/past-stories/stephen-fry.shtml. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "BBC Two - History of Light Entertainment (20:00)". bbc.co.uk. 12 May 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0093t86. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "IMDb". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0836927/combined. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ Walton, James (3 October 2007). "Last night on television: Stephen Fry: HIV and Me (BBC2) – Great British Journeys (BBC2)". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3668295/Last-night-on-television-Stephen-Fry-HIV-and-Me-BBC2-Great-British-Journeys-BBC2.html. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "BBC — The future role of public service broadcasting — Stephen Fry". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080517101235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/video_fry.shtml. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ a b "Stephen Fry's Podgrams". http://www.stephenfry.com/podcasts/. [dead link]
- ^ a b Fry, Stephen (21 October 2007). "I Give Up". stephenfry.com. http://www.stephenfry.com/2007/10/21/i-give-up/. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "IMDB: The Natural World". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1229305. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Last Chance to See". BBC Press Office. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2009/wk36/last_chance_feature.shtml. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ a b "Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets". Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/stephen-frys-100-greatest-gadgets. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Walton, James (25 September 2011). "Stephen Fry's Planet Word, BBC Two, review". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8787668/Stephen-Frys-Planet-Word-BBC-Two-review.html. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Stephen Fry shares his love of language in Fry’s Planet Word". Radio Times. 25 September 2011. http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-09-25/stephen-fry-shares-his-love-of-language-in-frys-planet-word. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ QI.com Audience figures. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ Armstrong, Stephen (17 December 2007). "Have you got your daily male?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/dec/17/digitaltvradio. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
- ^ "IMDB: Stephen Fry – Awards". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000410/awards. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110099/
- ^ "Fry quits as host of film Baftas". BBC News. 6 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5413838.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Interview with The Wachowski brothers about V For Vendetta, in which they discuss the performances that stand out in the film. They pointed out that it was Fry's "normalcy" in the face of the insanity of the censorship of BTV that makes his character truly powerful and adds a "wholly unexpected dimension to the film". http://www.liquida.com/wachowski-brothers-interview/
- ^ Stephen Fry at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Adam Dawtrey (28 September 2007). "script writer for Dambusters film". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973025.html?categoryid=2523&cs=1. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross: Series 16: Episode 1". BBC iPlayer. 23 January 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00fm6wz/Friday_Night_with_Jonathan_Ross_Series_16_Episode_1/. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
- ^ Mitchell, Lizzie (10 September 2009). "Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland". The List (magazine). http://www.list.co.uk/article/20826-tim-burtons-alice-in-wonderland/. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ "BBC News – Stephen Fry to play Sherlock Holmes' brother on film". BBC. 25 December 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11417860. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ Jackson, Peter (19 May 2011). "Hobbit Casting News". Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/hobbit-casting-news/10150257180211558. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Stephen Fry interviews Tony Blair". 1 March 2007. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100406114112/number10.gov.uk/page12045. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ Radio Times 28 June – 4 July 2008: Fry's a Dream Date
- ^ "BBC Radio 4 – Program Guide for Fry's English Delight". BBC. 8 September 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/frys_english.shtml. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Satchell, Graham (15 June 2009). "Life after Humph". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8097368.stm. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ "Radio 4 Programmes - Wordaholics, Episode 1". BBC. 20 February 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01c7lk6. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "Reviews for Latin!". http://www.thinknoevil.com/latin_review.htm.
- ^ "Review of Latin!". Notesfromtheunderground.co.uk. http://www.notesfromtheunderground.co.uk/fryandley.html. Retrieved 11 November 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Old Vic Theatre — Cinderella". http://www.oldvictheatre.com/whatson.php?id=37.
- ^ Brown, Mark (13 August 2010). "Stephen Fry takes on stand-up comedy". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/aug/12/stephen-fry-stand-up-show.
- ^ "Living with Harry Potter", BBC Radio 4, 10 December 2005
- ^ "LittleBigPlanet 2 for PS3 Officially Announced for Winter 2010! – PlayStation Blog". Blog.us.playstation.com. 10 May 2010. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2010/05/10/littlebigplanet-2-for-ps3-officially-announced-for-winter-2010/#comment-401630. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Fry Lending British Charm to Little Big Planet PSP: News from 1UP.com". 1UP.com. 21 April 2009. http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3173855. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
- ^ Fry 2010, pp. 234–237.
- ^ "The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry – The Dongle of Donald Trefusis – Episode 3 now available". Stephenfry.com. http://www.stephenfry.com/dongle/. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Luvvie, n". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1 March 2008. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00298007. Retrieved 25 August 2010. (requires subscription)
- ^ "Fry's first Twitter post". Twitter. 9 October 2008. https://twitter.com/stephenfry/status/952627960. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Stephen Fry's Twitter Stream". Twitter. https://twitter.com/stephenfry. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Fry, Stephen. "stephenfry" Twitter 16 May 2009 (Retrieved 18 May 2009)
- ^ "A portrait of the decade". BBC News. 14 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8406898.stm. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ Hornby, Gill (16 October 2009). "Don't laugh – Stephen Fry is giving the orders now". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/gill-hornby/6349700/Dont-laugh---Stephen-Fry-is-giving-the-orders-now.html. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Stephen Fry: (26 August 2009). "Servers With A Smile « The New Adventures of Stephen Fry". Stephenfry.com. http://www.stephenfry.com/2009/08/26/servers-with-a-smile/#more-1197. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Published: 7:00 am BST 11 September 2009 (11 September 2009). "Stephen Fry's Twitter posts on David Eagleman novel sparks 6000% sales spike". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/6170777/Stephen-Frys-Twitter-posts-on-David-Eagleman-novel-sparks-6000-sales-spike.html. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ "UK | Wales | North West Wales | Fry's Twitter lift for singer, 16". BBC News. 14 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/8306827.stm. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Alan Rusbridger (13 May 2009). "The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/oct/14/trafigura-fiasco-tears-up-textbook. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Jacobson, Seth (13 October 2009). "Twitter claims another scalp as Trafigura backs down | Business | News & Comment". The First Post. http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/54667,news-comment,business,twitter-claims-another-scalp-as-trafigura-backs-down. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ "UK | Anger over Mail column on Gately". BBC News. 16 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8311499.stm. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ "Showbiz – News – Twitter outrage over Gately smear". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a182344/twitter-outrage-over-gately-smear.html. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ "Fry ends row with Twitter critic". BBC News. 1 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8336425.stm. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
- ^ Fry, Stephen. "Silliness". The New Adventures of Stephen Fry. http://www.stephenfry.com/2010/11/04/silliness/4/. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ Yiannopoulos, Milo (16 November 2010). "My 'Twitter row' with Stephen Fry". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/8137164/My-Twitter-row-with-Stephen-Fry.html. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "Twillionth". http://www.stephenfry.com/2009/11/14/twillionth/.
- ^ Fry, Stephen. "Two Million Reasons To Be Cheerful". The New Adventures of Stephen Fry. http://www.stephenfry.com/2010/11/30/two-million-reasons-to-be-cheerful/. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Fry, Stephen. "stephenfry" Twitter 11 March 2012 (Retrieved 28 March 2012)
- ^ "Lip Theatre: History". Dusa.dundee.ac.uk. http://www.dusa.dundee.ac.uk/lip/history/history.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Baxter, Kenneth, Rolfe, Mervyn and Swinfen, David (2007). A Dundee Celebration. Dundee: University of Dundee. pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Rectorial Elections". Archives, Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee. http://www.archives-records-artefacts.com/2010/02/rectorial-elections.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Hall of Fame 2004". http://www.aoc.co.uk/en/aoc_beacon_gold_and_other_awards/aoc_beacon_gold_awards/aoc_gold_awards/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-2004.cfm.
- ^ "Anglia Ruskin University's Honorary Graduate Site". Anglia.ac.uk. http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/fry.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "England | Cambridgeshire | Fry talks of Cambridge 'elitism'". BBC News. 22 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/4459724.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Honouring excellence". Cardiff University. 10 July 2010. http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/articles/honouring-excellence.html. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Fry made honorary doctor at University of Sussex". BBC News. 28 January 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-12307469. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to the Noël Coward Society". Noelcoward.net. http://www.noelcoward.net/html/committee2007.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Thompson, Jonathan (18 January 2004). "Annual pipe-smoker award is extinguished". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/annual-pipesmoker-award-is-extinguished-573577.html. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ "Living Icons". BBC. 11 December 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/12_december/01/icons.shtml. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Independent on Sunday Pink List 2007". The Independent (London). 6 May 2007. http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2516664.ece. Retrieved 4 February 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Television Nominations 2007 British Academy of Film and Television Arts
- ^ "Hot 100: Talent" (free registration required). Broadcast. 18 December 2007. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/people/2007/12/hot_100_talent.html. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- ^ Hemley, Matthew (6 December 2007). "Gavin and Stacey sweeps British Comedy Awards". The Stage. http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/19070/gavin-and-stacey-sweeps-british-comedy-awards. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
- ^ Williams, Lisa (21 January 2010). "Delight for Stephen Fry at TV awards". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/stephen-frys-tv-delight-1874511.html?action=Popup&ino=1. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ "BBC Four Stephen Fry Night". BBC. 8 September 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/features/stephen-fry.shtml. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ "An Open Letter to Stephen Fry". Mollylewis.bandcamp.com. 11 February 2011. http://mollylewis.bandcamp.com/track/an-open-letter-to-stephen-fry-2. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ "Harvard Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University Presents Stephen Fry". Harvardhumanist.org. http://harvardhumanist.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148:hch-presents-stephen-fry&catid=6:latest-news&Itemid=38. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ "Fry, Stephen (2004 (1997)). Moab is my washpot. Arrow books. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-09-945704-6.
- ^ Stephen Fry, Spectator Lecture at the Royal Geographical Society, reprinted as 'Would I live in America? In a heartbeat', The Spectator, 9 May 2009, Pg. 28.
- ^ Stephen Fry (30 April 2009). "'The Guardian': Stephen Fry's letter to himself: Dearest absurd child". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/apr/30/stephen-fry-letter-gay-rights. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ Ed West (23 October 2009). "Atheist duo convince crowd that the Church is not a force for good". The Catholic Herald (London). http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/23rd-october-2009/1/atheist-duo-convince-crowd-that-the-church-is-not-. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "Stephen Fry: "it is essential to nail one’s colours to the mast as a humanist."". British Humanist Association. 10 February 2010. http://www.humanism.org.uk/news/view/447.
- ^ "Letters: Harsh judgments on the pope and religion". The Guardian (London). 15 September 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/15/harsh-judgments-on-pope-religion. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
- ^ "Letters: HCH Presents Stephen Fry". Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard (Cambridge, MA). http://harvardhumanist.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148:hch-presents-stephen-fry&catid=6:latest-news&Itemid=38. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
- ^ "The Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry". http://www.stephenfry.com/moab/one-mans-journey/. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ The Sunday Herald (28 September 2003). "Borne to be Wilde". The Sunday Herald. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20030928/ai_n12584983. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ Levine, Nick (19 September 2007). "Ten Things You Never Knew About Stephen Fry". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a75964/ten-things-you-never-knew-about-stephen-fry.html. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
- ^ "Stephen Fry dumps long-term partner for young actor as love life becomes Quite Interesting" Daily Mail 14 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
- ^ "Stephen Fry: A restless soul". The Independent (London). 20 September 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/stephen-fry-a-restless-soul-546925.html. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ "Stephen Fry has new toyboy boyfriend – mirror.co.uk". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/07/15/qi-host-fry-has-a-new-young-guy-115875-22413956/. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ Hastings, Chris (18 September 2010). "The two women in my 10 per cent – by '90 per cent gay' Stephen Fry". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1313262/The-women-10-cent--90-cent-gay-Stephen-Fry.html.
- ^ "Craig Ferguson 2/23/10B Late Late show Stephen Fry PT3". Youtube. 21 June 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_cmQ-O5Cd0#t=1m53s. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ "Benjamin Zephaniah 'airbrushed from Yes to AV leaflets'". BBC News. 3 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12950712.
- ^ "Entertainment | Film | Acting legend Sir John Mills dies". BBC News. 24 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/4476875.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ The Fry Chronicles (2010)
- ^ Smith, David (23 April 2005). "Doctor Hugh". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/apr/24/comment.broadcasting. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ "Series A, Episode 8". QI. episode 8. season A. 30 October 2003.
- ^ "Dork talk". The Guardian (London). 9 November 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/series/dorktalk. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Videojug: Interview with Stephen Fry". Videojug.com. 31 May 2007. http://www.videojug.com/interview/stephen-fry-the-internet. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Patronage of GNU Project". Gnu.org. http://www.gnu.org/thankgnus/2008supporters.html#TOCpatrons. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Freedom Fry – "Happy birthday to GNU"". Gnu.org. 20 October 2008. http://www.gnu.org/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ Close (30 April 2008). "The Guardian: We're not celebrating Israel's anniversary". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/30/israelandthepalestinians. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "'Signatories'". jfjfp.com. http://jfjfp.com/?page_id=9. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
- ^ "The law has no place in scientific disputes". Sense About Science. 7 October 2009. http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/index.php/site/project/334. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
- ^ "Fry's fears over Tories' anti-gay links". Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics/fryaposs+fears+over+toriesapos+antigay+links/3374297. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ Charter, David (16 July 2009). "Right-wing Polish MEP Michal Kaminski becomes Tories controversial EU leader". London: Times Newspapers Ltd.. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6715542.ece. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ "Europe.view: Unoccupied Britain". The Economist. 15 October 2009. http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14635055. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ David Ceserani (13 October 2009). "Stephen Fry's Auschwitz blunder". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/12/stephen-fry-auschwitz-poland. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Day, Matthew (8 October 2009). "Stephen Fry provokes Polish fury over Auschwitz remark". London: Telegraph Media Group. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/6274395/Stephen-Fry-provokes-Polish-fury-over-Auschwitz-remark.html. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ "Complaints: Fry 'slandered' Poland over Auschwitz". Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics/complaints+fry+aposslanderedapos+poland+over+auschwitz/3377697. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ "Poles, Politeness and Politics in the age of Twitter". http://www.stephenfry.com/2009/10/19/poles-politeness-and-politics-in-the-age-of-twitter/. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ "Stephen Fry: My battle with mental illness" The Independent 17 September 2006 Retrieved 23 May 2010
- ^ "Craig Ferguson 2/23/10B Late Late show Stephen Fry PT1". The Late Late Show via Youtube. 23 February 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZb5YbtvYhw. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ "Cyclothymic upswings are dangerously expensive. Feels like there's a Tigger version of me bouncing inside and eager to burst out.". Stephen Fry via Twitter. 15 March 2009. http://twitter.com/#!/stephenfry/status/1332661172. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ "Comedian Fry reveals suicide bid". BBC News. 21 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5202066.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff University: Genetic research into mood disorders". Cardiff.ac.uk. 16 October 2008. http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/for/prospective/inter/news/stevenfry.html. Retrieved 4 February 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive, BBC. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ "Reception with Stephen Fry". Standtoreason.org. http://www.standtoreason.org.uk/news?id=23. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Stephen Fry begs China to spare life of mentally ill Briton facing death by firing squad". Daily Mail (London). 12 October 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1219618/Stephen-Fry-begs-China-spare-life-mentally-ill-Briton-facing-death-firing-squad.html. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ "Fry breaks arm filming in Brazil". BBC. 18 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7196783.stm. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
- ^ "Stephen Fry's Podgrams: Episode 1, Broken Arm". Stephenfry.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822173101/http://stephenfry.com/podcasts/. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ QI Series C/3, Episode 10
- ^ QI Series C/3, Episode 7
- ^ Top Gear, 28 June 2009, BBC Two [1]
- ^ QI Season 7, Episode 10
- ^ QI Season 4 ep. 11 of 13
- ^ "About". Stephenfry.com. http://www.stephenfry.com/misc/about-us/. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
External links[link]
Quotations related to Stephen Fry at Wikiquote
Media related to Stephen Fry at Wikimedia Commons- Official website
- Stephen Fry at the Open Directory Project
- Stephen Fry at the Internet Movie Database
- Five Minutes With: Stephen Fry, interview with Matthew Stadlen for the BBC
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fry, Stephen John |
| Alternative names | Fry, Stephen |
| Short description | English comedian |
| Date of birth | 24 August 1957 |
| Place of birth | Hampstead, London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://cs.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://id.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://es.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://ru.wn.com/Фрай, Стивен
http://nl.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://pt.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://pl.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://fr.wn.com/Stephen Fry
http://de.wn.com/Stephen Fry
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Born | 22 August 1938 Hexham, Northumberland |
|---|---|
| Era | 20th century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of religion, Christian theology |
|
Influenced by
|
|
Keith Ward (born 22 August 1938) is a British cleric, philosopher, theologian and scholar. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and (since 1972) an ordained priest of the Church of England. He was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford until 2003. Comparative theology and the interplay between science and faith are two of his main topics of interest.
Contents |
Academic work[link]
Ward graduated in 1962 with a BA from the University of Wales, and from 1964-69 was a Lecturer in Logic at the University of Glasgow. He earned a BLitt from Linacre College, Oxford in 1968. From 1969-1971 he was Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of St Andrews. In 1972, he was ordained priest in the Church of England. From 1971-75 he was Lecturer in Philosophy of Religion at the University of London. From 1975-83, he was Dean of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was appointed F. D. Maurice Professor of Moral and Social Theology at the University of London in 1982, Professor of History and Philosophy of Religion at King's College London in 1985, and Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford in 1991, a post from which he retired in 2004.[1]
In 1992, he was a visiting professor at the Claremont Graduate University in California. In 1993-94, he delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures at the University of Glasgow. Ward was the Gresham Professor of Divinity between 2004 and 2008 at Gresham College, London.[2]
He is on the council of the Royal Institute of Philosophy and is a member of the Editorial Boards of Religious Studies, Journal of Contemporary Religion, Studies in Inter-Religious Dialogue and World Faiths Encounter. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. He has also been a visiting professor at Drake University, Iowa, and at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma.[3]
Ward has an MA and DD degrees from both Cambridge and Oxford,[4] and an honorary DD from the University of Glasgow.
Focus and beliefs[link]
One of his main focuses is the dialogue between religious traditions, an interest which led him to be Joint President of the World Congress of Faiths (WCF) between 1992 and 2001. His work also explores concepts of God and the idea of revelation. Ward has also written about his opinion of a relationship between science and religion.[5] As an advocate of theistic evolution, he regards them as essentially compatible, a belief he has described in his book God, Chance and Necessity, and which is in contrast to his Oxford colleague Richard Dawkins, an ethologist and vocal and prominent atheist. Ward has said that Dawkins's conclusion that there is no God or any purpose in the universe is "naive" and not based on science but on a hatred of religion. Dawkins's strong anti-religious views originate, according to Ward, from earlier encounters with "certain forms of religion which are anti-intellectual and anti-scientific...and also emotionally pressuring."[6] He has also been highly critical of materialist philosophers of consciousness such as Daniel Dennett, as well as social scientists such as Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, arguing that they each attempt to reduce the human person into aspects of their own discipline. Ward has described his own Christian faith as follows:
I am a born-again Christian. I can give a precise day when Christ came to me and began to transform my life with his power and love. He did not make me a saint. But he did make me a forgiven sinner, liberated and renewed, touched by divine power and given the immense gift of an intimate sense of the personal presence of God. I have no difficulty in saying that I wholeheartedly accept Jesus as my personal Lord and Saviour.[7]
He has criticized modern day Christian fundamentalism, most notably in his 2004 book What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists. He believes that fundamentalists interpret the Bible in implausible ways and pick and choose which of its passages to emphasise in order to fit pre-existing beliefs. Ward argues that the Bible must be taken seriously, but not always literally and he does not agree with the doctrine of Biblical inerrancy, saying that it is not found in the Bible, elaborating that
There may be discrepancies and errors in the sacred writings, but those truths that God wished to see included in the Scripture, and which are important to our salvation, are placed there without error... the Bible is not inerrant in detail, but God has ensured that no substantial errors, which mislead us about the nature of salvation, are to be found in Scripture.[7]
Books[link]
Ward is the author of over 20 books including:
- Ethics and Christianity (1970) ISBN 978-0-04-241001-2
- Divine Image (1976) ISBN 978-0-281-02935-8
- Christian Way (1976) ISBN 978-0-281-02893-1
- The Concept of God (1977) ISBN 978-0-312-15925-2
- Rational Theology and the Creativity of God (1982)
- Holding Fast to God (1982) ISBN 978-0-687-85476-9 – a critique of Taking Leave of God by the radical theologian Don Cupitt
- Living God (1984) ISBN 978-0-281-04126-8
- The Battle for the Soul (1985) ISBN 978-0-340-37278-4
- Images of Eternity (1987) ISBN 978-0-232-51686-9
- The Rule of Love (1989) ISBN 978-0-232-51824-5
- A Vision to Pursue (1991) ISBN 978-0-334-02411-8
- Is Christianity a Historical Religion? (1992) ISBN 978-0-85217-054-0
- Religion and Revelation (1994) ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3 (1993-94 Gifford Lectures, [1])
- Religion and Creation (1996) ISBN 978-0-19-826394-4
- God, Chance and Necessity (1996) ISBN 978-1-85168-116-7
- Concepts of God (1998) ISBN 978-1-85168-064-1
- Religion and Human Nature (1998) ISBN 978-0-19-826965-6
- God, Faith and the New Millennium (1998)
- In Defence of the Soul (1998) ISBN 978-1-85168-040-5
- Christianity: A Short Introduction (2000) ISBN 978-1-85168-229-4
- Religion and Community (2000) ISBN 978-0-19-875259-2
- God, A Guide for the Perplexed (2002) ISBN 978-1-85168-323-9
- What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists (2004) ISBN 978-0-281-05680-4
- Pascal's Fire - Scientific Faith and Religious Understanding (2006) ISBN 978-1-85168-446-5
- Is Religion Dangerous? (2006) ISBN 978-0-7459-5262-8
- Re-thinking Christianity (2007) ISBN 978-1-85168-506-6
- The Big Questions in Science and Religion (2008)
- Why There Almost Certainly Is a God (2008) ISBN 978-0-7459-5330-4 (UK) ISBN 978-0-8254-7843-7 (US)
- Divine Action: Examining God's Role in an Open and Emergent Universe (2008)
- Religion & Human Fulfilment (2008) ISBN 978-0-334-04163-4
- The God Conclusion (2009)
- More Than Matter: What Humans Really Are (2010) ISBN 978-0-7459-6247-4
Books about Keith Ward and his theology include:
- Comparative Theology: Essays for Keith Ward ed T W Bartel (2003) ISBN 978-0-281-05474-9
Multimedia[link]
- Keith Ward (13 March 2008). The Triumph of Idealism. London: Gresham College. http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-triumph-of-idealism. (58:00). Downloadable video, audio & transcript. Five other lectures by Keith Ward, recorded 2007-09 are available.
- Video interview by Robert Wright (39:35).
- Philosophy, Science and The God Debate, a two-DVD set of filmed interviews with Keith Ward, Alister McGrath and John Lennox, and produced by the Nationwide Christian Trust, ISBN 5055307601776 (November 2011)[8]
See also[link]
External links[link]
- KeithWard.org.uk
- Article criticizing Richard Dawkins' TV series 'The Root of all Evil?'
- Keith Ward, Metanexus Senior Fellow
References[link]
- ^ Who's Who entry
- ^ Online lecture archive at Gresham College
- ^ Professor Keith Ward, Gresham College profile, Accessed Jan. 26, 2007
- ^ Professor Keith Ward, Gresham College profile, Accessed Nov. 7, 2006
- ^ Keith Ward's Oxford University profile, Accessed, 7 November 2006
- ^ http://meaningoflife.tv/video.php?speaker=ward&topic=complete Video interview] by Robert Wright for meaningoflife.tv at 28:00 and following
- ^ a b Keith Ward. What the Bible Really Teaches: A Challenge for Fundamentalists (2004)
- ^ "Keith Ward Audio / Video". Keith Ward. http://www.keithward.org.uk/media/. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Maurice Wiles |
Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford 1991—2004 |
Succeeded by Marilyn McCord Adams |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ward, Keith |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British theologian |
| Date of birth | 22 August 1938 |
| Place of birth | Hexham, Northumberland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Keith_Ward
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Keith Ward
http://de.wn.com/Keith Ward
http://pt.wn.com/Keith Ward
http://es.wn.com/Keith Ward
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ward
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| War in North-West Pakistan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War on Terror | |||||||
Saltar a: navegación, buscar |
|||||||
|
|||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Pakistan
|
 Tehrik-i-Taliban PakistanTNSM  Al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Islam Islamic Movement of UzbekistanGhazi Force[1] |
||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Pervez Musharraf (former) Asif Ali Zardari Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Ahmad Shuja Pasha Nadeem Taj Masood Aslam Asif Yasin Malik Tariq Khan Alam Khattak Ghayur Mahmood Nadir Zeb Javed Iqbal Ashfaq Nadeem Ahmad Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed Rao Qamar Suleman Haroon Islam † |
Hakimullah Mehsud Baitullah Mehsud † Hafiz Gul Bahadur
|
||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Pakistan 140,000 Pakistani troops[4] Unknown no of F-16 Fighter aircraft[5] ~10,000 Frontier Corps United States UAV drones CIA operatives U.S. Special Forces[6] |
20,000 Hakimullah Mehsud's Taliban[7] 4,500~ TNSM militia 7,000~ TTP militia 500~ Al-Qaeda militia[8] |
||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Pakistan: 3,946 security forces members killed[9] (3,097 soldiers[10]) 8,671 soldiers wounded[11] 857+ soldiers and policemen captured (558 released) Tribes: 235+ killed,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] |
Over 17,000 militants killed or captured (as of February 2010)[21] | ||||||
| Over 3.44 million civilians displaced[22] 40,309 total killed[10] (11 Frenchmen, 4 Chinese, 3 Americans, 1 Czech, 1 Dane, 1 Pole, 1 Turk and 1 Vietnamese)[23][24][25] |
|||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistan Armed Forces and armed religious groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Lashkar-e-Islam, TNSM, Arab, and Central Asian militants including Al-Qaeda, regional armed movements, and elements of organized crime.[26][27][28]
The armed conflict began in 2004 when tensions, rooted in the Pakistan Army's search for Al-Qaeda fighters in Pakistan's mountainous Waziristan area (in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas), escalated into armed resistance.[29] Pakistan's actions were presented as its contribution to the international War on Terror.[30][31] Clashes erupted between Pakistani army troops and Arab and Central Asian militia forces. The foreign militants were joined by Pakistani non-military veterans of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) which subsequently established the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and other militia organizations such as Lashkar-e-Islam. The Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TSNM) established in 1992 allied with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and Lashkar-e-Islam.
Contents
|
Background[link]
In the aftermath of Battle of Tora Bora, formal deployment was begun by the Pakistan Army, at the request of the Pakistan Government, in 2002. The XI Corps, under its core-commander Lieutenant-General Ali Jan Aurakzai. The XI Corps entered the Tirah Valley in the Khyber Agency for the first time since Pakistan independence in 1947. The troops later moved into the Shawal Valley of North Waziristan, and eventually South Waziristan. The Naval Special Service Group established a reconnaissance base and began to monitor suspicious activities in the area. The troubles mounted as the Tribes began to see Army's deployment and repeated Air Force's flights in the region as an act of subjugation.
In December 2003, two assassination attempts against President Pervez Musharraf were traced to Waziristan. The government responded by intensifying military pressure on the area, however the fighting was costly and government forces sustained heavy casualties throughout 2004 and into early 2005 when the government switched to a tactic of negotiation instead of direct conflict.[32]
Fighting breaks out[link]
Further information: 2004 in Pakistan
Main article: Battle of Wana
On March 16, 2004, a bloody mountainous battle between Pakistan Army and the combined Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters ensued. The media speculated that Pakistan Armed Forces had surrounded a "high value target" in the mountainous region, possibly Al-Qaeda's second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri. The battle was concluded after the Army had captured the entire mountainous region, along with hundreds of Al-Qaeda fighters. However, the Army failed to capture Ayman al-Zawahiri.
Peace deals[link]
In April 2004, the Government of Pakistan signed the first of three peace agreements with militants in South Waziristan. It was signed by militia commander Nek Muhammad Wazir, but was immediately abrogated once Nek Muhammad was killed by an American Hellfire missile in June 2004.[26] The second was signed in February 2005 with Nek's successor Baitullah Mehsud, which brought relative calm in the South Waziristan region. This deal would later, in September 2006, be mimicked in the neighboring North Waziristan territory as the third and final truce between the government and the militants. However, all of these truces would not have a substantial effect in reducing bloodshed.[32] The latter two deals were officially broken in August 2007 with the Lal Masjid siege, which saw a tenfold increase in suicide attacks on Pakistani forces.[29]
2005–2006[link]
Further information: 2005 in Pakistan and 2006 in Pakistan
On May 4, 2005, Pakistani commandos captured Abu Faraj al-Libbi after a raid outside the town of Mardan, 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Peshawar. Abu Farraj al-Libbi was a high ranking al-Qaeda official, rumored to be third after Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Al-Libbi replaced Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after his arrest in March 2003 in connection with the September 11 attacks. The Pakistani government arrested al-Libbi and held him on charges in relation to being a chief planner in two assassination attempts on the life of President Pervez Musharraf in December 2003.[33]
On January 13, 2006, the U.S. launched an airstrike on the village of Damadola. The attack occurred in the Bajaur tribal area, about 7 km (4.3 mi) from the Afghan border, and killed at least 18 people. The attack again targeted Ayman al-Zawahiri, but later evidence suggests he was not there.
Ceasefire[link]
On June 21, 2006, pro-Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan militants in the Bannu region of North Waziristan stated they shot down a Bell military helicopter that was reported to have crashed. The government denied missile fire as the cause, stating it was due to technical faults. The helicopter had taken off from a base camp in Bannu at around 7 am for Miramshah and crashed 15 minutes later into the Baran Dam in the Mohmandkhel area on Wednesday morning. Four soldiers were killed while three others were rescued. On the same day militants killed an inspector and two constables on a road connecting Bannu and the main town of Miranshah.[34]
On June 21, 2006, Afghan Taliban leader Sirajuddin Haqqani issued a decree that it was not (Afghan) Taliban policy to fight the Pakistan Army. However, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan intentionally did not circulate the decree in North Waziristan thereby keeping pressure on the government.[35]
Waziristan peace accord signed[link]
On September 5, 2006, the Waziristan Accord, an agreement between tribal leaders and the Pakistani government was signed in Miranshah, North Waziristan.[36] to end all fighting. The agreement includes the following provisions:[37]
- The Pakistani Army will help reconstruct infrastructure in tribal areas of North and South Waziristan.
- The Pakistani Military will not tolerate any assistance to intruders in North Waziristan, and will monitor actions in the region.
- The Pakistan government is to compensate tribal leaders for the loss of life and property of innocent tribesmen.
- “Foreigners” (informally understood to be foreign jihadists) are not allowed to use Pakistani territory for any terrorist activity anywhere in the world.
- 2,500 foreigners who were originally held on suspicion of having links to the Taliban[38] were to be detained for necessary action against them.
The agreement, dubbed the Waziristan accord, has been viewed by some political commentators as a success for Pakistan.[39] Others were far more critical, seeing it as allowing militants to regroup and reorganize after military operations.[29]
Madrassa air strike[link]
On October 30, 2006, the Pakistani army conducted an air strike against a madrassa in the Bajaur region bordering Afghanistan. The madrassa was destroyed killing 70 to 80 people.
In retaliation for the attack the militants conducted a suicide bombing on an army camp on November 8, 2006, killing 42 Pakistani soldiers and wounding 20.
2007[link]
Further information: 2007 in Pakistan and 2007 timeline of the War in Waziristan
In March, Pakistan signed a peace treaty with Faqir Mohammed, the main militant leader in Bajaur.[40][41] Militant groups now held three districts in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas: South Waziristan, North Waziristan and Bajaur Agency.[42]
Waziri-Uzbek tensions[link]
Reportedly, the fighting sparked by the killing of Saiful Adil, an al-Qaeda-linked Arab, blamed on the Uzbeks by Maulvi Nazir, described as a top pro-Taliban militant commander in the region. According to the other version, fighting started after Mullah Nazir, whom the government claimed had come over to its side, ordered the Uzbek followers of Tohir Yo‘ldosh, formerly a close confidant of Osama bin Laden, to disarm. It was also preceded by the clashes between the IMU and a pro-government tribal leader in Azam Warsak, in which 17 to 19 people died before a ceasefire was announced.[43]
Defeat of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[link]
Local militants allied to the tribesmen were reported attacking and seizing the IMU's private jail in Azam Warsak. The Pakistan Army said it did not intend to step in, but witnesses say government artillery fired on the Uzbek bunkers they set up to fight the tribesmen.
Heavy fighting resumed on March 29, ending a week-long ceasefire between tribal fighters and foreign militants. According to initial reports, tribesmen attacked a checkpoint manned by Uzbek militants and captured two of them. The clashes also left one tribal fighter dead and three wounded. The following day, a senior Pakistani official announced that 52 people were killed during the past two days, 45 of them Uzbeks and the rest tribesmen. One of Maulvi Nazir's aides put the death toll at 35 Uzbeks and 10 tribal fighters. However, residents in the area said that the death toll on both sides was inflated.
The conflict further escalated on April 2 when a council of elders declared jihad against foreign militants and started to raise an army of tribesmen. According to Pakistani security officials, heavy fighting concentrated in the village of Doza Ghundai left more than 60 people dead, including 50 foreigners, 10 tribal fighters and one Pakistani soldier. He also said that "dozens" of Uzbeks had surrendered to tribal forces and that many bunkers used by militants were seized or destroyed.
On April 12, 2007 the army general in charge of South Waziristan said that tribal fighters had cleared the Uzbeks out of the valleys surrounding Wana and the foreign militants had been pushed back into the mountains on the Afghan border.[44] Four days later, the local tribesmen has urged Islamabad to resume control of law and order in the area.[45]
Lal Masjid siege[link]
Main article: Siege of Lal Masjid
On July 3, 2007, the militant supporters of Lal Masjid and Pakistani security forces clashed in Islamabad after the students from the mosque attacked a nearby government ministry building with stones. Their resultant faceoff with the military escalated, despite the intervention of then-ruling Pakistan Muslim League (Q) leaders Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq. The Pakistani security forces immediately put up a siege around the mosque complex which lasted until July 11 and resulted in 108 deaths. This represented the main catalyst for the conflict and eventual breakdown of the truce that existed between Pakistan and the Pakistani Taliban groups. Already during the siege there were several attacks in Waziristan in retaliation for the siege.
Truce in Waziristan broken[link]
As the siege in Islamabad ensued, several attacks on Pakistani troops in Waziristan were reported. On July 14, 2007, a suicide bomber attacked a Pakistani Army convoy killing 25 soldiers and wounding 54. On July 15, 2007, two suicide bombers attacked another Pakistani Army convoy killing 16 soldiers and 5 civilians and wounding another 47 people. And in a separate incident a fourth suicide bomber attacked a police headquarters killing 28 police officers and recruits and wounding 35 people.[46][47] The assault on the Red Mosque prompted rebels along the border with Afghanistan to scrap the controversial Waziristan Accord with the government.[48]
New war in Waziristan[link]
The Army moved large concentration of troops into Waziristan and engaged in fierce clashes with militants in which at least 100 militants were killed including wanted terrorist and former Guantanamo Bay detainee, Abdullah Mehsud.[49] The militants also struck back by attacking Army convoys, security check points and sending suicide bombers killing dozens of soldiers and police and over 100 civilians. In one month of fighting during the period from July 24 to August 24, 2007, 250 militants and 60 soldiers were killed. On September 2, 2007, just a few dozen militants led by Baitullah Mehsud managed to ambush a 17-vehicle army convoy and captured an estimated 247 soldiers without a shot being fired, an event that shocked the nation.[50] Several officers were among the captured.
After the army returned to Waziristan, they garrisoned the areas and set up check-points, but the militants hit hard. In mid-September the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and other forces attacked a number of Pakistani army outposts all across North and South Waziristan. This resulted in some of the heaviest fighting of the war. Following the Lal Masjid Siege, On September 12, 2007, the first outpost was attacked and overrun by the militants resulting in the capture of 12 Pakistani soldiers. The next day on September 13, 2007, a suicide bomber in Tarbela Ghazi attacked a Pakistani army base, destroying the main mess hall and killing 20 members of the Karrar commando group; Pakistan's most elite army unit. A series of attacks ensued and by September 20, 2007 a total of five Pakistani Army military outposts had been overrun and more than 25 soldiers captured. More than 65 soldiers were either killed or captured and almost 100 wounded. A little over two weeks later, the Army responded with helicopter gunships, jet fighters and ground troops. They hit militant positions near the town of Mir Ali. In heavy fighting over four days, 257 people were killed, including 175 militants, 47 soldiers and 35 civilians.
Battle of Swat Valley[link]
Main article: First Battle of Swat
By the end of October fighting erupted in the Swat district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, with a large Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi force, under the command of Maulana Fazlullah, trying to impose Sharia law. Around 3,000 paramilitary soldiers were sent to confront them. After almost a week of heavy fighting the battle came to a standstill with both sides suffering heavy casualties. Then on November 1 and November 3, 220 paramilitary soldiers and policemen surrendered or deserted after a military position on a hill-top and two police stations were overrun. This left the Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM) in control of most of the Swat district.
The fighting in Swat is the first serious insurgent threat from militia forces in what is known as a settled area of Pakistan. Forces loyal to Maulana Fazlullah, including some foreign fighters, after taking control of a series of small towns and villages, tried to implement strict Islamic law in November 2007. In mid-November the regular army was deployed with the help of helicopter gunships to crush the uprising. The Pakistan Army deployed over 2,500 men. By the beginning of December the fighting had ended and the Army recaptured Swat. Almost 400 of Maulana Fazlullah's fighters were dead along with 15 Pakistani soldiers and 20 civilians in the military offensive.[51] Despite the victory by the Pakistani army, TNSM militants slowly re-entered Swat over the coming months and started engaging security forces in battles that lasted throughout 2008. By early February 2009, the whole district was in Pakistan Army Control.[52]
Rawalpindi attacks[link]
Main article: September 2007 bombings in Rawalpindi
On September 3, two suicide bombers targeted a military intelligence (ISI) bus and a line of cars carrying ISI officers.[citation needed] The bus attack killed a large number of Defence Ministry workers and the other attack killed an Army colonel. In all 31 people, 19 soldiers and 12 civilians, were killed.
Two months later on November 24 a military intelligence bus was again attacked. Almost everyone on the bus was killed. Another bomber blew up at a military checkpoint. 35 people were killed, almost all military.[citation needed]
State of emergency[link]
Main article: 2007 Pakistani state of emergency
A state of emergency was declared by Pervez Musharraf on 2007-11-03. It lasted until 2007-12-15. During this time the constitution of the country was suspended.[53][54] This action and its responses are generally related to the controversies surrounding the re-election of Musharraf during the presidential election that had occurred on 2007-10-06, and also was claimed by the government to be the reaction to the actions by militants in Waziristan.[55]
Benazir Bhutto's assassination[link]
Main article: Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
On December 27, 2007, Pakistani opposition leader and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was killed upon leaving a political rally for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[56][57] A suicidal assassin reportedly fired shots in Bhutto's direction just prior to detonating an explosive pellet-laden vest, killing approximately 24 people and wounding many more.[58][59][60] Musharraf and the army blamed the attack on Al-Qaida, but the following day a statement by Baitullah Mehsud was sent to the media saying that he and Al-Qaida had no involvement in the murder of the former Prime Minister, and that they believed that Musharraf and the army were responsible. The killing was followed by a wave of violence across the country that left 58 people dead, including four police officers. Most of the violence was directed at Musharraf and the pro-Musharraf political party,PML-Q Pakistan Muslim League (Q). PML-Q was branded as Qatil League or killer league. Bhutto had previously survived an assassination attempt made on her life during her homecoming which left 139 people dead and hundreds wounded.[61]
More fighting in South Waziristan[link]
Further information: 2008 in Pakistan
In January 2008, militants overran Sararogha Fort, and may have overrun a fort in Ladah as well. Both forts are in South Waziristan, and were held by the Pakistani army.[62] On February 25, 2008, a suicide bomber struck in the garrison-town of Rawalpindi killing Pakistani Lt. Gen. Mushtaq Baig along with two more soldiers and five civilians. Baig was the highest-level military official to be assassinated since Pakistan joined the War on Terror.[63][64]
Operation Zalzala[link]
A full-fledged security operation called 'Zalzala' (earthquake) was undertaken by Pakistan Army’s 14th Infantry Division in January with the goal of flushing out Baitullah Mehsud's Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan militants from the area. The area had previously been a more or less safe zone for militants, with some villagers providing them support and shelter. Many militants were killed during the operation, and within three days the security forces were in full control of the area. The army later captured a few other villages and small towns as part of their attempt to pressure Baitullah Mehsud.[65]
However, the operation led to a huge displacement of local population. According to 14 Division GOC Maj Gen Tariq Khan, about 200,000 men, women and children, were displaced. Khalid Aziz, former NWFP chief secretary and expert on tribal affairs, said the displacement was "one of the biggest in tribal history" adding that human cost of the conflict in Waziristan "has gone unrecorded."[66]
Peace agreement[link]
On February 7, 2008, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan offered a truce and peace negotiations resulting in a suspension of violence.[67] On May 21, 2008 Pakistan signed a peace agreement with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[68]
Despite the agreement sporadic fighting continued until late June and escalated with the takeover of the town of Jandola on June 24, by the militants. 22 pro-government tribal fighters were captured and executed by the TTP at that time.[69]
On June 28, 2008, Pakistan's Army started an offensive against militia fighters in Kyhber, codenamed Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem. The military took control of a key town and demolished an insurgent group's building. 1 militant was reportedly killed while 2 soldiers died in Swat valley.[70] The operation was halted in early July.
On July 19, 2008, clashes erupted between the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan and a faction of pro-government Taliban militants. 10–15 of the pro-government fighters were killed and another 120 were captured. Among the captured were two commanders who were tried under "Islamic" law by the Taliban and then executed.
On July 21, 2008, heavy fighting in Baluchistan killed 32 militants, 9 soldiers and 2 civilians. More than two dozen militants were captured and a large weapons cache was found.[71] Between July 28 and August 4, 2008, heavy fighting flared up in the northwestern Swat valley leaving 94 militants, 22 soldiers and policemen and 28 civilians dead.[72]
Bajaur offensive starts[link]
Main article: Battle of Bajaur
Heavy fighting erupted on August 6, 2008, in the Loisam area of Bajaur district. Loisam lies on the strategically important road leading towards the main northwestern city of Peshawar. The fighting started when hundreds of militants poured into the area and began attacking government forces. After four days of fighting on August 10 the military withdrew from the area. 100 militants and 9 soldiers were confirmed killed and another 55 soldiers were missing, at least three dozen of them captured by the militants.[73][74] While the fighting was going on in Bajaur, in the Buner area of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa militants killed at least nine policemen in an attack on a check post.[75] The checkpoint was then abandoned, and the local Pakistani forces withdrew to Khar, the main town of Bajaur Agency. There were reports that the town of Khar was then besieged by tribal militants.[76]
On August 21, 2008, in response to the military offensive in Bajaur, two suicide bombers attacked the Pakistan Ordnance Factories in Wah while workers were changing shifts. The attack killed at least 70 people.[77]
Tribesmen declare war against the militants[link]
By the beginning of September 2008, Pakistani tribal elders began organising a private army of approximately 30,000 tribesmen to fight the militias. A lashkar, or private army, composed of Pakistani tribesmen, began burning the houses of militia commanders in Bajaur, near the Afghan border, vowing to fight them until they are expelled. This included the house of a local militant commander named Naimatullah, who had occupied several government schools and converted them into seminaries. A tribal elder named Malik Munsib Khan, who heads the lashkar, said that tribesmen would continue their struggle until the militants were expelled from the area, adding that anyone found sheltering militants would be fined one million rupees and their houses will be burned. The tribesmen also torched two important centres of the militant activity in the area and gained control of most of the tehsil.
One of the main motivations for this was the operations that were taking place in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas that had displaced some 300,000 people while dozens of citizens had been killed in clashes between the militants and military. Since the start of Pakistan's war against the militants some 150,000 tribesmen have sided with them.[78][79][79]
US support and aid for Pakistani tribesmen[link]
American military proposals outlined an intensified effort to enlist tribal leaders in the frontier areas of Pakistan in the fight against Al-Qaeda, the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani militia groups, as part of a broader effort to bolster Pakistani forces against militancy in the region.
The proposal was modeled in part on a similar effort by American forces in Iraq that had been hailed as a great success in fighting foreign insurgents there. But it raised the question of whether such partnerships can be forged without a significant American military presence in Pakistan. And it is unclear whether enough support can be found among the tribes. Small numbers of United States military personnel have served as advisers to the Pakistani Army in the tribal areas, giving planning advice and helping to integrate American intelligence. Under this new approach, the number of advisers would increase.
American officials said these security improvements complemented a package of assistance from the Agency for International Development and the State Department for the seven districts of the tribal areas that amounted to $750 million over five years, and would involve work in education, health and other sectors. The State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs also assisted the Frontier Corps with financing for counternarcotics work.[80][81][82]
Islamabad Marriott Hotel Bombing[link]
Main article: Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
On September 23, 2008, the Pakistani Army, backed by helicopter gunships and artillery killed more than 60 insurgents in northwest Pakistan in offensives in response to the bombing over the weekend at the Marriott hotel in the capital Islamabad that killed 53 people. In the nearby Bajur tribal region, the Army killed at least 10 militants, according to government officials.[83] The Bajur operations, which the army said left more than 700 suspected militants dead, won praise from U.S. officials.[84]
Renewed Bajaur offensive[link]
Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari publicly vowed revenge in response to the Marriott Hotel bombing. By September 26, 2008, Pakistani troops had successfully conducted and completed a major offensive in the Bajaur and the Tang Khata regions of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, codenamed Operation Sherdil. Pakistani troops had killed over 1,000 militants in a huge offensive, a day after President Asif Ali Zardari lashed out at US forces over a clash on the Afghan border.
Tariq Khan, Inspector General of the Paramilitary Frontier Corps, mentioned to journalists that since the beginning of the Bajaur operations, there were up to 2,000 militant fighters including hundreds of foreigners who were fighting with the soldiers and the security forces. The overall death toll was over 1,000 militants and also adding that 27 Pakistani soldiers had also been killed with 111 soldiers seriously wounded.[85][86]
Five top Al-Qaeda and militia commanders were among those killed in a month-long operation in Bajaur. Of the five militant commanders killed, four appeared to be foreigners: Egyptian Abu Saeed Al-Masri; Abu Suleiman, an Arab; an Uzbek commander named Mullah Mansoor; and an Afghan commander called Manaras. The fifth was a Pakistani commander named only Abdullah, a son of ageing hardline leader Maulvi Faqir Mohammad who is based in Bajaur and has close ties to Al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri.[87][88]
Between October 22 and October 24, security forces engaged in another push against militants in the restive Bajaur and Khyber tribal regions. Air strikes were carried out in the Nawagai and Mamond sub-districts of Bajaur Agency. The troops destroyed several centres of militants at Charmang, Chinar and Zorbandar and inflicted heavy losses on them. Gunship helicopters shelled in Charming, Cheenar, Kohiand Babarha areas of Nawagai and Mamund Tehsil of Bajaur agency, destroying various underground hideouts and bunkers of militants. The security forces also took control of different areas of Loisam, a militant headquarters, and advanced towards other areas for complete control.[89][90]
Intensified U.S. strikes[link]
Main article: Drone attacks in Pakistan
At the end of August 2008, the United States stepped up its attacks in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[91] On September 3 a commando attack took place in a village near the Afghan border in South Waziristan, and there have been strikes from unmanned drones in North Waziristan, culminating on the morning of September 8, 2008, when a United States Air Force drone aircraft fired a number of missiles at a "guest house for militants arriving in North Waziristan." 23 people were killed, but the operations target, Jalaluddin Haqqani, was not among them.[92]
On September 25, 2008, following exchanges of gunfire between US and Pakistani forces on the frontier, President Zardari told the United Nations that Pakistan would not tolerate violations of its sovereignty, even by its allies. The incident happened after two US military helicopters came under fire from the Pakistani forces. A US military spokesman insisted that they had been about a mile and a half inside Afghanistan.
President Zardari told the United Nations, "Just as we will not let Pakistani's territory to be used by terrorists for attacks against our people and our neighbours, we cannot allow our territory and our sovereignty to be violated by our friends," he said, without specifically citing the United States or the border flareup.[87]
Militants targeting of tribesmen[link]
On October 10, 2008, Islamic militants beheaded four kidnapped pro-government tribal elders in the Charmang area of Bajaur.[93][94]
On October 11, 2008, a suicide bomber struck an anti-militant gathering of tribal elders just as they had decided to form a lashkar (tribal militia). At least 110 anti-Taliban tribesmen were killed and a further 125 were wounded. The suicide bomber drove his car into the gathering itself and blew himself up. The attack on the tribal council took place in Orakzai, normally a relatively quiet corner of the nation's chaotic tribal areas.[95][96]
Fighting for the NATO supply lines[link]
On October 19, 2008, the Pakistan Army was locked in a fierce battle with militants to keep open the fuel and arms supply routes to British and American forces in Afghanistan. For months, militants had been trying to either attack or seal off the supply routes. The army claimed that Mohammad Tariq Alfridi, the militant commander, had seized terrain around the mile-long Kohat tunnel, south of Peshawar, three times since January. He had coordinated suicide bomb attacks and rocket strikes against convoys emerging from it. Maulvi Omar, a Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan spokesman, said that his fighters would lay down their arms if the Pakistan Army ceased fighting. The Pakistan Army ignored his offer. The battle for the tunnel began at the start of the year when Tehrik-i-Taliban fighters seized five trucks carrying weapons and ammunition. They held the tunnel for a week before they were driven out in fierce fighting with the Army. Since then, Tariq and his men have returned several times to attack convoys. The army launched its latest onslaught after a suicide bomb attack at one of its bases near the tunnel six weeks ago. Five people were killed and 45 were injured, including 35 soldiers, when a pickup truck packed with explosives was driven into a checkpoint.[97]
On November 11, 2008, militants attacked two convoys at the Khyber Pass capturing 13 trucks which were headed for Afghanistan. One convoy was from the United Nations World Food Programme and was carrying wheat. The second was intended for NATO troops and one of the captured trucks was carrying with it two U.S. military Humvees, which were also seized.[98]
On December 8, 2008, militants torched more than 160 vehicles destined for US-led troops in Afghanistan. The militants attacked the Portward Logistic Terminal in the northern city of Peshawar at around 02:30 am, destroying its gate with a rocket-propelled grenade and shooting dead a guard. They then set fire to about 100 vehicles, including 70 Humvees, which shipping documents showed were being shipped to the US-led coalition forces and the Afghan National Army. At the same time, militants torched about 60 more vehicles at the nearby Faisal depot, which like Portward is on the ring road around Peshawar, where convoys typically stop before heading for the Khyber Pass.[99]
2009[link]
Further information: 2009 in Pakistan
On February 3, 2009, militants blew up a bridge at the Khyber Pass, temporarily cutting a major supply line for Western troops in Afghanistan. After the attack supplies along the route had been halted "for the time being", according to NATO.
Swat ceasefire[link]
Main article: Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009
Pakistan agreed to impose Sharia law and suspend military operations in the Swat Valley. The decision was troubling for the United States, which believed it would embolden militants fighting US-led troops in Afghanistan and desire to impose Islamic law across nuclear-armed Pakistan. US officials believed it would provide another safe haven for the militants within 80 miles (130 km) of Islamabad, the Pakistani capital, as well as a corridor between the Afghan border and the disputed region of Kashmir.
Pakistani officials said that it was the only way to pacify a fierce Islamist insurgency and avoid more civilian casualties in Swat – whose ski resort and mountain scenery once made it a popular tourist destination. Amir Haider Khan Hoti, the chief minister for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, announced the government’s decision after a meeting with militant leaders in the provincial capital, Peshawar. He said that local authorities would impose Islamic law across Malakand region, which includes Swat. Officials said that Asif Ali Zardari, the Pakistani President, would sign off on the deal once peace had been restored. The agreement came the day after the militants in Swat said that it would observe a ten-day ceasefire in support of the peace process. Pakistani officials say that the laws allow Muslim clerics to advise judges, but not to outlaw female education, music or other activities once banned by the Afghan Taliban in Afghanistan.[100]
Defeat of the militants in Bajaur[link]
On March 1, 2009, the Pakistan Army finally defeated Bajaur militants and foreign militants in Bajaur, which is a strategically important region on the Afghan border. Major-General Tariq Khan, who was commanding the military operations in five of the seven agencies, said his Army and the Frontier Corps had killed most militants in Bajaur, the smallest of the agencies but a major infiltration route into Afghanistan, after a six-month offensive. By the time the battle in Bajaur was over, the Pakistan Army killed over 1,500 militants while losing 97 of their own soldiers and 404 soldiers seriously injured.[101]
Militant counter-attack[link]
On March 30, militia commandos struck in Lahore. They attacked the Munawan Police Academy killing and taking hostage police cadets. A siege was under way for about eight hours after the militants had barricaded themselves in the academy. Eventually police forces managed to retake the compound. 18 people were killed in the attack: eight policemen, eight militants and two civilians. At least 95 policemen were wounded and 10 were taken hostage before being rescued. Four gunmen were captured by the police.
On April 4, a suicide bomber attacked a military camp in Islamabad killing eight soldiers. Less than 24 hours later on April 5, two more suicide attacks occurred. One bomber targeted a market on the border with Afghanistan killing 17 people and the other attacked a mosque in Chakwal, in the eastern Pakistani province of Punjab, killing 26 more civilians. The next day, the leader of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, promised that there were to be two suicide attacks per week in the country until the Pakistani army withdrew from the border region and the United States stopped its missile attacks by unmaned drones on militant bases.
Militants violate Swat deal[link]
In March 2009, many Pakistanis were horrified when a videotape surfaced that showed miliant enforcers publicly whipping a 17-year-old girl in Swat accused of having an affair. The girl had not committed fornication or adultery but was flogged simply because she refused her brother's demand to marry someone of his choosing. Protests broke out all over Pakistan to demonstrate against the flogging. Raja Zafar ul-Haq, a well-respected Pakistani Islamic scholar and political activist said this summary punishment of flogging simply for refusing a marriage proposal was totally un-Islamic and had nothing to do with Sharia. He went on to say that Prophet Muhammad had strictly forbidden the practice of forced marriages and in this case, the girl had not done anything wrong by refusing a marriage proposal.[102]
A five-member team appointed by the Supreme Court investigated the video's origins, and concluded that it had been faked, raising questions at Pakistani intelligence agencies.[103][104]
In Buner, the Taliban continued their criminal activities when residents said Taliban fighters had been stealing cattle for meat, stealing other livestock, berating men without beards and recruiting teenagers into their ranks. The Taliban also began to steal vehicles belonging to government officials and ransacked the offices of some local non-government organisations for no apparent reason.[105] 12 schoolchildren were killed by a bomb contained in a football.[106]
Second Battle of Swat[link]
Main article: Second Battle of Swat
On April 26, 2009, the Pakistani Army started Operation Black Thunderstorm, with the aim of retaking Buner, Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla districts from the Pakistani Taliban after the militants took control of the area since the start of the year.
The operation largely cleared the Lower Dir district of militia forces by April 28 and Buner by May 5. On May 5, operations started to retake Swat and later on Shangla. Fighting in Swat was particularly fierce since the Taliban threw away their insurgent tactics and the army their counter-insurgency tactics. Both sides favored more conventional frontline warfare as a means of fighting each other. By May 14, the military was only six kilometers south of Mingora, the milita-held capital city of Swat, and preparations for all-out street fighting were underway.
On May 23, the battle for Mingora started and by May 27, 70 percent of the city was cleared of militants.
On May 30, the Pakistani military had taken back the city of Mingora from the Pakistani Taliban, calling it a significant victory in its offensive against the militants. However, some sporadic fighting was still continuing on the city's outskirts.[107][108]
In all, according to the military, 128 soldiers and more than 1,475 militants were killed and 317 soldiers were wounded during operation Black Thunderstorm. 95 soldiers and policemen were captured by the militants, 18 of them were rescued while the fate of the others remained undetermined. 114 militants were captured, including some local commanders. At least 23 of the militants killed were foreigners.
Sporadic fighting throughout Swat continued up until mid-June. On June 14, the operation was declared over and the military had regained control of the region. Only small pockets of Taliban resistance remained and the military started mopping up operations.
This led to a refugee crisis, and by August 22, 1.6 million of 2.3 million have returned home according to UN estimates.[109][110]
Blockade of South Waziristan[link]
Main article: Operation Rah-e-Nijat
On June 16, 2009, in the aftermath of the successful victory and recapture of the entire Swat valley, the Pakistan Army began a massive troop build-up along the southern and eastern borders of South Waziristan. Pakistan was now taking the fight to Mehsud's mountainous stronghold, ordering an expansion of its current offensive against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan fighters in the Swat valley. On Sunday night, denouncing Mehsud as "the root cause of all evils," Owais Ghani, the governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, said the government has called on the army to launch a "full-fledged" military operation to eliminate Mehsud and his estimated 20,000 men.
Islamabad's decision to launch the offensive against Mehsud signaled a deepening of Pakistani resolve against the militants. The army had targeted the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan leader on three separate occasions – in 2004, 2005 and 2008 – but walked away each time after signing peace deals with Mehsud. The military appeared more determined this time. It also enjoyed the backing of a government that had gained public support as a wave of terrorist attacks had swayed public sentiment against the Taliban.[7]
Killing of Baitullah Mehsud[link]
The leader of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, was killed in a drone attack in early August 2009. This was later confirmed by captured chief spokesman Maulvi Umar.[111] He was replaced by Hakimullah Mehsud.
Militant October–November 2009 counter-offensive[link]
In early October 2009, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan started a string of attacks in cities across Pakistan. The goal of the attacks was to show that the militants were still a united fighting force following the death of their leader and to disrupt a planned military offensive into South Waziristan. Places targeted include the U.N. World Food Program offices in Islamabad,[112] Khyber bazaar in Peshawar,[113] Army General Headquarters in Rawalpindi, a market in Shangla,[114] security establishments in Lahore,[115][116] police stations in Kohat and Peshawar, the International Islamic University, Islamabad,[117] and Pakistan Air Force Complex in Kamra. The month ended with a car bombing of Meena Bazaar, Peshawar killing 118 civilians.[118] The army then began a ground offensive in South Waziristan.
November saw suicide bombings of the Army's National Bank of Pakistan in Rawalpindi,[119] a market in Charsadda, and six bombings in Peshawar including the regional headquarters of the ISI and the Judicial Complex.[120][121][122]
South Waziristan offensive[link]
Main article: 2009 South Waziristan offensive
On October 17, the Pakistani Army launched a large-scale offensive in South Waziristan involving 28,000 troops advancing across South Waziristan from three directions.[123] t he first town to fall to the Army was Kotkai, the birthplace of the Pakistani Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud, on October 19. However, the next day, the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan re-took the town. Troops had thrust into Kotkai only to be hit by a determined counteroffensive that killed seven soldiers, including an army major, and wounded seven more.[124] The Army managed to take the town once again on October 24, after days of bombardments.[125]
On October 29, the town of Kaniguram, which was under the control of Uzbek fighters from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, was surrounded.[126] And on November 2, Kaniguram was taken.[127]
On November 1, the towns of Sararogha and Makin were surrounded,[128] and fighting for Sararogha started on November 3.[129] The fighting there lasted until November 17, when the town finally fell to the military. The same day, the town of Laddah was also captured by the Army and street fighting commenced in Makin. Both Sararogha and Laddah were devastated in the fighting.[130]
By November 21, more than 570 militants and 76 soldiers had been killed in the offensive.[131]
On December 12, 2009, the Pakistan army declared victory in South Waziristan.[132]
2010[link]
Further information: 2010 in Pakistan
Orakzai and Kurram offensive[link]
Main article: Orakzai and Kurram offensive
In an offensive in Bajaur by Frontier Corps, a militants' stronghold village Damadola was captured and cleared by February 6, 2010.[133] Bajaur was declared conflict free zone by April 20.[134]
On March 23, 2010, the Pakistan army launched an offensive to clear Orakzai.[135] Officials also announced a future offensive in North Waziristan.[136] The week prior the Pakistan military killed approximately 150 militants in fighting in the region.[137] It was expected that all tribal areas would be cleared by June 2010.[138]
June 3, Pakistani authorities announced a victory over the insurgents in Orakzai and Kurram.[139]
2011[link]
Main article: 2011 in Pakistan
2011 Taliban counter-offensive[link]
By 2011 Pakistan's armed forces were stretched thin by natural disasters and deployments against extremist groups, with one third of the army deployed for the fight, another third along the Indian border and the rest engaged in preparing to deploy.[140] On May 1, Osama Bin Laden was killed by US Navy SEALS in Abbottabad. The Pakistan Taliban vowed to revenge Osama's death to Pakistan Armed Forces. On April 21 and April 28, the Taliban began to attack the Pakistan Navy. The Taliban targeted a number of high naval officials of Pakistan Navy. On May 22, Taliban attacked the Mehran Naval Base, killing up to 10 naval officers, 30 others were wounded with 2 Naval aircraft were destroyed during their counter offense. On June 4 senior Al Qaeda operative Ilyas Kashmiri was killed by a US drone strike in South Waziristan.
Casualties[link]
Main article: List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001
In a debriefing to parliamentarians on October 19, 2011, the military stated that a total of 3,097 security forces members were killed and 721 other were permanently disabled in the war on terror. The Inter-Services Intelligence lost 63 of its personnel owing to targeted assaults on ISI installations. In the same report it confirmed that since 2001 a total of 40,309 Pakistanis, both military and civilian, had lost their lives in the conflict.[10]
In addition, 17,742 militants had been killed or captured by February 2010.[21] Among these, by November 2007, were 488 foreign extremists killed, 24 others arrested and 324 injured.[141][142] Before all-out fighting broke out in 2003, independent news sources reported only four incidents of deaths of Pakistani security forces members in 2001 and 2002, in which a total of 20 soldiers and policemen were killed.[143][144][145][146] The independent South Asia Terrorism Portal website has estimated that at least 1,865 soldiers and policemen were killed between 2003 and 2008.[147] The Pak Institute For Peace Studies has estimated that 1,185 soldiers and policemen were killed in 2009.[148]
At least 857 soldiers and policemen were reported captured by the militants in the course of the war, with at least 558 of them being released.[149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176]
Mr. Naushad Ali Khan Superintendent of Research and Analysis,[177] NWFP Police in his article Suicide and terrorist attacks and police actions in NWFP, Pakistan[178] has provided details of different activities of the terrorists during 2008. Accordingly 483 cases were registered with 533 deaths and 1290 injured. Similarly 29 suicidal attacks were recorded, resulting 247 deaths and 695 injuries. During the same period 83 attempts acts of terrorism were foiled by the NWFP Police.[178]
United States role[link]
Until July 2009 the conflict, as well as terrorism in Pakistan, had cost Pakistan $35 billion.[179] According to US Congress and the Pakistani media, Pakistan has received about $18 billion from the United States for the logistical support it provided for the counter-terrorism operations from 2001 to 2010, and for its own military operation mainly in Waziristan and other tribal areas along the Durand Line.[180] The Bush administration also offered an additional $3 billion five-year aid package to Pakistan for becoming a frontline ally in its 'War on Terror'. Annual installments of $600 million each split evenly between military and economic aid, began in 2005.[181]
In 2009, President Barack Obama pledged to continue supporting Pakistan and has said Pakistan would be provided economic aid of $1.5 billion dollars each year for the next five years. Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be a 'stronger partner' in destroying Al-Qaeda safe havens.[182] In addition, President Obama has also planned to propose an extra $2.8 billion dollars in aid for the Pakistani military to intensify the US-led 'War on Terror' along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The military aid would be in addition to the civilian aid of $1.5 billion dollars a year for the next five years from 2009 onwards.[183]
In his autobiography, President Musharraf wrote that the United States had paid millions of dollars to the Pakistan government as bounty money for capturing al-Qaeda operators from tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. About 359 of them were handed over to the US for prosecution.[181]
Pakistan has purchased 1,000 laser-guided bomb kits and 18 F-16 fighter jets from USA.[184]
Amongst Pakistanis opinion about the role of the US is generally negative.[26] Incidents of terrorism cause rage and anger against the terrorist organizations but they also cause frustration with the United States. According to Pew Global Polls only 17% of Pakistanis have a positive view of the US and only 11% see it as a useful partner in the 'War on Terror'.
See also[link]
- Human rights in Pakistan
- List of wars 2003–2010
- Sectarian violence in Pakistan
- Targeted killing
- Violence in Pakistan 2006-09, table and map providing overview of all violence in Pakistan between 2006 and 2009.
References[link]
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Taliban leader killed in firefight with police – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. August 26, 2010. http://tribune.com.pk/story/43000/taliban-leader-killed-in-firefight-with-police/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "US missile strike 'kills al-Qaeda chief' in Pakistan". BBC News. September 28, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11429016.
- ^ Barnes, Julian E. (January 23, 2010). "Pentagon chief defends arms sales to India, Pakistan". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-gates23-2010jan23,0,6998676.story. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan, Saudi Arabia Cleared for U.S. Arms Buys". Armscontrol.org. September 11, 2001. http://www.armscontrol.org/print/2096. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "American Dead in Pakistan Bombing Were Special Forces – ABC News". USA: ABC. February 3, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-military-die-pakistan-bombing/story?id=9734681. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ a b Waraich, Omar (June 16, 2009). "Pakistan's Next Fight? Taliban Leader Baitullah Mehsud". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1904905,00.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Al Qaeda's training adapts to drone attacks". CNN. July 30, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/07/30/robertson.al.qaeda.training/index.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ 20 died between 2001 and 2002, War in North-West Pakistan#Casualties 1,865 died between 2003 and 2008,[2] 2,061 died between 2009 and April 2011,[3] giving a total of 3,946 killed
- ^ a b c Iftikhar A. Khan. "Pakistan lost two brigades in war on terror" Dawn, October 20, 2011
- ^ "Forgotten victims of Pakistan’s Taliban war". dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/25/forgotten-victims-of-pakistans-taliban-war-3.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan Timeline – 2009". SATP. 2009. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/timeline/index.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ War in North West Pakistan
- ^ Battle of Bajaur
- ^ "Taliban kill, then behead three Pakistan tribesmen". The China Post. Taiwan (ROC). March 14, 2009. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/pakistan/2009/03/14/200108/Taliban-kill.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ By RAVI NESSMAN, Associated Press Writer (January 7, 2008). "Tribesmen Killed in Northwest Pakistan". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan07/0,4670,PakistanMilitants,00.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Five tribesmen killed in NW Pakistan – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. May 7, 2009. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6653244.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Officials say 12 tribesmen, 4 Taliban killed in clashes in restive northwest Pakistan". Blog.taragana.com. July 4, 2009. http://news.gaeatimes.com/officials-say-12-tribesmen-4-taliban-killed-in-clashes-in-restive-northwest-pakistan-99234/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ DPA (August 12, 2009). "More than 100 killed in Pakistan clashes". Earth Times News - Earthtimes.org. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/281195,more-than-100-killed-in-pakistan-clashes--summary.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Fatalities in and around Afghanistan". iCasualties. September 9, 2005. http://icasualties.org/oef/. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ a b "‘Global war on terror claims 30,000 Pakistani casualties'". ummid.com. http://www.ummid.com/news/2010/February/18.02.2010/cost_of_war_aganist_terror.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Red Cross 'gravely concerned' about conditions in Swat Valley". CNN. May 31, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/31/pakistan.red.cross/index.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "DefenseLink News Article: American Diplomat Killed In Pakistan Suicide Attack". Defenselink.mil. http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=15292. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Stephen Graham (September 29, 2008). "Suicide attacks kill 1,188 in Pakistan since '07". Associated Press. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hkiMxbHNH0BqgpWA2ZG6VD6wVTmAD93GH45O1. Retrieved October 19, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "GMANews.TV – Suicide attacks soar in Pakistan since 2007 – World – Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News – BETA". Gmanews.tv. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/123833/Suicide-attacks-soar-in-Pakistan-since-2007. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c Varun Vira and Anthony Cordesman "Pakistan: Violence versus Stability: A Net Assessment." Center for Strategic and International Studies, 25 July 2011.
- ^ "The War in Pakistan". The Washington Post. January 25, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/24/AR2006012401528.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Zaffar Abbas (Last Updated:). "Pakistan's undeclared war". News.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3645114.stm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c "[Pakistan Primer Pt. 1] The Rise of the Pakistani Taliban," Global Bearings, October 27, 2011.
- ^ David Montero (June 22, 2006). "Killing scares media away from Waziristan". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0622/p07s02-wosc.html. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ "Pakistan attacks Waziristan compound". Al Jazeera. March 16, 2006. http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/06/2008410114854246429.html. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ a b Rohde, David (September 10, 2006). "Al Qaeda Finds Its Center of Gravity". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/10/weekinreview/10rohde.html. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
- ^ John Diamond (May 4, 2005). "Pakistan reports arrest of Osama bin Laden's operations chief". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-05-04-pakistan-arrest_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA.
- ^ "'Policemen killed' in Waziristan". BBC News. June 22, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5104784.stm. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
- ^ "Forces, militants heading for truce". Dawn. June 22, 2006. http://www.dawn.com/2006/06/23/top2.htm.
- ^ Press, Associated (September 2, 2006). "Pakistan, Taliban militants sign peace agreement". Fr.jpost.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525988190&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Waziristan accord signed". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2006/09/06/top2.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ US outraged as Pakistan frees Taliban fighters – Daily Telegraph
- ^ Some See Pakistan's Truce As a Defeat – Fox news
- ^ Roggio B (March 17, 2007). "Pakistan signs the Bajaur Accord". The Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2007/03/pakistan_signs_the_b.php. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- ^ Stakelbeck E (April 3, 2007). "Bajaur: When 'Peace' Yields War". CBN News. http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/130966.aspx. [dead link] Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
- ^ Roggio B. "The fall of northwestern Pakistan: An online history". The Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/09/the_fall_of_wazirist.php. Retrieved on January 13, 2008.
- ^ "Rival militants clash in Pakistan". BBC. March 20, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6470299.stm. [not in citation given]
- ^ Plett B (April 12, 2007). "Tribesmen 'oust' foreign fighters". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6547783.stm. Retrieved on January 16, 2008.
- ^ "Tribe in Pakistan security plea". BBC. April 16, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6559365.stm. Retrieved on January 16, 2008.
- ^ "FOXNews.com – Two Days of Homicide Attacks Kill 70 in Pakistan". Fox News. July 15, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,289340,00.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Ismail Khan. "Suicide Bombers Kill 49 in Pakistan". Fairuse.100webcustomers.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080311092541/http://fairuse.100webcustomers.com/fairenough/nytA31.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Scores killed in Pakistan attacks". News.bbc.co.uk. Last Updated:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6905808.stm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Pakistan crisis 'hits army morale' By Ahmed Rashid September 6, 2007 – BBC
- ^ "12-hour curfew clamped on Swat -DAWN – Top Stories; November 17, 2007". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/17/top7.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Musharraf imposes emergency rule". Dawn. November 3, 2007. http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/04/top1.htm. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
- ^ "Martial law declared in Pakistan". CNN. November 3, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071104002516/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/index.html. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
- ^ Nelson, Dean (November 4, 2007). "Pervez Musharraf spoils for a fight as he declares emergency rule". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2800993.ece. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- ^ "Bhutto killed in suicide attack". Al Jazeera English. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/737B73AE-EE5D-4C41-8CA2-E04B356FBCBC.htm. Retrieved December 27, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Benazir Bhutto is dead Reuter's video
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination NBC News Coverage". NBC. December 27, 2007. http://test.redlasso.com/service/svc/clip/playClip?fid=7ed304c1-5472-469b-a209-a9a696368d89. Retrieved December 27, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination CBS News Coverage". CBS. December 27, 2007. http://test.redlasso.com/service/svc/clip/playClip?fid=cc91d5dd-83e9-444d-9624-ae1816a31612. Retrieved December 27, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto Assassination ABC News Coverage". ABC. December 27, 2007. http://test.redlasso.com/service/svc/clip/playClip?fid=67553fa0-c7ba-48cb-8a3a-2152ec570595. Retrieved December 27, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Gall, Carlotta; Masood, Salman (October 19, 2007). "Bomb Attack Kills Scores in Pakistan as Bhutto Returns". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ "Pakistani troops 'flee border post'". Al Jazeera. January 17, 2008. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EA53A69D-1973-4C86-8064-D4FCB4C40FB1.htm. Retrieved on January 18, 2008.
- ^ "Pakistan attacks hit aid group, military HQ". CNN. February 25, 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/25/pakistan.blast/index.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Kohat GOC, six other officers die in copter crash: Technical fault caused accident: ISPR" Dawn, February 7, 2008
- ^ Zaffar Abbas. "Taliban ousted, but Spinkai is now a ghost town" Dawn, May 19, 2008
- ^ Iqbal Khattak. "Deserted town shows human cost of Operation Zalzala" Daily Times, May 20, 2008
- ^ "BBC NEWS | South Asia | Pakistani militants 'call truce'". News.bbc.co.uk. Last Updated:. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7232203.stm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Al Jazeera English – News – Pakistan Troops To Vacate Swat". English.aljazeera.net. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D1AC8679-0D78-4829-952A-004CCA5DA283.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Baitullah men storm Jandola -DAWN – Top Stories; June 24, 2008". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/24/top8.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "France 24 | Pakistan broadens anti-militant offensive | France 24". France24.com. June 29, 2008. http://www.france24.com/en/20080629-pakistan-broadens-anti-militant-offensive. Retrieved October 19, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ [7][dead link]
- ^ [8][dead link]
- ^ Laura King and Zulfiqar Ali (August 10, 2008). "Pakistan fighting ends as troops withdraw – Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan10-2008aug10,0,6869936.story. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Taliban militants kill nine policemen in Pakistan – Yahoo! India News". In.news.yahoo.com. http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20080809/876/twl-taliban-militants-kill-nine-policeme_1.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008. [dead link][dead link]
- ^ "BBC NEWS | South Asia | 'Dozens die' in Pakistan clashes". News.bbc.co.uk. August 10, 2008<!- – 12:44 UK -->. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7552425.stm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Twin suicide bombers hit factory in Pakistan". Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?sec=1&id=1008. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- ^ David Montero. "Pakistani tribesmen organize private armies to fight Taliban". Csmonitor.com. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2008/0901/p99s01-duts.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b Saeed Shah (September 26, 2008). "Pakistani tribesmen organize to fight Taliban insurgents". McClatchy Washington Bureau. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/53151.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. hopes to arm Pakistani tribes against Al Qaeda – International Herald Tribune". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/19/america/19policy.php. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Eric Schmitt, Mark Mazzetti And Carlotta Gall (Published: November 19, 2007). "U.S. Hopes to Use Pakistani Tribes Against Al Qaeda". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/washington/19policy.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=world&adxnnlx=1222717017-fvB/geZ6uJD4OkQF6LCPSg&oref=slogin. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ cache:Fda3_xPQYTkJ:www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/2008/106495.htm US support pakistani tribes – Google Search
- ^ "Pakistani Army Says 60 Suspected Militants Killed". Fox News. September 23, 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,426207,00.html. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "The Associated Press: Pakistan army says 60 suspected militants killed". Google. Habib Khan – September 23, 2008. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hkiMxbHNH0BqgpWA2ZG6VD6wVTmAD93CC4R00. Retrieved October 19, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "The Standard – Hong Kong's First Free English Newspaper". Thestandard.com.hk. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=6788&icid=4&d_str=20080926. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ [9][dead link]
- ^ a b "AFP: Pakistan says 1,000 militants killed near Afghan border". Google. September 26, 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iGTgxqoTldD4lBtlbyfU5MSNowjg. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Pakistan says 1,000 militants killed in Bajaur campaign | Reuters". In.reuters.com. September 26, 2008. http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-35671020080926. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Pak security forces kill 16 militants". Outlookindia.com. October 23, 2008. http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=623925. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Archive | Your Source of News on the World Wide Web". Dawn.Com. http://dawn.com/2008/10/24/welcome.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ Suspected US Missile Strike Hits Taliban Commander's House – Voice of America, September 8, 2008
- ^ Perlez, J. & Shah, P.Z. 2008, 'US attack on Taliban kills 23 in Pakistan' most of the people killed in these attacks are civilians., International Herald Tribune, September 9. Retrieved on September 10, 2008.
- ^ "AFP: Taliban militants behead four in Pakistan: officials". Google. October 11, 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gPevBKLIKB_Sph1HS5oMlCCzlAbA. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Four pro-govt tribal elders beheaded -DAWN – Top Stories; October 11, 2008". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/2008/10/11/top16.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "Dozens killed in Pakistan bombing". BBC. October 10, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7663574.stm. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ [10][dead link]
- ^ [11][dead link]
- ^ "Militants grab U.S. military Humvees in ambush". CNN. November 11, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/11/pakistan.convoy.attack/index.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ [12][dead link]
- ^ [13][dead link]
- ^ "Troops defeat Taliban in Pakistan’s Bajaur region". The Indian Express. March 1, 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/troops-defeat-taliban-in-pakistans-bajaur-region/429310. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "Taliban Invasion Is About Power, Not Islam In Pakistan". Help The Middle Class. May 10, 2009. http://helpthemiddleclass.com/2009/05/10/taliban-invasion-is-about-power-not-islam-in-pakistan/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ Video of Swat girl flogging was fake: report,2/25/2011 6:10:35 AM
- ^ "Swat girl flogging video 'fake': Pak probe team". The Indian Express. April 19, 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/swat-girl-flogging-video-fake-pak-probe-t/448781/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ [14][dead link]
- ^ "Football Bomb Kills 12 Children In Northern Pakistan While Another Four Die As Grenade Explodes". News.sky.com. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Football-Bomb-Kills-12-Children-In-Northern-Pakistan-While-Another-Four-Die-As-Grenade-Explodes/Article/200904415269416?lpos=World_News_Article_Related_Content_Region_10&lid=ARTICLE_15269416_Football_Bomb_Kills_12_Children_In_Northern_Pakistan_While_Another_Four_Die_As_Grenade_Explodes. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ From Reza Sayah CNN (May 30, 2009). "Pakistan secures key Swat Valley city". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/30/pakistan.mingora/index.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "South Asia | Pakistan army 'regains' Swat city". BBC News. May 30, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8075136.stm. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "1.6 million Pakistani refugees return home: UN – Times Of India". The Times of India. August 22, 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4921578.cms. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ "1.3 million displaced Pakistanis return home: UN". Sify.com. August 19, 2009. http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jitoubcchjh&title=1.3_million_displaced_Pakistanis_return_home:_UN. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ Search Results tehrik i taliban spokesman mohmand qs | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM
- ^ "WashingtonTV تلویزیون واشنگتن Washington TV – ايميل". Televisionwashington.com. http://www.televisionwashington.com/floater_article1.aspx?lang=en&t=2&id=14573. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ [15][dead link]
- ^ "Pakistan blast toll reaches 45". Malaysia News.Net. October 13, 2009. http://www.malaysianews.net/story/553630. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "41 killed in terror strikes targeting security forces in Pakistan – Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. October 15, 2009. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/41-killed-in-terror-strikes-targeting-security-forces-in-Pakistan/articleshow/5127531.cms. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "One killed, nine injured in Peshawar car bomb attack". Malaysia News.Net. October 15, 2009. http://www.malaysianews.net/story/554727. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Schools across Pakistan close after deadly suicide blasts". CNN. October 21, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/21/pakistan.university.explosion/index.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ Search Results explosion heard peshawar qs | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM
- ^ Hussain, Shaiq (November 2, 2009). "Suicide bombing kills 35, injures dozens in Pakistan". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/02/AR2009110200338.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan bombings kill 18 as spy agency hit". Sify.com. November 13, 2009. http://sify.com/news/pakistan-bombings-kill-18-as-spy-agency-hit-news-international-jlnrzcaaeia.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "15 Pakistanis Killed in Peshawar Suicide Bombing, November 14, 2009". United Nations. November 14, 2009. http://www.ccun.org/News/2009/November/15%20n/15%20Pakistanis%20Killed%20in%20Peshawar%20Suicide%20Bombing,%20November%2014,%202009.htm. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ [16][dead link]
- ^ "Pakistan forces move on Taliban". BBC News. October 17, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8311927.stm.
- ^ "Taliban retake town as Pakistan offensive runs into trouble | McClatchy". Mcclatchydc.com. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/77472.html#. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "South Asia | Pakistan 'takes key Taliban town'". BBC News. October 24, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8323660.stm. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ [17][dead link]
- ^ "Pakistan takes Taliban stronghold". BBC News. November 2, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8337211.stm.
- ^ Bill Roggio (November 1, 2009). "Pakistani Army surrounds major Taliban strongholds in South Waziristan". The Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/11/pakistani_army_surro.php. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ By Bill Roggio (November 3, 2009). "Pakistan captures two Taliban strongholds in South Waziristan". The Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/11/pakistan_captures_tw.php. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ Search Results main taliban bases in south waziristan captured army szh | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM
- ^ Earth Times Staff (November 21, 2009). "Six Pakistani troops, 14 Taliban killed in clashes – Summary". Earth Times News - Earthtimes.org. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/295667,six-pakistani-troops-14-taliban-killed-in-clashes--summary.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "AFP: Taliban driven out of key battleground: Pakistan PM". Google. December 12, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j2KgppauHgJBn0BmkO-eTN3sazoA. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Security forces seize control of damadola ss". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/03-security-forces-seize-control-of-damadola-ss-10. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Bajaur declared conflict free zone". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/bajaur-declared-conflictfree-zone-040. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan’s Orakzai offensive". Gcreport.com. March 29, 2010. http://gcreport.com/index.php/analysis/164-pakistans-orakzai-offensive. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Accord for operation in North Waziristan". Dawn.com. http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/timing-to-be-decided-by-pakistan-accord-for-operation-in-north-waziristan-050. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "31 militants killed in Pakistan's Orakzai tribal area – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. March 30, 2010. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6935244.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20100331/wl_mcclatchy/3465984[dead link]
- ^ "Anti-Taliban operations successful: Pakistan". The Hindu (Chennai, India). June 3, 2010. http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/03/stories/2010060364871700.htm.
- ^ Garamone, Jim. "Fight Against Extremists Stretches Pakistan’s Military." American Forces Press Service, April 20, 2011.
- ^ "600 Pakistan security men killed in 28 suicide attacks after Lal Masjid operation". Topnews. http://www.topnews.in/600-pakistan-security-men-killed-28-suicide-attacks-after-lal-masjid-operation-26116. Retrieved October 19, 2008. </ 220 policemen were killed in fighting in 2007 and 2008.
- ^ Rondeaux, Candace (February 4, 2009). "Taliban Destroys a Key Bridge in Pakistan" (in WP-2009-02-04). The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/03/AR2009020300120.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ "AL QAEDA PRISONERS KILL 6 GUARDS, FLEE". Daily News (New York). December 20, 2001. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2001/12/20/2001-12-20_al_qaeda_prisoners_kill_6_gu.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Ten Pakistani Soldiers, Two Suspected Al Qaeda Fighters Killed in Gunbattle". Fox News. June 26, 2002. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,56243,00.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News". The Tribune. India. October 29, 2001. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011029/main1.htm. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "7 Killed in Shootout Between Pakistani Forces and Suspected al-Qaida | News | English". Voanews.com. July 3, 2002. http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2002-07/a-2002-07-03-5-7.cfm. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Pakistan Assessment 2009". unknown. http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/index.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ "Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS), Independent Think Tank in Pakistan". San-pips.com. http://san-pips.com/index.php?action=reports&id=psr_1. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Action Update: March 15–28, 2004". Center for Defense Information. March 31, 2004. http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2160&from_page=../index.cfm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "More police kidnapped in Pakistan". Al Jazeera. May 21, 2007. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2007/05/2008525121952942698.html. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Tribesmen kill four militants to save army officer". Rantburg. July 7, 2007. http://www.rantburg.com/poparticle.php?ID=192752&D=2007-07-07&SO=&HC=1. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ Over 200 soldiers in captivity of militants By Mushtaq Yusufzai & Sailab Mahsud[dead link] September 3, 2007 The News International, Pakistan
- ^ "10 FC soldiers released". TheNews. September 5, 2007. http://www.thenews.com.pk/print3.asp?id=9938. Retrieved July 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Another Pakistani Defeat as More Soldiers Feared Kidnapped". ABC News. October 1, 2007. http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/10/another-pakista.html. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Militants seize 120 police, soldiers in Pakistan". September 3, 2007. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5igDUu3QEalGnNov6MSBXB2C5UIMQ. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Pakistan: Swat militants release 48 captured soldiers". Rediff News. September 3, 2007. http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/03swat.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Militants claim kidnapping two Army captains". The News. December 25, 2007. http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=11872. Retrieved July 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "10 policemen reported kidnapped". Dawn. December 26, 2007. http://www.dawn.com/2007/12/27/top6.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Archive | Your Source of News on the World Wide Web". Dawn.Com. http://www.dawn.com/2008/01/01/welcome.htm. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Another Waziristan fort falls to militants". Dawn. January 17, 2008. http://www.dawn.com/2008/01/18/top2.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "17 Pakistani policemen kidnapped". PressTV.IR. June 23, 2008. http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=61138§ionid=351020403. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Taliban abducts 140 soldiers (Pakistan)". Islamoscope. July 3, 2008. http://islamoscope.wordpress.com/2008/07/03/taliban-abducts-140-soldiers-pakistan/. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Two policemen kidnapped". Dawn. July 15, 2008. http://www.dawn.com/2008/07/16/top16.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Militants Kidnap 25 Police and Paramilitary Troops in Pakistan". ABC News. July 29, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=5473812&page=1. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "45 cops surrender to militants". The News. December 16, 2008. http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=18995. Retrieved July 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Ghalanai: ‘Spy’ killed, official freed in Mohmand". Dawn. August 20, 2008. http://www.dawn.com/2008/08/21/local28.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Pakistani Policemen Kidnapped; 36 Militants Killed". Javno. September 4, 2008. http://www.javno.com/en-world/pakistani-policemen-kidnapped-36-militants-killed_178863. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Suspected militants kidnap 9 policemen in Pakistan". KUNA Kwait News Agency. October 25, 2008. http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1947320&Language=en. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "15 more killed in Swat operation". The News. November 25, 2008. http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=18581. Retrieved July 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "30 security men freed after ‘promising to quit force’". Dawn. February 4, 2009. http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/05/top3.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Militants kidnap 11 policemen in Pakistan’s Khyber area". Taragana. March 29, 2009. http://news.gaeatimes.com/militants-kidnap-11-policemen-in-pakistans-khyber-area-23285/. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "4 soldiers kidnapped in Pakistan's Swat". People's Daily. April 21, 2009. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6641026.html. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Taliban kidnap dozens of Pakistani security forces". Associated Press. April 29, 2009. http://wire.antiwar.com/2009/04/29/taliban-kidnap-dozens-of-pakistani-security-forces/. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Taleban kidnap 10 paramilitaries in NW Pakistan". Khaleej Times. May 1, 2009. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2009/May/international_May35.xml§ion=international&col=. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Civilians told to flee ahead of Pakistan offensive against Taliban". CNN Asia. May 5, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/05/pakistan.taliban/index.html?section=cnn_latest. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Troops killed in Pakistan clashes". BBC News. May 7, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8037281.stm. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Computerization of Police Stations in District Swat". NWFP.gov.PK. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080524074215/http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/ST_IT/Projects/ComputerizationofPoliceStations.php. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Suicide and Terrorist attacks, Pakistan Society of Criminology
- ^ Search Results war on terror cost pakistan bn qureshi qs | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM
- ^ [18][dead link]
- ^ a b "Pakistan: $1 billion from U.S. to fight terror". Aki/Dawn. November 14, 2006. http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level_English.php?cat=Security&loid=8.0.359974956&par=0. Retrieved November 24, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan". http://www.thenews.com.pk/blog/blog_details.asp?id=107. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ "Obama to propose 28 billion dollars military aid for Pakistan". Thaindian.com. March 31, 2009. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/obama-to-propose-28-billion-dollars-military-aid-for-pakistan_100173583.html. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea (March 2, 2010). "US to send Pakistan laser-guided bomb kits". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0217277420100302?type=marketsNews.
External links[link]
- Pakistan Conflict Monitor Daily highlights of news, research and analysis on the conflict and security related issues, published by the Human Security Report Project
- Battling Taliban: Where Does It Stop? ongoing coverage from Dawn in Pakistan
- Waziristan War (2004 – present) from The History Guy
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/War_in_North-West_Pakistan
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Conflit armé du Nord-Ouest du Pakistan
http://nl.wn.com/Oorlog in Waziristan
http://pt.wn.com/Guerra no Noroeste do Paquistão
http://ru.wn.com/Хронология конфликта в Вазиристане
http://de.wn.com/Konflikt in Nordwest-Pakistan
http://pl.wn.com/Wojna w Pakistanie
http://id.wn.com/Perang di Pakistan Barat Daya
http://es.wn.com/Guerra en el noroeste de Pakistán
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mike Mentzer | |
|---|---|
| 250px | |
| Born | (1951-11-15)November 15, 1951 |
| Died | June 10, 2001(2001-06-10) (aged 49) |
Mike Mentzer (November 15, 1951 – June 10, 2001) was an American IFBB professional bodybuilder, businessman, and author.
Contents |
Bodybuilding career[link]
Mike Mentzer started competing in local physique contests when he was eighteen. His first contest was in 1969. In 1971 he suffered his worst defeat, placing 10th at the AAU Mr. America, which was won by Casey Viator. Mentzer considered his presence at this contest important later on, as it was here that he met Viator who gave Mentzer the contact information for his trainer Arthur Jones. After a layoff of a few years, he returned to competition in 1975 at the Mr. America, placing third behind Robby Robinson and Roger Callard. Mentzer went on to win that competition the next year, in 1976. He won the 1977 North America championships in Vancouver, British Columbia, and competed a week later at the 1977 Mr. Universe in Nîmes, France placing second to Kal Szkalak.
In 1978, Mentzer won the Mr. Universe in Acapulco, Mexico with the first and only perfect 300 score. He became a professional bodybuilder after that 1978 Universe win. In late 1979, Mentzer won the heavyweight class of the Mr. Olympia, again with a perfect 300 score, but he lost in the overall to Frank Zane who was awarded the title for a third time that year. In the 1980 Mr. Olympia he placed fourth (in a tie with Boyer Coe) behind Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chris Dickerson and Frank Zane. He retired from competitive bodybuilding after that show at the age of 29. He maintained that the contest was rigged until the day he died, and never said he thought that he should have won, but that Arnold shouldn't have, though he eventually got on good terms with Schwarzenegger.[citation needed]
Bodybuilding philosophy[link]
Mentzer was an Objectivist and he insisted that philosophy and bodybuilding are one and the same. He said "Man, is an indivisible entity, an integrated unit of mind and body." Thus, his books contain as much philosophy as they do bodybuilding information.
Mentzer took the bodybuilding concepts developed by Arthur Jones and attempted to perfect them. Through years of study, observation, knowledge of stress physiology, the most up-to-date scientific information available, and careful use of his reasoning abilities, Mentzer devised and successfully implemented his own theory of bodybuilding. Mentzer's theories are intended to help a drug-free person achieve their full genetic potential within the shortest amount of time.[1]
High-Intensity Training the Mike Mentzer Way was Mentzer's final work. In it, he detailed the principles of high intensity weight training. Weight training, he insisted, had to be brief, infrequent, and intense, in order to attain the best results in the shortest amount of time. Heavy Duty II also espouses critical thinking. In this book, Mentzer shows why people need to use their reasoning ability to live happy, mature, adult lives, and he shows readers how to go about doing so. Bodybuilding was endorsed as only one potential component of an individual's existence, there being many other worthwhile pursuits that he encouraged through his books.[2]
Diet and nutrition[link]
Diet has always been as important, if not more, as weight-training for bodybuilders. However, in his book Heavy Duty Nutrition, Mentzer demonstrated that nutrition for athletes did not need to be nearly as extreme as the bodybuilding industry would lead one to believe. His recommended diets were well balanced, and he espoused eating from all four food groups, totaling four servings each of high-quality grains and fruits, and two each of dairy and protein daily, all year-round.[3]
Mentzer believed that Carbohydrates should make up the bulk of the caloric intake, 50-60%, rather than protein as preferred by others. Mentzer's reasoning was simple: to build 10 pounds of muscle in a year, a total of 6000 extra calories needed to be ingested throughout the year, because one pound of muscle contains 600 calories. That averages 16 extra calories per day, and only four of them needed to be from protein—because muscle is 22% protein, about one quarter.[3]
Mentzer's heavy-duty training system[link]
While Mike Mentzer was serving in the US Air Force, he would work 12-hour shifts, and then follow that up with 'marathon workouts', as was the accepted standard in those days. In his first bodybuilding contest, he met the winner, Casey Viator. Mentzer learned that Viator trained in very high intensity (heavy weights for as many repetitions as possible, to total muscle fatigue), for very brief (20–45 minutes per session) and infrequent training sessions. Mentzer also learned that Viator almost exclusively worked out with the relatively new Nautilus machines, created and marketed by Arthur Jones in Deland, Florida. Mentzer and Jones soon met and became friends.[4]
Jones pioneered the principles of high-intensity training in the late 1960s. He emphasized the need to maintain perfectly strict form, move the weights in a slow and controlled manner, work the muscles to complete failure (positive and negative), and avoid over-training. Casey Viator had seen fantastic results training under the direction of Jones, and Mentzer became very interested in this training philosophy.[4] Eventually, however, Mentzer concluded that even Jones was not completely applying his own principles, so he began investigating a more full application. He began training clients in a near experimental manner, evaluating the perfect number of repetitions, exercises, and days of rest to achieve maximum benefits.[1]
For more than ten years, Mentzer's Heavy Duty program involved 7-9 sets per workout on a three day-per-week schedule.[1] With the advent of "modern bodybuilding" (where bodybuilders became more massive than ever before) by the early 1990s, he ultimately modified that routine until there were fewer working sets, and more days of rest. His first breakthrough became known as the 'Ideal (Principled) Routine', which was a fantastic step in minimal training. Outlined in High-Intensity Training the Mike Mentzer Way, fewer than five working sets were performed each session, and rest was emphasized, necessitating 4–7 days of recovery before the next workout.[2] According to Mentzer, biologists and physiologists since the nineteenth century have known that hypertrophy is directly related to intensity, not duration, of effort (Mentzer 2003;39). Most bodybuilding and weightlifting authorities do not take into account the severe nature of the stress imposed by heavy, strenuous resistance exercise carried to a point of positive muscular failure.[1]
Mentzer's training courses (books and audio tapes), sold through bodybuilding magazines, were extremely popular, beginning after Mentzer won the 1978 IFBB Mr. Universe contest. This contest gathered a lot of attention, because at it he became the first bodybuilder ever to receive a perfect 300 score from the judges. Some time later, Mentzer attracted more attention when he introduced Dorian Yates to high-intensity training, and put him through his first series of workouts in the early '90s.[1] Yates went on to win the Mr. Olympia six consecutive times, from 1992–1997.
Competitive history[link]
- 1971 Mr. America - AAU, 10th
- 1971 Teen Mr America - AAU, 2nd
- 1975 Mr. America - IFBB, Medium, 3rd
- 1975 Mr. USA - ABBA, Medium, 2nd
- 1976 Mr. America - IFBB, Overall Winner
- 1976 Mr. America - IFBB, Medium, 1st
- 1976 Mr. Universe - IFBB, MiddleWeight, 2nd
- 1977 North American Championships - IFBB, Overall Winner
- 1977 North American Championships - IFBB, MiddleWeight, 1st
- 1977 Mr. Universe - IFBB, HeavyWeight, 2nd
- 1978 USA vs the World - IFBB, HeavyWeight, 1st
- 1978 World Amateur Championships - IFBB, HeavyWeight, 1st
- 1979 Canada Pro Cup - IFBB, 2nd
- 1979 Florida Pro Invitational - IFBB, 1st
- 1979 Night of Champions - IFBB, 3rd
- 1979 Mr. Olympia - IFBB, HeavyWeight (over 200 pounds) 1st, Overall 2nd
- 1979 Pittsburgh Pro Invitational - IFBB, 2nd
- 1979 Southern Pro Cup - IFBB, 1st
- 1980 Mr. Olympia - IFBB, 5th
Final years and death[link]
Following the loss at the 1980 Mr. Olympia, Mentzer reportedly ran into numerous problems. In the late 1970s, he was reported to have begun using amphetamines, claiming he took them only as an ergogenic aid to help facilitate a hectic lifestyle. Mentzer left his position at Weider Publications shortly after his loss at the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest and suffered financially as a result. He did land a job in 1985 as publisher and editor-in-chief of the newly launched WorkOut magazine, a venture of Stewart Communications Inc. in Tarzana, California. However, when WorkOut failed during the same year that his father died, Mentzer reportedly suffered a mental breakdown.[4] According to Peter McGough, editor-in-chief of FLEX magazine, stories began to surface of Mentzer exhibiting some very erratic behavior. Stories of him running naked through the streets, directing traffic, telling prophecies about the end of the world, being arrested by the police numerous times and even waiting for aliens to land were all published in magazines at one point or another. Popular bodybuilding writer Dan Duchaine even suggested that Mentzer was drinking his own urine at the time. Mentzer denied this in a 2001 interview with Ironman magazine. Nonetheless, according to McGough, some of these stories are true and some are not.[citation needed] Mentzer was also regularly institutionalized between 1985 up until 1990, when he finally kicked his amphetamine habit. Drug-free, Mentzer returned to training bodybuilders and writing for Iron Man magazine and spent much of the 1990s regaining his stature in the bodybuilding industry.
Mike had met Dorian Yates in the 1980s and made an impression on Dorian's budding body building career. Years later when Yates won Joe Weider's "Mr. Olympia", he credited Mike's "Heavy Duty" principles for his training. Mike, his brother Ray, and Dorian formed a clothing company called "MYM" for Mentzer Yates Mentzer, also known as "Heavy Duty Inc", in 1994. MYM was based on the success of Don Smith's "CrazeeWear" bodybuilding apparel. The three principals wanted to capitalize on the physically fit lifestyle, which today has gone mainstream. With the blessing and promotion of Joe Weider, the trio manufactured and distributed their own line of cut and sew sportswear.
Mentzer died on June 10, 2001 in Rolling Hills, California. He was found dead in his apartment, due to heart complications, by his younger brother and fellow bodybuilder Ray Mentzer. Two days later, his brother Ray also died in his sleep after complications from his long battle with Berger's disease.
See also[link]
References[link]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mentzer, Mike |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | November 15, 1951 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | June 10, 2001 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mike_Mentzer
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Ментцер, Майк
http://pt.wn.com/Mike Mentzer
http://de.wn.com/Mike Mentzer
http://it.wn.com/Mike Mentzer
http://es.wn.com/Mike Mentzer
http://pl.wn.com/Mike Mentzer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mentzer
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
