Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	Royal Institute of Technology
Native name	Kungliga Tekniska högskolan
Chinese name	瑞典皇家工学院
Image name	Kth_logo.svg
Motto	Vetenskap och Konst ("Science and Art")
Established	1827
Type	Public University
City	Stockholm
Country	Sweden
Students	14,500 (FTE, 2009)
Doctoral	1,500
Staff	2,935
Faculty	500
Rector	Prof. Peter Gudmundson
Chairman	Dr. Cecilia Schelin Seidegård
Campus	Urban
Affiliations	CLUSTER, CESAER, EUA, TIME network et al.
Website	www.kth.se/en }}

The Royal Institute of Technology (, abbreviated KTH) is a university in Stockholm, Sweden. KTH was founded in 1827 as Sweden's first polytechnic and is one of Scandinavia's largest institutions of higher education in technology, (the largest by certain definitions). KTH accounts for one-third of Sweden’s technical research and engineering education capacity at university level. KTH offers programmes leading to a Master of Architecture, Master of Science in Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, licentiate or doctoral degree. The university also offers a technical preparatory programme for non-scientists and further education.

There are a total of just over 13,000 full-year equivalent undergraduate students, more than 1,500 active postgraduate students and 2,935 full time equivalent employees. KTH is one of the leading technical universities in Europe and highly respected worldwide, especially in the domains of technology and natural sciences.

Campus

The main campus buildings at Valhallavägen in Östermalm, by architect Erik Lallerstedt, was completed in 1917. The buildings and surroundings were decorated by prominent early 20th century Swedish artists such as Carl Milles, Axel Törneman, Georg Pauli, Tore Strindberg and Ivar Johnsson. The older buildings on the campus went through a complete renovation in 1994. While the original campus was large for its time, KTH very soon outgrew it and the campus was expanded with new buildings. Today KTH institutions and faculties are distributed across several campuses in Stockholm County, located in Flemingsberg, Haninge, Kista and Södertälje in addition to the ones in Östermalm.

History

KTH was founded in 1827 under the name Technological Institute (''Teknologiska institutet''), following the establishment of polytechnical schools in many European countries the early years of the 19th century, often based on the model of École Polytechnique in Paris in 1794.

KTH's earliest Swedish predecessor was the ''Laboratorium mechanicum'', a collection of mechanical models for teaching created in 1697 by Christopher Polhem, who is considered to be the father of mechanics in Sweden. The models were used intermittently for teaching practical mechanics by different masters until the School of Mechanics (''Mekaniska skolan'') was founded in 1798. This is the year from which there has been continuous teaching of technology in Sweden. The activities of the School of Mechanics was taken over by KTH when it was founded.

The institute had one professor of chemistry and one of physics, and one class in mechanical engineering and one in chemical engineering. During the first years, however, teaching was at a very elementary level, and more aimed at craftsmanship rather than engineering as such. The institute was also plagued by conflicts between the faculty and the founder and head of the institute, Gustaf Magnus Schwartz, who was responsible for the artisanal focus of the institute. A governmental committee was appointed in 1844 to solve the issues, which led to the removal of Schwartz in 1845. Instead, Joachim Åkerman, the head of the School of Mining in Falun and a former professor of chemistry at KTH, took over. He led a complete reorganisation of the institute in 1846-1848, after which he returned to his post in Falun. An entrance test and a minimum age of 16 for students was introduced, which led to the creation of a proper engineering training at the institute. In 1851, the course was extended from two to three years.

In the late 1850s, the institute entered a period of expansion. In 1863 the institute received its own purpose-built buildings on Drottninggatan. In 1867 the regulations of the institute were again overhauled, and now explicitly stated that the institute should provide scientific training to its students. In 1869, the School of Mining in Falun was moved to Stockholm and merged with the institute, and in 1871 the institute took over the civil engineering course previously arranged by the Higher Artillery College in Marieberg.

In 1877 the name was changed into the current one, which changed KTH's status from Institute (''institut'') to College (''högskola''), and some courses were extended from three to four years. Architecture was also added to the course programme.

In 1915, the degree titles conferred by KTH received legal protection. In the late 19th century, it had become common to use the title ''civilingenjör'' (literally "civil engineer") for most KTH-trained engineers, and not just those who studied building and construction-related subjects. The only exception was the mining engineers, which called themselves ''bergsingenjör'' ("mountain engineer"). For a while, the title ''civilingenjör'' was equal to "KTH graduate" but in 1937, Chalmers in Gothenburg became the second Swedish engineering college which were allowed to confirm these titles.

In 1917, the first buildings of KTH's new campus on Valhallavägen were completed, and still constitute its main campus.

Although the engineering education of the late 19th and early 20th century were scientifically founded, up until the early 20th century, research as such was not seen as a central activity of an Institute of Technology. Those engineering graduates which went on to academic research had to earn their doctorates, typically in physics or chemistry, at a regular university. In 1927, KTH was finally granted the right to confer its own doctorates, under the designation ''Teknologie doktor'' (Doctor of Technology), and the first five doctors were created in 1929.

In 1984 the ''civilingenjör'' course at all Swedish universities was extended from four to 4.5 years. From 1989, the shorter training in technology arranged by the municipal polytechnical schools in Sweden was gradually extended and moved in to the university system, from 1989 as two-year courses and from 1995 alternatively as three-year courses. For KTH, this meant that additional campuses around the Stockholm area were added.

R1 nuclear reactor

After the American deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, the Swedish military leadership recognized the need for nuclear weapons to be thoroughly investigated and researched to provide Sweden with the knowledge to defend itself from a nuclear attack. With the mission to "make something with neutrons", the Swedish team, with scientists like Rolf Maximilian Sievert, set out to research the subject and eventually build a nuclear reactor for testing.

After a few years of basic research, they started building a 300 kW (later expanded to 1 MW) reactor, named ''Reaktor 1'', ''R1'' for short, in a reactor hall 25 meters under the surface right underneath KTH. Today this might seem ill-considered, since approximately 40,000 people lived within a 1 km radius. It was risky, but were deemed tolerable since the reactor was an important research tool for scientists at the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (''Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien'').

At 18:59, 13 July 1954, the reactor reached critical mass and sustained Sweden's first nuclear reaction. R1 was to be the main site for almost all Swedish nuclear research until 1970 when the reactor was finally decommissioned, mostly due to the increased awareness of the risks associated with operating a reactor in a densely populated area of Stockholm. The reactor hall remains an amusement to many as once it was next door to what used to be Sweden's first nuclear reactor. Close to the reactor hall is the restaurant ''Q''.

Organization

From 2005 KTH is organized into nine schools each consisting of a number of departments:

School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE)

* Architecture

* Civil and Architectural Engineering

* Real Estate and Construction Management

** Real Estate and Construction Management

** Building and Real Estate Economics

* Philosophy and History of Technology

** Philosophy

** History of Science and Technology

* Land and Water Resources Engineering

* Urban Planning and Environment

* Transport and Economics

School of Biotechnology (BIO)

* KTH Biotechnology

School of Computer Science and Communication (CSC)

* KTH Numerical Analysis and Computer Science (together with Stockholms universitet)

* KTH Speech, Music and Hearing

* The Unit for Language and Communication

School of Electrical Engineering (EE)

* KTH Alfvén Laboratory (defunct, split in several departments)

* KTH Electrical Engineering

* KTH Signals, Sensors and Systems

School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM)

* KTH Energy Technology

* KTH Industrial Economics and Management

* KTH Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management

* KTH Production Engineering

* KTH Materials Science and Engineering

* KTH Machine Design (MMK)

School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

* KTH Electronic, Computer and Software Systems

* KTH Computer and Systems Sciences (together with Stockholms universitet)

* KTH Communication Systems

* KTH Microelectronics and Applied Physics (MAP)

** KTH Division of Functional Materials

* KTH Nanotechnology

* KTH Photonics

* KTH Applied IT with Entrepreneurship (defunct)

School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE)

* KTH Chemistry

* KTH Chemical Engineering and Technology

* KTH Fibre and Polymer Technology

School of Technology and Health (STH)

* Division of Medical Engineering (together with Karolinska institutet and Södertörns Högskola)

* KTH South

School of Engineering Sciences (SCI)

* KTH Physics

* KTH Applied Physics

* KTH Theoretical Physics

* KTH Mathematics

* KTH Mechanics

* KTH Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering

* KTH Solid Mechanics

KTH Företagssamverkan

Enheten för vetenskaplig information och lärande

* KTHB

* Learning Lab

Quality of education

arwu w	201-300
arwu n	5-9
qs w	150
thes w	193
thes e	80 }}

In 2007, by government initiative, the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education employed an international expert committee to find and award the top five highest quality education areas among all universities and colleges in Sweden. The Royal Institute of Technology received one such "Centre of Excellent Quality in Higher Education" (in Vehicle Engineering). It is the only higher education institution in the Stockholm/Uppsala region to receive an award. In 2009, KTH was the only institution among all Sweden's universities to be awarded "Centre of Excellent Quality in Higher Education"(in Computer Science). In 2010 the university was ranked 150th in the world by QS World University Rankings, ranking 60th for Engineering & Technology (making it the highest ranked institution in Scandinavia) and 99th in the Natural Sciences. In the same year Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked KTH 5th in Sweden, 80th in Europe and 193rd in the world.

Notable alumni

Many prominent students have graduated from KTH, including;

Teodor Aastrup, CEO of Attana

Salomon August Andrée, Arctic Explorer

Ernst Alexanderson, Inventor

Joe Armstrong, creator of the Erlang programming language

Kurt Atterberg, Composer (graduated 1911)

Karl-Birger Blomdahl, Composer

Magnus Egerstedt, Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology

Börje Ekholm, CEO of Investor AB

Carl Daniel Ekman, pioneer in production of wood pulp for paper

Knut Frænkel, Arctic Explorer

Christer Fuglesang, Astronaut, first Swedish citizen in space

Kurt Hellström, former CEO of Ericsson

Umut Aydin, Industrialist

Ivar Kreuger, Industrialist

Peter Lindgren (musician), former guitarist of Opeth

Dolph Lundgren, Actor

Carl Munters, Inventor

Seif Haridi, Professor at KTH, Co-inventor of the Mozart Programming System, chief Scientist at SICS

Ivar Jacobson, Inventor of the sequence diagrams, and UML

Helge Palmcrantz, Inventor

Tinga Seisay, Diplomat

Max Tegmark, Professor of Cosmology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Baltzar von Platen, Inventor

Gunnar Widforss, Swedish-American artist

Karl Johan Åström, Control Engineer, IEEE Medal of Honor recipient (1993)

Erik Birgersson, Innovator

Notable faculty

Hannes Alfvén, Nobel Prize laureate and plasma physicist (b. 1908 - d. 1995)

Lennart Carleson, Abel Prize laureate

Sven Ove Hansson

Johan Håstad, two-time Gödel Prize winner

Carl-Gunne Fälthammar, plasma physicist

Arne Kaijser

Ari Laptev, Professor of Mathematics at KTH and Chair in Pure Mathematics at Imperial College London, President of the European Mathematical Society

Peter Pohl, author and university lecturer in numerical analysis, joint recipient of the 1992 August Prize (''Augustpriset'')

Stanislav Smirnov, former faculty member, Fields Medal winner

Waloddi Weibull

See also

List of universities in Sweden

List of forestry universities and colleges

ESDP-Network

Top Industrial Managers for Europe

Footnotes

External links

Royal Institute of Technology - Official site

* Category:Universities in Sweden Category:Technical universities and colleges Category:Higher education in Stockholm Category:Science and technology in Sweden Category:Buildings and structures in Stockholm Category:Educational institutions established in 1827

ar:المعهد الملكي للتكنولوجيا da:Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan de:Königlich Technische Hochschule Stockholm es:Instituto Real de Tecnología fa:دانشگاه صنعتی کی تی اچ fr:Kungliga tekniska högskolan ko:왕립 공과대학교 is:Konunglegi tækniháskólinn it:Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan ka:შვედეთის სამეფო ტექნოლოგიური უნივერსიტეტი ja:スウェーデン王立工科大学 no:Kungliga Tekniska högskolan pnb:رائل انسٹیٹیوٹ آف ٹیکنالوجی pt:Instituto Real de Tecnologia ro:Universitatea Tehnică Regală ru:Королевский технологический институт fi:Kuninkaallinen teknillinen korkeakoulu sv:Kungliga Tekniska högskolan tr:Kraliyet Teknik Üniversitesi zh:皇家工学院

Institute of technology is a designation employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be a world renowned institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.

The term ''polytechnic'' comes from the Greek πολύ (''polú'' or ''polý'') meaning "many" and τεχνικός (''tekhnikós'') meaning "arts". The term ''institute of technology'', for its part, is often abbreviated IT; the term is not to be confused with information technology.

While the terms ''institute of technology'' and ''polytechnic'' are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.

Institutes of technology versus polytechnics

The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the University of Braunschweig (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the ''Ecole Polytechnique'', which has educated French ''élites'' since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. However this early "Technology schools" were not parts of the Higher Education in the beginnings. The so-called BME University of Hungary (Founded as: "Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum" in 1782) is considered the oldest institution of technology in the world, which has university rank and structure. Sometimes, also institutes of technology are engineering and science research intense universities when they meet conditions necessary to be formally considered a university: autonomy to offer master's and doctoral degrees and independence as research institutions. In the USA famous examples include Caltech, MIT, NYIT, Virginia Tech, Georgia Tech, Illinois Tech, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, and Rochester Institute of Technology. In India, Indian Institutes of Technology are specific elite institutes which were based on a post WWII recommendation for industrialization.

In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.

In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term ''institute of technology'' is more favored synonym of a ''regional technical college'' though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including Master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.

In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases ''polytechnic'' were a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an ''institute of technology''. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like ''institute of technology'', ''polytechnic university'', ''university of applied sciences'', or ''university of technology'' for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions.

Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?

Argentina

In the so called ''Latin American docta'' the main higher institution advocates to the study of technology is the National Technological University which has brand ramifications through all the country geographic space in the way of ''Regional Faculties''. The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (ITBA) is other important recognized institute of technology with renowned and prestige in the country.

Australia

1970s–1990s

During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.

1990s–today

Since the mid 1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. These primarily offer vocational education, although some are beginning to offer higher education. This usage of the term is most prevalent in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.

In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3 year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au

In the higher education sector, there are five designated Universities of Technology in Australia:

Curtin University, Western Australia

Queensland University of Technology, Queensland

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Victoria

Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria

University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales

Austria

The world's first technical institute the Berg-Schola was founded in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1735 by the Chamber of Vienna.

Technische Universität

These institutions grant can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Graz University of Technology (11.000 students, founded 1811, Hochschule since 1865, doctoral degrees since 1901, University since 1975)

Vienna University of Technology (15.000 students, founded 1815, Hochschule since 1872, doctoral degrees since 1901, University since 1975)

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna focused on agriculture (8600 students, founded as Hochschule in 1872, doctoral degrees since 1906, University since 1975)

University of Leoben specialized in mining, metallurgy, and materials (2.700 students, founded 1840, Hochschule since 1904, doctoral degrees since 1906, University since 1975)

Research institutions

These institutions focus only on research.

Austrian Institute of Technology (founded 1956)

Institute of Science and Technology Austria (founded 2007)

Technical faculties at universities

Some Universities have a Faculty of Technology that can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

Johannes Kepler University of Linz (Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences founded 1965, University since 1975)

University of Innsbruck (Faculty of civil engineering founded 1969)

University of Klagenfurt (Faculty of Technical Sciences founded 2007)

Fachhochschulen

Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

In 2010 there are 20 Fachhochschulen in Austria

Belgium and the Netherlands

''Hogeschool'' is used in Belgium and ''Hogere Technische School'' (HTS) in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the ''Fachhochschule'' in the German language areas and to the ''ammattikorkeakoulu'' in Finland.

''Hogeschool'' institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.

In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all ''hogescholen'' in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.

Belarus

Brest State Technical University (Brest, Belarus)

Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics (Minsk, Belarus)

Belarusian National Technical University (BNTU) (Minsk, Belarus)

Canada

In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: applied degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.

Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.

Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of ten leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.

Affiliate Schools

École Polytechnique de Montréal (polytechnic school affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec)

ETS or École de technologie supérieure (technical school part of the Université du Québec system in Montreal, Quebec)

Colleges

Algonquin College (college in Ottawa, Ontario)

Conestoga College (college in Kitchener, Ontario)

George Brown College (college in Toronto, Ontario)

Humber College (college in Toronto, Ontario)

Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology (college in Toronto, Ontario)

Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes

BCIT or British Columbia Institute of Technology (polytechnic institute in Burnaby, British Columbia)

NAIT or Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (polytechnic institute in Edmonton, Alberta)

SAIT Polytechnic or Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (polytechnic institute in Calgary, Alberta)

Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning (polytechnic institute in Oakville, Ontario)

SIAST or Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology (polytechnic institute in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)

Universities

Kwantlen Polytechnic University (polytechnic university in Surrey, British Columbia)

Ryerson University (university in Toronto, Ontario) - While not a polytechnic anymore, Ryerson was one of the originators of applied education in Ontario, and Canada. It dropped the term polytechnic in 1993 when it was able to grant master degrees, using the term University instead, and changed the name of some degree designations to bring it inline with other "traditional" universities.

UOIT or University of Ontario Institute of Technology (university in Oshawa, Ontario)

Czech Republic

Technical Universities

Czech Technical University in Prague (ČVUT), founded in 1707, 23.000 students, it belongs to the oldest technical universities in the world. www.cvut.cz/en

Technical University of Ostrava (VŠB TUO), founded in 1849, 22.000 students. en.vsb.cz

Brno University of Technology (VUT), founded in 1899, 24.000 students. www.vutbr.cz

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (ČZU), founded in 1904, focused on agriculture, 18.000 students. www.czu.cz

Mendel University Brno (MENDELU), founded in 1919, focused on agriculture, 9.000 students. www.mendelu.cz

Technical University of Liberec (TUL), founded in 1953, 8.000 students. www.tul.cz

Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín (UTB), founded in 2000, 10.000 students. www.utb.cz

Research institutions

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (AV ČR), dates back to 1784, 14.000 research staff altogether. www.avcr.cz

Technical faculties at Universities

University of West Bohemia (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; University founded in 1991)

University of Pardubice (Faculty of Chemical Technology since 1950, Jan Perner Faculty of Transportation since 1991, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Informatics since 2002)

Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem (Faculty of Production Technology and Management, University founded in 1991)

Denmark

Technical University of Denmark

Egypt

Higher Technological Institute

Ethiopia

Mekelle Institute of Technology

Mekelle Institute of Technology is located at Ainalem, 5 kilometers outside of Mek'ele, the capital of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.

Mekelle Institute of Technology(MIT)'s mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

MIT graduated its first batch of 142 students 7 July 2007. Currently the campus is teaching around 300 students attending in Engineering faculty.

Finland

Universities of Technology

Universities of Technology can grant B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.), L.Sc. (tech.) Ph.D. and Dr.Tech. degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. They are the only universities in Finland that can grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and Dr.Tech degrees.

Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (tech.) required 180 credits whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. Unlike between polytechnics and universities, the credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable; in many programmes, an University of Technology student can study a course in a normal university and get it fully refunded in his/her home university, and vice versa.

Some Finnish Universities of Technology are:

Aalto University, formed from Helsinki University of Technology and other universities

Tampere University of Technology

Lappeenranta University of Technology

Polytechnics

Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. ''Ammattikorkeakoulu'' is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "''yrkeshögskola''" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance ''insinööri'', engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic Bachelor's degree awarded by a university. After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the ''hogeschool'' in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the ''Fachhochschule'' in the German language areas.

Some Finnish polytechnics are:

Turku University of Applied Sciences

Kemi-Tornio University of Applied Sciences

a complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland

French language areas

Instituts de technologie (grandes écoles)

Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :

Centrale Graduate School

Grenoble Institute of Technology

Institut national des sciences appliquées.

Paris Institute of Technology

They provide science and technology master degrees and doctoral degrees.

''Universités technologiques / instituts universitaires de technologie'' / polytechs

France education system also includes three universities of technology:

''Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard''

University of Technology of Compiègne

University of Technology of Troyes

In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as ''institut universitaire de technologie'' (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.

In the French speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term ''haute école specialisée'' for a type of institution called ''Fachhochschule'' in the German speaking part of the country. (see below).

Écoles polytechniques

Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French ''École polytechnique''. Such terms include ''Écoles Polytechniques'' (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).

In French language, higher education refers to ''écoles polytechniques'', providing science and engineering curricula:

École polytechnique or X (near Paris)

École polytechnique de Bruxelles

École polytechnique de Montréal

École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne

National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine

National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse

Germany

Fachhochschule / Hochschule

''Fachhochschulen'' and ''Hochschulen'' were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.

In 2009/10 there existed about 200 Fachhochschulen in Germany. See the german wikipedia for a list.

Technische Universität

''Technische Universität'' (abbreviation: ''TU'') are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions grant can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

The nine largest and most renowned ''Technische Universitäten'' in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of naturale sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).

There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a ''Technische Universität''. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of ''TUs'', while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.

{|class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of ''Technische Universitäten'' in Germany ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:31%;"| Name ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:24%;" | Land ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:15%;" | Foundation ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:12%;" | Students ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:19%;" | Notes |- | Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH Aachen) || border|20px|NRW North Rhine-Westphalia || 1870 || 32,943 || member of TU9 |- | Berlin Institute of Technology || border|20px|BN Berlin || 1770 || 29,234 || member of TU9 |- | Brandenburg Technical University || |- | Technische Universität Braunschweig ''Carolo-Wilhelmina'' || border|20px|NS Lower Saxony || 1745 || 12,500 || member of TU9, oldest TU in Germany |- | Chemnitz University of Technology || border|20px|SN Saxony || 1836 || 10,317 || |- | Clausthal University of Technology || border|20px|NS Lower Saxony || 1775 || 3,199 || |- | Technische Universität Darmstadt || border|20px|HS Hesse || 1877 || 20,800 || member of TU9 |- | Technische Universität Dresden || border|20px|SN Saxony || 1824 || 34,993 || member of TU9, largest TU in Germany by students enrolled |- | Dortmund University of Technology || border|20px|NRW North Rhine-Westphalia || 1968 || 22,012 || |- | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg || border|20px|SN Saxony || 1765 || 4,508 || one of the world's oldest universities of mining |- | Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg || border|20px|HH Hamburg || 1978 || 5,000 || |- | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover || border|20px|NS Lower Saxony || 1831 || 21,800 || member of TU9 |- | Technische Universität Ilmenau || border|20px|TH Thuringia || 1894 || 7,200 || |- | Technische Universität Kaiserslautern || border|20px|RP Rhineland-Palatinate || 1870 || 9,600 || |- | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ''Fridericiana'' || border|20px|BW Baden-Württemberg || 1825 || 18,245 || member of TU9 |- | Technische Universität München || border|20px|BY Bavaria || 1868 || 21,608 || member of TU9 |- | University of Stuttgart || border|20px|BW Baden-Württemberg || 1829 || 19,702 || member of TU9 |- |}

Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are

University of Duisburg-Essen

Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg

University of Rostock with a tradition in ''ship building and engineering''

Greece

Mainarticle:Polytechnic (Greece) , Higher Technological Educational Institutes

In Greece there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel, equivalent and complementary part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).

Hong Kong

:''See also: Education in Hong Kong and List of universities in Hong Kong'' The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). A second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and 1995 respectively, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

Hungary

The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola established in Hungary ( today University of Miskolc, re-established in 1949 as Technical University of Heavy Industry in Miskolc). It was founded in Selmecbánya as the Royal Hungarian Academy of Mining and Forestry in 1735.

Budapest University of Technology and Economics, one of the oldest universities of technology of the world is located in Budapest (est. 1782).

India

A polytechnic is a technical institute which imparts technical education in India. Polytechnics are not affiliated to any university. They offer three year duration diploma courses in engineering. The courses offered in polytechnics can be said to be abridged version of degree courses offered in engineering colleges in India. The courses are designed in such a way that the students are able to perform basic engineering tasks. The diploma holders in engineering are generally employed as supervisors or junior engineers in the companies. The minimum qualification for admission to polytechnics is pass in SSLC (Standard Tenth). The polytechnics are affiliated to state technical boards. The All India Council of Technical Education is the regulating authority for polytechnics in India.

After successfully completing their diploma in polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE/BTech which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities.

Iran

''Tehran Polytechnic'' or Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran.

Sharif University of Technology, Tehran.

Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan.

Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran.

K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran.

Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz.

Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood.

Faculty of Engineering (دانشکده فنی) of Tehran University, Tehran.

Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Shiraz University, Shiraz.

Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Mashhad University, Mashhad.

Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Tabriz University, Tabriz.

Faculty of Technology and Engineering of Arak University, Arak.

Iraq

University of Technology, Iraq

Technical College, Basrah

''Also see'' Iraqi Technical Colleges and Institutes

Ireland

The Republic of Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system – the latter term is still the correct legal term for the colleges when used generically or collectively. These institutions have a similar number of students attending as at Irish universities, and offer subdegree and degree level studies. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorization by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.

Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.

''See also:'' Community College

Israel

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2010 ranked 38 in the world.

Italian language areas

In Italy the term ''Politecnico'' is used to refer to a university of applied sciences. Currently there are three ''Politecnici'' in the country:

Politecnico di Milano

Politecnico di Torino

Politecnico di Bari

In the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland the term ''Scuola Universitaria Professionale'' is used for the type of institution called ''Fachhochschule'' in the German-speaking part of the country. (See German language areas, above.)

Jamaica

University of Technology, Jamaica, in Kingston, Jamaica.

Japan

See the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the Imperial College of Engineering, forerunner of The University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. See also Kyushu Institute of Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology and Nagoya Institute of Technology.

See also Technical education in Japan and Colleges of Technology in Japan.

Jordan

Princess Sumaya University for Technology in Amman.

Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irbid.

New York Institute of Technology, Jordan campus.

Balqa Applied University in Salt.

Malaysia

''See also:'' Education in Malaysia.

Mauritius

The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.

New Zealand

New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.

Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)

The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.

''See also:'' List of polytechnics and institutes of technology in New Zealand and Education in New Zealand

Pakistan

The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.

These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and have been in service since early 1950s.

After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities.

Philippines

Cebu Institute of Technology University, a premier engineering school located in Cebu City, Philippines in the Visayas region. The University is known to have high selectivity in admissions as well as excellence in engineering research and education.

Mapúa Institute of Technology, an engineering school in the Philippines

Polytechnic University of the Philippines, a state university in the Philippines that is also referred to as the National Comprehensive University of the Philippines.

Technological University of the Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, the premier state university in the southern Philippines, and the science and technology flagship campus of the Mindanao State University System(the second biggest university system in the Philippines next to the University of the Philippines).

Poland

Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

Politechnika Śląska

Politechnika Wrocławska

Politechnika Warszawska

Politechnika Poznańska

Politechnika Krakowska

Politechnika Gdańska

Politechnika Łódzka

Other polytechnical universities:

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza

Portugal

The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese ''licenciatura''). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as ''bacharelatos'' and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.

Russia

Bauman Moscow State Technical University

Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University

Tomsk Polytechnic University

''See also:'' List of institutions of higher learning in Russia

Singapore

Singapore retains a system close to that applying in the United Kingdom from 1969–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities, but also including a third component, the institute of technical education (ITE). Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their 'O' Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either ITE, a polytechnic or a pre-university centre (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). A few secondary schools are now offering a six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Polytechnics offer three year diploma courses in subjects such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields. There are a total of 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Singapore Polytechnic

Ngee Ann Polytechnic

Temasek Polytechnic

Nanyang Polytechnic

Republic Polytechnic

The institute of technical education offers shorter programmes up to 2 year certificates in a wide variety of fields, ranging from beauty therapy to nursing, electronics, business and information technology. There are currently three colleges within ITE. One of them is a recently opened large campus while the other two are each composed of five smaller campuses which will be replaced in the coming years by a large campus for each college. The three colleges are:

ITE College East

ITE College West

ITE College Central

Nanyang Technological University (public research university) offers up PhD degree level engineering education. Another comprehensive university known as National University of Singapore (public research university) also provides up to PhD level engineering education.

A new public university (Singapore Institute of Technology) for polytechnic diploma holders, was announced in 2010. It is scheduled to be opened in 2011.

Another new public university known as Singapore University of Technology and Design would be opened in 2011.

Sri Lanka

Slovakia

Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

South Africa

South Africa is in a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees. Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).

In an article by Jan Mentz, Paula Kotze and Alta van der Merwe (2008) the authors looks at the role of Universities of Technologies after the merger.

Thailand

Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).

There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).

Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute.

Turkey

{|class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of Technical Universities in Turkey ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:31%;"| Name ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:24%;" | City ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:15%;" | Foundation ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:12%;" | Students ! style="background-color:#efefef;width:19%;" | Notes |- | Istanbul Technical University (ITU) || Istanbul || 1773 || 21000 || Ranked 108th in THES QS University ranking in the field of technology |- | Yıldız Technical University (YTU) ||Istanbul || 1911 || || |- | Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) || Trabzon || 1955 || || First technical university in Turkey outside Istanbul |- | Middle East Technical University (ODTU) || Ankara || 1956 || || |- | Gebze Institute of Technology (GYTE) || Kocaeli || 1992 || || |- | İzmir Institute of Technology (IYTE)|| Izmir || 1992|| || |- |} In Turkey and Ottoman Empire, the history of engineering is the history of Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates built dams, roads and buildings. In the mid of 1950s, 2 technical university was opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institute of technologies was founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, technical universities named Bursa Technical University and Konya Technical University is announced to be opened in Bursa and Konya respectively.

United Kingdom

Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated by the Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA . The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to popularize engineering and science knowledge in Victorian Britain.

In 1956 some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

United States

Polytechnic Institutes are elite technological universities many dating back to the mid 19th century. A handful of American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's-granting institution.

Venezuela

Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-Secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the ''polytechnic'' French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.

Nowadays, most of the ''Institutos de Tecnología'' are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality.

Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. Few, if any ''Institutos de Tecnología'' have any research facilities.

Vietnam

After the communists took control of Hanoi in 1954, with support from Soviet Union, many new universities were built:

Hanoi University of Technology the first technical university in Vietnam (were built in 1956)

Le Quy Don Technical University,

Water Resources University (Vietnam)

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Da Nang University of Technology

Vietnam Maritime University

See also

List of institutions using the term "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"

Notes and references

External links

polytechnic chennai, sri balaji polytechnic college, chennai

Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges in Europe

All India Council For Technical Education

Higher Education Commission Pakistan

Category:Higher education Category:School types Category:Vocational education

cs:Polytechnika cy:Sefydliad technoleg de:Polytechnikum fr:Institut de technologie hu:Műszaki egyetem nl:Technische universiteit ja:理工学部 no:Institute of Technology pl:Politechnika pt:Escola politécnica sk:Polytechnika sv:Teknisk högskola ta:பலதொழில்நுட்பப் பயிலகம் tr:Teknik üniversite vi:Trường Đại học kỹ thuật

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Royal Institute of British Architects
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size	180px
alt
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msize
malt
mcaption
abbreviation	RIBA
formation	1834
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type	Professional body
status	Private company and registered charity
purpose	The architectural profession in the United Kingdom, and knowledge dissemination
headquarters	66 Portland Place
location	Marylebone, W1B 1AD
coords
region served	UK
membership	c. 44,000 architects
language
leader title	Chief Executive
leader name	Harry Rich
main organ	RIBA Council
parent organization
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num staff	c.200
website	RIBA
remarks	}}

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects in the United Kingdom.

History

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Royal charter

It was awarded a Royal Charter in 1837, becoming the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892.

In 1934 it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

In 1966 it opened its first regional office - for the East of England at Cambridge.

Structure

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. It is north-west of the BT Tower. The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the exhibition galleries and Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Regions

East - Great Shelford

East Midlands - Art, Architecture and Design, University of Lincoln

London - Portland Place

North East - School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University

North West - The Tea Factory, Liverpool

South and South East - Building LO11, University of Reading

South West and Wessex - Paintworks, Bristol

West Midlands - Birmingham and Midland Institute, Birmingham

Yorkshire - 32 The Calls, Leeds

Wales - Royal Society of Architects in Wales, 4 Cathedral Road, Cardiff

Northern Ireland - Royal Society of Ulster Architects Scotland - Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland RIBA USA

RIBA Enterprises

RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA and is based at 15 Bonhill Street in London. It includes RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. At Newcastle-upon-Tyne are RIBA Bookshops and the NBS, the National Building Specification, which itself has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service.

Library

Established in 1834 upon the founding of the Institute, the RIBA Library, otherwise known as the British Architectural Library, is one of the most important architectural libraries in the world with over four million items. As well its holdings of books and journals (including the 'Early Imprints Collection' of books dating between 1478 and 1840) it has very extensive collections of photographs that include the work of 20th century masters such as Eric de Maré, John Maltby, John Donat and Henk Snoek. The collections of drawings and manuscripts include many architectural drawings by leading British and international architects such as Andrea Palladio, Pugin, Ernő Goldfinger, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Charles Holden and Sir Christopher Wren. The Library also has portraits and architectural models. It also holds the Goodhart-Rendel Index of 19th century church builders, a card index. The biography files on various architects are also a useful resource.

Items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria & Albert Museum in the Architecture Gallery. Material from the Library have been seen in museums and galleries across the world, most recently in the exhibition ''Palladio and His Legacy: A Transatlantic Journey'' at the Morgan Library and Museum, New York.

The Library is located on the third floor of the RIBA headquarters and is open to the public without charge. It retains the original Art Deco interior designed by the building's architect, George Grey Wornum.

V&A; + RIBA Architecture Partnership

Since 2004, through the V&A; + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A; have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.

In 2004 the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A; showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A.; Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A; architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

As well as at the V&A;, the RIBA lends material to other museums and galleries across the world, and also stages temporary public exhibitions at its headquarters in London and regional offices across the UK.

RIBA Awards

RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, and these are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007.

RIBA in the news

In July 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

Designation

ARIBA: Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (no longer granted to new members)

FRIBA: Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (now an honorary designation)

RIBA: Chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects

The Institute's president is designated PRIBA, past presidents use PPRIBA

Recent presidents

2011 Elect Angela Brady

2009–2011 Ruth Reed

2007–2009 Sunand Prasad

2005–2007 Jack Pringle

2003–2005 George Ferguson

2001–2003 Paul Hyett

1999–2001 Marco Goldschmied

Past presidents

See also

Architects Registration Board

Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists

Chartered Institute of Building

Construction Industry Council

Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland

Royal Society of Ulster Architects

RIBA Knowledge Communities

Stirling Prize

Royal Gold Medal

References

Bibliography

H.M. Colvin, ''A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840'' (1997) ISBN 0-300-07207-4

Charles Read, "Earl de Grey" (2007)

External links

RIBA official website

RIBA official architecture bookshop

RIBA Library Books, photographs, drawings and archives

RIBA President's Medals Student Awards

RIBApix Images from the RIBA Library collections

Video clips

RIBA Architecture YouTube channel

RIBA International Dialogues: Architecture and Climate Change Talk series Video archive of the lectures

NBS TV

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de:Royal Institute of British Architects et:Briti Arhitektide Kuninglik Instituut es:Real Instituto de Arquitectos Británicos fr:Royal Institute of British Architects it:Royal Institute of British Architects pl:Royal Institute of British Architects pt:Royal Institute of British Architects simple:Royal Institute of British Architects sk:Royal Institute of British Architects sv:Royal Institute of British Architects ta:பிரித்தானியக் கட்டிடக்கலைஞர்களுக்கான அரச சங்கம் tr:Royal Institute of British Architects

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Steve Ballmer
birth date	March 24, 1956
birth place	Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
occupation	CEO, Microsoft
alma mater	Harvard University, Stanford Business School
networth	US$14.5 billion (2011)
salary	$ 1,351,121
website	Staff Bio at microsoft.com
residence	United States
awards	Légion d'honneur }}

Steven Anthony "Steve" Ballmer (born March 24, 1956) is the chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation, having held that post since January 2000. , his personal wealth is estimated at US$14.5 billion, ranking number 46 on the Forbes list of billionaires.

Early life

Ballmer was born in Detroit, Michigan to a Swiss-American father and a Jewish American mother. He grew up in Farmington Hills, Michigan. In 1973, he graduated from Detroit Country Day School, a private college preparatory school in Beverly Hills, Michigan, and now sits on its board of directors. In 1977, he graduated ''magna cum laude'' from Harvard University with a B.A. in mathematics and economics.

At college, Ballmer managed the football team, worked on ''The Harvard Crimson'' newspaper as well as the ''Harvard Advocate'', and lived down the hall from fellow sophomore Bill Gates. He then worked for two years as an assistant product manager at Procter & Gamble, where he shared an office with Jeffrey R. Immelt, who later became CEO of General Electric. In 1980, he dropped out of the Stanford University Graduate School of Business to join Microsoft.

Microsoft

Steve Ballmer joined Microsoft on June 11, 1980, and became Microsoft's 30th employee, the first business manager hired by Gates.

He was initially offered a salary of $50,000 as well as a percentage of ownership of the company. When Microsoft was incorporated in 1981, Ballmer owned 8 percent of the company. During the subsequent 20 years, Ballmer headed several Microsoft divisions, including operations, operating systems development, and sales and support. In January 2000, he was officially named Chief Executive Officer. As CEO, Ballmer handled company finances, however Gates still retained control of the "technological vision". He served as President of Microsoft from July 1998 to February 2001, having previously served as Executive Vice President, Sales and Support since February 1992. Ballmer led Microsoft's development of the .NET Framework.

In 2003, Ballmer sold 8.3% of his shareholdings, leaving him with a 4% stake in the company. The same year, Ballmer replaced Microsoft's employee stock options program.

In 2009, and for the first time ever since Bill Gates left Microsoft as full-time chairman, he made the opening keynote at CES.

Ballmer has also served as Director of Accenture Ltd. as well as a General Partner of Accenture SCA since October 2001.

Professional conduct

Ballmer is known for his energetic and exuberant persona, which is meant to motivate employees and partners. His flamboyant stage appearances at Microsoft events are widely circulated on the Internet as viral videos. One widely circulated video, captured at a developers' conference, features a perspiring Ballmer chanting the word "developers".

Bill Gates steps down

The ''Wall Street Journal'' has reported that there was tension surrounding the 2000 transition of authority from Bill Gates to Ballmer. Things became so bitter that, on one occasion, Gates stormed out of a meeting in a huff after a shouting match in which Ballmer jumped to the defense of several colleagues, according to an individual present at the time. After the exchange, Ballmer seemed "remorseful", the person said. Once Gates leaves, "I'm not going to need him for anything. That's the principle," Ballmer said. "Use him, yes, need him, no."

On competing companies and software

Apple

Speaking at a conference in NYC in 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer criticized Apple's pricing, saying; 'Now I think the tide has turned back the other direction (against Apple),' Ballmer said. 'The economy is helpful. Paying an extra $500 for a computer in this environment — same piece of hardware — paying $500 more to get a logo on it? I think that's a more challenging proposition for the average person than it used to be.'

Free and open source software

He has referred to the free software Linux kernel as a "cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches." Ballmer used the notion of "viral" licensing terms to express his concern over the fact that the GNU General Public License (GPL) employed by such software requires that all derivative software be under the GPL or a compatible license.

Google

In 2005, Mark Lucovsky alleged in a sworn statement to a Washington state court that Ballmer became enraged upon hearing that Lucovsky was about to leave Microsoft for Google, picked up his chair, and threw it across his office. Referring to Google CEO Eric Schmidt (who previously worked for competitors Sun and Novell), Ballmer vowed to "kill Google" in an expletive-laden tirade then resumed trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft. Ballmer has described characterizations of the incident as a ''"gross exaggeration of what actually took place"''.

Sports

On March 6, 2008, Seattle's Mayor announced that a local ownership group involving Ballmer made a "game changing" commitment to invest $150 million in cash toward a $300 million renovation of Key Arena and were ready to purchase the Seattle SuperSonics in order to keep them in the City of Seattle. However, this initiative failed, and the Sonics have since relocated to Oklahoma City, now performing as Oklahoma City Thunder.

Media portrayals

''Bad Boy Ballmer: The Man Who Rules Microsoft'' (2002), Fredric Alan Maxwell, ISBN 0-06-621014-3 (unauthorized biography)

The 1999 docudrama ''Pirates of Silicon Valley'' features Ballmer as a major character; he is played by actor John DiMaggio.

Wealth

Ballmer was the second person after Roberto Goizueta to become a billionaire in U.S. dollars based on stock options received as an employee of a corporation in which he was neither a founder nor a relative of a founder. Ballmer is the 46th richest person in the world according to Forbes, with an estimated wealth of $14.5 billion. While CEO of Microsoft in 2009, Ballmer earned a total compensation of $1,276,627 which included a base salary of $665,833 a cash bonus of $600,000, no stock or options, and other compensation of $10,794.

References

External links

Corporate biography

Forbes World's Richest People listing

South China Morning Post audio interview

Steve Ballmer Playlist Appearance on WMBR's ''Dinnertime Sampler'' radio show February 23, 2005

Forbes.com's Billionaire List

Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:American chief executives Category:American people of Swiss descent Category:Microsoft employees Category:American billionaires Category:American Internet personalities Category:The Harvard Crimson people Category:People from Farmington Hills, Michigan Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

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Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Daniel Ek
industry	Media
birth date	February 21, 1983
birth place	Sweden
occupation	CEO and Founder, Spotify
nationality	Swedish }}

Daniel Ek is a Swedish serial entrepreneur and a technologist who started his first company 1997 at the age of 14. Daniel's most recent creation (with Martin Lorentzon), is a legal music streaming service Spotify. Daniel has also founded Advertigo, the advertising company acquired by TradeDoubler and has been a part of the Nordic auction company Tradera (acquired by Ebay) and Evertigo. Daniel's previous jobs include CTO at Jajja Communications, CTO at Stardoll and CEO of µTorrent, the worlds most popular BitTorrent client with more than 100 million downloads. Daniel Ek joined the IT Gymnasiet in Sundbyberg at age of 15.

Spotify

Daniel co-founded Spotify where he currently serves as a CEO.

References

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Swedish businesspeople

hu:Daniel Ek