Official name	York
Nickname	"Capital of the North", "Chocolate City"
Settlement type
Motto	'Let the Banner of York Fly High'
Blank emblem type	Arms of City of York Council
Blank emblem link	Coat of arms of York
Pushpin map	United Kingdom North Yorkshire
Pushpin map alt	York within North Yorkshire
Map caption	York shown within North Yorkshire and England
Coordinates region	GB
Subdivision type	Sovereign state
Subdivision name	United Kingdom
Subdivision type1	Constituent country
Subdivision name1	England
Subdivision type2	Region
Subdivision name2	Yorkshire and the Humber
Subdivision type3	Ceremonial county
Subdivision name3	North Yorkshire
Subdivision type4	Admin HQ
Subdivision name4	York City Centre
Government type	Unitary Authority, City
Leader title	Governing body
Leader name	City of York Council
Leader title1	Leadership:
Leader name1	Leader and Executive
Leader title2	Executive:
Leader name2	Labour
Leader title3	MPs:
Leader name3	Hugh Bayley (L)Julian Sturdy (C)
Established title	Founded
Established date	as Eboracum c. 71 AD
Established title3
Area total km2	271.94
Population as of
Population total	(Ranked )
Population density km2	687
Population blank2 title	Ethnicity(2005 Estimates)
Population blank2	95.6% Any White3.0% Any Asian0.9% Mixed0.5% Any Black
Timezone	Greenwich Mean Time
Utc offset	+0
Timezone dst	British Summer Time
Utc offset dst	+1
Coordinates display	displayinline,title
Postal code type	Postcode
Postal code	YO
Area code	01904
Blank name	ISO 3166-2
Blank info	GB-YOR
Blank1 name	ONS code
Blank1 info	00FF
Blank2 name	OS grid reference
Blank2 info	SE603517
Blank3 name	NUTS 3
Blank3 info	UKE21
Website	www.york.gov.uk
Footnotes	}}

York () is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.

The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.

In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.

From 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2001 the urban area had a population of 137,505, while in 2007 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 193,300.

History

Toponymy

The word 'York' comes from the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as ''Eboracum'', ''Eburacum'' or ''Eburaci''. The first mention of York by this name is dated to c. 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland.

The toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population of the area was never recorded. These people are thought to have spoken a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh. Therefore, it is thought that Eboracum is derived from the Brythonic word ''Eborakon'', that is a combination of ''eburos'' "yew-tree" (cf. Old Irish ''ibar'' "yew-tree", Welsh ''efwr'' "alder buckthorn", Breton ''evor'' "alder buckthorn") and suffix ''*-āko(n)'' "place" (cf. Welsh ''-og'') meaning either "place of the yew trees" (cf. ''efrog'' in Welsh, ''eabhrac'' in Irish Gaelic and ''eabhraig'' in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages) or perhaps "field of Eboras".

The name 'Eboracum' was turned into 'Eoforwic' by the Anglians in the 7th century. This was probably by conflation of 'ebor' with a Germanic root ''*eburaz'' (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become 'eofor', and Eboracum 'Eoforwic'. The 'wic' simply signified 'place'. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, the name became rendered as 'Jórvík'.

Jórvík was gradually reduced to ''York'' in the centuries following the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle English ''Yerk'' in the 14th century through to ''Yourke'' in the 16th century and then ''Yarke'' in the 17th century. The form ''York'' was first recorded in the 13th century. Many present day names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York also uses ''Ebor'' as his surname in his signature.

Early history

Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but, later its leaders became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.

The city itself was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, which was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The site of the Roman fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.

While the Roman ''colonia'' and fortress were located on high ground, by 400 the town itself was victim to periodic flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss and lay abandoned. York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.

Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town were initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city. The first Minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, however, he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald. In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, York, which was founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King Edred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.

Post conquest

In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially the rebellion was successful, however, upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built two wooden fortresses on mottes, which are still visible, on either side of the river Ouse. York was ravaged by him as part of the harrying of the North.

The first stone Minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans later decided to build a new Minster on a new site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre. King Henry I granted the city's first charter, confirming trading rights in England and Europe. During the course of the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries. York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an inceasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.

Tudor and Stuart times

The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of the York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire who were opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority through the establishmnent of the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city very much became a trading and service centre during this period.

Guy Fawkes who was born and educated in York was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot. Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.

In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but, the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, nevertheless, the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.

Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the local gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre. Nevertheless, the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House (now owned by York Civic Trust) date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse.

Modern history

George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time, York was a major railway centre. At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. Rowntree's was founded in York in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph Rowntree. Terry's Confectionery Works was also a major employer in the city.

With the emergence of tourism as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area. The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975 and the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984. The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city.

York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).

Governance

Parliamentary constituencies

From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York. These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament.

Local government

York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, yet it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire. York is an ancient borough, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire.

As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district. The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the council's own proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the 2011 local elections the Labour Party won 26 seats to give them a majority of five seats. The Liberal Democrats have eight councillors. The Conservative Party has ten councillors and the Greens have two with one Independent.

York Council operates on a Leader and Cabinet style of governance. Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47. Cabinet Members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually.

, York’s Right Honourable Lord Mayor is Councillor David Horton and his wife, Jane Horton, is the new Lady Mayoress. Councillor Alan Deller is the new Sheriff with his wife, Ann, the Sheriff's Lady. Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council.

The York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people.

Party		Seats	! colspan="26"
	26
	10
	8
	2
	1

Geography

Location

York lies within the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The original city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age.

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making the site easier to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. Much land in and around the city is on flood plains and has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ''ings'' are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the ''strays'' are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate

York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer. In summer the average maximum temperature is 22 °C (72 °F) although some days can see highs of up to 28 °C (82 °F) rarely exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15 °C (60 °F), although these can consistently dip below 10 °C (50 °F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 7 °C (45 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April, but, quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than . From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours per day. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 33 °C (91.4 °F) (Monday 17 July 2006) and a lowest temperature of -12.3 °C (9.9 °F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was .

Demography

York 193,300 95.0% 1.9% 0.6%

York Compared in 2006/7
2006/7 UK Population Estimates	|	Yorkshire and the Humber	England
Total population	|	5,177,200	51,092,000
White British	|	91.1%	88.7%
Asian	|	5.5%	5.5%
Black	|	1.2%	2.8%

The York urban area had a population of 137,505 comprising 66,142 males and 71,363 females in 2001. Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.

The population density was . Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population, the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively. The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average. The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 16.8. The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

Population change

The table below details the population change since 1801.

Population growth in York since 1801
Year	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001
Population

Religion

!United Kingdom Census 2001 74.42% 16.57% 0.58% 0.21% 0.19% 0.11% 0.05% 0.30% 7.57%

Religion in York 2001
UK Census 2001 ||	York	Yorkshire and the Humber>Yorkshire andthe Humber	England
Christian	|	73.07%	71.74%
No religion	|	14.09%	14.59%
Muslim	|	3.81%	3.1%
Buddhist	|	0.14%	0.28%
Hindu	|	0.32%	1.11%
Jewish	|	0.23%	0.52%
Sikh	|	0.38%	0.67%
Other religions	|	0.19%	0.29%
Religion not stated	|	7.77%	7.69%

At the time of the 2001 UK census the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% white, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average. Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census.

These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England, but, those responding as "No Religion" was higher than the national average.

There are 32 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the Diocese of York. York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends who have a number of meeting houses in York, Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District, and Unitarians. There is one mosque in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre. Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.

Economy

York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the local economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, as well as a variety of cultural activities. In 2009, York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors.

Unemployment in York is low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%. The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 3,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Selby and York Primary Care Trust, Shepherd Building Group (including Portakabin), and University of York. Other major employers include British Telecom, CPP Group (life assistance products), Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.

Today's economic position is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people, but, closed in the mid 1990s. York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the ''KitKat'' and eponymous ''Yorkie'' bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the ''Chocolate Orange'', was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York. This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory. Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.

Since the closure of York's carriage-works, the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP Group and two housing schemes, one of which was a self-build project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York. Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.

Regional gross value added figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in pounds sterling, are:

Agriculture 30 13 16

Year	|	Industry	Services	Total
1995	|	579	1,443	2,052
2000	|	782	2,168	2,963
2003	|	779	2,505	3,299

Transport

York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system. The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river.

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough, and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about from the city.

The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.

York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway. York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham. TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool. Local stopping services by Northern Rail connect York to Bridlington, Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. Elvington is used for private aviation. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.

York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly ''York Air Coach'' service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009. Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York.

Public transport within the city is largely bus based. The principal bus operator is First York, a part of FirstGroup plc. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York is the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost. Transdev York and York Pullman also operate a number of local bus services. Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing, and by York Pullman.

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies. Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including, Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington, Harrogate & District services to Knaresborough and Harrogate. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby.

Local Transport Plan 2006

English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes.The final Local Transport Plan 2006–2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.

Education

The University of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Law, Theatre, Film, and Television at Heslington East. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre. It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city also hosts a branch of The College of Law. The University of York also has a highly rated medical school, Hull York Medical School.

The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves. Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.

There are 70 local authority schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area. The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city. Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11–16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18. In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School.

York also has several private schools. St Peter's School was founded in 627 and the scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught here. It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes. Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational and The Mount School is all-girls. On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret's School. Pupils from The Minster School, York sing in York Minster choir.

Public services

Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council had to appoint a Watch Committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable. On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's "Central Area" has its headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby in Fulford, York. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, whose headquarters is at Northallerton.

The first hospital in York, the York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate and was funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by the purpose built York Hospital, which opened in 1976 and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services. It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.

The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794, but it wasn't until 1893 that York's first free public library was built to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. The library was initially on Clifford Street, but a new building was built on Museum Street which opened in 1927, and which is still the library today.

Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. York's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK; there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water. The city has its own Magistrates' Court, and more unusually a Crown Court and County Court too. The Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area). The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.

Main sights

York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, stands at the city's centre. thumb|left|Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.

York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk. These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways. They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations. The entire circuit is approximately , and encloses an area of . The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.

A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square. The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived. Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre, the York Art Gallery, the Richard III Museum, the Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), Fairfax House (owned by the York Civic Trust), the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor), and the Treasurer's House (owned by the National Trust). The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman, which is being overhauled in the Museum.

York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the Minster.

Culture

Theatre

The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, Berwick Kaler. The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions. The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups. The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances. The York Mystery Plays are performed every 4 years with texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds - often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the fishmongers used to present the play of ''Noah and the Flood''.) The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city, following their resurrection in the middle of the 20th century as part of the quadrennial York City Festival, they were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using a mixture of professional and amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench (who has appeared three times). Latterly the cycle has also been presented within York Minster and occasionally from wagons in the streets, recreating the original productions. The next cycle is due to take place in 2012 back in St. Mary's Abbey.

Music

Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, Marygate. A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is now the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival. Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city and particularly in the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall on the Heslington campus.

Gastronomy

In September, York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production.The Festival generates up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country. One of the notable local products is York ham, a type of cured ham, which is a mild-flavoured ham that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce. It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams. Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.

In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the ''Queen Mary'' in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.

Media

The York area is served by a local newspaper, ''The Press'' (known as the ''Evening Press'' until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York.

York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.

The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers ''Nouse'' and ''York Vision''. Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.

Sport

The city's football team is York City, currently playing in the Football Conference. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent.

York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1901, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1. There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, New Earswick All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year. Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.

An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge. The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC using the Ouse for training.

York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005. In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren, who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School).

There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn, south of York.

Twin cities

York is twinned with: Dijon, France – 1953 Münster, Germany – 1957

There is also a community link with Fanteakwa District, Ghana.

See also

List of people associated with York

Notes

:There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition. :There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office of National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the ''Vision of Britain'' website (quoted here).

References

External links

;Photos and images

Imagine York: Historic Photographs Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.

Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century">The Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century

Virtual Tour of York Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.

Pictures from York.

;Historical and genealogical sources

The City of York: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI

History of York Comprehensive site dedicated to the history of the city.

Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century

Category:71 establishments Category:Populated places established in the 1st century Category:County towns in England Category:Leeds City Region Category:Local government districts of North Yorkshire Category:Unitary authorities of England Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League Category:University towns in the United Kingdom Category:Roman colonies Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English) Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber Category:Local government districts of Yorkshire and the Humber Category:Walled towns

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name	Sergeant York
director	Howard Hawks
writer	Harry ChandleeAbem FinkelJohn HustonHoward Koch
starring	Gary CooperWalter Brennan
producer	Howard HawksJesse L. LaskyHal B. Wallis
editing	William Holmes
distributor	Warner Brothers
cinematography	Sol Polito
released
runtime	134 minutes
country
language	English
budget	$2 million }}

''Sergeant York'' is a 1941 biographical film about the life of Alvin York, the most-decorated American soldier of World War I. It was directed by Howard Hawks and was the highest-grossing film of the year.

The film was adapted by Harry Chandlee, Abem Finkel, John Huston, Howard Koch, and Sam Cowan (uncredited) from the diary of Alvin York as edited by Tom Skeyhill. The real York was originally against the idea of making a movie of his experiences, but relented when he needed funds to finance the creation of an interdenominational Bible school. The story that York insisted on Gary Cooper in the title role derives from the fact that producer Jesse L. Lasky, who wanted Cooper for the role, recruited Cooper by writing a plea that he accept the role and then signing York's name to the telegram.

Cooper went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal. The film also won for Best Film Editing and was nominated in nine other categories, including Best Picture, Director (Hawks), Supporting Actor (Walter Brennan), and Supporting Actress (Margaret Wycherly). The American Film Institute ranked the film 57th in the its 100 most inspirational American movies. It also rated Alvin York 35th in its list of the top 50 heroes in American cinema.

In 2008, ''Sergeant York'' was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Alvin York (Gary Cooper), a poor Tennessee hillbilly, is an exceptional marksman, but a ne'er-do-well prone to drinking and fighting, which doesn't make things any easier for his patient mother (Margaret Wycherly). He undergoes a religious awakening when he is struck by lightning during a late-night rainstorm and turns his life around, assisted by Pastor Rosier Pile (Walter Brennan). York vows never to get angry at anyone ever again, determining to be a good husband and provider for his sweetheart Gracie Williams (Joan Leslie).

York tries to avoid induction into the Army for World War I as a conscientious objector due to his religious beliefs but gets drafted into the Army nonetheless. His status as a true conscientious objector is rejected since his church has no official standing, and he reluctantly reports to Camp Gordon for Army basic training. During basic training, his superiors find out that he is a phenomenal marksman and promote him to corporal.

York still wants nothing to do with the Army and killing. Major Buxton, his sympathetic commanding officer, lectures York about history from a U.S. history book. He gives York temporary leave to go home and think about fighting to save lives. York wants to read the U.S. history book and the officer gives it to him. He tells York that after his leave if he still doesn't want to fight he will discharge him from the Army. York reads the book, decides he will serve his country and reports back for duty. York decides to leave it in God's hands, but still doubts he can kill someone because of his interpretation of the Bible.

His unit is shipped out to Europe and participates in an attack during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Pinned down by German fire and seeing his friends being shot down all around him, his self-doubt disappears. Owing to the large number of casualties, York suddenly finds himself the last remaining Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) and thus placed in charge. He works his way around behind German lines and shoots with such deadly effect that the Germans surrender. Then, York forces a captured German officer (Charles Esmond) at gunpoint to order the Germans still fighting to surrender. He and the handful of other survivors end up with 132 prisoners. York becomes a national hero and is awarded the Medal of Honor.

York later explains that he did what he did to hasten the end of the war and minimize the killing.

Returning to Tennessee, after a ticker tape parade and celebration, the people of Tennessee have purchased the bottomland farm he tried to get before the war and paid for a house to be built on the land where Gracie and Alvin will start their married life.

Inaccuracies

The film depicts York as the eldest of three children. In real life, he was the third of eleven children. His two older brothers had moved away from home by the time his father died, so York became the man of the house.

In the film, York became a Christian after he was struck by lightning while riding his mule. Real-life accounts of his conversion vary. Some say he did it to please his mother. Others say he did it to win the affections of his future wife, Gracie Williams. All accounts agree that York quit drinking and fighting and started attending church, and later became a genuine convert.

The film shows York deciding to go to war after reading the Bible verse that says, "Render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." In real life, his commanding officer brought this verse to his attention. As the film depicts, York did take a furlough to consider the matter, and was praying on top of a mountain when God gave him his answer.

The film depicts York coming home to a new house and farm provided for him by the state of Tennessee. In real life, York had been home and married a few years before the state gave him his new farm.

The film depicts York using an M1903 Springfield rifle and a German Luger pistol on October 8, 1918 to win the Medal of Honor. The actual rifle used by Sergeant Alvin York was an M1917 Enfield rifle which is currently located at Middle Tennessee State University -MTSU-. And, according to his diary, Sargeant York also used a .45 Colt automatic pistol on that fateful day.

Cast

Gary Cooper as Alvin York. Henry Fonda, James Stewart, and Ronald Reagan were all considered for the role.

Walter Brennan as Pastor Rosier Pile

Joan Leslie as Gracie Williams, York's girlfriend and future wife

George Tobias as "Pusher" Ross, a soldier from New York City; Alvin's friend

Stanley Ridges as Major Buxton, the kindly officer who convinces York to stay in the army

Margaret Wycherly as Mother York

Dickie Moore as George York

Ward Bond as Ike Botkin

Noah Beery Jr. as Buck Lipscomb

June Lockhart as Rosie York

Clem Bevans as Zeke

Howard Da Silva as Lem (as Howard da Silva)

Charles Trowbridge as Cordell Hull

Harvey Stephens as Captain Danforth

David Bruce as Bert Thomas

Victor Kilian as Andrews (uncredited)

Tully Marshall as Uncle Lige (uncredited)

Jane Isbell as Gracie's sister

14th Academy Awards (Oscars) – 1941

The film won two Academy Awards:

Best Actor - Gary Cooper

Best Film Editing - William Holmes

It was also nominated for:

Outstanding Motion Picture - Warner Bros. (Hal B. Wallis and Jesse L. Lasky Producers)

Best Director - Howard Hawks

Best Writing (Original Screenplay) - Harry Chandlee, Abem Finkel, John Huston, Howard Koch

Best Supporting Actor - Walter Brennan

Best Supporting Actress - Margaret Wycherly

Best Art Direction (Black-and-White) - John Hughes, Fred M. MacLean

Best Cinematography (Black-and-White) - Sol Polito

Best Music (Score of a Dramatic Picture) - Max Steiner

Best Sound Recording - Nathan Levinson

References

Sources

Michael E. Birdwell, ''Celluloid Soldiers: The Warner Bros. Campaign against Nazism'' (NY: New York University Press, 1999)

McCarthy, Todd, ''Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood'' (NY: Grove Press, 1997), ch. 22: "Sergeant York"

Robert Brent Toplin, ''History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996)

External links

Sergeant York And His People, by Sam Cowan, 1922, from Project Gutenberg

Alvin York and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, by Douglas Mastriano, Military History magazine, Sept 2006. (Corporal York's actions as seen from the German perspective.)

Photos and details of the discovery of the site where York earned the Medal of Honor, Discovered 21 October 2006 by the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition.

International Herald Tribune article announcing the discovery of where York earned the Medal of Honor.

Medal of Honor Recipients Portrayed on Film

Category:1941 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:1940s war films Category:American war films Category:Appalachian culture Category:Biographical films Category:Black-and-white films Category:Films directed by Howard Hawks Category:Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award winning performance Category:Films set in Tennessee Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Category:United States National Film Registry films Category:Warner Bros. films Category:Western Front films (World War I) Category:World War I films based on actual events

ca:El sergent York de:Sergeant York es:Sergeant York fr:Sergent York it:Il sergente York hu:York őrmester nl:Sergeant York ja:ヨーク軍曹 pt:Sargento York fi:Kersantti York

Name	Alvin Cullum York
Birth date	December 13, 1887
Death date	September 02, 1964
Birth place	Pall Mall, Tennessee
Death place	Nashville, Tennessee
Placeofburial	Wolf River Cemetery Pall Mall
Placeofburial label	Place of burial
Nickname	"Sergeant York"
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States Army
Rank	Corporal (at the time of Medal of Honor action), Sergeant (at end of war), Colonel (Tennessee State Guard WW II rank)
Commands	7th Regiment, Tennessee State Guard
Unit	82nd Infantry Division
Battles	World War I Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Awards	Medal of HonorLegion of Honor French Croix de Guerre FrenchCroce di Guerra (Italian)War Medal Montenegro
Laterwork	}}

Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964) was one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others. This action occurred during the U.S.-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was part of a broader Allied offensive masterminded by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to capitulate.

Background

Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin near Pall Mall, Tennessee, on December 13, 1887, the third of eleven children born to Mary Elizabeth Brooks (8 August 1866 - 21 May 1943) and William Uriah York (15 May 1863 – 17 November 1911). William Uriah York was born in Jamestown, Tennessee, to Uriah York and Eliza Jane Livingston, both travelers from Buncombe County, North Carolina. Mary Elizabeth York was born in Pall Mall, Tennessee, to William Brooks and Nancy Pile, and was the great-granddaughter of Coonrod Pile, an English settler who settled Pall Mall in Tennessee. William York and Mary Brooks married on December 25, 1881, and had eleven children. The York siblings are, in order: Henry Singleton, Joseph Marion, Alvin Cullum, Samuel John, Albert, Hattie, George Alexander, James Preston, Lillian Mae, Robert Daniel, and Lucy Erma. The York family is of English, and Ulster Scots ancestry. The York family resided in the Indian Creek area of Fentress County. The family was impoverished, with William York working as a blacksmith to supplement the family income. The father and sons of the York family harvested their own food, while the mother knitted all family clothing. The York sons attended school for only nine months and withdrew from education because William York wanted his sons to help him work the family farm and hunt small game to feed the family. When William York died in November 1911, his son Alvin helped his mother in raising his younger siblings. Alvin was the oldest sibling still residing in the county, since his two older brothers had married and relocated. To supplement the family income, York first worked in Harriman, Tennessee first in railroad construction and then as a logger. By all accounts, he was a very skilled worker who was devoted to the welfare of his family. York was also a violent alcoholic prone to fighting in saloons and accumulated several arrests within the area. His mother, a member of a pacifist Protestant denomination, tried to persuade York to change his ways without success.

Despite his history of drinking and fighting, York attended church regularly and often led the hymn singing. A revival meeting at the end of 1914 led him to a conversion experience on January 1, 1915. His congregation was the Church of Christ in Christian Union, a Protestant denomination that shunned secular politics and disputes between Christian denominations. This church had no specific doctrine of pacificism but had been formed in reaction to the Methodists' support for the Civil War and now opposed all forms of violence. In a lecture later in life, he reported his reaction to the outbreak of World War I: "I was worried clean through. I didn't want to go and kill. I believed in my bible." On June 5, 1917, at the age of 29, Alvin York registered for the draft as all men between 21 and 31 years of age did on that day. When he registered for the draft, he answered the question "Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?" by writing "Yes. Don't Want To Fight." When his initial claim for conscientious objector status was denied, he appealed.

In World War I, conscientious objector status did not exempt one from military duty. Such individuals could still be drafted and were given assignments that did not conflict with their anti-war principles. In November 1917, while York's application was considered, he was drafted and began his army service at Camp Gordon in Georgia.

From the day he registered for the draft until he returned from the war on May 29, 1919, York kept a diary of his activities. In his diary, York wrote that he refused to sign documents provided by his pastor seeking a discharge from the Army on religious grounds and refused to sign similar documents provided by his mother asserting a claim of exemption as the sole support of his mother and siblings. He also disclaimed ever having been a conscientious objector.

World War I

York enlisted in the United States Army and served in Company G, 328th Infantry Regiment, 82nd Infantry Division at Camp Gordon, Georgia. Deeply troubled by the conflict between his pacifism and his training for war, he spoke at length with his company commander, Captain Edward Courtney Bullock Danforth (1894–1973) of Augusta, Georgia and his battalion commander, Major Gonzalo Edward Buxton (1880–1949) of Providence, Rhode Island, a devout Christian himself. Citing Biblical passages about violence ("He that hath no sword, let him sell his cloak and buy one." "Render unto Caesar..." "...if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight."), they forced York to reconsider the morality of his participation in the war. Granted a 10-day leave to visit home, he returned convinced that God meant for him to fight and would keep him safe, as committed to his new mission as he had been to pacifism.

During an attack by his battalion to secure German positions along the Decauville rail-line north of Chatel-Chéhéry, France, on October 8, 1918, York's actions earned him the Medal of Honor. He recalled:

Under the command of Sergeant Bernard Early, four non-commissioned officers and thirteen privates, including recently promoted Cpl. York, were ordered to infiltrate behind the German lines to take out the machine guns. The group worked their way behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a German unit, capturing a large group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops. Early's men were contending with the prisoners when machine gun fire suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans: Corp. Murray Savage, and Pvts. Maryan E. Dymowski, Ralph E. Weiler, Fred Waring, William Wins and Walter E. Swanson, and wounding three others, Sgt. Early, Corp. William S. Cutting (aka Otis B. Merrithew), and Pvt. Mario Muzzi. The fire came from German machine guns on the ridge. The loss of the nine put Corporal York in charge of the seven remaining U.S. soldiers, Pvts. Joseph Kornacki, Percy Beardsley, Feodor Sok, Thomas G. Johnson, Michael A. Saccina, Patrick Donohue, and George W. Wills. As his men remained under cover, and guarded the prisoners, York worked his way into position to silence the German machine guns. York recalled: :And those machine guns were spitting fire and cutting down the undergrowth all around me something awful. And the Germans were yelling orders. You never heard such a racket in all of your life. I didn't have time to dodge behind a tree or dive into the brush... As soon as the machine guns opened fire on me, I began to exchange shots with them. There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was touch the Germans off just as fast as I could. I was sharp shooting... All the time I kept yelling at them to come down. I didn't want to kill any more than I had to. But it was they or I. And I was giving them the best I had. During the assault, six German soldiers in a trench near York charged him with fixed bayonets. York had fired all the rounds in his M1917 Enfield rifle, but drew his .45 Colt automatic pistol and shot all six soldiers before they could reach him.

German First Lieutenant Paul Jürgen Vollmer, commander of the First Battalion, 120th Landwehr Infantry, emptied his pistol trying to kill York while he was contending with the machine guns. Failing to injure York, and seeing his mounting losses, he offered in English to surrender the unit to York, who accepted. By the end of the engagement, York and his seven men marched 132 German prisoners back to the American lines. His actions silenced the German machine guns and were responsible for enabling the 328th Infantry to renew its attack to capture the Decauville Railroad.

York was promptly promoted to sergeant and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his heroism. A few months later, following a thorough investigation, he was awarded the Medal of Honor, presented to York by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Force, General John J. Pershing. The French Republic awarded him the Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honor. Italy awarded him its Croce di Guerra and Montenegro its War Medal. He eventually received nearly 50 decorations. His Medal of Honor citation reads:

After his platoon suffered heavy casualties and 3 other noncommissioned officers had become casualties, Cpl. York assumed command. Fearlessly leading 7 men, he charged with great daring a machine gun nest which was pouring deadly and incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic feat the machine gun nest was taken, together with 4 officers and 128 men and several guns.

Of his deeds, York said to his division commander, General George B. Duncan, in 1919: "A higher power than man power guided and watched over me and told me what to do." .

Homecoming and notoriety

York's heroism went unnoticed in the United States press, even in Tennessee, until the publication of the April 26, 1919 issue of the ''Saturday Evening Post'', which had a circulation in excess of 2 million. In an article titled "The Second Elder Gives Battle", journalist George Patullo, who had learned of York's story while touring battlefields earlier in the year, laid out the themes that have dominated York's story ever since: the mountaineer, his religious faith and skill with firearms, patriotic, plainspoken and unsophisticated, an uneducated man who "seems to do everything correctly by intuition." In response, the Tennessee Society, a group of Tennesseans living in New York City, arranged celebrations to greet York upon his return to the United States, including a 5-day furlough to allow for visits to New York City and Washington, D.C. York arrived in Hoboken, N.J. on May 22, stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, and attended a formal banquet in his honor. He toured the subway system in a special car before continuing to Washington, where the House of Representatives gave him a standing ovation and he met Secretary of War Baker and the President's secretary Joe Tumulty, as President Wilson was still in Paris.

York proceeded to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he was discharged from the service, and then to Tennessee for more celebrations. He had been home for barely a week when, on June 7, 1919, York and Gracie Loretta Williams (February 7, 1900 - September 27, 1984) were married by Tennessee Governor Albert H. Roberts in Pall Mall. More celebrations followed the wedding, including a week-long trip to Nashville where York accepted a special medal awarded by the state.

York refused many offers to profit from his fame, including thousands of dollars offered for appearances, newspaper articles, and movie rights to his life story. Companies wanted him to appear in advertisements or to pose with their products. Instead he lent his name to various charitable and civic causes. To support economic development, he campaigned to get Tennessee to build a road to service his native region, succeeding when a highway through the mountains was completed in the mid-1920s and named Alvin C. York Highway. The Nashville Rotary organized the purchase by public subscription of a farm, the one gift that York accepted. It proved not to be the fully equipped farm he was promised, and he had to borrow money to stock it and then lost money in the farming depression that followed the war. Then the Rotary, which was purchasing the property in installments, failed to make the payments, leaving York to pay himself and then in 1921 to ask for help, resulting in an extended discussion of his finances in the press, some of it sharply critical. Debt in itself was a trial: "I could get used to most any kind of hardship, but I'm not fitted for the hardship of owing money." Only an appeal to Rotary Clubs nationwide and an account of York's plight in the ''New York World'' brought in the required contributions by Christmas 1921.

After the war

In the 1920s, York formed the Alvin C. York Foundation with the mission of increasing education opportunities in his region of Tennessee. Board members included the area's congressman, Cordell Hull, who later became secretary of state under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo, and Tennessee Governor Albert Roberts. Plans called for a non-sectarian institution providing vocational training to be called the York Agricultural Institute. York concentrated on fund-raising, though he disappointed audiences who wanted to hear about the Argonne when he instead explained that "I occupied one space in a fifty mile front. I saw so little it hardly seems worthwhile discussing it. I'm trying to forget the war in the interest of the mountain boys and girls that I grew up among." He fought first to win financial support from the state and county, then battled local leaders about the school's location. Refusing to compromise, he resigned and developed plans for a rival York Industrial School. After a series of lawsuits he gained control of the original institution and was its president when it opened in December 1929. As the Great Depression deepened, the state government failed to provide promised funds, and York mortgaged his farm to fund bus transportation for students. Even after he was ousted as president in 1936 by political and bureaucratic rivals, he continued to donate money.

During World War II, York attempted to re-enlist in the Army, however at fifty-four years of age, overweight, near-diabetic, and with evidence of arthritis, he was denied. Instead he was given the honorary rank of Colonel in the Army Signal Corps and he toured training camps and participated in bond drives in support of the war effort, usually paying his own travel expenses. Gen. Matthew Ridgway later recalled that York "created in the minds of farm boys and clerks...the conviction that an aggressive soldier, well trained and well armed, can fight his way out of any situation." He also raised funds for war-related charities, including the Red Cross. He served on his county draft board, and when literacy requirements forced the rejection of large numbers of Fentress County men, he offered to lead a battalion of illiterates himself, saying they were "crack shots." Although York served during the war with the honorary rank of Colonel in the Army Signal Corps and as a Colonel with the Seventh Infantry of the Tennessee State Guard, newspapers continued to refer to him as "Sgt. York."

Legacy and film story

Twice in the 1920s, York cooperated with journalists in telling his life story. York allowed Nashville-born freelance journalist Sam Cowan to see his diary and submitted to interviews. The resulting 1922 biography focused on York’s Appalachian background, describing his upbringing among the "purest Anglo-Saxons to be found today," emphasizing popular stereotypes without bringing the man to life. A few years later, York contacted a publisher about an edition of his war diary, but the publisher wanted additional material to flesh out the story. Then Tom Skeyhill, an Australian-born veteran of the Gallipoli campaign, visited York in Tennessee and the two became friends. On York's behalf, Skeyhill wrote an "autobiography" in the first person and was credited as the editor of ''Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary''. With a preface by Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War in World War I, it presented a one-dimensional York supplemented with tales of life in the Tennessee mountains. Reviews noted that York only promoted his life story in the interest of funding educational programs: "Perhaps York's bearing after his famous exploit in the Argonne best reveals his native greatness....He will not exploit himself except for his own people. All of which gives his book an appeal beyond its contents."

The mountaineer myth that Cowan and Skeyhill promoted reflected York's own beliefs. In a speech at the 1939 New York World's Fair, he said:

:We, the descendants of the pioneer long hunters of the mountains, have been called Scotch-Irish and pure Anglo-Saxon, and that is complimentary, I reckon. But we want the world to know that we are Americans. The spiritual environment and our religious life in the mountains have made our spirit wholly American, and that true pioneer American spirit still exists in the Tennessee mountains.

:Even today, I want you all to know, with all the clamor of the world and its evil attractions, you still find in the little humble log cabins in the Tennessee mountains that old-fashioned family altar of prayer–the same that they used to have in grandma's and grandpa's day–which is the true spirit of the long hunters.

:We in the Tennessee mountains are not transplanted Europeans; every fiber in our body and every emotion in our hearts is American.

For many years, York employed a secretary, Arthur S. Bushing, who wrote the lectures and speeches York delivered. Bushing prepared York's correspondence as well. Like the works of Cowan and Skeyhill, words commonly ascribed to York, though doubtless representing his thinking, were often composed by professional writers.

York had refused several times to authorize a film version of his life story. Finally, in 1940, as York was looking to finance an interdenominational Bible school, he yielded to a persistent Hollywood producer and negotiated the contract himself. In 1941, the movie ''Sergeant York'' directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role told about his life and Medal of Honor action. The screenplay included much fictitious material though it was based on York's ''Diary''. The marketing of the film included a visit by York to the White House where FDR praised the film. Some of the response to the film divided along political lines, with advocates of preparedness and aid to Great Britain enthusiastic ("Hollywood's first solid contribution to the national defense," said ''Time'') and isolationists calling it "propaganda" for the administration. It received 11 Oscar nominations and won two, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for Cooper. It was the highest-grossing picture of 1941. York's earnings from the film, about $150,000 in the first 2 years as well as later royalties, resulted in a decade-long battle with the Internal Revenue Service. York eventually built part of his planned Bible school, which hosted 100 students until the late 1950s.

Political views

York originally believed in the morality of America's intervention in World War I. By the mid-1930s, he looked back more critically: "I can't see that we did any good. There’s as much trouble now as there was when we were over there. I think the slogan 'A war to end war.' is all wrong." He fully endorsed American preparedness, but showed sympathy for isolationism in saying he would fight only if war came to America.

A consistent Democrat – "I'm a Democrat first, last, and all the time," he said—in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Great Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year attacked isolationists and said veterans understood that "liberty and freedom are so very precious that you do not fight and win them once and stop." They are "prizes awarded only to those peoples who fight to win them and then keep fighting eternally to hold them!" At times he was blunt: "I think any man who talks against the interests of his own country ought to be arrested and put in jail, not excepting senators and colonels." Everyone knew the colonel in question was Charles Lindbergh. During World War II he urged the internment of aliens, particularly the Japanese who "whether native or foreign born, all look alike and we can't take any chances."

In the late 1940s he called for toughness in dealing with Russia and did not hesitate to recommend using the atomic bomb in a first strike: "If they can't find anyone else to push the button, I will." He questioned the failure of United Nations forces to use the atomic bomb in Korea. In the 1960s he criticized Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's plans to reduce the ranks of the National Guard and reserves: “Nothing would please Krushchev better.”

Personal life

York suffered from health problems throughout his life. He had gall bladder surgery in the 1920s and suffered from pneumonia in 1942. Described in 1919 as a "red-haired giant with the ruddy complexion of the outdoors" and "standing more than 6 feet...and tipping the beam at more than 200 pounds," by 1945 he weighed 250 pounds and in 1948 he had a stroke. More strokes and another case of pneumonia followed, and he was confined to bed from 1954, further handicapped by failing eyesight. He was hospitalized several times during his last two years. York died at the Veterans Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 2, 1964, of a cerebral hemorrhage. After a funeral service in his Jamestown church, with Gen. Matthew Ridgway representing President Lyndon Johnson, York was buried at the Wolf River Cemetery in Pall Mall. His funeral sermon was delivered by Richard G. Humble, General Superintendent of the Churches of Christ in Christian Union. Humble also preached Mrs. York's funeral in 1984.

York and his wife Grace had eight children, six sons and two daughters, most named after American historical figures: Alvin Cullum, Jr. (1921–83), George Edward Buxton (1923- ), Woodrow Wilson (1925- ), Sam Houston (1928–29), Andrew Jackson (1930- ), Betsy Ross (1933- ), Mary Alice (1935- ), Thomas Jefferson (1938–72).

York's son, Thomas Jefferson York, was killed in the line of duty on May 7, 1972, while serving as a constable in Tennessee.

Honors and awards

Military awards

{| |- |- |- | |- | | |- | | | |- | | | |- |- |- |}

Medal of Honor

Distinguished Service Cross

World War I Victory Medal

American Campaign Medal

World War II Victory Medal

French Légion d'honneur

French Croix de guerre with Palm

Italian Croce di Guerra

Montenegrin War Medal

Honors

Several public buildings have been named for Alvin York, including the Alvin C. York Veterans Hospital located in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The Alvin C. York Institute was founded in 1926 as a private agricultural high school by Alvin York and residents of Fentress County. Due to the depression in 1937 the school became public and continues to serve as Jamestown's high school. On May 5, 2000, the United States Postal Service issued the "Distinguished Soldiers" stamps, one of which honored York.

York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan was named for the Sergeant in 1928. In the 1980s, the United States Army named its DIVAD weapon system "Sergeant York"; the project was canceled because of technical problems and massive cost overruns. Laura Cantrell's song "Old Downtown" talks about York in depth. The riderless horse in the funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant York. The 82nd Airborne Division's movie theater at Fort Bragg, North Carolina is named York Theater. The traveling American football trophy between Austin Peay, UT Martin, Tennessee State and Tennessee Tech is called the Alvin C. York trophy. A monumental statue of York by sculptor Felix de Weldon was placed on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol in 1968. The Army ROTC program has a ribbon award for its cadets that is named after York. A memorial to graduates of the East Tennessee State University ROTC program who have given their lives for their country carries a quotation from York. The Third Regiment of the Tennessee State Guard is named for York.

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Penn Warren used York as the model for characters in two of his novels, both explorations of the burden of fame faced by battlefield heroes in peacetime. In ''At Heaven's Gate'' (1943), a Tennessee mountaineer who has won the Congressional Medal of Honor in World War I returns from combat, becomes a state legislator, and then a bank president. Others exploit his decency and fame for their own selfish ends as the novel explores the real-life experience of a old-fashioned hero in a cynical world. In ''The Cave'' (1959), a similar hero from a comparable background has aged and become an invalid. He struggles to maintain his identity as his real self diverges from the robust legend of his youth.

Search for Medal of Honor action site

In October 2006, US Army Col. Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), found slugs from a .45 caliber weapon which he concluded was proof of the location of York's exploits. Dr. Tom Nolan, head of the Sergeant York Project and a geographer at the R.O. Fullerton Laboratory for Spatial Technology at Middle Tennessee State University, places the site 500 meters south of the location identified by Mastriano. The actual location of York's Medal of Honor action is still under dispute, and a memorial has been built on the site where Mastriano found the slugs. Battlefield guides are available at the Sergeant York Historic Trail.

Bibliography

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I

List of people on stamps of the United States

List of people from Tennessee

Audie Murphy

''Sergeant York'', 1941 film

Notes

References

External links

Category:1887 births Category:1964 deaths Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:Army Medal of Honor recipients Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:People from Fentress County, Tennessee Category:American people of English descent Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Category:United States Army soldiers Category:Appalachian culture Category:American Protestants Category:Fentress County, Tennessee Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:Recipients of the Croce di Guerra Category:Recipients of the War Medal (Montenegro) Category:Burials in Tennessee

da:Alvin C. York de:Alvin C. York fr:Alvin Cullum York it:Alvin York ja:アルヴィン・ヨーク pl:Alvin York sl:Alvin Cullum York sr:Алвин Јорк zh:艾文·約克

name	June Lockhart
birth date	June 25, 1925
birth place	New York City, U.S.
occupation	Actress
yearsactive	1938–present
spouse
website	http://www.junelockhart.com }}

June Lockhart (born June 25, 1925) is an American actress, primarily in 1950s and 1960s television, but with memorable performances on stage and in film too. She is remembered as the mother in two TV series, ''Lassie'' and ''Lost in Space''. She also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the hit CBS television sitcom ''Petticoat Junction'' (1968–70).

Career

Born in New York City, Lockhart is the daughter of Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart, who came to prominence on Broadway in 1933 in ''Ah, Wilderness!'', and English-born actress Kathleen Arthur Lockhart. She made her acting debut opposite her parents in a film version of ''A Christmas Carol'', in 1938. She also played supporting parts in films including ''Meet Me in St. Louis'', ''Sergeant York'', and ''The Yearling''. Lockhart played the title role in ''She-Wolf of London'' (1946).

In 1948, Lockhart won a Tony Award for Outstanding Performance by a Newcomer (a category that no longer exists) for her role on Broadway in ''For Love or Money''. And in 1951, she starred in Lawrence Riley's biographical play ''Kin Hubbard'' opposite Tom Ewell. In 1955, she appeared in an episode of CBS's ''Appointment with Adventure''. About this time, she also made several appearances on NBC's legal drama ''Justice'', based on case files of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In the late 1950s, she guest starred in several popular television Westerns including: ''Wagon Train'' and ''Cimarron City'' on NBC and ''Gunsmoke'', ''Have Gun – Will Travel'', and ''Rawhide'' on CBS.

In 1958, she was the narrator for ''Playhouse 90'' 's telecast of the George Balanchine version of Tchaikovsky's ''The Nutcracker'', featuring Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, along with the New York City Ballet.

Lockhart is best known for her roles as TV mothers, first as Ruth Martin, the wife of Paul Martin (portrayed by Hugh Reilly), and the mother of Timmy Martin (played by Jon Provost) in the 1954 CBS series, ''Lassie'' (a role that she played from 1958–64). She replaced actress Cloris Leachman. Lockhart then became Dr. Maureen Robinson, the wife of Professor John Robinson (portrayed by Zorro actor Guy Williams) in the ''Lost in Space'' (1965–68) series. The science fiction program on CBS was popular, remembered for the design of the sleek silver spacesuits, which Lockhart wore in many publicity photos.

Lockhart appeared as Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS sitcom ''Petticoat Junction'', after Bea Benaderet died during the run of the show, and as a regular in the ABC soap opera ''General Hospital'' during the 1980s and 1990s. She provided the voice of Martha Day, the lead character in the Hanna-Barbara animated series ''These Are the Days''. Lockhart was the only actor or actress to have starred in three hit series during the 1960s.

In 1986, she appeared in the fantasy film, ''Troll''. The younger version of her character in that film was played by her daughter, Anne Lockhart. They had previously played the same woman at two different ages in an episode of the television series ''Magnum, P.I.'' (1981). In 1991, Lockhart appeared as Miss Wiltrout, Michelle Tanner's kindergarten teacher on the TV sitcom ''Full House''. She also had a cameo in the 1998 film ''Lost in Space'', based on the television series she had starred in thirty years earlier. In 2002, she appeared in two episodes of ''The Drew Carey Show'' as Lewis's mother, Misty Kiniski.

In 2004, she voiced the role of Grandma Emma Fowler in Focus on the Family's ''The Last Chance Detectives'' audio cases. Lockhart starred as ''James Caan'''s mother in an episode of ''Las Vegas'' in 2004. Lockhart has since guest starred on episodes of ''Cold Case'' and ''Grey's Anatomy'', in the 2007 ABC Family television film ''Holiday in Handcuffs'', and in the 2007 feature film ''Wesley''.

Personal life

In 1951, Lockhart married Dr. John F. Maloney. They had two daughters, Anne Kathleen Lockhart, born September 6, 1953 and June Elizabeth Lockhart, born 2 years later. The couple divorced in 1959. She married architect John Lindsay that same year. They divorced in October 1970. She has not married again.

Daughter Anne has taken her mother's maiden name for her stage name, and has appeared in films and television programs. Daughter June is marketing manager/art director for an international luxury furniture manufacturer headquartered in California, with showrooms around the world.

Selected filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film |- align="center" ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Film ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Notes |- | 1940 | ''All This, and Heaven Too'' | Isabelle | |- | 1941 | ''Adam Had Four Sons'' | Vance | |- | 1941 | ''Sergeant York'' | Rosie York | |- | 1942 | ''Miss Annie Rooney'' | Stella Bainbridge | |- | 1943 | ''Forever and a Day'' | Girl in Air Raid Shelter | Alternative title: ''The Changing World'' |- | 1944 | ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' | Lucille Ballard | |- | 1944 | ''The White Cliffs of Dover'' | Betsy Kenney at Age 18 | |- | 1945 | ''Keep Your Powder Dry'' | Sarah Swanson | |- | 1947 | ''T-Men'' | Mary Genaro | |- | 1982 | ''Butterfly'' | Mrs. Helen Gillespie | |- | 1983 | ''Strange Invaders'' | Mrs. Bigelow | |- | 1986 | ''Troll'' | Eunice St. Clair | |- | 1988 | ''Rented Lips'' | Archie's Mother | |- | 1989 | ''C.H.U.D. II: Bud the C.H.U.D.'' | Gracie | |- | 1994 | ''Sleep with Me'' | Caroline | |- | 1998 | ''Lost in Space'' | Principal Cartwright | |- | 2007 | ''Wesley'' | Susanna Wesley | |- | 2009 | ''Super Capers'' | Mother | |- |- align="center" ! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Television |- align="center" ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Title ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role ! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Notes |- | 1949 | ''The Ford Theatre Hour'' | Amy March | 1 episode |- | 1956 | ''Science Fiction Theatre'' | Eve Patrick | 1 episode |- | rowspan=2|1957 | ''The Joseph Cotten Show'' | Julie Baggs | 1 episode |- | ''The Kaiser Aluminum Hour'' | Verna | 1 episode |- | 1957–1958 | ''Have Gun – Will Travel'' | Dr. Phyllis Thackeray | 2 episodes |- | rowspan=4|1958 | ''Shirley Temple's Storybook'' | Beauty's Sister | 1 episode |- | ''Matinee Theater'' | Connie | 1 episode |- | ''Gunsmoke'' | Beulah | 1 episode |- | ''Playhouse 90'' | Narrator | 1 episode |- | 1958–1964 | ''Lassie'' | Ruth Martin | 200 episodes |- | rowspan=2|1959 | ''Rawhide'' | Rainy Dawson | 1 episode |- | ''General Electric Theater'' | Vera | 1 episode |- | rowspan=4|1964 | ''Perry Mason'' | Mona Stanton Harvey | 1 episode |- | ''Bewitched'' | Mrs. Burns | 1 episode |- | ''Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea'' | Dr. Ellen Bryce | 1 episode |- | ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' | Sarah Taub | 1 episode |- | rowspan=3|1965 | ''Branded'' | Mrs. Sue Pritchett | 1 episode |- | ''The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'' | Martha Hunter | 1 episode |- | ''Mr. Novak'' | Mrs. Nelby | 1 episode |- | 1965–1968 | ''Lost in Space'' | Maureen Robinson | 84 episodes |- | 1968–1969 | ''Family Affair'' | Miss Evans | 3 episodes |- | 1968–1970 | ''Petticoat Junction'' | Dr. Janet Craig | 45 episodes |- | 1971 | ''The Man and the City'' | Ellen Lewis | 1 episode |- | rowspan=2|1974 | ''Marcus Welby, M.D.'' | Lila | 1 episode |- | ''Adam-12'' | Mrs. Whitney | 2 episodes |- | 1975 | ''Ellery Queen'' | Claudia Wentworth | 1 episode |- | 1976 | ''Happy Days'' | Judge MacBride | 1 episode |- | 1978 | ''The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries'' | Mrs. Migley | 1 episode |- | rowspan=3|1981 | ''Vega$'' | Dr. Michaels | 1 episode |- | ''Magnum, P.I.'' | Diane Westmore Pauley | 1 episode |- | ''Darkroom'' | Margo Haskell | 1 episode |- | 1981–1983 | ''The Greatest American Hero'' | Alice Davidson | 2 episodes |- | rowspan=2|1984 | ''Whiz Kids'' | Mrs. Butterfield | 1 episode |- | ''The Night They Saved Christmas'' | Mrs. Claus | 1 episode |- | 1985 | ''Murder, She Wrote'' | Beryl Hayward | 1 episode |- | rowspan=3|1986 | ''The Colbys'' | Dr. Sylvia Heywood | 2 episodes |- | ''Hotel'' | Betty Archer | 1 episode |- | ''Amazing Stories'' | Mildred | 1 episode |- | 1987 | ''Pound Puppies'' | Aunt Millie | 1 episode |- | 1989 | ''The New Lassie'' | Mrs. Chadwick | 1 episode |- | 1991 | ''Full House'' | Miss Wiltrout | 2 episodes |- | 1993 | ''The John Larroquette Show'' | John's mother | 1 episode |- | rowspan=2|1994 | ''The Mommies'' | Bev – Barb's Mom | 1 episode |- | ''Babylon 5'' | Dr. Laura Rosen | 1 episode |- | 1995 | ''Out There'' | Donna | Television film |- | 1996 | ''Step by Step'' | Helen Lambert | 3 episodes |- | 1997–1998 | ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' | Celia Martin | 4 episodes |- | 2001 | ''Au Pair II'' | Grandma Nell Grayson | Television film |- | 2002 | ''The Drew Carey Show'' | Misty Kiniski | 2 episodes |- | 2003 | ''Andy Richter Controls the Universe'' | Grandma Evelyn | 1 episode |- | 2004–2005 | ''Complete Savages'' | Grammy Na-Na | 2 episodes |- | 2006 | ''Grey's Anatomy'' | Agnes | 1 episode |- | 2007 | ''Holiday in Handcuffs'' | Grandma | Television film |}

References

External links

Category:1925 births Category:Actors from New York City Category:American film actors Category:American people of English descent Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:Tony Award winners

de:June Lockhart fr:June Lockhart it:June Lockhart nl:June Lockhart pl:June Lockhart pt:June Lockhart ru:Локхарт, Джун sh:June Lockhart fi:June Lockhart sv:June Lockhart

name	William Beaudine
birth name	William Washington Beaudine
birth date	January 15, 1892
birth place	New York City, New York
death date	March 18, 1970
death place	Canoga Park, California
spouse	Marguerite Fleischer (1914-1970)
awards	Walk of Fame - Motion Picture1775 Vine Street }}

William Beaudine (January 15, 1892 – March 18, 1970) was an American film actor and director. He was one of Hollywood's most prolific directors, turning out films in remarkable numbers and in a wide variety of genres.

Early life and career

Born in New York City, Beaudine began his career as an actor in 1909 with American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. He married Marguerite Fleischer in 1914, whom he stayed married to until his death.

In 1915, he was hired as an actor as well as a director by the Kalem Company. He was an assistant to director D.W. Griffith on the films ''The Birth of a Nation'' and ''Intolerance''. By the time he was 23, Beaudine had directed his first picture, a short called ''Almost a King'' (1915). He would continue to direct shorts exclusively until 1922, when he shifted his efforts into primarily making feature length films.

Beaudine worked as a director of silent films for Goldwyn (before MGM), Metro (also before MGM), First National Pictures, Principal, and Warner Brothers. In 1926, he made ''Sparrows'', the story of orphans imprisoned in a swamp farm, starring Mary Pickford. Beaudine had at least 30 pictures to his credit before the sound era began. Among his first sound films were short Mack Sennett comedies; he made at least one film for Sennett while contractually bound elsewhere, resulting in Beaudine adopting the pseudonym "William Crowley." Beaudine would occasionally use the pseudonym in later years, usually as "William X. Crowley."

He ground out several movies annually for Fox, Warner Brothers, Paramount, and Universal. His most famous credit of the early 1930s is ''The Old-Fashioned Way'', a comedy about old-time show folks starring W. C. Fields.

Beaudine was one of a number of experienced directors (including Raoul Walsh and Allan Dwan) who were brought to England from Hollywood in the 1930s to work on what were in all other respects very British productions. There, Beaudine directed four films starring Will Hay including ''Boys Will Be Boys'' (1935) and ''Where There's a Will'' (1936).

Beaudine returned permanently to America in 1937 and evidently had trouble re-establishing himself at the major studios. After a brief stint at Warner Brothers, he found work on Poverty Row, working for Monogram Pictures and Producers Releasing Corporation. making dozens of comedies, thrillers, and melodramas with such popular personalities as Bela Lugosi, Harry Langdon, Ralph Byrd, Edmund Lowe, Jean Parker, and The East Side Kids. By this time Beaudine had a reputation for being a resourceful, no-nonsense director who could make feature films in a matter of ''days'', sometimes as few as five. One of these quickies was ''Mom and Dad'', an exploitation film produced by Kroger Babb that was released in 1945.

Harry and Michael Medved, authors of the 1978 book ''The 50 Worst Films of All Time'', gave Beaudine the unflattering nickname "One Shot," because he always seemed to shoot just one take, regardless of actors flubbing their lines or special effects going haywire. It is true that Beaudine shot economically—he usually had no choice—but he was always professional, and actually did shoot multiple takes of movie scenes. (The "coming attractions" trailers of Beaudine's films often contain alternate takes.)

Beaudine was often entrusted with series films, including those of ''Torchy Blane'', ''The East Side Kids'', ''Jiggs and Maggie'', ''The Shadow'', ''Charlie Chan'', and ''The Bowery Boys''. Beaudine's efficiency was so pronounced that Walt Disney hired him to direct some of his television projects of the 1950s. Beaudine became even busier in TV, directing ''Naked City'', ''The Green Hornet'', and dozens of ''Lassie'' episodes.

His last two feature films, both released in 1966, were the horror-westerns ''Billy the Kid vs. Dracula'' (with John Carradine) and ''Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter''. By the end of the decade he was the industry's oldest working professional, having started in 1909.

Death

Beaudine died of uremic poisoning in 1970 in California and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood.

Selected filmography

The following is a listing of the theatrically released, feature-length films directed by William Beaudine. Short subjects and television productions are not included.

1920s

# ''Watch Your Step'' (1922) # ''Catch My Smoke'' (1922) # ''Heroes of the Street'' (1922) # ''Her Fatal Millions'' (1923) # ''Penrod and Sam'' (1923) # ''The Printer's Devil'' (1923) # ''The Country Kid'' (1923) # ''Boy of Mine'' (1923) # ''Daring Youth'' (1924) # ''Wandering Husbands'' (1924) aka ''Love and Lies'' # ''Daughters of Pleasure'' (1924) aka ''Beggars on Horseback'' # ''A Self-Made Failure'' (1924) aka ''The Goof'' # ''Cornered'' (1924) # ''Lovers' Lane'' (1924) unconfirmed # ''The Narrow Street'' (1925) # ''A Broadway Butterfly'' (1925) # ''How Baxter Butted In'' (1925) # ''Little Annie Rooney'' (1925) # ''That's My Baby'' (1926) # ''Sparrows'' (1926) # ''The Social Highwayman'' (1926) # ''The Canadian'' (1926) # ''Frisco Sally Levy'' (1927) # ''The Life of Riley'' (1927) # ''The Irresistible Lover'' (1927) # ''The Cohens and the Kellys in Paris'' (1928) # ''Heart to Heart'' (1928) # ''Home, James'' (1928) # ''Do Your Duty'' (1928) # ''Give and Take'' (1928) # ''Fugitives'' (1929) # ''Two Weeks Off'' (1929) # ''Hard to Get'' (1929) aka ''Classified'' # ''The Girl from Woolworth's'' (1929) # ''Wedding Rings'' (1929) aka ''The Dark Swan''

1930s

# ''Those Who Dance'' (1930) # ''Road to Paradise'' (1930) # ''Father's Son'' (1931) # ''Misbehaving Ladies'' (1931) # ''The Lady Who Dared'' (1931) # ''The Mad Parade'' (1931) aka ''Forgotten Women'' # ''Penrod and Sam'' (1931) # ''Men in Her Life'' (1931) # ''Three Wise Girls'' (1932) # ''Make Me a Star'' (1932) # ''The Crime of the Century'' (1933) # ''Her Bodyguard'' (1933) # ''The Old Fashioned Way'' (1934) # ''Two Hearts in Harmony'' (1935) # ''So You Won't Talk'' (1935) # ''Dandy Dick'' (1935) # ''Boys Will Be Boys'' (1935) # ''Get Off My Foot'' (1935) # ''Mr. Cohen Takes a Walk'' (1935) # ''Where There's a Will'' (1936) # ''Educated Evans'' (1936) # ''It's in the Bag'' (1936) # ''Windbag the Sailor'' (1936) # ''Feather Your Nest'' (1937) # ''Said O'Reilly to McNab'' (1937) # ''Take It from Me'' (1937) # ''Torchy Gets Her Man'' (1938) # ''Torchy Blane in Chinatown'' (1939)

1940s

# ''She Done Him Right'' (1940) # ''Four Shall Die'' (1940) aka ''Condemned Men'' # ''Misbehaving Husbands'' (1940) # ''Up Jumped the Devil'' (1941) # ''Emergency Landing'' (1941) # ''Federal Fugitives'' (1941) aka ''International Spy'' # ''Desperate Cargo'' (1941) # ''Mr. Celebrity'' (1941) # ''The Miracle Kid'' (1941) # ''Blonde Comet'' (1941) # ''Duke of the Navy'' (1942) # ''Broadway Big Shot'' (1942) # ''Lucky Ghost'' (1942) aka ''Lady Luck'' # ''Professor Creeps'' (1942) # ''The Panther's Claw'' (1942) # ''Men of San Quentin'' (1942) # ''Gallant Lady'' (1942) aka ''Prison Girl'' # ''One Thrilling Night'' (1942) # ''Phantom Killer'' (1942) # ''Foreign Agent'' (1942) # ''The Living Ghost'' (1942) # ''The Ape Man'' (1943) # ''Clancy Street Boys'' (1943) # ''Spotlight Scandals'' (1943) aka ''Spotlight Revue'' (reissue title) # ''Ghosts on the Loose'' (1943) # ''Here Comes Kelly'' (1943) # ''Mr. Muggs Steps Out'' (1943) # ''Mystery of the 13th Guest'' (1943) # ''What a Man!'' (1944) # ''Voodoo Man'' (1944) # ''Hot Rhythm'' (1944) # ''Detective Kitty O'Day'' (1944) # ''Follow the Leader'' (1944) # ''Leave It to the Irish'' (1944) # ''Oh, What a Night'' (1944) # ''Shadow of Suspicion'' (1944) # ''Bowery Champs'' (1944) # ''Crazy Knights'' (1944) aka ''Murder in the Family'' (TV title) # ''Mom and Dad'' (1945) # ''Adventures of Kitty O'Day'' (1945) # ''Fashion Model'' (1945) # ''Blonde Ransom'' (1945) # ''Swingin' on a Rainbow'' (1945) # ''Come Out Fighting'' (1945) # ''Black Market Babies'' (1945) # ''Girl on the Spot'' (1946) # ''The Face of Marble'' (1946) # ''One Exciting Week'' (1946) # ''Don't Gamble with Strangers'' (1946) # ''Below the Deadline'' (1946) aka ''Jumping Joe'' (TV title) # ''Spook Busters'' (1946) # ''Mr. Hex'' (1946) # ''Philo Vance Returns'' (1947) aka ''Infamous Crimes'' (TV title) # ''Hard Boiled Mahoney'' (1947) # ''Too Many Winners'' (1947) # ''Killer at Large'' (1947) aka ''Gangway for Murder'' and ''Syndicated Murder'' # ''Gas House Kids Go West'' (1947) # ''News Hounds'' (1947) # ''Bowery Buckaroos'' (1947) # ''The Chinese Ring'' (1947) # ''Angels' Alley'' (1947) # ''Jinx Money'' (1948) # ''The Shanghai Chest'' (1948) # ''The Golden Eye'' (1948) # ''Smugglers' Cove'' (1948) # ''Incident'' (1948) # ''Kidnapped'' (1948) # ''Jiggs and Maggie in Court'' (1948) # ''The Feathered Serpent'' (1948) # ''The Lawton Story'' (1949) # ''Tuna Clipper'' (1949) # ''Forgotten Women'' (1949) # ''Trail of the Yukon'' (1949) as William X. Crowley # ''Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters'' (1949) # ''Tough Assignment'' (1949)

1950s

# ''Blue Grass of Kentucky'' (1950) # ''Blonde Dynamite'' (1950) # ''Jiggs and Maggie Out West'' (1950) # ''Lucky Losers'' (1950) # ''County Fair'' (1950) # ''A Wonderful Life'' (1950) # ''Second Chance'' (1950) # ''Blues Busters'' (1950) # ''Again... Pioneers'' (1950) # ''Bowery Battalion'' (1951) # ''Cuban Fireball'' (1951) # ''Ghost Chasers'' (1951) # ''Let's Go Navy!'' (1951) # ''Havana Rose'' (1951) # ''Crazy Over Horses'' (1951) # ''The Congregation'' (1951) # ''Rodeo'' (1952) # ''Hold That Line'' (1952) # ''Jet Job'' (1952) # ''Here Come the Marines'' (1952) # ''The Rose Bowl Story'' (1952) # ''Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla'' (1952) # ''Feudin' Fools'' (1952) # ''No Holds Barred'' (1952) # ''Jalopy'' (1953) # ''Born to the Saddle'' (1953) # ''Roar of the Crowd'' (1953) # ''Murder Without Tears'' (1953) # ''Yukon Vengeance'' (1954) # ''Paris Playboys'' (1954) # ''Pride of the Blue Grass'' (1954) # ''High Society'' (1955) # ''Jail Busters'' (1955) # ''Westward Ho, the Wagons!'' (1956) # ''Up in Smoke'' (1957) # ''In the Money'' (1958)

1960s

# ''Ten Who Dared'' (1960) # ''Billy the Kid versus Dracula'' (1966) # ''Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter'' (1966)

External links

One-Shot Beaudine

Category:Actors from New York Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:American screenwriters Category:American television directors Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:People from New York City Category:1892 births Category:1970 deaths Category:20th-century actors Category:Film directors from New York City

bg:Уилям Бюдайн de:William Beaudine es:William Beaudine fr:William Beaudine it:William Beaudine nl:William Beaudine sv:William Beaudine