Pre-contact distribution of the Salinan.

The Salinan Native Americans lived in what is now the Central Coast of California, in the Salinas Valley. Said to have gone extinct by the Census of 1930, the Salinan Native Americans survived and are now in the process of applying for tribal recognition from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

There were two major divisions, the San Miguel in the south, on the upper course of the Salinas River (which flows south to north), and the San Antonio in the north, in the lower part of the Salinas Basin, corresponding to the two missions in the Salinas Valley (Mission San Antonio de Padua and Mission San Miguel Arcángel). There were also a Playano group which lived on the Pacific Coast in the vicinity of what is now San Simeon and Lucia. The Salinans lived by hunting and gathering and were organized in small groups with little centralized political structure.

Etymology[link]

The Salinan people were named after the Salinas River by Robert Latham (1856) and John Powell (1891). The people's own name for themselves was never recorded. C. Hart Merriam called these people the En-'ne-sen on advice from one informant; En-'ne-sen was the native word for the Salinan headquarters.^[1]

Language[link]

The Salinan language, spoken until the 1950s^[2] is a language isolate. It may be a part of the hypothetical Hokan stock. Sapir included it in a subfamily of Hokan, along with Chumash and Seri; this classification has found its way into more recent encyclopedias and presentations of language families, but serious supporting evidence has never been presented.^[3]

Population[link]

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Salinan as 3,000.^[4] Sherburne F. Cook similarly estimated that there were at least 3,000 Salinans.^[5]

See also[link]

• Salinan traditional narratives
• Kuksu (religion)
• Painted Rock (San Luis Obispo County)
• Chalon
• USS Salinan (ATF-161)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
• Hester, Thomas R. 1978. Salinan, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 500-504.
• Marlett, Stephen A. 2008. The Seri-Salinan connection revisited. International Journal of American Linguistics 74.3:393-399.
• Sapir, Edward. 1925. The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua. American Anthropologist 27: (3).402-34, (4).491-527.

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Henry Cavill
Cavill at a Vanity Fair party at the Tribeca Film Festival, April 2009
Born	Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill (1983-05-05) 5 May 1983 (age 29) Jersey, Channel Islands
Occupation	Actor
Years active	2001 – present

Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill (born 5 May 1983) is a British actor. He has appeared in the films The Count of Monte Cristo and Stardust, and played the role of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, on the Showtime series The Tudors, from 2007 until 2010. He has been cast as Superman in the 2013 film Man of Steel.

Early life[link]

Cavill was born on the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands, the fourth of five boys. His mother, Marianne, works as a secretary in a bank, and his father, Colin, is a stockbroker.^[1] He was educated at St. Michael's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour, Jersey before attending Stowe School,^[2] a boarding school in Buckinghamshire, England. He began acting in school plays during prep school,^[3] and has said that if he had not become an actor, he would have joined the army^[2] or gone to university to study ancient history, specifically Egyptology.^[3][4]

Career[link]

Cavill had his first film role in Kevin Reynolds' 2002 adaptation The Count of Monte Cristo. He went on to star in Laguna (2001), and afterwards appeared in BBC’s The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2002), the TV film Goodbye Mr. Chips (2002), and the TV series Midsomer Murders (2003). In 2003 he had a supporting role in I Capture the Castle, followed by Red Riding Hood (2004), Hellraiser: Hellworld (2005), and Tristan & Isolde (2006). He had a minor role alongside Sienna Miller and Ben Barnes in Matthew Vaughn's adaptation of Stardust (2007).

From 2007 to 2010, Cavill had a leading role in Showtime's television series The Tudors as Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. The series was well-received: it was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2007 and won an Emmy in 2008. Cavill credits the show with bolstering his career: "It’s done the most for me to date. [ . . . ] Now that there's an audience somewhere in America that’s aware of who I am, I have more sell-ability, because of The Tudors."^[5] Entertainment Weekly named him the "Most Dashing Duke" and praised his work on The Tudors for displaying "charm, depth and a killer bod".^[6]

Cavill had been set to star as Superman in director McG’s 2004 film Superman: Flyby. However, McG pulled out of the project and direction was taken over by director Bryan Singer, who recast Brandon Routh as the lead.^[7][8] Cavill was also the cause of a write-in effort from fans to see him cast as Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005).^[9] The role eventually went to Robert Pattinson. Stephenie Meyer, author of the Twilight series, was outspokenly in favor of Cavill playing the character of Edward Cullen in the Twilight film,^[10] calling him her "perfect Edward".^[11] By the time production of the film began, however, Cavill was too old to play the character,^[11][12] and again the role went to Robert Pattinson. In 2005, Cavill was a final contender for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale.^[13] The producers and director Martin Campbell were torn between him and Daniel Craig; reportedly Campbell supported Cavill but the producers preferred an older Bond.^[7][14] Ultimately Craig landed the role. In their December 2005 issue, Empire magazine dubbed Cavill the "Unluckiest Man in Hollywood" for this series of near-misses.^[2] Despite reports that he was a contender for Batman in Batman Begins, Cavill confirmed that he never auditioned for nor was offered the role.^[7][13]

In early 2008, Cavill became a model/spokesperson for Dunhill fragrances.^[15] The television ad featured a suited-up Cavill walking through the Union Jack flag, before mounting a helicopter.^[16] A second television ad featured Cavill driving a car through a deserted London at night, and meeting with a young woman.^[17] He starred in director Joel Schumacher's horror film Blood Creek (2008) and in 2009 he had a minor role in Woody Allen’s comedy film Whatever Works.

Cavill played the lead role of Theseus in Tarsem Singh's mythological, big-budget special effects film Immortals, released November 11, 2011.^[18] In 2012, Cavill will star alongside Bruce Willis in The Cold Light of Day. On January 30, 2011, it was announced that Cavill had been cast in the role of Clark Kent/Superman in director Zack Snyder's Man of Steel.^[19] Snyder called Cavill "the perfect choice to don the cape and S shield."^[20][21] Entertainment media applauded Henry Cavill on his road to success.^[22][23]

Personal life[link]

On 4 May 2011, his girlfriend, showjumper Ellen Whitaker, announced their engagement.^[24][25][26]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Henry Cavill at the Internet Movie Database