King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum) was the title used by the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire following his election to the office by the princes of the Kingdom of Germany. The title was a claim by the German kings to become emperor, a title, which in contemporary views of the Middle Ages, had also a religious aspect and was dependent on the coronation by the pope.

The title originally referred to any ruler of the Empire who had not yet been granted the crown and title of "Emperor" by the Pope; later it came to be used solely of the heir apparent to the Imperial throne between his election (during the lifetime of a sitting Emperor) and his succession on the Emperor's death.

From the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on 25 December, 800, there existed, at least potentially, an office of Holy Roman Emperor (Romanorum Imperator) with precedence over all other rulers of western Europe. From 961 on, this office was held by the Kings who had annexed the lands of the Kingdom of Italy and (in 1032) the Kingdom of Arles.

The Romans is the fourth serial of the second season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 16 January to 6 February 1965. The story is set during the era of the Roman Empire in the reign of Nero.

With the TARDIS stuck at the bottom of a cliff, the four time travellers have installed themselves in an unoccupied Roman villa. The owner, Flavius Giscard is away campaigning in Gaul. As the Doctor and Ian recline, Barbara and Vicki walk to the nearby Roman village. At the market they are spotted by two slave traders, Didius and Sevcheria. When they return to the villa the Doctor announces that he is off to Rome, some miles away, and will travel there with Vicki. Later that evening Barbara and Ian, now alone, are relaxing when the two slavers burst in upon them. They are soon overpowered and taken prisoner. Ian is sold to one slave owner, while Barbara is to be traded with another and sent to Rome.

The Doctor and Vicki are en route for Rome when they find the murdered body of a lyre player named Maximus Pettulian. The Doctor is holding the man’s lyre when a Centurion arrives and mistakes him for the dead man who is late for an engagement in Rome. The Centurion thus accompanies them to Assysium. Once stationed at an inn there, the Centurion makes contact with the mute assassin Ascaris, who killed the real Pettulian, and instructs him to kill the Doctor. The assassin draws his sword and heads off to the Doctor’s chambers.

King Of... is a television comedy talk show made by Big Talk Productions for Channel 4. It was first broadcast on 17 June 2011 and is hosted by Claudia Winkleman. The show also has two celebrity guests and a studio audience. The guests discuss what is the 'king of' various categories.

On 24 June 2011, Channel 4 announced that King Of... was to be cut short due to Winkleman's pregnancy. The final 2 episodes, with Ruby Wax & Johnny Vegas and Billie Piper, will not be recorded.

King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.

The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.

Philip of Swabia (German: Philipp von Schwaben; August 1177 – 21 June 1208) was of the House of Hohenstaufen. He was elector Bishop of Würzburg in 1190 and 1191 (also Duke of the Franks), Margrave of Tuszia (Tuscany) from 1195 to 1197, Duke of Swabia from 1196 to 1208 and King of the Germans from 1198 to 1208. He was the first King of the Germans to be assassinated.

Philip was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Frederick I and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy, daughter of Renaud III, count of Burgundy, and brother of the emperor Henry VI. He entered the clergy, was made provost of Aix-la-Chapelle, and in 1190 or 1191 was chosen bishop of Würzburg. Having accompanied his brother Henry to Italy in 1191, Philip forsook his ecclesiastical calling, and, travelling again to Italy, was made duke of Tuscany in 1195 and received an extensive grant of lands. In his retinue in Italy was the Minnesinger Bernger von Horheim.

In 1196 Philip became duke of Swabia, on the death of his brother Conrad; and in May 1197 he married the Dowager Queen of Sicily, Irene Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II and widow of King Roger III of Sicily, a lady who is described by Walther von der Vogelweide as "the rose without a thorn, the dove without guile".