- published: 30 Dec 2011
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![Tarja - In her words [Interview & backstage] (Rosario, Argentina 2012)](http://web.archive.org./web/20121229062134im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/14nVHSjFATg/default.jpg)
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- 2006 in Argentina
- Above mean sea level
- Acre
- Agustín Rossi
- Alberto Olmedo
- Alejandro Rozitchner
- Alessandria
- Alfonso Prat Gay
- Amplitude modulation
- Angélica Gorodischer
- Argentina
- Argentino de Rosario
- Artist
- Asunción
- Austral University
- Autonomous city
- Autonomous entity
- Bahía Blanca
- Balkans
- Bariloche
- Barrio
- Barrio Alberdi
- Barrio Echesortu
- Barrio Fisherton
- Barrio Pichincha
- Bartolomé Mitre
- Battle of Caseros
- Beach resort
- Beatriz Sarlo
- Belo Horizonte
- Bilbao
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Budget
- Buenos Aires
- Cable modem
- Cablehogar
- Calchaquí
- Campo Grande
- Canal 7 Argentina
- Capitán Bermúdez
- Caracas
- Cargill
- Cargo
- Carlos Menem
- Caudillo
- Census
- Cesar Delgado
- Chaco Province
- Channel 3 - Rosario
- Channel 5 - Rosario
- Chapel
- Charles Darwin
- Checkerboard
- Chicago
- Children's hospital
- Chile
- China
- Christmas
- Circle of latitude
- City
- Coach (vehicle)
- Coin
- Colombia
- Commodity
- Commuting
- Conmebol Cup
- Conservatism
- Copa Sudamericana
- Corrientes
- Corrientes Province
- Croatia
- Cult
- Culture of Argentina
- Curitiba
- Cuyo, Argentina
- César Menotti
- Córdoba, Argentina
- Dakar
- Daniel Rivera
- Darío Grandinetti
- Decentralisation
- Degree Celsius
- Demonym
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- Diesel fuel
- Districts of Rosario
- Domingo Cavallo
- Domingo Crespo
- Dow Chemical
- Dredge
- Duendes Rugby Club
- Día del Amigo
- Economist
- Economy of Argentina
- Edgardo Bauza
- Eduardo Buzzi
- Eduardo Duhalde
- Entre Ríos Province
- Erminio Blotta
- Estación Retiro
- Ethical bank
- Eva Perón
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- Ezequiel Garay
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- Flag of Argentina
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- France
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- Frequency modulation
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- Geography of Rosario
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- Greater Rosario
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- History of Rosario
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- Israel
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- La Capital
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- Mendoza Province
- Mendoza, Argentina
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- Paraná River
- Paraná, Argentina
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- Planetarium
- Pluna
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- Port of Rosario
- Portal Argentina
- Portal Rosario
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- Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Posadas, Misiones
- Post office
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- Primera B Nacional
- Privatization
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- Puerto Belgrano
- Puerto Iguazú
- Pérez, Santa Fe
- Quilmes
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- Ravine
- Red-light district
- Renata Fronzi
- Resistencia, Chaco
- Ricardo Lagos
- Rio de Janeiro
- Rioplatense Spanish
- Roberto Fontanarrosa
- Roldán, Santa Fe
- Romania
- Rosariazo
- Rosarigasino
- Rosario 12
- Rosario Central
- Rosario Department
- Rosario, Santa Fe
- Rugby union
- Runway
- Sala Lavardén
- Saladillo Stream
- Salta
- Salta Province
- San Juan, Argentina
- Santa Fe Province
- Santa Fe, Argentina
- Santiago del Estero
- SEMTUR
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Shanghai
- Silt
- Society of Jesus
- Sol Líneas Aéreas
- Soldini, Santa Fe
- Spain
- Split (city)
- Stream
- Subsidy
- Sugar
- Taxicab
- Teatro El Círculo,
- Telecom Argentina
- Telefé
- Telephone
- Television channel
- Tenneco
- Theatre
- Time in Argentina
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- Torneo Argentino A
- Toulouse
- Town twinning
- Trade bloc
- Trauma center
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- Tucumán Province
- Ukraine
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- Uruguay
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- UTC−3
- Valparaíso
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- Venezuela
- Vicente de la Mata
- Victoria, Entre Ríos
- Villa Gesell
- Voseo
- Wheat
- Wi-Fi
- Wikipedia Cleanup
- Wool
- Yeísmo
- Zahlé
- Zárate, Buenos Aires
- Ángel Di María
- Éver Banega
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Alessandria
Alessandria
listen (help·info) (Lissandria in Piedmontese) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the alluvial plane between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, c. 90 km southeast of Turin.
Alessandria is also a major railway hub.
Alessandria was founded in 1168 with a charter as a free commune; it was sited upon a preexisting urban nucleus, to serve as a stronghold for the Lombard League, defending the traditional liberties of the communes of northern Italy against the Imperial forces of Frederick Barbarossa. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, a staunch ally of the Emperor, with a name assumed in 1168 to honor the Emperor's opponent, Pope Alexander III. In 1174–75 the fortress was sorely tested by Imperial siege and stood fast. A legend (related in Umberto Eco's book Baudolino, and which recalls one concerning Bishop Herculanus’ successful defense of Perugia several centuries earlier) says it was saved by a quick-witted peasant, Gagliaudo: he fed his cow with the last grain remaining within the city, then took it outside the city walls until he reached the Imperial camp. Here he was captured, and his cow cut open to be cooked: when the Imperials found the cow's stomach filled with grain, Gagliaudo was asked the reason to waste such a rich meal. He answered that he was forced to feed his cow with grain because there was such a lot of it, and no room to place it within the city. The Emperor, fearing that the siege would last too long, left Alessandria free. (Malaria was probably the real cause of his departure.) A statue of Gagliaudo can be found on the left corner of the city cathedral.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Asunción
Asunción (Spanish pronunciation: [asunˈsjon], Guarani: Paraguay) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay.
The Ciudad de Asunción is an autonomous capital district not part of any department. The metropolitan area, called Gran Asunción, includes the cities of San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora, Lambaré, Luque, Mariano Roque Alonso, Ñemby, San Antonio, Limpio, Capiatá and Villa Elisa, which are part of the Central Department. The Asunción metropolitan area has more than 2 million inhabitants. Asunción is located at 25°16′S 57°40′W / 25.267°S 57.667°W / -25.267; -57.667 (-25.2667, -57.6667). The Municipality of Asunción is listed on the Asunción Stock Exchange, as BVPASA: MUA, a unique feature of any city.
It is the home of the national government, principal port, and the chief industrial and cultural centre of the country. Local manufacturing production includes footwear, textiles, and tobacco products.
Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America and the longest continually inhabited area in the Rio de la Plata Basin; for this reason that it is known as "Mother of Cities". It was from here that the colonial expeditions departed to found other cities, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires and of other important cities such as Villarrica, Corrientes, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
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Bahía Blanca
Bahía Blanca is a city located in the south-west of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Atlantic Ocean, and seat of government of Bahía Blanca Partido. It has a population of 301,572 inhabitants according to the 2010 census [INDEC]. It is the main city in the larger Greater Bahía Blanca urban agglomeration.
The city has an important sea port with a depth of 45 feet (15 mt), kept constant upstream almost all along the length of the bay, where the Naposta Stream drains.
Bahía Blanca means "White Bay". The name is due to the typical colour of the salt covering the soils surrounding the shores. The bay (which is actually an estuary) was seen by Ferdinand Magellan during the first circumnavigation around the world on the orders of Charles I of Spain, in 1520, looking for a canal connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean all along the coasts of South America.
The city was founded as a fortress on 11 April 1828 by Colonel Ramón Estomba under the orders of Brigadier-General and subsequent Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, being named Fortaleza Protectora Argentina (Argentine Protective Fortress), intended to protect dwellers and their cattle from native rustling, and also to protect the coast from the Brazilian navy, which had landed in the area the previous year. It was visited by Charles Darwin during his travels through South America in September 1833. The fortress was attacked by malones (incursions of nomadic aboriginals on horseback) several times, most notably in 1859 by 3,000 Calfucurá warriors. It became commercially important after the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway linked the town to the city of Buenos Aires in 1885. As a result, the transport of grain from the Pampas was much facilitated.
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Battle of Caseros
The Battle of Caseros was fought near the town of Caseros, more precisely between the present-day train stations of Caseros and Palomar (the actual battlefield is now occupied by the Colegio Militar de la Nación (National Military College), a military academy) in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between the Army of Buenos Aires commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Grand Army (Ejército Grande) led by Justo José de Urquiza. The forces of Urquiza, caudillo and governor of Entre Ríos, defeated Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom. This defeat marked a sharp division in the history of Argentina. As provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation, Urquiza sponsored the creation of the Constitution in 1853, and became the first constitutional President of Argentina in 1854.
Rosas had declared war on Brazil in 1851, which led to the signing of a treaty, on 21 November 1851, among the governments of Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Uruguay and the Brazilian Empire. In compliance with the treaty, Urquiza led a joint army and crossed Morón creek, positioning his forces in Monte Caseros. The Brazilian Empire contributed with 3,500 troops but the bulk of the Brazilian Army remained out of the battlefield.
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Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌbɛloɾiˈzõtʃi],Beautiful Horizon) is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, located in the southeastern region of the country. It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country. Belo Horizonte (also known as "Belô", "Beagá", or "BH") has a population of 2,475,440 inhabitants (2010) in the city and 5,497,922 people in the official Metropolitan Area (2010).
The region was first settled in the early 18th century, but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s, in order to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais. The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings, and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons, most notably the Pampulha Complex. In planning the city, Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington, D.C. The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security, for which it has been awarded international accolades.
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Bilbao
Bilbao ( /bɪlˈbaʊ/, /bɪlˈbɑːoʊ/;Spanish: [bilˈβao]; Basque: Bilbo, IPA: [bilbo]) is a municipality and city in Spain, the capital of the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. With a population of 353,187 as of 2010[update], it is the largest city of its autonomous community and the tenth largest in Spain. With roughly 1 million inhabitants, Bilbao lies within one of the most populous metropolitan areas in northern Spain. The Bilbao metropolitan area includes the comarca of Greater Bilbao (875,552) plus satellite towns, ranking the fifth largest in Spain.
Bilbao is situated in the north-central part of Spain, some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the Bay of Biscay, where the estuary of Bilbao is formed. Its main urban core is surrounded by two small mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft).
Since its foundation in the early 14th century, Bilbao was a commercial hub that enjoyed significant importance in the Green Spain, mainly thanks to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries. Throughout the nineteenth century and beginnings of the twentieth, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialization that made it the centre of the second industrialized region of Spain, behind Barcelona. This was joined by an extraordinary population explosion that prompted the anexation of several adjacent municipalities. Nowadays, Bilbao is a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social, economic, and aesthetic revitalization process, started by the symbolic Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, and continued by infrastructure investments, such as the airport terminal, the rapid transit system, the tram line, the Alhóndiga, or the currently under development Abandoibarra and Zorrozaurre renewal projects.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
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Campo Grande
Coordinates: 20°27′44″S 54°36′40″W / 20.46222°S 54.61111°W / -20.46222; -54.61111
Campo Grande (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkɐ̃pu ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi], Great Field) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West region of the country. The city is nicknamed Cidade Morena ("Swarthy City" in Portuguese) because of the reddish-brown colour of the region's soil. It has a population of 796,252, according to a 2011 IBGE estimate, while its metropolitan area is home to 991,420 people (2010).[citation needed]
The region where the city is located was in the past a waypoint for travellers who wanted to go from São Paulo or Minas Gerais to northern Mato Grosso by land. In the early 1900s a railway was completed connecting Campo Grande to Corumbá, on the Bolivian border, and to Bauru, São Paulo. Also in the beginning of the 20th century, the Western Brazilian Army Headquarters was established in Campo Grande, making it an important military center.
With a population growth from 140,000 people in 1970 to 750,000 people in 2008, Campo Grande is the third largest urban center of the Center-West region, and the 23rd largest city in the country. In 1977, the State of Mato Grosso was split into two, and Campo Grande became the capital of the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul, comprising the southern portion of the former state. By that time, Campo Grande had long surpassed the latter's capital city of Cuiabá in population, which is unusual in Brazil, where most capitals are also the states' largest cities.
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Capitán Bermúdez
Capitán Bermúdez is a city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located within the metropolitan area of Greater Rosario, (north of Rosario, immediately north of Granadero Baigorria), on the western shore of the Paraná River. It has a population of about 27,000 inhabitants per the 2001 census [INDEC].
The town was founded in 1889, and officially became a city in 1970. Its name is an homage to Justo Bermúdez, a captain of the rebel forces of General José de San Martín during the Battle of San Lorenzo.
The city hosts important industries that make use of environmental harmful chemicals, including a petrochemical plant and a paper mill. According to studies conducted in the 1990s by Greenpeace, the paper plant (property of Celulosa S. A.) is responsible for contaminating the Paraná River with chlorine-derived chemicals and others (methoxyphenols such as chloro-guaiacol, di- and tri-chloro-phenols, alkylbenzenes, sulfur compounds, long-chain hydrocarbons, and chloroform). Similar charges have been made about the petrochemical plant Electroclor, owned by ICI, which manufactures chlorine. [1] [2] [3]
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Caracas
Caracas (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈɾakas]), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English (Spanish: Caraqueños).
Caracas is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 910 m (2,493.44 and 2,985.56 ft) above sea level. The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2200 m (7400 ft) high mountain range, Cerro Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains.
El Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas (Metropolitan District of Caracas) includes the Distrito Capital (the capital city proper) and four other municipalities in Miranda State: Chacao, Baruta, Sucre, and El Hatillo. The Distrito Capital had a population of 2,097,350 as of 2009, while that of Distrito Metropolitano was estimated at 4,196,514 as of (2008).
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Chaco Province
The Province of Chaco (in Spanish: Provincia del Chaco) (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃako]) is a province in northeastern Argentina. With an area of 99,633 km2 (38,469 sq mi) and a population of 1,055,259 as of 2010, it is the 12th most extensive and the 9th most populated of the 23 Argentine provinces. Chaco is bordered by Salta and Santiago del Estero to the west, Formosa to the north, Corrientes to the east, and Santa Fe to the south. The province also has an international border with the Paraguayan Department of Ñeembucú. The capital and largest city is Resistencia.
The area was originally inhabited by various hunter-gatherers tribes of the Mataco-Guaicuru language family. The first European settlement was founded by Spanish Conquistador Alonso de Vera y Aragón in 1585 under the name of Concepción de Nuestra Señora, but it was abandoned in 1632. The region remained largely unexplored and inhabited by both Europeans and Argentines until the late 19th Century, when, after the Paraguayan War, several Argentine military expeditions conquered it from the aboriginals and the National Territory of Chaco was created in 1884. The territory was finally provincialized in 1951 under the name Provincia Presidente Perón, and in 1955 adopted its current denomination.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] (
listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Corrientes
Corrientes (Guaraní: Taragui; literally: "Currents") is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, about 1,000 km (621 mi) from Buenos Aires and 300 km (186 mi) from Posadas, on National Route 12. It has a population of 328,689 according to the 2001 Census.
Corrientes, as the provincial capital, is the most important city in the province, its economical centre, and holds the authorities and governmental institutions.
It has a mix of colonial and modern architecture, several churches and a number of lapacho, ceibo, jacaranda, and orange trees. Its also home to one of the biggest carnival celebrations in the country.
The annual average temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), with maximum and minimum averages of 45 °C (113 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F) respectively. The annual rainfall is around 1,200 millimetres (47 in).
The General Belgrano Bridge crosses the Paraná River that serves as the natural border with the neighbouring Chaco Province. On the other side of the bridge is Resistencia, capital of Chaco. To the west and up the Paraná, between Paraguay and Argentina, lies the Yaciretá dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power generators in the world.
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Corrientes Province
Corrientes (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈrjentes], Currents or Streams; Guarani: Taragui Tetãmini) is a province in northeast Argentina, in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by (from the North, clockwise): Paraguay, the province of Misiones, Brazil, Uruguay, and the provinces of Entre Rios, Santa Fe and Chaco.
Before the arrival of the Spanish conquest, the Guaraní lived in a big area that also covered most of the current province of Corrientes. The city of Corrientes was founded on April 3, 1588 by Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón as a mid-stop between Asunción and Buenos Aires; the city flourished thanks to the traffic from the route. Jesuits erected missions in the north of the province, where they dedicated themselves to the expansion of the faith. In the wars of independence from Spain, Corrientes joined Artigas' Liga de los Pueblos Libres (1814–1820). The attack of Paraguayan forces on the province in 1865 marked the start of the War of the Triple Alliance.
In 1919 the National University of the Littoral was founded, which in 1956 became the National University of the Northeast.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Curitiba
Curitiba (Tupi: "Pine Nut Land", Portuguese pronunciation: [kuɾiˈtibɐ] or [kuɾiˈtʃibɐ]) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Paraná. The city's population numbers approximately 1.75 million people, making it the 8th most populous in the country, and the largest in the Brazil's South Region. Its metropolitan area, called Curitiba Metropolitan Area (Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, in Portuguese), comprises 26 municipalities with a total population of over 3.2 million (IBGE estimate in 2010), the seventh most populous in the country.
Curitiba is an important cultural, political and economic centre in the country and in Latin America. The city sits on a plateau at 932 metres (3,058 ft) above sea level. It is located 105 kilometres (65 mi) west of the sea port of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. The city hosts the Federal University of Paraná, established in 1912, one year before electric streetcars were first deployed.
Curitiba's rapid expansion was based on the cattle trade, the city being located half-way between the cattle breeding country to the south and the markets to the north. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians, contributing to the economic and cultural development of the city. Nowadays, only smaller numbers of foreign immigrants arrive, mainly from Middle Eastern and others Latin American countries, but there is a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other states of the country (approximately half the population of Curitiba was not born in the city).
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Dakar
Dakar is the capital city and largest city of Senegal. It is located on the Cap-Vert Peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city on the African mainland. Its position, on the western edge of Africa, is an advantageous departure point for trans-Atlantic and European trade; this fact aided its growth into a major regional port.
According to December 31, 2005 official estimates, the city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594, whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million people.
Dakar is a major administrative centre, home to the National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal's President's Palace.
The Cape Verde Peninsula was settled, no later than the 15th century, by the Lebou, an ethnic group related to the neighboring Wolof and Sereer. The original villages: Ouakam, Ngor, Yoff and Hann, still constitute distinctively Lebou neighborhoods of the city today. Meanwhile, in 1444, the Portuguese arrived on the island of Gorée and founded a settlement there. By 1536, they had begun using it as a base for the export of slaves. The mainland of Cap-Vert, however, was under control of the Jolof Empire, as part of the western province of Cayor which seceded from Jolof in its own right in 1549. A new Lebou village, called Ndakaaru, was established directly across from Gorée in the 17th century to service the European trading factory with food and drinking water. Gorée was captured by the United Netherlands in 1588, which gave it its present name (spelled Goeree, after Goeree-Overflakkee in Holland). The island was to switch hands between the Portuguese and Dutch several more times before falling to the English under Admiral Robert Holmes on January 23, 1664, and finally to the French in 1677. Though under continuous French administration since, Métis families, descendant from Dutch and French traders and African wives, dominated the slave trade. The infamous "House of Slaves" was built here in 1776.
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Entre Ríos Province
Entre Ríos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈentɾe ˈri.os], Between Rivers) is a northeastern province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region. It borders the provinces of Buenos Aires (south), Corrientes (north) and Santa Fe (west), and Uruguay in the east.
Its capital is Paraná (250,000 inhabitants), which lies on the Paraná River, opposite the city of Santa Fe.
Together with Córdoba and Santa Fe, since 1999, the province is part of the economic-political association known as the Center Region.
The first inhabitants of the area that is now Entre Ríos were the Guaraní, Charrúa and Chaná, who each occupied separate parts of the region. Spaniards entered in 1520, when Rodríguez Serrano ventured up the Uruguay River searching for the Pacific Ocean.
The first permanent Spanish settlement was erected in the current La Paz Department at the end of the 16th century. As governor of Asunción first and then of Buenos Aires, Hernandarias conducted expeditions to Entre Ríos unexplored lands. Juan de Garay, after founding Santa Fe, explored this area, which he called la otra banda ("the other bank").
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Fray Luis Beltrán
Fray Luis Beltrán is a small city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located within the metropolitan area of Greater Rosario, north of the city of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River. It has a population of about 14,000 inhabitants as of the 2001 census [INDEC].
The town was founded in 1892 by Domingo Borghi. Its name is an homage to a friar of the San Carlos Monastery in nearby San Lorenzo, where the wounded of the rebel forces of General José de San Martín were tended after the Battle of San Lorenzo.
Fray Luis Beltrán is divided into two parts by the National Route 11. There is a military battalion, a factory of weapons and military supplies (Fábrica Militar Fray Luis Beltrán [1]), and a chemical plant (Sulfacid S. A.).
In Spanish unless otherwise noted.
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Gran Chaco
The Gran Chaco (Quechua chaku, "hunting land") is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region. This land is sometimes called the Chaco Plain.
The Gran Chaco is about 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi) in size, though estimates differ. It is located west of the Paraguay River and east of the Andes, mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared among Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina. It stretches from about 17° to 33° South latitude and between 65° and 60° West longitude, though estimates differ in this case too.
Historically the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the Chaco Austral or Southern Chaco, south of the Bermejo River and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the Pampa region in its southernmost end; the Chaco Central or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the Pilcomayo River to the north, also now in Argentinian territory; and the Chaco Boreal or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia.
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Granadero Baigorria
Granadero Baigorria is a city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located directly north of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River, and forming part of the Greater Rosario metropolitan area. Its population is about 43,000 inhabitants.
Granadero Baigorria is named after Juan Bautista Baigorria, a cavalry soldier of the Mounted Grenadiers (Granaderos a Caballo) who fought for General José de San Martín in the battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813, the first of the Argentine War of Independence.
The city features a camping site, beaches, and several islands on the Paraná. Cultural spotlights include an Artisans' Square, a museum, and several churches and shrines. Granadero Baigorria is also home to the first Portland cement factory in Argentina.
The city has a large public (provincial) hospital, Hospital Escuela Eva Perón, which together with two other such hospitals in Rosario supply free medical services to the populous metropolitan area around it.
In Spanish unless otherwise noted.
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Greater Rosario
Greater Rosario is the metropolitan area of the city of Rosario, in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. This metropolis has a population of about 1.5 million (1,528,000 est.), thus being Argentina's second most populated urban settlement, after Buenos Aires.
The Greater Rosario comprises Rosario itself (population about 910,000) and a large area around it, spreading in all directions except eastward (because of the Paraná River). Directly to the south it includes the city of Villa Gobernador Gálvez, with a population of about 75,000, at about 10 km from the center of Rosario.
To the west and south-west there are several smaller towns and cities (Funes, Roldán, Pérez, Soldini); Roldán is 23 km from Rosario's center. These settlements were incorporated into the metropolis due to their vicinity to major roads leading into Rosario, and many people living there habitually commute to Rosario.
The farthest end is to the north, following the coast of the river; from Rosario one finds, in succession and usually merging into each other, the towns of Granadero Baigorria, Capitán Bermúdez, Fray Luis Beltrán, San Lorenzo (already in a different departamento, with a population of over 40,000), and Puerto General San Martín, the last being at a distance of 35 km from Rosario.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Haifa
Haifa (Hebrew: חֵיפָה, Hebrew pronunciation: [χeiˈfä], Ḥefa; Arabic: حيفا Ḥayfā) is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area. Haifa is a mixed city: 90% are Jews, more than a quarter of whom are immigrants from the former Soviet Union, while 10% are Arabs, predominantly of the Christian religion. It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the history of settlement at the site spans more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the centuries, the city has changed hands: It has been conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the city has been governed by the Haifa Municipality.
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Hectare
The hectare ( /ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑr/; symbol ha) is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres (100 m by 100 m), and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the 'are' was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare ('hecto-' + 'are') was thus 100 'ares' or 1/100 km2. A hectare of land is about 2.47 acres.
When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units (SI), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare is one of the non-SI units accepted for use with the SI units.
The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:
Although the law defined the length of the metre, there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre (and hence the are) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted.
The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when, under the Convention of the Metre, its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCPM). At the first meeting of the GCPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted, the are and hectare were automatically redefined.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jujuy Province
Jujuy (Spanish pronunciation: [xuˈxui]) is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. The only neighboring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south.
Pre-Columbian inhabitants, who later mixed with the Incas during their expansion period, practiced agriculture and domesticated the guanaco. They had huts made of mud, and erected stone fortresses to protect their villages. An example of such fortresses is Pucará de Tilcara, Pucará meaning "fortress" (word also used for the Argentine combat aircraft Pucara).
In 1593, a small settlement was erected in the Jujuy valley by the effort of Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía. In spite of the attacks of the Calchaquíes and Omaguacas aborigines, the population and activity of the village consolidated and grew.
At the end of the 17th century, the customs to the Viceroyalty of Peru was transferred from Córdoba to Jujuy.
With the separation from Peru and the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Jujuy lost its importance and its population started to diminish.
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La Plata
La Plata (English: The Silver) is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of La Plata partido. According to the 2001 census [INDEC], the partido has a population of 574,369 and its metropolitan area has 694,253 inhabitants. The city itself has a population of 186,524.
La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880, and it was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882. Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City (Ciudad Eva Perón) between 1952 and 1955.
The city is home to two football (soccer) teams that play in the first division: Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata.
Rocha decided to erect a new city to host the provincial government institutions and the planned university. Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed "la ciudad de las diagonales" ("city of diagonals"). It is also called "la ciudad de los tilos" ("city of tilia (linden trees)") because of the large number of linden trees lining many streets and squares.
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La Siberia
Coordinates: 39°09′00″N 05°06′00″W / 39.15°N 5.1°W / 39.15; -5.1
La Siberia is a comarca in the northeastern portion of the province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Its capital is the municipality of Herrera del Duque. The comarca is bordered on the north by the provinces of Cáceres and Toledo, on the west by Las Vegas Altas comarca, on the south by La Serena comarca, and on the east by the province of Ciudad Real. The district contains 18 municipalities with a combined area of 2,943 km2 (1,136 sq mi) and a population of 29,214 people.
La Siberia contains 18 municipalities:
La Siberia dates back to prehistory, when inhabitants were hunters and gatherers, semi-nomadic in nature. Rupestrian (made of rock) cave paintings and stone tools have been found from this era. The most prolific paintings in the area (though not in La Siberia itself) are those in the Maltravieso Cave from the Aurignacian era. Human remains and ceramics have also been found in the cave.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Ludueña Stream
The Ludueña Stream (in Spanish, Arroyo Ludueña) is a small river (about 19 kilometres (12 mi) long including its tributaries) in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, which starts near the city of Rosario and flows through it, mostly east-southwards, ending in the Paraná River in the neighbourhood commonly known as Arroyito, near Rosario Central's football stadium.
The Ludueña drains an 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) area which includes Rosario and several smaller towns (Pérez, Zavalla, Pujato, Funes, Roldán, San Jerónimo, Luis Palacios, Ricardone, Ibarlucea, and Camilo Aldao). Parts of its drainage basin are subject to flooding. The last important episode, in 1986, affected several neighbourhoods of the north-east of Rosario (notably the barrios of Ludueña Norte and Empalme Graneros, where water was almost 2 m deep in some points). This flood sparked a grassroots movement to pressure the provincial government to fund preventive measures.
A length of 1.5 km of the Ludueña Stream were piped into five underground closed conduits, with a cross section of 74 m², which cross densely populated areas and resurface to empty the stream into a final open section a few hundred metres from the Paraná River. In 1995, after two-year works, an earth-fill dam in the upper course of the Ludueña was completed; it is designed as a buffer, to contain and regulate sudden peaks of waterflow, and according to estimates it directly or indirectly benefits about 200,000 people in Rosario and nearby towns.
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Manizales
Manizales is a city and municipality in central Colombia, capital of the Department of Caldas and part of the region of Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis, near the Nevado del Ruiz volcano.
Presently, the city is the main center for the production of Colombian coffee and an important hub for higher educational institutions.
Manizales was founded October 12, 1849, in the middle of a civil war between bipartisan followers; Liberals against Conservatives. The city was founded by a group of twenty antioquians (The Expedition of the 20), who came from Neira and Salamina. There is a strong Spanish influence in the culture and the population was very homogeneous, mostly whites, until other ethnic groups migrated to the city in search of the universities.
Manizales is the capital city of one of the smallest Colombian departments. The city is described as having "abrupt topography"; it is built in a mountain region with a number of ridgelines and steep slopes. Combined with the seismic instability of the area, this has required architectural adaptations and public works to make the city safer. Even though Manizales has a very difficult topography, there are many coffee plantations in these fertile lands. The city is located in the north of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis ("Eje Cafetero"), near the volcano Nevado del Ruiz, which has an altitude of about 5,321 meters.
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Mar del Plata
Mar del Plata is an Argentine city located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, 400 km (249 mi) south of Buenos Aires. Mar del Plata is the second largest city of Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata" has apparently the meaning of "sea of the Río de la Plata region" or "adjoining sea to the Río de la Plata". Mar del Plata is one of the major fishing ports and the biggest seaside beach resort in Argentina. With a population of 614,350 as per the 2010 census [INDEC], it is the 7th largest city in Argentina.
As part of the Argentine recreational coast, tourism is Mar del Plata's main economic activity with seven million tourists visiting the city in 2006. Mar del Plata has a sophisticated tourist infrastructure with countless hotels, restaurants, casinos, theatres and other tourist attractions. Mar del Plata is also an important sports centre with a multi-purpose Olympic style stadium (first used for the 1978 World Cup and later upgraded for the 1995 Pan American Games), 5 golf courses and many other facilities.
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Mendoza Province
The Province of Mendoza (Spanish pronunciation: [menˈdoθa]) is a province of Argentina, located in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders to the north with San Juan, the south with La Pampa and Neuquén, the east with San Luis, and to the west with the republic of Chile; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza.
Covering an area of 148.827 km², it is the seventh biggest province of Argentina with 5.35% of the country's total surface. The population for 2010 is 1.741.610 inhabitants, which makes it the fifth largest populated province of the country, or 4.35% of the total national population.
Archeological studies have determined that the first inhabitants in the area date from the Holocene, but there are few remains of those people to know their habits. The earliest sites of human occupation in Mandoza Province, Agua de la Cueva and Gruta del Indio, are 12-13,000 years old. On the basin of the Atuel River, in 300 BC lived a group of people that lived from hunting, and the cultivation of maize, pumpkins and beans. Those valleys saw the rise of the Agrelo culture, antecesor of the Huarpes. They received influences of the Inca empire during the 15th century. Oral tradition sets the arrival of the Inca Túpac Yupanqui to Coquimbo by 1470.
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Mercosur
Mercosur or Mercosul (Spanish: Mercado Común del Sur, Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul, Guarani: Ñemby Ñemuha, English: Common Southern Market) is an economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción, which was later amended and updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto. Its purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. The official languages are Portuguese, Guaraní, and Spanish. It has been updated, amended, and changed many times since. It is now a full customs union. Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations are customs unions that are components of a continuing process of South American integration connected to the Union of South American Nations.
Mercosur origins trace back to 1985 when Presidents Raúl Alfonsín of Argentina and José Sarney of Brazil signed the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation Program or PICE (Portuguese: Programa de Integração e Cooperação Econômica Argentina-Brasil, Spanish: Programa de Integración y Cooperación Económica Argentina-Brasil). The program also proposed the Gaucho as a currency for regional trade.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Misiones Province
Misiones (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈsjones], Missions) is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamiсa region. It is surrounded by Paraguay to the northwest, Brazil to the north, east and south, and Corrientes Province of Argentina to the southwest.
The province was originally populated by the Guarani culture. The first European to visit the region was Sebastian Cabot who, while navigating the Paraná River in December 1527, found Apipé's falls. In 1541, Álvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca reached the Iguazú Falls.
In the 17th century, members of the Society of Jesus came to the zone. These missionaries began to build a string of Jesuit Reductions, that of San Ignacio being the most famous. In a few years, they managed to create 30 villages, wherein the Guarani, who had long been victims of the jungle and European slave-drivers alike, became skilled in agriculture and the arts, sharing in the Reductions' prosperity. In 1759, however, the Portuguese government, at the insistence of its anti-Jesuit chancellor, the Marquis de Pombal, ordered all Reductions in its territory (which then included much of today's Misiones Province) closed. The Marquis eventually prevailed on Pope Clement XIV to have the Jesuit Order suppressed in 1773. Once abandoned, the prosperous trade surrounding these Reductions quickly either vanished or degenerated into a brutal plantation economy, with the Guaranies its slaves.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] ( listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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Monterrey
Monterrey (Spanish pronunciation: [monteˈrei] ( listen)), is the capital city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León in the country of Mexico. The city is anchor to the third-largest metropolitan area in Mexico and is ranked as the ninth-largest city in the nation. Monterrey serves as a commercial center in the north of the country and is the base of many significant international corporations. It is Mexico's second richest city, and the world's 63rd richest, with an economy that had a 2008 GDP of USD $102 billion. Monterrey is one of Mexico's most developed cities, with the highest per capita income in the nation, and is regarded as a highly developed city. Although rich in history and culture, Monterrey is often regarded as the most "Americanized" city in the entire country, even above the cities along the U.S-Mexico border.
Monterrey as an important industrial and business center hosts an array of Mexican companies, including Pemex, Lanix Electronics, CEMEX, Vitro, Zonda Telecom, Mercedes-Benz Mexico, OXXO, Mastretta, BMW de Mexico, Mabe Grupo Bimbo, DINA S.A., Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma), formerly fully owned by FEMSA now jointly owned with Heineken and Alestra Telecommunications. Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Sony, Toshiba, Carrier, Whirlpool, Samsung, Toyota, Daewoo, Ericsson, Nokia, Dell, Boeing, HTC, General Electric, Gamesa, LG, SAS Institute and Teleperformance, among others.
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Montevideo
Montevideo (Spanish pronunciation: [mo̞n̪t̪e̞β̞iˈð̞e̞.o̞]) is the largest city, the capital, and the chief port of Uruguay. The settlement was established in 1726 by Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, as a strategic move amidst a Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region, and as a counter to the Portuguese colony at Colonia del Sacramento. According to the census of 2004, Montevideo has a population of 1,325,968 (about half of Uruguay's population). It has an area of 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi) and extends 20 kilometres (12 mi) from west to east. The southernmost cosmopolitan capital city in the Americas and third most southern in the world, it is situated in the southern coast of the country, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: "Silver River") — which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate. The city was under brief British rule in 1807 and was involved in the first major naval battle in the Second World War: the Battle of the River Plate. It is also the place where the Montevideo convention was signed, in 1933, by nineteen nations of the Americas. The city hosted all of the matches during the first FIFA World Cup in 1930. Montevideo has a rich architectural and cultural heritage, the latter including tango and candombe. According to Mercer Human Resource Consulting, in 2007 Montevideo provided the highest quality of life in Latin America.
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Neuquén Province
Neuquén (Spanish pronunciation: [neuˈken]) is a province of Argentina, located in the west of the country, at the northern end of Patagonia. It borders Mendoza Province to the north, Rio Negro Province to the southeast, and Chile to the west. It also meets La Pampa Province at its northeast corner.
The Neuquén Province receives its name from the Neuquén River. The term "Neuquén" derives from the Mapudungun word "Nehuenken" meaning drafty, which the aborigines used for the river. The word (without the accentuation) is a palindrome.
Inhabited by Pehuenches, the territory was initially explored by conquistadores coming from Chile. In 1670 a jesuit priest established in Chiloé Archipelago, Nicolás Mascardi, founded the Jesuit mission Nuestra Senora de Nahuel Huapi. The jesuit missions lasted few years and the last mission in Neuquén was destroyed in 1717. The supression of the society of Jesus in 1767 halted further missionary activity. The Neuquén area came under Argentine influence after explorer Perito Francisco Moreno made several trips to Patagonia and made accurate descriptions of the area in his book "Viaje al Pais de las Manzanas", reaching Nahuel Huapi lake in 1875.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
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Parque Alem
Coordinates: 32°54′38.3041″S 60°40′45.3755″W / 32.910640028°S 60.679270972°W / -32.910640028; -60.679270972
The Parque Alem (Alem Park, full name Parque Leandro Nicéforo Alem) is a large public park in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located in the north of the city, beside the Paraná River, overlooking its islands. Its name is a homage to 19th-century political leader Leandro Alem; the park features a heroic statue in his honor.
The park includes amusement games for children, a cultural center, a public pool complex, a camping site of the Municipal Workers Union, and the piers of the Fishermen's Center. The mouth of the Ludueña Stream marks its northern border. Close to the park lie the stadium of the Rosario Central football team and the Sorrento thermal power plant.
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Parque de España
Coordinates: 32°56′19.1976″S 60°38′11.2884″W / 32.938666°S 60.636469°W / -32.938666; -60.636469
The Parque de España (Park of Spain) is an urban complex in Rosario, Argentina. It comprises the park and a cultural centre, with a total surface area of 10,000 m², located near the historical centre of the city, on the coast of the Paraná River.
The park follows the shoreline of the Paraná, with grass and trees, paved paths for pedestrians, and a large parking lot. The cultural centre, on the north of the complex, was in part projected by the Catalan urbanist Oriol Bohigas, and includes a 500-seat theatre, a conference room, three art exhibition galleries and a video library. The south facade of the building of the cultural center is a set of outdoor stairs that climb meters from the lower level of the shore. The stairs themselves can seat up to 5,000 people for public shows performed in the park.
The complex includes a "partnership school," established by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and directed by Spanish civil servants. The school is property of the Parque de España Complex Foundation since May 25, 1993. There are basic and advanced courses, with a triple orientation (Humanities, Science-Technology and Business). Students of the school gain the appropriate subject equivalences in the Spanish educational system.
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Patio de la Madera
The Patio de la Madera, (Centro de Exposiciones y Convenciones Complejo Patio de la Madera) is a "Convention and Exposition Centre" complex located in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina, occupying two blocks opposite the Mariano Moreno Bus Terminal, near the geographic center of the city. The formal name is almost never used; the shorter form Centro de Convenciones Patio de la Madera is preferred even in official communications.
The main buildings provide room for conventions, lectures and conferences, artistic exhibitions and shows, etc., with an auditorium for 1,800 people and six smaller facilities with capacities between 120 and 370 people. There are 4,000 m² of covered area for exhibitions (plus another 1,000 semi-covered and 7,200 outdoors).
The complex also includes two nightclubs, an amphitheater, a park area with modern sculptures and a small artificial lake, two international cuisine restaurants, a fast food restaurant, and parking space for 250 vehicles.
The site of the Patio de la Madera was a former train station, a terminal of the Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano railway company that was abandoned when, in 1987, the cargo facilities were shut down and the rails were removed. The site was gradually recovered by the municipal government, starting during the administration of Mayor Horacio Usandizaga. By the early 2000s it was already a well-known center for national and international cultural activities.
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Port of Rosario
The Port of Rosario is an inland port and a major goods-shipping center of Argentina, located in the city of Rosario, province of Santa Fe, on the right-hand (western) shore of the Paraná River, about 550 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean.
The port is the largest of a series located in the several cities of the Greater Rosario that lie on the Paraná; the last (northernmost) able of overseas traffic being Puerto General San Martín (23 km upstream from Rosario). It is part of the Bi-Oceanic Corridor that joins the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean via Buenos Aires, Rosario, Córdoba, the Cuyo region and Valparaíso, Chile; going north-south it forms the axis of the Paraguay-Paraná Hydroway. It directly services the area of Santa Fe that produces a large part of Argentine exports, and indirectly the whole Mercosur trade bloc. In 2003 the traffic in the port amounted to 2.9 million tonnes.
At this point of the course of the Paraná (Kilometer 420) lies the depth transition between overseas and river navigation. The main channel of the river directly in front of the port has an advantageous configuration that allows to preserve a depth of 34 feet with minor periodic dredging. This allows for downstream navigation of vessels up to Panamax kind. The Paraná is about 600 m wide at Kilometer 418 and becomes 2,000 m wide downstream. Cargo from other parts of Argentina is brought into the port by the railway lines of the Nuevo Central Argentino, communicating with Córdoba (west) and Zárate, Buenos Aires Province (south), as well as the multiple national and provincial roads and highways that converge in Rosario. Communication with the north-eastern part of the country was enhanced by the 2003 opening of the Rosario-Victoria Bridge, that joins the city with the province of Entre Ríos. The Rosario International Airport (located 15 km east) has also been refurbished to work with cargo traffic.
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Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre (local Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtʊ aˈlɛɡɾi] ( listen);Merry Harbour) is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city population is 1,509,939 inhabitants (2010), the tenth most populous city in the country and the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area, with 4,405,760 inhabitants (2010). The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian state. Porto Alegre is one of the top cultural, political and economic centers of Brazil. Two Mercosul countries, Argentina and Uruguay, border on the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
Porto Alegre was founded in 1772 by immigrants from the Azores, Portugal. In the late 19th century the city received many immigrants from other parts of the world, particularly Germany, Italy, and Poland. The vast majority of the population is of European descent.
The city lies on the eastern bank of the Rio Guaiba (Guaiba Lake), where five rivers converge to form the Lagoa dos Patos (Lagoon of the Ducks), a giant freshwater lagoon navigable by even the largest of ships. This five-river junction has become an important alluvial port as well as a chief industrial and commercial center of Brazil.
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Puerto Iguazú
Puerto Iguazú is a frontier city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. With a population of 82.227 (2010 census [INDEC]), it is the fifth largest city in the Province, after Posadas, Oberá, Eldorado and San Vicente.
The world-renowned Iguazu Falls are only 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from the city, and as a result the city has developed its infrastructure around tourism.
In 1542, Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was the first European to discover what is now called Iguazu Falls. He was drawn by the noise of the water, which can be heard at a distance of several kilometers. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the Guarani Indians were the principal inhabitants of the area.
Despite its early exploration, the area remained occupied only by the Guarani until 1880. In 1881, the province of Corrientes, which at that time included what is now Misiones, sold 50 square leagues (13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi)) at the current site of Puerto Iguazú near the falls. The land changed hands three times in the course of just two years, and ended up as the property of Gregorio Lezama. At that time Misiones separated from Corrientes. Lezama funded a scientific expedition to explore the territory, enlisting Carlos Bosetti and Jordan Hummel for that purpose. Those two explorers later organized the first tourist trip to the falls. In 1888 Lezama also sold the land, this time to Martín Errecaborde and Company.
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Quilmes
Quilmes is a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the capital of Quilmes Partido (Partido de Quilmes), and has a population of 230,810. It is located 17 km (11 mi) south of the capital of Argentina, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.
The Quilmes were a native tribe who lived in the surroundings of Tucumán. In the 17th century, after repeated attempts by the invading Spaniards to control their lands, the Quilmes were defeated and were forced to settle in a restricted colony (reducción) near Buenos Aires, where the authorities could control them. The settlement was thus established in 1666 as Exaltación de la Santa Cruz de los Kilme. The 1,000 km (621 mi) journey from Tucumán was made on foot, causing hundreds of Quilmes to die in the process. By 1810 the colony had been abandoned and become a ghost town. The land was divided in parcels and the town of Quilmes was established in 1818.
During the first British invasion, the British arrived from Montevideo through Quilmes and went to Buenos Aires from there.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rosario Department
The Rosario Department (in Spanish, Departamento Rosario) is an administrative subdivision (departamento) of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located on the south of the province, with its eastern border coinciding with the provincial border along the Paraná River. It has an area of 1,890 km² and a population of 1.3 million, with a population density of about 700 inhabitants/km². This department is the most populated in the province (comprising more than one third of the total population).
The department's head town is the city of Rosario; most of the population is concentrated in its metropolitan area (Greater Rosario), which reaches north into the neighboring San Lorenzo Department. Other important cities and towns are Ibarlucea, Granadero Baigorria, Funes, Pérez, Zavalla, Pueblo Nuevo, Villa Diego, Álvarez, Villa Amelia, Acebal, Uranga, Arroyo Seco, Fighiera, and Coronel Bogado.
Limiting the Rosario Department to the south is the Constitución Department (whose head town is Villa Constitución) and to the east and north, the San Lorenzo Department (head town San Lorenzo). On the eastern border, along the Paraná River, is the heart of the Industrial Corridor, a productive area with a concentration of light industries (such as soybean oil and pod processing) and major ports.
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Saladillo Stream
The Saladillo Stream (Spanish, Arroyo Saladillo or Río Saladillo) is a small tributary of the Paraná River, that discharges into it between the cities of Rosario and Villa Gobernador Gálvez, in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It serves as the political border between these two towns of the Greater Rosario area, and is one of the two important affluents of the Paraná in the area, together with the Ludueña Stream in the north.
Although in Spanish the Saladillo is called an arroyo, it is not an arroyo in the English sense of a dry or intermittent stream. The Spanish word arroyo means "stream" or "brook", but the Saladillo is a sizable river with a drainage basin encompassing 3,205 square kilometres (1,237 sq mi). Río Saladillo is a variant name in Spanish. Its water services an important area in the southern part of Santa Fe province—both economically for agriculture, and demographically, since its last few kilometres flow through inside a densely populated area (Rosario has over a million residents). The port of Villa Gobernador Gálvez is located on the mouth of the Saladillo.
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Salta
Salta is a city in northwestern Argentina and the capital city of the Salta Province. Along with its metropolitan area, it has a population of 535,303 inhabitants as of the 2010 census [INDEC], making it Argentina's eighth largest city.
It is situated in the Lerma Valley, 1,152 meters (3780 feet) above sea level, at the foothills of the Andes mountains.
The weather is warm and dry, with annual averages of 756 mm of rainfall and an average temperature of 16.4 °C (20.4 °C in summer, 10.8 °C in winter). January and February are the months with greatest rainfall. During the spring, Salta is occasionally plagued by severe, week long dust storms.
Nicknamed Salta la Linda ("Salta the beautiful"), it has become a major tourist destination due to its old, colonial architecture, tourism orintated, awesome weather and the natural scenery of the valleys westward. Attractions in the city proper include the 18th century Cabildo, the neo-classical style Cathedral, and the July 9 central square along with San Bernardo hill, and it's sourrandings. The city's museums exhibit a wide range of artifacts and art work from the native civilizations that flourished in the area (Salta is located in the Southernmost region of what was the Inca empire, belonging to the Collasuyu, one of the four areas the empire was divided until the Spanish conquest), as well as from the 16th century Spanish conquest and the colonial and post-colonial periods. Salta is also the starting point of the "Train to the Clouds" (Tren a las nubes), and on the way to red-soiled Cafayate, as well as to other nearby tourist destinations.
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Salta Province
Salta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsalta]) is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Catamarca. It also surrounds Jujuy. To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile.
Before the Spanish conquest, numerous native peoples (now called Diaguitas and Calchaquíes) lived in the valleys of what is now Salta Province; they formed many different tribes, the Quilmes and Humahuacas among them, which all shared the Cacán language. The Atacamas lived in the Puna, and the Wichís (Matacos), in the Chaco region.
The first conquistador to venture into the area was Diego de Almagro in 1535; he was followed by Diego de Rojas. Hernando de Lerma founded San Felipe de Lerma in 1582, following orders of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa; the name of the city was soon changed to "San Felipe de Salta". By 1650, the city had around five hundred inhabitants.
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Santa Fe Province
The Invincible Province of Santa Fe, in Spanish Provincia Invencible de Santa Fe (pronounced: [santa ˈfe]), is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco (divided by the 28th parallel south), Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santiago del Estero. Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region.
Santa Fe's most important cities are Rosario (population 908,000), the capital Santa Fe (369,000), Rafaela (83,000), Villa Gobernador Gálvez (74,000), Venado Tuerto (69,000), Reconquista (66,000), and Santo Tomé (58,000).
The adult literacy rate in the province is 96.3%
The aboriginal tribes who inhabited this region were the Tobas, Timbúes, Mocovíes, Pilagás, Guaycurúes, and Guaraníes. They were nomadic, lived from hunting, fishing and fruit recollection.
The first European settlement was established in 1527, at the confluence of the Paraná and Carcarañá rivers, when Sebastián Gaboto, on his way to the north, founded a fort named Sancti Spiritus, which was destroyed two years later by the natives.
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Santiago del Estero
Santiago del Estero is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina. It has a population of 244,733 inhabitants, (2001 census [INDEC]) making it the twelfth largest city in the country, with a surface area of 2,116 km². It lies on the Dulce River and on National Route 9, at a distance of 1,042 km north-northwest from Buenos Aires. Santiago del Estero is the oldest city founded by Spanish settlers in Argentina that still exists as such, estimated to be 455 years old, according to historical sources of Argentina. As such, it is nicknamed "Madre de Ciudades" (Mother of Cities), as it is the first city founded in the actual territory of Argentina. It was officially declared "Mother of cities and Cradle of Folklore".
The city houses the National University of Santiago del Estero, founded in 1973, and Universidad Católica, founded in 1960. Other points of interest include the city's Cathedral, the Santo Domingo Convent, and the Provincial Archeology Museum.
The Santiago del Estero Airport is located 6 kilometres north of the city, and has regular flights to Buenos Aires and San Miguel de Tucumán.
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Telecom Argentina
Telecom Argentina (BCBA: TECO2 / NYSE: TEO) is the major local telephone company for the northern part of Argentina, including the whole of the city of Buenos Aires. Briefly known as Sociedad Licenciataria Norte S.A., it quickly changed its name, and is usually known as simply Telecom within Argentina.
Telecom Argentina's local telephone market, together with Telefonica de Argentina in the southern part of the country, was part of a duopoly until October 8, 1999. Telecom also operates mobile phone service Personal and Internet service provider Arnet.
In 1990, Argentina started to privatize most of its state-owned utilities: power, water, trains, and telecommunications, just to name a few. The monopoly of state-owned phone service ENTel was split into two territories: France Télécom was given the "upper half" of the country, from the middle to the north, and Telefónica was given the southern part. Each company was given an initial 7 year monopoly beginning on November 8, 1990. Initially, other companies were given exclusive licenses for international long distance, as well as cellular phone service.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tucumán Province
Tucumán (Spanish pronunciation: [tukuˈman]) is the most densely populated, and the smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina. Located in the northwest of the country, the capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from the north: Salta, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca. It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República (The Republic Garden).
Before the Spanish colonization, this land was inhabited by the Diaguitas and Calchaquíes, who practiced agriculture.
In 1533 Diego de Almagro explored the Argentine Northwest, including Tucumán. By 1565 saw the foundation of San Miguel de Tucumán by Diego de Villaroel, and the creation of the Provincia de Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas, whose first governor was Francisco de Aguirre. San Miguel de Tucumán was refounded in 1685 by Miguel de Salas some 65 kilometres from its first location, in order to avoid the constant attacks of the aboriginal malones.
The local aborigines of the region presented a strong resistance to the Spanish, who decided to move the defeated tribes towards Buenos Aires, being the most famous the case of the Quilmes, who were moved to the city of Quilmes.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Uruguay
Uruguayi/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.
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Valparaíso
Valparaíso (/ˌvælpəˈraɪzoʊ/, Spanish: [balpaɾaˈiso]) is a city and commune of Chile, center of its third largest conurbation (Greater Valparaíso) and one of the country's most important seaports; it is an increasingly important cultural center in the Southwest Pacific hemisphere. The city is the capital of the Valparaíso Province and the Valparaíso Region. Although Santiago is Chile's official capital, the National Congress of Chile was established in Valparaíso in 1990.
Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century, when the city served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by crossing the Straits of Magellan. Always a magnet for European immigrants, Valparaíso mushroomed during its golden age, when the city was known by international sailors as “Little San Francisco” and “The Jewel of the Pacific.”
Examples of Valparaíso’s former glory include Latin America’s oldest stock exchange, the continent’s first volunteer fire department, Chile’s first public library, and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world. The opening of the Panama Canal and reduction in ship traffic dealt a staggering blow to Valparaíso, though the city has staged an impressive renaissance in recent years.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Villa Gesell
Villa Gesell is a seaside village in Villa Gesell Partido, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was founded in 1931, afforestating a dune field. The growth of the city allowed it to annex the nearby cities of Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas and Mar Azul.
The town is named after Carlos Idaho Gesell, the son of German economist Silvio Gesell. Carlos Gesell bought wood at Tigre for his business, and wanted to plant pines somewhere near Mar del Plata to reduce costs. Gesell was not planning to build a town at that point. Héctor Guerrero told him of 16.48 km2 (6.36 sq mi) of sand dunes on sale for 28,000 pesos, and Gesell bought them in 1931 when he checked for the existence of groundwater in the area. The coastline was 10 km (6.21 mi) long. He immediately began to forest the area, and built a house for himself in 1932. This house is now a municipal museum.
The forestation work did not proceed as expected: the strong saline winds moved the sand and harmed the plants, exposing and drying their roots. Gesell hired German agronomist Carlos Bodesheim in 1934, who could not find a solution. He then implemented two new ideas. First, he planted a high number of beneficial weeds, capable of surviving in the dunes, in order to anchor the sand in place. He planted trees with tubed roots, so that the roots sought water deeper in the ground and the wind could not tear them. Losses were still high, but decreasing. In 1938 he learned about the Australian Acacia longifolia, which was well adapted to the sand and the saline winds, and increased the ratio of nitrogen fixation. The Acacia was a success, and he arranged the plants so that the Acacias protected the pines from the wind.
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Zahlé
Zahlé (Arabic: زحلة / ALA-LC: Zaḥlah; also transliterated Zahleh) is the capital and largest city of Beqaa Governorate, Lebanon. With around 320,000 inhabitants, it is the third largest city in Lebanon, after Beirut, Tripoli. It is situated 55 km (34 mi) east of the capital Beirut, close to the Beirut-Damascus road, and lies at the junction of the Lebanon mountains and the Beqaa plateau, at a mean elevation of 1000m. Zahlé is known as the "Bride of the Beqaa" and "the Neighbor of the Gorge" due to its geographical location and attractiveness, but also as "the City of Wine and Poetry" It is famous throughout Lebanon and the region for its pleasant climate, numerous riverside restaurants and quality arak. Its population is predominantly Catholic and known as Zahlawis.
The name Zahlé is derived from the Arabic verb زحل zahhala, which means to slide, to displace. The occasional landslides which take place on the deforested hills around the town are probably at the origin of this name.
Zahlé was founded in the early 18th century, in an area whose past reaches back some five millennia. It enjoyed a brief period as the region’s first independent state in the 19th century, when it had its own flag and anthem.
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Agustín Rossi
Agustín Oscar Rossi (born October 18, 1959), also known by his nickname El Chivo Rossi, is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician from the province of Santa Fe. Since 2005 he has been a National Deputy in the Argentine Congress and is leader of the majority Front for Victory block in the Chamber of Deputies.
Rossi was born in Vera, a small city in the north of Santa Fe Province, where he spent his early youth. He moved to Rosario when he was 17 years old, and graduated as a civil engineer at the National University of Rosario.
Rossi was a member of the Peronist University Youth in the 1970s, and joined the Justicialist Party in the 1980s. He was a member of the legislative body of Rosario (the Deliberative Council) at that time, but turned to his private practice in the 1990s. He returned to politics in 2001, and presided the Deliberative Council of Rosario until 2005.
In the 2005 legislative elections he ran for a seat in the lower house of Congress for the Front for Victory, the largest faction of the Justicialist Party, formed by supporters of President Néstor Kirchner. His campaign capitalized on, and was centered on gaining support for, the successful policies implemented by Kirchner on the national level; Rossi presented himself as "Kirchner's candidate".
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Alberto Olmedo
Alberto Olmedo (August 24, 1933 – March 5, 1988) was an Argentine comedian and actor.
Olmedo was born in Barrio Pichincha, Rosario, Santa Fe Province. In his teens, he was a gifted gymnast and an aspiring actor, who tried his luck with several amateur theater companies and enjoyed some local success.
Olmedo moved to Buenos Aires in 1954. One year later, while working as a technician in Canal 7, Argentina's first television station, his improvisation skills caught the attention of the management, who gave him acting jobs in several TV shows.
Even though Olmedo had a string of successful children's programs during the 1960s, the peak of his abilities would arrive when given the opportunity to mix slapstick, nonsense, and adult-oriented entertainment.
Starting with Gringalet in 1959, Olmedo starred in 49 movies, including: Los Doctores las Prefieren Desnudas (Doctors Prefer Them Naked), in 1973, Maridos en Vacaciones, (Husbands on Vacation, 1975), Fotógrafo de Señoras (Ladies' Photographer, 1978), Las Mujeres Son Cosas de Guapos (1981), Los Fierecillos Indomables (The Indomitable Little Beasts, 1982), Sálvese Quien Pueda (Every Man for Himself, 1984), and Rambito y Rambón, Primera Misión (Little Rambo and Big Rambo, First Mission, 1986). His last movie was Atracción Peculiar, released shortly after his death. Los Fierecillos Indomables had a sequel in 1983.
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Alejandro Rozitchner
Alejandro Rozitchner (born 1960 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine philosopher and writer. “Artist of the ideas” or “intellectual nutritionist” are some of the names with which he describes his work. He is characterized by his affirmative thinking, his appreciation for enthusiasm (a concept on which he has published numerous articles and also a topic of several conferences), and for his open, casual, and provocative style.
Alejandro Rozitchner has a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy from the Universidad Central de Venezuela.
He is the author of the novels El despertar del joven que se perdió la revolución (1998), Pernicioso vegetal (1999), Bienvenidos a mi (2003), and La venganza del oyente, published in 2008. He also wrote Argentina Impotencia. De la producción de crisis, a la producción de país (2002), Amor y País. Manual de discusiones (2005), and Hijos sin dios. Cómo criar chicos ateos, with his wife, Ximena Ianantuoni.
As a professional scriptwriter, he has written humorous scripts for the shows El palacio de la risa, with Antonio Gasalla; La cueva del chancho, with Juan Acosta, and joined the scriptwriter's staff of El circo Romano, with Gerardo Romano.
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Alfonso Prat Gay
Alfonso Prat Gay (born November 24, 1965) is an Argentine economist and politician. He was President of the Central Bank of Argentina from December 2002 to September 2004, and was elected Congressman for the Civic Coalition in the 2009 elections.
Prat Gay was born in Buenos Aires in 1965. He earned a degree in economics from the Universidad Católica Argentina in 1989, and obtained his Masters degree in 1994 at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was a PhD candidate.
In 1994, Prat Gay joined JPMorgan in New York and went on to work for the bank in its Buenos Aires and London branches until 2001. He co-founded APL Economía, an economic consulting firm.
In December 2002, Prat Gay was named President of the Central Bank of Argentina, at only 37 years of age, and served until September 24, 2004. He won the 2004 Euromoney Central Bank Governor of the Year award for his work. He completed his term and did not accept the offer from President Néstor Kirchner for another term of six years due to disagreements with the president on the independence of the Central Bank, anti-inflationary policies, and on negotiations on defaulted bonds.
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Angélica Gorodischer
Angélica Gorodischer (b. Buenos Aires, 28 July 1928) is an Argentine writer known for her collection of short stories, which belong to a wide variety of genres, including science-fiction, fantasy, crime and stories with a feminist perspective.
Born in Buenos Aires, Gorodischer has lived in Rosario since she was eight, and this city appears very frequently in her work. In 2007 the city council of Rosario awarded her the title of Illustrious Citizen.
In the English-speaking world Gorodischer might be best known for Kalpa Imperial (In Argentina volume 1 appeared in 1983 and both volumes by 1984). Its English translation came in 2003 by United States speculative fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin. A collection of short stories, it details the history of a vast imaginary empire through tales of fantasy, fable, and allegory. It does this in a way that gained in many admirers who deem it to be one of the finest genre work of Argentina. It also gained supporters in the English speaking world. A part of the work appeared as a story in the American anthology Starlight 2.
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Bartolomé Mitre
Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (June 26, 1821 – January 19, 1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. He was the President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868.
Mitre was born in Buenos Aires to a Greek Argentine family originally named Mitropoulos.
As a liberal, he was an opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and he was forced into exile. He worked as a soldier and journalist in Uruguay as a supporter of General Fructuoso Rivera, who named Mitre Lieutenant Coronel of the Uruguayan Army in 1846. Mitre later lived in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile, and in the latter country, he collaborated with legal scholar and fellow Argentine exile Juan Bautista Alberdi in the latter's periodical, El Comercio of Valparaíso.
Mitre returned to Argentina after the defeat of Rosas. at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. He was a leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system, and was appointed to important posts in the provincial government after Buenos Aires seceded from the Confederation.
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Beatriz Sarlo
Beatriz Sarlo (1942- ) is an Argentine literary and cultural critic. She was also founding editor of the cultural journal Punto de Vista ("Point of View").
Sarlo was born in 1942 and studied literature at the undergraduate and graduate levels at the University of Buenos Aires. The writer, critic, and dramatist David Viñas was an early mentor and influence. In 1978, she co-founded Punto de Vista which was one of the major dissident voices during the military regime which ended in 1983, and which still is one of Argentina's leading periodicals. Because of the authoritarian nature of the regime, Sarlo and her fellow contributors had to use pseudonyms, and subordinate political questions to aesthetic ones. Paradoxically, this entailed a rethinking of the political which moved Sarlo's thought away from an earlier tendency to Marxism and other forms of radicalism. She has continued to maintain a moderate-left political stance that refrains from promoting euphorias of free-market thought or populist solidarity.
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Calchaquí
The Calchaquí were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina. Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree of civilization. Under the leadership of Juan Calchaquí they offered a vigorous resistance to the first Spanish colonists coming from Chile.
Their language, known as Cacán, became extinct since the mid-17th century or beginning of 18th century. Its genetic classification remains unclear. The language was supposedly documented by the Jesuit Alonso de Bárcena, but the manuscript is lost.
Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that among the Calchaquis of Northern Argentina is found pottery painted with line drawings of birds, reptiles, and human faces, which remind of Peruvian and Malay work.
The Calchaqui people had bronze age technology. Ambrosetti, El Bronce en la Region CalchaquiBuenos Aires, Anales del Museo Nacional, serie 3a, IV, 163-312.'''''
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Carlos Menem
Carlos Saúl Menem (born July 2, 1930) is an Argentine politician who was President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999. He is currently an Argentine National Senator for La Rioja Province.
Carlos S. Menem was born in 1930 in Anillaco, a small town in the mountainous north of La Rioja Province, Argentina. An Arab Argentine, his parents were born in the town of Yabrud (part of the Ottoman Empire at the time, currently in southwestern Syria, near the border with Lebanon). As a young man, he joined his father as a traveling salesman dealing in feed and sundry items. Menem enrolled in the National University of Córdoba, and received the degree of "Abogado", equivalent to a Bachelor of Laws, in 1955. As a Law student, he became a vocal Peronist, and after President Juan Perón's overthrow that year, he was briefly incarcerated. He later joined the Peronist Party's successor, the Justicialist Party, and was elected President of its La Rioja Province chapter, in 1983.
Menem Carlos "el patillas" La Rioja in 1973, a prominent post that left him exposed after the overthrow of President Isabel Martínez de Perón in March 1976. Having been close to La Rioja Bishop Enrique Angelelli (a Third World Priest opposed by much of Argentina's conservative Roman Catholic Church), he was imprisoned by the military junta in Formosa Province until 1981, reportedly tortured in the process.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.
Darwin published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.
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Daniel Rivera
Héctor Alejandro Daniel Rivera (born May 17, 1952 in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine pianist settled in Italy. He was prized at the 1973 Vincenzo Scaramuzza Competition in Buenos Aires (1st), 1974 Rina Sala Gallo, Monza (1st), 1974 Alessandro Casagrande, Terni (3rd), 1976 Concorso Busoni (2nd), 1975 International Ettore Pozzoli Piano Competition (1st), 1977 Cata Monti Competition, Trieste (1st), Dino Ciani Competition (2nd), 1981 Beethoven Competition in Vienna (3rd) 1984 Paloma O'Shea Competition (5th), and other special prize at Liszt-Bartok Competition in Budapest.
Selected performance venues - Teatro Colón, Musikverein, National Philharmonic Society of Ukraine, Queen Elizabeth Hall.
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Darío Grandinetti
Darío Grandinetti (born March 5, 1959 in Rosario) is an Argentine actor. Among many other films, he worked under the direction of Pedro Almodóvar in the Academy Award winner Talk to Her.
Grandinetti started as a television actor to slowly move towards the cinema. His filmography is mainly of Argentine production or co-productions with his country. His first work in a foreign production was the Bolivian El Día que murió el silencio of 1998, and has recently worked in a number of Spanish films, and also participated as guest in Spanish TV series. He is considered one of the most important Argentine actors.
All Argentine productions unless otherwise stated:
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Domingo Cavallo
Domingo Felipe "Mingo" Cavallo (born July 21, 1946) is an Argentine economist and politician. He has a long history of public service and is known for implementing the Convertibilidad plan, which fixed the dollar-peso exchange rate at 1:1 between 1991 and 2001, which brought the Argentine inflation rate down from over 1,300% in 1990 to less than 20% in 1992 and nearly zero during the rest of the 1990s. He is also well known for implementing the corralito, which restrained savers from withdrawing the total amount of their own money from bank accounts, but allowed them to operate bank transactions and was followed by the December 2001 riots and the fall of President Fernando de la Rúa.
Cavallo was born in San Francisco, Córdoba Province to Florencia and Felipe Cavallo, Italian Argentine immigrants from the Piedmont Region. He graduated with honors in Accounting (1967) and Economics (1968) at the National University of Córdoba, where he earned his Doctorate in Economics in 1970. He married the former Sonia Abrazián in 1968, and had three children. He would later enroll at Harvard University, where he earned a second doctorate in Economics in 1977.
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Domingo Crespo
Domingo Crespo (1791–1871) was an Argentine politician who was governor of the province of Santa Fe from 1851 to 1854.
Crespo was a landowner born in Santa Fe City. In 1851 he supported the movement of the Federales led by the caudillo Justo José de Urquiza against the supremacy of Buenos Aires governor Juan Manuel de Rosas. He was appointed governor of Santa Fe by the Junta of Representatives of the province on 29 February 1852.
Governor Crespo faced a critical economic situation. His administration controlled spending and paid off debt, bringing order to the provincial budget. Crespo sponsored laws favouring the rent of public lands and encouraging immigration and colonization, and organized a more independent judicial branch.
Crespo was Santa Fe's representative at the meeting summoned in April 1852 by Urquiza in San Nicolás de los Arroyos in order to agree on the preliminary steps towards the creation of the National Constitution. The San Nicolás Agreement designed the city of Santa Fe as the seat of the General Constitutional Congress, which was held there in 1853. [1]
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Edgardo Bauza
Edgardo Bauza (born January 26, 1958 in Granadero Baigorria, Santa Fe) is an Argentine former footballer and current manager of Ecuadorian club LDU Quito. Before taking up management, he played over 300 games for Rosario Central, a club he went on to manage. He also played for Independiente in Argentina, Atlético Junior in Colombia and Veracruz in Mexico. .
During his playing career, Bauza spent most of his career playing for Rosario Central from 1977 to 1982, where he found his most successful achievement in club football. He won two Primera División and scored 80 league goals in 310 league appearances for Rosario Central, making him one of the highest scoring defenders in the history of Argentine football.
In 1983, he transferred to Atlético Junior and played for them for two years. Later on in his career, he also played for Independiente in 1985-86 but he only got seven appearances. He returned to Rosario Central in 1986.
Nicknamed El Patón (Big Footed), Bauza was an unused member of the Argentine team that were the runners-up in the 1990 FIFA World Cup held in Italy.
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Eduardo Duhalde
Eduardo Alberto Duhalde (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈðwarðo alˈβerto ˈðwalde]; born October 5, 1941) is an Argentine politician, lawyer and professor of public law, who also was President of Argentina from 2002 to 2003.
Duhalde was born in Lomas de Zamora, in the Greater Buenos Aires. He graduated as a lawyer in 1970. He became intendent of Lomas de Zamora in 1973, but left government three years later during the National Reorganization Process military coup. Democratic rule was restored in 1983, and Duhalde was elected intendent once more. Duhalde told in 2010 at the Noticias magazine that a coronel sought his support for a possible coup against the newly elected president Raúl Alfonsín, which Duhalde would have denied and reported directly to Alfonsín himself.
In 1987 he became a member of the Argentine National Congress and became vice-president under Carlos Menem from 1989 to his resignation in 1991. In 1991 he won the first of two terms as governor of Buenos Aires.
He ran for president in 1999, after a failed attempt by Carlos Menem to run for a third term, but he was defeated by Fernando de la Rúa. Duhalde came in second place with 37% of the vote. De la Rúa's government would face an economic crisis and the 2001 riots, resigning two years later. De la Rúa considered that Duhalde organized a coup d'état against himRodolfo Terragno, De la Rúa's Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, thought instead that the crisis was the exclusive result of keeping the peso-dollar parity despite of the costs generated by it.
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Erminio Blotta
Erminio Blotta (November 8, 1892 – January 23, 1976) was an Argentine self-taught sculptor of Italian origin.
He was born in Morano Calabro (province of Cosenza, Calabria). His birth certificate records his name as Erminio Antonio Blotta Mainieri, but his Argentine identity papers have Carmen Erminio Blotta instead.
Blotta's family came to his adoptive country when he was only a child, at the beginning of 1894, during a major wave of Italian immigration to Argentina. They settled in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, about 280 km northwest of Buenos Aires. Two of his father's brothers were already living in Argentina, in the town which would then be called Lucio V. López, 40 km north-west of Rosario. Blotta was the eldest of nine siblings.
He was an apprentice worker in the Ferrocarril Central Argentino railway company, where he developed his basic sculpting skills by modelling figurines with clay. He then worked in a medal workshop with Marcos Vanzo, and modelled plaques and funeral portraits. In 1909 he studied with sculptor José Nardi.
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Eva Perón
María Eva Duarte de Perón (Spanish: [maˈɾi.a ˈeβa ˈðwarte ðe peˈɾon]; 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Perón (1895–1974) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. She is usually referred to as Eva Perón, or by the affectionate Spanish language diminutive Evita.
She was born in the village of Los Toldos in rural Argentina in 1919, the youngest of five children. In 1934, at the age of 15, she went to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires, where she pursued a career as a stage, radio, and film actress. Eva met Colonel Juan Perón on 22 January 1944, in Buenos Aires during a charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, Argentina. The two were married the following year. In 1946, Juan Perón was elected President of Argentina. Over the course of the next six years, Eva Perón became powerful within the pro-Peronist trade unions, primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights. She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, championed women's suffrage in Argentina, and founded and ran the nation's first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party.
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Ezequiel Garay
Ezequiel Marcelo Garay González (born 10 October 1986 in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine footballer who plays for S.L. Benfica in Portugal and for Argentina, as a central defender.
At the early age of 18, Garay made his professional debut for hometown club Newell's Old Boys, in the Argentine top division. His first match was against Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, as the Rosario side eventually clinched the Apertura championship.
Garay made another 12 league appearances for Newell's, scoring his first and only goal for the club in the local derby against Rosario Central, a 2–1 win.
In December 2005, Garay joined La Liga side Racing de Santander, helping with seven complete matches as the Cantabria side barely avoided relegation (17th). His first full season was nothing short of spectacular, as he netted nine league goals in 31 matches, being the second top scorer in his position in Europe's major leagues, only behind F.C. Internazionale Milano's Marco Materazzi (ten); against Real Madrid only, he found the net three times - 2–1 home win (both through penalties, as well as five other goals) and 1–3 away loss, as Racing eventually finished 10th, the club's best since returning to the top flight in 2002.
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Ezequiel Lavezzi
Ezequiel Iván Lavezzi (Italian pronunciation: [laˈvɛttsi]; born 3 May 1985) is an Argentine football midfielder who currently plays for Italian Serie A club Napoli and the Argentine national team.
The media, as they tend to do to many promising young Argentine players who appear in Italy, have been quick to dub Lavezzi the "New Maradona". Lavezzi himself, however, plays this down, instead comparing himself to another young Argentine player, Carlos Tévez.
As a youngster, Lavezzi had a very keen interest in football and supported his local side Rosario Central; he would later get their badge tattooed on his back.
From a very young age, the footballing talent of Lavezzi was recognised, as he played in the youth squads of Rosario Central. After being rejected in Boca Juniors. Lavezzi moved to the youth side of Estudiantes (BA) in 2003, where over one season, he played 39 games and scored 17 goals.
Known as el Pocho or the Chubby One, he was bought by Italian side Genoa in 2004 for €1 million, but was loaned out straight-away to Argentina side San Lorenzo. Here at the age of 19, he competed in the Apertura 2004 tournament scoring eight goals in total over the course of the season; which saw him finish as 4th top scorer.
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Fernando Solanas
Fernando Ezequiel 'Pino' Solanas (born 16 February 1936, Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine film director, screenwriter and politician. His films include La hora de los hornos (1968), Tangos: el exilio de Gardel (1985), Sur (1988), El viaje (1992), La nube (1998) and Memorias del saqueo (2004), among many others.
Solanas studied theatre, music and law. In 1962, he directed his first short feature Seguir andando and in 1968 he covertly produced and directed his first long feature film La Hora de los Hornos, a documentary on neo-colonialism and violence in Latin America. The film won several international awards and was screened around the world. Solanas has won the Special Jury Award and the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival and the Best Director Palme at the Cannes Film Festival. He was awarded a special Golden Bear at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival. He collaborated with the great tango composer and musician Ástor Piazzolla on the soundtracks for various movies[citation needed].
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Fito Páez
Rodolfo "Fito" Páez Ávalos (born March 13, 1963 in Rosario, Santa Fe Province) is an Argentine popular rock and roll pianist, lyricist, Spanish language singer and film director.
His real name is Rodolfo Páez, like his father. When he was a child people called him "Rodolfito" (in Spanish, an affectionate form of "Rodolfo") to distinguish him from his father. With the passage of time, this nickname became just "Fito", and that is where his stage name came from.
He formed Staff, his first band when he was 13. In 1977, he played in El Banquete with Rubén Goldín and Jorge Llonch. He began to perform solo in pubs the following year.
Straight out of high school, he began touring with several bands and soon after that produced his first solo album, "Del '63", which was released in 1984. It was promoted first in his home town, but later earned attention in Buenos Aires. The recording was put together with the help of some of Argentina's most prominent musicians, including Daniel Wirtz, Fabián Gallardo, Tweety González and Paul Dourge. The disc won him critical acclaim as a songwriter and helped lead to future projects, including a 1985 album, "Giros".
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Hermes Binner
Hermes Juan Binner (born June 5, 1943) is an Argentine medical doctor and a politician. He was elected Governor of Santa Fe in 2007. Binner is the first Socialist to become the governor of an Argentine province, and the first non-Justicialist to rule Santa Fe since 1983.
Binner was previously a Deputy of the Civic and Social Progressive Front, a Santa Fe party coalition including the Socialist Party, the Radical Civic Union and other left-wing parties, since the parliamentary elections of October 23, 2005.
Binner was born and raised in Rafaela, Santa Fe Province. He attended primary school at St. Joseph's College, and then attended high school at the Rafaela National College, where he began his political activity through participation in the Student Center. At the time (1958) the need for public free non-religious education was being hotly debated in Argentina.
Binner moved to Rosario to study Medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Rosario. At 18 he become affiliated with the Argentine Socialist Party and continued to exercise an intense political activity, both as a member of the Student Center and at the institutional level in the Faculty of Medicine. After the 1966 coup d'état, he participated in the movements resisting the military dictatorship of General Juan Carlos Onganía, against a background of political and ideological persecution.
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Horacio Usandizaga
Horacio Daniel Usandizaga (b. June 15, 1940 in J.B.Molina, province of Santa Fe, Argentina), also known informally as El Vasco, is an Argentine politician.
Usandizaga studied to become a lawyer and entered political activity as a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR) in 1961. He was first a councillor and then Mayor of Rosario from 11 December 1983 to 10 December 1987. He was re-elected for four more years but resigned and left office on 22 May 1989. A man of hot temper, Usandizaga had publicly promised that he would leave if Carlos Menem was elected president, as eventually happened. His term was completed by Héctor Cavallero, of the Socialist Party.
Usandizaga stood as candidate for Governor of Santa Fe in 1991, 1995 and 1999, but on all three occasions he failed to win, in part due to the electoral system in place at the time (the now-repealed Ley de Lemas). He was elected as the provincial representative (Diputado) in the National Congress in 1993, and was a member of the Argentine Senate from 29 November 1995 to 9 December 2001. He was re-elected, but at the end of 2002 he announced he would retire from active politics upon the partial renewal of the Upper House on 9 December 2003.
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Héctor Cavallero
Héctor Cavallero (born October 2, 1941), nicknamed El Tigre, "The Tiger", is an Argentine politician, who was mayor of Rosario and a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for the province of Santa Fe Profile of National Deputy candidates.</ref>
Cavallero was born in Las Parejas, Santa Fe, but went to high school in the General Paz Military Liceum in Córdoba, and studied Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral.
Cavallero was first elected mayor of the large city of Rosario, in southern Santa Fe, in 1989, for the Popular Socialist Party (an offshoot of the Socialist Party). Former mayor Horacio Usandizaga, a Radical, had publicly vowed to resign if Carlos Menem was elected President of Argentina. Upon Menem's success in the 1989 election and Raúl Alfonsín early departure from office, Usandizaga kept his word, and Cavallero was set to complete his term. After the remaining two years, Cavallero was reelected for the 1991–1995 period.
Despite his affiliation, Cavallero eventually decided to align himself with the Justicialist Menem administration. He ran for governor of Santa Fe on the 1995 election along other Justicialist candidates, under the electoral system called Ley de Lemas, which allowed several factions of the same party to present candidates for the main election and add up their votes. Horacio Usandizaga presented himself for governor and obtained the majority of votes, but the system, however, ended up favouring the "pure" Justicialist candidate Jorge Obeid, whose votes were supplemented by Cavallero's.
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Indian Reductions
Directly translated from Spanish, "Reducciones" means "reductions". These "reductions" were colonially designed settlement towns to relocate and reorganize the indigenous Indian population.
The reductions were part of the larger reforms of Francisco de Toledo, the fifth viceroy of Peru, beginning in 1567. Known as the Toledo reforms, the Spanish crown aimed to "aggrandize spanish power by consolidating viceregal rule and to revive the flow of Andean silver to the metropolitan treasury". In order to achieve these economic and political goals efficiently, Toledo attempted to relocate the scattered Indian population into settlements. Before the reducciones were built, Indians in Peru and throughout colonial South America generally lived in small localized and dispersed villages, making it difficult to rule. Moreover, the purpose of this massive resettlement program "was to establish direct state control and facilitate the church's Christianization of the native population, while enhancing the collection of the tribute tax and the allocation of labor". By relocating the Indian population, the Spanish systems of forced tribute tax and forced labor, known as mita in Spanish, were easier to enforce.
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José Bonaparte
José Fernando Bonaparte, Ph.D. (born June 14, 1928), is an Argentine paleontologist who discovered a plethora of South American dinosaurs and mentored a new generation of Argentine paleontologists like Rodolfo Coria. According to University of Pennsylvania paleontologist Peter Dodson, "almost singlehandedly he's responsible for Argentina becoming the sixth country in the world in kinds of dinosaurs".
Bonaparte is the son of an Italian sailor. He was born in Rosario, Argentina, and grew up in Mercedes, Buenos Aires. Despite a lack of formal training in paleontology, he started collecting fossils at an early age, and created a museum in his home town. He later became the curator of the National University of Tucumán, were he was named Doctor Honoris causa in 1974, and then in the late 1970s became a senior scientist at the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Buenos Aires.
The supercontinent of Pangea split into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south during the Jurassic. During the Cretaceous, South America pulled away from the rest of Gondwana. The division caused a divergence between northern biota and the southern biota, and the southern animals appear strange to those used to the more northerly fauna. Bonaparte's finds illustrate this divergence, and caused paleontologist Robert Bakker to dub him the "Master of the Mesozoic".
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José Cura
José Cura (born December 5, 1962) is a prominent operatic tenor known for his intense and original interpretations of his characters, notably Verdi’s Otello and Saint-Saëns’ Samson, as well as for his unconventional and innovative concert performances. He is also able to perform high baritone roles with the extended lower parts of his vocal range.
José Cura was born in Rosario, Argentina. He originally trained as an orchestral conductor, his vocal talents largely unrecognised until 1988 He became the first artist to sing and conduct simultaneously (both in concert and on recordings) and the first to combine singing with symphonic works in a ‘half and half’ concert format. Cura made operatic history when he first conducted Cavalleria Rusticana and then stepped on stage after intermission to sing Canio in I Pagliacci at the Hamburg Opera in February 2003.
A compelling actor and charismatic stage performer, Cura has been featured in numerous telecasts of opera and concert productions from venues around the world.
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
Juan Manuel de Rosas (born Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio; March 30, 1793 – March 14, 1877), was an Argentine military officer and politician, who was elected governor of the province of Buenos Aires in 1829 to 1835, and then of the Argentine Confederation from 1835 until 1852, ruling the country as Dictator. He was forced to resign after his defeat at the Battle of Caseros against an army gathered by Justo José de Urquiza.
He was the son of León Ortiz de Rosas y de la Cuadra and wife Agustina Teresa López de Osornio. Born to one of the wealthiest families in the Río de la Plata region, Rosas ran away from home at a young age and began working in the fields of his cousins Juan José and Nicolás Anchorena. He modified his last name from "Rozas" to "Rosas" and removed the "Ortiz" part of it. At the age of 13, he fought during the British invasions of the Rio de la Plata, joining the forces led by Santiago de Liniers that drove the British out of Buenos Aires. He also fought during the second ill-fated British invasion, joining the Regiment of Migueletes.
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Juan Perón
Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and politician. After serving in several government positions, including those of Minister of Labor and Vice President of the Republic, he was three times elected as President of Argentina although he managed to serve only one full term in this function. Perón's last term as President of the Republic began in 1973 and lasted for just nine months, until his death in 1974, whereupon he was succeeded by his third wife, the Vice President of the Republic, María Estela Martínez.
Perón and his second wife, Eva Duarte, were immensely popular among many Argentines. They are still considered icons by the Peronists. The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the Justicialist Party.
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Kily González
Cristian Alberto González Peret, better known as Kily González (born 4 August 1974) is an Argentine footballer. Playing on the left-wing for Valencia, he was best known for his power, pace, crossing ability and for his stinging shot.
Kily González played his first professional match for Rosario Central in 1993. He played for the club until 1995, when he moved to Boca Juniors. In 1996 he transferred to Real Zaragoza in Spain and in 1999 to Valencia CF. Kily González made his name at Valencia, playing with fellow national squad members Roberto Ayala and Pablo Aimar. Along with talents such as Gaizka Mendieta and John Carew, as well as veterans such as Santiago Cañizares and Jocelyn Angloma, Valencia reached the final of UEFA Champions League twice in a row.
In 2001, while playing for Valencia, he was included in UEFAs 'Team of the Year', on the left wing. In 2003, he followed his former Valencia coach Héctor Cuper to Internazionale. He was released by Inter after the 2005-06 season, and returned to his first team Rosario Central. On 4 August 2009, Gonzalez joined San Lorenzo. However, after Rosario Central was relegated from the Argentine Primera División during the 2009-10 season, Kily González returned to the club for the second division 2010-11 campaign.
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Libertad Lamarque
Libertad Lamarque (November 24, 1908 – December 12, 2000) was an Argentine actress and singer. Originally from Argentina, she reached fame throughout Latin America while living in Mexico and working in Mexican cinema.
Lamarque started acting professionally at only seven years old. Her family later moved to Buenos Aires in 1922, where she worked in theatre, and years later recorded her first tango LP, with great success. She filmed Adiós, Argentina in 1930, and the first Argentine film with sound ¡Tango! in 1933. Lamarque was a light soprano with a vocal range from approximately middle C (C4) to "high A" (A5). She was the first singer to be recorded for a sound film in Argentina.
Her fame crossed the borders of Argentina and grew throughout Latin America where she became known as La Novia de América (“The Sweetheart of the Americas”). By the time she died in 2000, she had appeared in 65 films (21 filmed in Argentina, 45 in Mexico and one in Spain) and six soap operas, had recorded over 800 songs and had made innumerable theatrical appearances. Even today her memory is revered and she is fondly remembered in all Spanish speaking Americas.
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Liliana Herrero
Liliana Herrero is an Argentine musician born in 1948 in Villaguay, Entre Ríos. In 1966 she moved to Rosario, Santa Fe, in order to study Philosophy, and has since become an adoptive citizen.
In her youth she took part in the vocal groups Contracanto and Canto Libre. She was arrested by the military government for her involvement in Peronist movements.
In Rosario she met the local singer and composer Fito Páez, who convinced her of abandoning her teaching career and become a professional singer. Páez was the producer of Herrero's first record, in 1987. This album was also the first that Páez produced. Its music was what they called "supermodern folklore". In 1989 Páez also produced Herrero's second album.
Herrero said once that her music not a fusion between Argentine folklore and rock, as some had defined it, but a culture clash — two different traditions facing each other.
In 1993 Herrero released her third album, Isla del Tesoro ("Treasure Island"), with several guests, including Fito Páez, Ricardo Mollo (Divididos), Claudia Puyó and Beto Satragni.
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Lionel Messi
Lionel Andrés Messi (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi], born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine footballer who plays in La Liga for FC Barcelona and is the captain of the Argentina national team, mainly as a forward.
By the age of 21, Messi had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations. The following year in 2009 he won both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year, and won the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2010 and 2011. He also won the 2010–11 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. Messi is the fourth football player to win three Ballons d'Or, after Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini and Marco van Basten and the second player to win three consecutive Ballons d'Or, after Michel Platini. His playing style and small stature have drawn comparisons to Diego Maradona, who himself declared Messi as his "successor".
Messi has won five La Liga titles and three Champions League titles. In 2012, Messi made UEFA Champions League history by becoming the first player to score five goals in one match, in a 7–1 win against Bayer Leverkusen. With two goals in the next round against A.C. Milan, he matched José Altafini's record of 14 goals in a single UEFA Champions League/European Cup season. He also became the first player to top-score in four successive European Champion Clubs' Cup campaigns. He set the world record for most goals scored in a season during the 2011–12 season, with 73 goals.
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Lisandro de la Torre
Lisandro de la Torre (6 December 1868 – 5 January 1939) was an Argentine politician, born in Rosario, province of Santa Fe.
De la Torre became a lawyer in 1890. His thesis about municipalities and communes, as well as other works of his, gave rise to the idea of municipal autonomy in Argentina, which was included in the Argentine Constitution in the 1994 reform. In 1898 he founded the newspaper La República ("The Republic") in Rosario.
A member of the Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) under the leadership of Leandro Alem, de la Torre abandoned the party in 1897 due to disagreement with the new leader, Hipólito Yrigoyen. Later, in 1908, he was part of the founding group of the Southern League (Liga del Sur), a local party. In 1911 he was elected for the provincial legislature representing the San Lorenzo Department; in 1912 he became a representative of Santa Fe (diputado) for the Southern League in the lower house of the National Congress.
On 14 December 1914 de la Torre took part of the constitutive assembly of the Democratic Progressist Party (Partido Demócrata Progresista, PDP) at the Hotel Savoy, Buenos Aires. The new party appointed him the presidential candidate for the 1916 elections, with Alejandro Carbó as the vice-president. The PDP was defeated by the UCR's candidate (H. Yrigoyen). De la Torre lost also the 1919 elections where he had presented as candidate for senator representing the city of Buenos Aires.
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Litto Nebbia
Litto Nebbia (born July 21, 1948) is a singer, songwriter and producer prominent in the development of Argentine rock.
Félix Francisco Nebbia was born in Rosario to Martha and Félix Nebbia, in 1948. His parents were struggling musicians, though during his early teens, Litto left secondary school to join a friend, keyboardist Ciro Fogliatta, in a band ("Wild Cats"). The duo moved to Buenos Aires in 1963, and lived hand-to-mouth in a Balvanera ward tenement. They appeared in a television show, Escala Musical, a number of times, and became regulars at a popular neighborhood recital hall, La Cueva.
Nebbia and Fogliatta formed "Los Gatos" in 1966. The group became known for their all-night performances, and composed most of their own songs, many in the well-known neighborhood café, "La Perla del Once" (facing Plaza Miserere). One such composition, La balsa (The Raft), was written at that location by Nebbia and the ill-fated songwriter Tanguito on May 2, 1967, and following its release on the RCA Victor label on July 3, sold over 250,000 copies.
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Luciana Aymar
Luciana Paula Aymar (born August 10, 1977) is an Argentine field hockey midfielder. She is the only player in history to receive the International Hockey Federation World Player of the Year award seven times.
Aymar is known for her ability to beat opposing players using her dribbling skills, for which she has been compared with Argentine football idol Diego Maradona. That is way she received the nickname "La Maga", "El Diego" o "La Maradona del hockey".
Aymar started playing at age seven for Club Atlético Fisherton, in her native Rosario. She moved to Jockey Club de Rosario six years later. Eventually, she began training with the junior national team, for which she had to travel every day to Buenos Aires. In 1997 she was part of the national team that won the Pan American Games Junior Championship, and a year later she debuted with the senior national team, finishing fourth at the World Cup. She was also the youngest Argentinian to be accepted into the squad, at just 16.
Aymar is part of a generation in Argentine field hockey that has won several international tournaments from the 1999 Pan American Games on, including an Olympic silver medal, and three Champions Trophies. Nicknamed La Maga ("The Magician"), her outstanding performances have driven her to be chosen as the FIH player of the year seven times. She carried the flag for her country at the opening ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
wn.com/Luciana_Aymar -
Luciano Figueroa
Luciano Gabriel "Lucho" Figueroa Herrera (born 19 May 1981 in Santa Fe, Argentina) is an Argentine association football player who currently plays as a striker for Emelec.
Figueroa began his professional career with Rosario Central of Argentina, where he formed a partnership with César Delgado. In the 2003 Clausura, Figueroa finished as Argentina's leading goalscorer with 17 goals, including scoring five in the last match of the season against an under-strength Boca Juniors. This was his last season at Rosario Central. Both he and Delgado transferred overseas in the summer of 2003, with Figueroa joining English Premier League club Birmingham City for a fee of £2.5 million.
Controversy arose when Spanish club Osasuna claimed that Figueroa had signed a contract with them before his move to Birmingham, thereby invalidating the transfer. At the end of August 2003 FIFA ruled provisionally in Birmingham's favour, but it was not until October that this ruling was finally confirmed. Figueroa had been close to joining Rangers earlier that summer but the Glasgow club pulled out of the deal.
wn.com/Luciano_Figueroa -
Lucio Fontana
Lucio Fontana (19 February 1899 – 7 September 1968) was an Italian painter, sculptor and theorist of Argentine birth. He was mostly known as the founder of Spatialism and his ties to Arte Povera.
Born in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina of Italian parents, he is the son of Luigi Fontana. Fontana spent the first years of his life in Italy and came back to Argentina in 1905, where he stayed until 1922, working as a sculptor along with his father, and then on his own. Already in 1926, he participated in the first exhibition of Nexus, a group of young Argentinean artists working in Rosario de Santa Fé.
In 1927 Fontana returned to Italy and studied under the sculptor Adolfo Wildt, at Accademia di Brera from 1928 to 1930. It was there where he presented his first exhibition in 1930, organized by the Milano art gallery Il Milione. During the following decade he journeyed Italy and France, working with abstract and expressionist painters. In 1935 he joined the association Abstraction-Création in Paris and from 1936 to 1949 made expressionnist sculptures in ceramic and bronze. In 1939, he joined the Corrente, a Milan group of expressionist artists.
wn.com/Lucio_Fontana -
Luis Machín
Luis Alfonso Manuel Machín (born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, on 10 April 1968) is an Argentine theater, film and television actor. He has appeared in several Argentine films, such as Felicidades (2000) and Un oso rojo (2002), but his work has mainly been on television, notably in the series Son amores, Padre Coraje (2004), and Montecristo (2007).
wn.com/Luis_Machín -
Manuel Belgrano
Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader. He took part in the Argentine Wars of Independence and created the Flag of Argentina. He is regarded as one of the main Libertadores of the country.
Belgrano was born in Buenos Aires, the fourth child of Italian businessman Domingo Belgrano y Peri and Josefa Casero. He came into contact with the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment while at university in Spain around the time of the French Revolution. Upon his return to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, where he became a notable member of the criollo population of Buenos Aires, he tried to promote some of the new political and economic ideals, but found severe resistance from local peninsulars. This rejection led him to work towards a greater autonomy for his country from the Spanish colonial regime. At first, he unsuccessfully promoted the aspirations of Carlota Joaquina to become a regent ruler for the Viceroyalty during the period the Spanish King Ferdinand VII was imprisoned during the Peninsular War (1807–1814). He favoured the May Revolution, which removed the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power on 25 May 1810. He was elected as a voting member of the Primera Junta that took power after the ouster.
wn.com/Manuel_Belgrano -
Marcelo Bielsa
Marcelo Alberto Bielsa Caldera (Spanish pronunciation: [marˈse̞lo̞ alˈβ̞e̞rto̞ ˈβ̞i̯e̞lsa ˈkalde̞ɾa], nicknamed Loco Bielsa, "Madman" Bielsa, born July 21, 1955) is an Argentine association football coach and former defender, born in Rosario, Santa Fe. He is considered one of the most innovative coaches in the modern era and is the current manager of the La Liga side Athletic Bilbao. He is seen as one of the main proponents of the game's recent renaissance of total football along with former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola.
Bielsa has managed not only football clubs but also the national teams of Argentina and Chile. In the latter country he achieved cult status due to the improved results of the national team under his leadership. His personality and gestures have in Chile captured the attention of media and unleashed a series of minor controversies both in the area of sports and in politics.In 1980 shortly after retiring from playing in professional football, Bielsa decided to start a new career as a football manager. His first assignment was coaching the youth divisions of Argentine club Newell's Old Boys. In 1990 Bielsa was given the task of managing Newell's first team where he would later go on to win the 1990 Torneo Apertura and the 1990-91 Torneo Integración defeating Boca Juniors in penalties. El Loco managed the squad that competed in the final of the 1992 Copa Libertadores losing to São Paulo on penalties. Weeks later after enduring defeat in the Copa Libertadores final, Bielsa and Newell's won the 1992 Torneo Clausura.
wn.com/Marcelo_Bielsa -
Marcelo Delgado
Marcelo Alejandro Delgado (born 24 March 1973 in Capitán Bermúdez, Santa Fe Province) is an Argentine footballer. He usually plays as a deep-lying forward, and is currently in Defensores de Villa Cassini, Argentina. He is regarded as one of the best Argentinian forwards in the past decade. He has been capped for Argentina and played at the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He is well known for his technical ability and finishing.
Nicknamed El Chelo, he played for several clubs including Rosario Central, Racing Club, Boca Juniors, Barcelona SC and Mexican Cruz Azul.
wn.com/Marcelo_Delgado -
Maxi Rodríguez
Maximiliano Rubén "Maxi" Rodríguez (born 2 January 1981 in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Liverpool. Nicknamed La Fiera, he is commonly used as a right winger or a left winger, but can also operate as an attacking midfielder.
Rodríguez arrived in Spain in his early 20s, and went on to spend the bulk of his professional career there, playing for RCD Espanyol and Atlético Madrid and amassing La Liga totals of 232 games and 58 goals, over the course of eight seasons.
Rodríguez came through the youth set-up at Newell's Old Boys in the Argentine first division, and played for the club for three seasons before moving to Spain.
In 2002, Rodríguez moved to La Liga with RCD Espanyol, his league debut coming on 2 September in a 0–2 loss against Real Madrid.
He played 37 matches in every campaign with the Catalans, scoring 15 times during his last season, including the club's 2000th Spanish league goal.
At the start of the 2005–06 season, Rodríguez moved to Atlético Madrid for a transfer fee of €5 million, where he continued to post consistent numbers. In his second year, he suffered, alongside teammate (and winger) Martin Petrov, a serious knee injury (ACL), which limited him to only 10 appearances.
wn.com/Maxi_Rodríguez -
Miguel Lifschitz
Roberto Miguel Lifschitz (born September 13, 1955 in Rosario), is the current mayor of the city of Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina.
He obtained his degree at the Engineering Faculty of the National University of Rosario in 1979, and worked in the private sector until 1989, when he became Director-General of the Public Housing Service (Director General del Servicio Público de la Vivienda) of the city of Rosario, under the socialist administration of Héctor Cavallero.
He continued working in various public offices, as Municipal Secretary-General (Secretario General de la Municipalidad), Public Services' Secretary (Secretario de Servicios Públicos) and General Cabinet Coordinator for the Municipality of Rosario (Coordinador General de Gabinete de la Municipalidad de Rosario), between June and December 2003, under the administration of Hermes Binner.
Lifschitz ran for Mayor of Rosario and was elected in the provincial elections of 7 September 2003 for the period 2003–2007, by only 5,000 votes over the next candidate. At the time a survey showed that he was known by only 35% of Rosario's citizens. In 2006 he began acknowledging he could run for reelection. In March 2007, a survey showed that Lifschitz would win by a wide margin over any of the other major prospective candidates (52.9% of the total votes).
wn.com/Miguel_Lifschitz -
Mónica Fein
Mónica Haydée Fein (born June 3, 1957) is an Argentine biochemist and Socialist Party politician elected Mayor of Rosario in 2011.
Fein was born in Luján, Buenos Aires Province. She became active in politics at age 17, joining the Socialist Party of Argentina. She participated in the National Reform Movement as President of the Student Center of the School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy at the National University of Rosario, where she graduated with a degree in Biochemistry. She then served as Secretary of Student Welfare, as Faculty Graduate Advisor, and as Secretary of the UNR University Extension.
She began her training in Public Health at the Lazarte Institute. She participated in the creation of the Laboratory for Proprietary Medicinal (LEM) for the City of Rosario in 1992; the LEM, which coordinated its development with academia, would become a national model for the public production of pharmaceuticals. Fein was appointed Director of the City Sanitation Department in 1995, where she promoted more active food safety control by developing the Food Institute, a pioneer in Argentina in the field of locally-based public food safety education and quality inspection.
wn.com/Mónica_Fein -
Oscar Niemeyer
Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect specializing in international modern architecture. In the 1940s, '50s and '60s "he established himself as one of Modernism's greatest luminaries," while he “reshaped Brazil’s identity in the popular imagination and mesmerized architects around the globe." During the 1950s while Brasilia was starting to develop, Oscar Niemeyer made incredible amounts of contributions to the country by designing many important buildings in Brasilia. He is a pioneer in exploring the formal possibilities of reinforced concrete solely for their aesthetic impact. He is currently 104 years old and still working.
Niemeyer is most famous for his use of abstract forms and curves that specifically characterize every one of his works; he didn’t stick to traditional straight lines, for he is not attracted to straight angles or lines but rather he is captured by ”free-flowing, sensual curves… [like that] on the body of the beloved woman.” He was able to design and build curved architecture through his revolutionary useage of concrete. His designs are daring: mixing innovation and courage, plastic freedom and invention. His buildings are often characterized by being spacious and exposed, mixing volumes and empty space to create unconventional patterns and often propped up by piloti. His work with concrete is described as elegant and harmonious. Oscar Niemeyer was able to connect the baroque style with modern architecture leading to a new form of architecture, which had never been built in Brazil before.
wn.com/Oscar_Niemeyer -
Ovidio Lagos
Ovidio Lagos (31 August 1825 – 13 August 1891) was an Argentine journalist, businessman and politician.
Lagos was born in Buenos Aires in a country torn apart by internal strife. Federalists, who supported the view of Argentina as a confederation of self-ruled provincial states, fought Unitarians, who wanted a national government centralized in and controlled from Buenos Aires.
Lagos worked as a clerk and then as a typographist in a state printing press, under the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. Though nominally federalist, Rosas worked mainly to secure power for himself (and by extension, for Buenos Aires). Lagos, a supporter of the federalist cause, got into trouble and was forced to flee to Paraná, Entre Ríos. Rosas was ousted by a former ally, Justo José de Urquiza, in 1852.
Lagos came back to Buenos Aires and advocated the re-joining of the city with the Argentine Confederation. He then became an editor and columnist in a newspaper, and wrote supporting the proposal, launched by Buenos Aires Deputy Manuel Quintana on 1 July 1867, to move the seat of the federal authorities to the city of Rosario, 300 km away from Buenos Aires, on the Paraná River. President Urquiza, interviewed by Lagos, sponsored the idea and provided funding for a newspaper to advocate this cause in Rosario. On November 15 of that year the first edition of the La Capital newspaper was published.
wn.com/Ovidio_Lagos -
Renata Fronzi
Renata Mirra Ana Maria Fronzi (August 1, 1925 – April 15, 2008) was an Argentine-born Brazilian television and film actress. She was well known for her role as the character, Helena, in the Brazilian television show, Família Trapo.Família Trapo aired on TV Record, the commercial name for Rede Record, from 1967 until 1971. Fronzi appeared on the show opposite a number of actors including Ronald Golias, Jô Soares, Otello Zeloni, Cidinha Campos and Renato Corte Real.
Renata Fronzi was born in the city of Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina, on August 1, 1925. She was the daughter of two Italian-Argentine theater actors. She first moved to Brazil with her parents and settled in Santos, Brazil, which is located along the Atlantic coast in São Paulo state.
Fronzi began her career by performing at the Theatro Municipal in São Paulo, Brazil. Her professional debut occurred in 1940 when she appeared in actress Eva Todor's theater company production of Na Peça Sol de Primavera. She also appeared on the big screen in several Brazilian films during her career, including several movies produced by Atlântida Cinematográfica film studio. Her television credits included Minha Doce Namorada in 1971, Pecado Rasgado in 1978, Chega Mais in 1980, Jogo da Vida in 1981, Corpo a Corpo in 1984 and A Idade da Loba in 1995. Many of her television roles and telenovelas, including Corpo a Corpo and Chega Mais, aired on Rede Globo. On television, Fronzi also had a recurring role in the telenovela, Malhação, from 1996 until 1997. She also appeared in the Brazilian miniseries, Memorial de Maria Moura, in 1994.
wn.com/Renata_Fronzi -
Ricardo Lagos
Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer, economist and social democrat politician, who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. He won the 1999-2000 presidential election by a narrow margin in a runoff over Independent Democrat Union (UDI) candidate Joaquín Lavín. Lagos was the third president from the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy to have ruled Chile since 1990. He was succeeded on March 11, 2006 by Socialist Michelle Bachelet, from the same coalition. Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
He teaches political and economic development at Brown University in the United States.
He is also the former president of the Club de Madrid Club of Madrid.
Lagos was born in Santiago, Chile. He was the only child of Froilán Lagos Sepúlveda (a farmer who died when his son was eight years old) and Emma Escobar Morales (who died in April 2005 at age 108). He attended primary school at Liceo Manuel de Salas and high school at the prestigious Instituto Nacional.
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Roberto Fontanarrosa
Roberto Alfredo Fontanarrosa (November 26, 1944 – July 19, 2007) was an Argentine cartoonist and writer. He created the characters Inodoro Pereyra, a fictional gaucho, and Boogie, el aceitoso, a fictional serial killer.
Fontanarrosa was born in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, and he lived and worked there until his death. He was widely known by the affectionate nickname El Negro.
"People would say that I'm comic writer, at most, and that will be true. I don't care too much how people will define me as a writer. I don't want to be a Nobel laureate. It will be enough for me if anyone tells me 'I laughed my ass off with your book.'"
Fontanarrosa began his career writing and drawing comic strips and later branched out into writing narrative with short stories, especially about football (soccer). His better known strips are Inodoro Pereyra, featuring a gaucho and his talking dog Mendieta, and the hitman Boogie el Aceitoso (which came to life as a Dirty Harry parody).
Fontanarrosa went on to write three novels (Best Seller, El área 18 and La Gansada), and seven books of short comic stories (Los trenes matan a los autos, El mundo ha vivido equivocado, No sé si he sido claro, Nada del otro mundo, El mayor de mis defectos, Uno nunca sabe and La mesa de los galanes). There are also a number of book compilations of his newspapers' strips.
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Vicente de la Mata
Vicente de la Mata (January 15, 1918 - August 4, 1980) was an Argentine football Centre forward and manager. He played most of his club career for Independiente and played for the Argentina national team between 1937 and 1946.
De la Mata emerged from the youth team of Central Córdoba in 1936, he was soon signed by Independiente where he spent 14 seasons, scoring 151 goals in 362 games for the club. He was part of three championship winning teams and played alongside Antonio Sastre and Arsenio Erico. He is fondly remembered as one of the clubs greatest ever players.
De la Mata played for Argentina on thirteen occasions between 1937 and 1946, scoring six goals. He played for Argentina in the Copa América on three occasions, each won by Argentina. In 1937 he scored both goals in the 2-0 win over Brazil in the final. He was also part of the squads that won the tournament in 1945 and 1946.
In 1951 he returned to Rosario to play for Newell's Old Boys and retired in 1952.
De La Mata went on to become a football manager, he had spells in charge of Independiente, Deportivo Morón, Dock Sud and Central Córdoba.
wn.com/Vicente_de_la_Mata -
Ángel Di María
Ángel Fabián di María Hernández (born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine footballer who currently plays as a winger for Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid and the Argentine national team. He is nicknamed El Angelito, Di Magia, El Flaco, El Pibito and Fideo, the Spanish word for noodle.
Di María started his professional football career in 2005 when he made his debut for Rosario Central. He originally lived in Malta where he was raised until the age of nine. In January 2007, he had an opportunity to play in the Russian Premier League when Rubin Kazan offered him a contract. At first, he agreed, but soon afterwards, he changed his mind and turned down the offer. After putting up a remarkable performance in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, playing for Argentina, di María caught the eye of several European teams and in the end, SL Benfica of Portugal signed him.
Di María was transferred to Portuguese side Benfica in July 2007 where he played as a midfielder. Benfica paid Rosario Central €6 million for 80% of his sports rights and 50% of sports right of Andrés Díaz. Later, in August 2008, the Portuguese club paid an extra €2 million for the remaining 20%,, but re-sold 10% to GestiFute.
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Éver Banega
Éver Maximiliano David Banega (born 29 June 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Valencia CF in Spain, mainly as a central midfielder.
Born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province, Banega came through the youth ranks at Boca Juniors, reaching the first team at 18, and winning immediate recognition thanks to his passing average and his performances in the first division. After teammate midfielder Fernando Gago moved to Real Madrid in January 2007, he was named as his successor, despite his young age.
Banega made his professional debut in the 4–0 victory against Club Atlético Banfield on 10 February 2007. On 2 April, just a few matches afterwards, he was given an ovation when he left the field.
On 5 January 2008, Banega signed with Spanish side Valencia CF on a five and-a-half year deal, for a fee of around €18 million. He made his debut coming on as a halftime substitute in a final 0–1 loss at Atlético de Madrid in January 2008.
Banega was loaned to Atlético Madrid for 2008–09. He made his official debut as a substitute during the Colchoneros's 3–0 win at PSV Eindhoven, in the first group stage match of the season's UEFA Champions League. However, he failed to settle in the team's starting XI, also being sent off twice, in away draws against Villarreal CF and UD Almería.
wn.com/Éver_Banega
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Ciudad de Rosario - Santa Fe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Recorrido por la ciudad de Rosario visitando el centro, el Monumento a la Bandera y el parques de la costanera
http://wn.com/Ciudad_de_Rosario_Santa_Fe
Recorrido por la ciudad de Rosario visitando el centro, el Monumento a la Bandera y el parques de la costanera
Soledad Pastorutti - rosario de santa fe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Rosario
http://wn.com/Soledad_Pastorutti_rosario_de_santa_fe
Rosario Santa Fe Argentina (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Videos e imágenes de mi ciudad Rosario,con algunos de los lugares más representativos. Música de fondo: Fito Paez "El tema de Piluso"
http://wn.com/Rosario_Santa_Fe_Argentina_HD
Videos e imágenes de mi ciudad Rosario,con algunos de los lugares más representativos. Música de fondo: Fito Paez "El tema de Piluso"
- published: 25 Jan 2011
- views: 10251
- author: Sebas Fantini
Rosario Santa Fe Argentina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
unas vueltas por Rosario
http://wn.com/Rosario_Santa_Fe_Argentina
ROSARIO EXPLAINS: ZOMBIES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
FIND ME: FACEBOOK: tinyurl.com TWITTER: twitter.com TUMBLR: milesjai.tumblr.com SHIRTS: For US: milesjaiproductions.spreadshirt.com For UK: milesjaiproductionuk.spreadshirt.co.uk For EU: milesjaiproductions.spreadshirt.net OTHER YOUTUBE CHANNELS: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/ROSARIO_EXPLAINS_ZOMBIES
FIND ME: FACEBOOK: tinyurl.com TWITTER: twitter.com TUMBLR: milesjai.tumblr.com SHIRTS: For US: milesjaiproductions.spreadshirt.com For UK: milesjaiproductionuk.spreadshirt.co.uk For EU: milesjaiproductions.spreadshirt.net OTHER YOUTUBE CHANNELS: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
- published: 10 Jun 2012
- views: 80326
- author: MilesJaiProductions
Tarja - In her words [Interview & backstage] (Rosario, Argentina 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:56
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Tarja_In_her_words_Interview_backstage_Rosario,_Argentina_2012
ROSARIO, Argentina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Video of the beautiful Rosario Argentina Do not claim to own to own any music in this video.
http://wn.com/ROSARIO,_Argentina
Video of the beautiful Rosario Argentina Do not claim to own to own any music in this video.
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 4260
- author: DIRTYBLOG
Rosario Santa Fe Argentina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
La ciudad de Rosario está ubicada en el centro-este de Argentina, en la provincia de Santa Fe. En la actualidad es la ciudad más importante de la provincia y la tercera ciudad más poblada del país, después de Buenos Aires y Córdoba. La ciudad de Rosario es conocida como la Cuna de la Bandera Argentina, siendo su edificación más conocida el Monumento a la Bandera. Además, desde finales del siglo XIX fue denominada informalmente como la «Chicago argentina»
http://wn.com/Rosario_Santa_Fe_Argentina
La ciudad de Rosario está ubicada en el centro-este de Argentina, en la provincia de Santa Fe. En la actualidad es la ciudad más importante de la provincia y la tercera ciudad más poblada del país, después de Buenos Aires y Córdoba. La ciudad de Rosario es conocida como la Cuna de la Bandera Argentina, siendo su edificación más conocida el Monumento a la Bandera. Además, desde finales del siglo XIX fue denominada informalmente como la «Chicago argentina»
- published: 01 Aug 2011
- views: 2370
- author: Rodrigo Gonzalez
Mientes - Gonzalo Y Agustin (City Center Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Presentacion del duo en uno de los casinos mas grandes e importante y lujoso de latinoamerica, ubicado en la ciudad de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina, Mientes, cover de Camila (Live), Domingo 23/12/2012. Unite a nuestro grupo del facebook!!! : Gonzalo Boelaert - Agustin Vargetto (Dúo)
http://wn.com/Mientes_Gonzalo_Y_Agustin_City_Center_Rosario,_Santa_Fe,_Argentina
Presentacion del duo en uno de los casinos mas grandes e importante y lujoso de latinoamerica, ubicado en la ciudad de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina, Mientes, cover de Camila (Live), Domingo 23/12/2012. Unite a nuestro grupo del facebook!!! : Gonzalo Boelaert - Agustin Vargetto (Dúo)
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- views: 6
- author: Gonzalo Boelaert
Monumento a La Bandera en Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina , visita por su interior.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Es una visita por el interior del Monumento a La Bandera en Rosario Santa Fe Argentina. La música es : Don't let me be misunderstood. (Santa Barbara )
http://wn.com/Monumento_a_La_Bandera_en_Rosario,_Santa_Fe,_Argentina_,_visita_por_su_interior
Es una visita por el interior del Monumento a La Bandera en Rosario Santa Fe Argentina. La música es : Don't let me be misunderstood. (Santa Barbara )
- published: 22 Sep 2012
- views: 110
- author: BarriosUnidosRosario
AIESEC Rosario Tunak Tunak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Great Video !! Roll Call Tunak Tunak, up to the challenge ! AIESEC Rosario, best committee ever. The international platform for young people to explore and develop their leadership potential
http://wn.com/AIESEC_Rosario_Tunak_Tunak
Great Video !! Roll Call Tunak Tunak, up to the challenge ! AIESEC Rosario, best committee ever. The international platform for young people to explore and develop their leadership potential
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 4365
- author: IdiotoJohn
Rosario Cavite: Karakol (CARACOL) 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Rosario Cavite Traditional Caracol (Karakol) That Start's Since 1845 In Honor of La Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario de Caracol
http://wn.com/Rosario_Cavite_Karakol_CARACOL_2011
Rosario Cavite Traditional Caracol (Karakol) That Start's Since 1845 In Honor of La Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario de Caracol
- published: 24 May 2011
- views: 6496
- author: Ivan Sinsin
Guns N' Roses - November Rain - Teatro Metropolitano - Rosario, Argentina - 10/10/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Updated: 18 May 2012
I was holding the camera half a meter above my head to get a better shot, that's why it is so shaky... I wish I had a better camera, with a better mic, not this sh**ty pocket camera. Anyway, this is the one and only video I recorded, I'm not a big fan of shooting videos at shows but since I always enjoy watching others, I thought recording at least one song would be a nice thing to do. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Guns_N'_Roses_November_Rain_Teatro_Metropolitano_Rosario,_Argentina_10_10_2011
I was holding the camera half a meter above my head to get a better shot, that's why it is so shaky... I wish I had a better camera, with a better mic, not this sh**ty pocket camera. Anyway, this is the one and only video I recorded, I'm not a big fan of shooting videos at shows but since I always enjoy watching others, I thought recording at least one song would be a nice thing to do. Enjoy!
- published: 11 Oct 2011
- views: 4342
- author: Mariano Andrades
Duelo= Rosario Y Medina.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Duelo= Rosario Y Medina.
http://wn.com/Duelo=_Rosario_Y_Medina
Rosario Durango 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Villa Orestes Pereira
http://wn.com/Rosario_Durango_2
Rosario de Montesión en Campana 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Rosario de Montesión en Campana 2009
http://wn.com/Rosario_de_Montesión_en_Campana_2009
Tarja Turunen "In For A Kill" Live in Rosario, Argentina - from "Act 1"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
"ACT 1" will hit stores August 24th featuring breathtaking theatre performances from Argentina in sound and vision. The release will come in various formats: as a 2CD, a 2DVD and a Blu-Ray version. Preorder the Album here: www.tarja-act1.com Download the single Into The Sun via iTunes: bit.ly Order the Mediabook and Vinyl via Pledge: www.pledgemusic.com ACT I" is Tarja's first solo live audio and video product in her rock outfit. The main content was filmed and recorded on two show nights this March 2012 in Rosario, Argentina, at the Teatro El Círculo. The video products include plenty of extras -- video and photo material. With the elaborate track listing and its extras, "ACT I" provides the full-fledged bill of fare to either Tarja fan. The track listing consists of Tarja's greatest solo tracks, Nightwish classics as well as some cover versions, such as Andrew Lloyd Webber's "The Phantom Of The Opera" and marvellous Gary Moore's "Over The Hills and Far Away" -- or to make it short: a unique blend of music selection. The set up of these HD filmed concerts meant an incredible extra work and effort in the live production - with an impressive result, but also an emotional rollercoaster-ride. Says Turunen: "those two nights in Rosario were a huge emotional drive to me personally." The artist herself admits, she "was many times ready to burst into tears." ACT I", as the title already suggests, is the vanguard in a sequence of live products at a yet to be determined point of ...
http://wn.com/Tarja_Turunen_In_For_A_Kill_Live_in_Rosario,_Argentina_from_Act_1
"ACT 1" will hit stores August 24th featuring breathtaking theatre performances from Argentina in sound and vision. The release will come in various formats: as a 2CD, a 2DVD and a Blu-Ray version. Preorder the Album here: www.tarja-act1.com Download the single Into The Sun via iTunes: bit.ly Order the Mediabook and Vinyl via Pledge: www.pledgemusic.com ACT I" is Tarja's first solo live audio and video product in her rock outfit. The main content was filmed and recorded on two show nights this March 2012 in Rosario, Argentina, at the Teatro El Círculo. The video products include plenty of extras -- video and photo material. With the elaborate track listing and its extras, "ACT I" provides the full-fledged bill of fare to either Tarja fan. The track listing consists of Tarja's greatest solo tracks, Nightwish classics as well as some cover versions, such as Andrew Lloyd Webber's "The Phantom Of The Opera" and marvellous Gary Moore's "Over The Hills and Far Away" -- or to make it short: a unique blend of music selection. The set up of these HD filmed concerts meant an incredible extra work and effort in the live production - with an impressive result, but also an emotional rollercoaster-ride. Says Turunen: "those two nights in Rosario were a huge emotional drive to me personally." The artist herself admits, she "was many times ready to burst into tears." ACT I", as the title already suggests, is the vanguard in a sequence of live products at a yet to be determined point of ...
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 15125
- author: earMUSICofficial
Rosario y Lucrecia (amor)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Rosario y Lucrecia
http://wn.com/Rosario_y_Lucrecia_amor
Yo, sí puedo - Programa de Alfabetización - Rosario - Santa Fe - Argentina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Canción compuesta especialmente para el Programa de Alfabetización "Yo, sí puedo" de la ciudad de Rosario.
http://wn.com/Yo,_sí_puedo_Programa_de_Alfabetización_Rosario_Santa_Fe_Argentina
Canción compuesta especialmente para el Programa de Alfabetización "Yo, sí puedo" de la ciudad de Rosario.
- published: 19 Dec 2010
- views: 1782
- author: anonimaicer
Rosario Montes-fiera inqueta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
skryta vasen-best song
http://wn.com/Rosario_Montes-fiera_inqueta
Matias & Magna Improvisation in Rosario
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Matias Pinat (Rosario) & Magna Gopal doing an improvisation at the Saturday night party in Rosario, Argentina after Magna's workshops with RosarioSalsa.ar. Matias Pinat is only 17 years old in this video and is a fantastic dancer full of talent. It was fun to work with him and put together this improv/choreography. The song is Mambo De La Luz by Orquesta De La Luz
http://wn.com/Matias_Magna_Improvisation_in_Rosario
Matias Pinat (Rosario) & Magna Gopal doing an improvisation at the Saturday night party in Rosario, Argentina after Magna's workshops with RosarioSalsa.ar. Matias Pinat is only 17 years old in this video and is a fantastic dancer full of talent. It was fun to work with him and put together this improv/choreography. The song is Mambo De La Luz by Orquesta De La Luz
- published: 04 Sep 2008
- views: 11772
- author: Magna Gopal
rosario miraggio la macchina 50
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/rosario_miraggio_la_macchina_50
06 de SEP. Videoconferencia con Rosario, Moises Ville y Avellaneda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Jueves 06 de Septiembre de 2012, Buenos Aires: Antes de su discurso, la Presidenta de la Nación mantuvo una videoconferencia con el gobernador de Santa Fe, Antonio Bonfatti y autoridades provinciales, en ocasión de la habilitación del Intercambiador de la Autopista Urbana Rosario con la Autopista Provincial Rosario-Santa Fe, y la inauguración de los trabajos de restauración de la Sinagoga Brenner, un edificio histórico de la localidad de Moisés Ville en esa provincia.
http://wn.com/06_de_SEP_Videoconferencia_con_Rosario,_Moises_Ville_y_Avellaneda
Jueves 06 de Septiembre de 2012, Buenos Aires: Antes de su discurso, la Presidenta de la Nación mantuvo una videoconferencia con el gobernador de Santa Fe, Antonio Bonfatti y autoridades provinciales, en ocasión de la habilitación del Intercambiador de la Autopista Urbana Rosario con la Autopista Provincial Rosario-Santa Fe, y la inauguración de los trabajos de restauración de la Sinagoga Brenner, un edificio histórico de la localidad de Moisés Ville en esa provincia.
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 4468
- author: casarosada
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Maya Alleruzzo
27 Dec 2012
CAIRO — President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt took responsibility on Wednesday for “mistakes” during the run-up to ratification of the new Constitution and urged Egyptians to appreciate the fierce disagreements about it as a “healthy phenomenon” of their new democracy. Times Topic. Egypt News — Revolution and Aftermath. Related. Egypt Opposition Gears Up After Constitution Passes (December 24, 2012) ... Twitter List....(size: 11.8Kb)
Star Telegram
29 Dec 2012
Pastor punched while. interrupting robbery. COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo ... The residents weren't home ... ST ... SANTA FE, N.M. -- A group of Taos-area homeowners is appealing Santa Fe County's decision to allow construction of a church where members drink a hallucinogenic tea as a sacrament ... The Santa Fe New Mexican reports that the church, known as the UDV, has been involved in legal battles for a decade and has consistently declined to comment ... 11....(size: 4.7Kb)
The News Tribune
29 Dec 2012
SEATTLE — A Burlington Northern Santa Fe spokesman says passenger train service between Seattle and Everett will be canceled ......(size: 0.7Kb)
Seattle Post
29 Dec 2012
SEATTLE (AP) — A Burlington Northern Santa Fe spokesman says passenger train service between Seattle and Everett will be canceled ......(size: 0.7Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
29 Dec 2012
HUDSON --. With a five-point victory against Lakeland Santa Fe Catholic the night before, the Bishop McLaughlin High boys basketball team was looking to gain some steam in its own holiday tournament against Zephyrhills ... "We made a few adjustments at halftime," Bishop McLaughlin coach Evan Gerking said ... Austin Meyers hit a couple big shots in the second half ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The News & Observer
29 Dec 2012
Email Print Order Reprint Share This. Text. tool name. tool goes here. By Carole Tanzer Miller - ... Reinvention ... IN ... OUT ... Mix it up! ... IN ... Christine Rosario of C.R.I.D. (Christine Rosario Interior Design) in Raleigh ... You thought you were done with your holiday shopping – or just about – when you double-checked your gift list and discovered there’s a gardener Santa needs to remember ... Christine Rosario Interior Design in Raleigh ... ....(size: 22.5Kb)
The Florida Times Union
29 Dec 2012
Bloomberg
29 Dec 2012
Treasury 10-year note yields were poised for the lowest annual average since at least World War II as investors spent 2012 seeking haven from Europe’s debt crisis, tepid global growth and a U.S. budget showdown ... U.S ... “That’s impossible to have predicted.” ... “I don’t think we’re solving a lot of problems here,” said Jason Brady, a managing director at Thornburg Investment Management in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which oversees $83 billion ... 4 ... ....(size: 7.4Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
The Santa Cruz Warriors held off the Springfield Armor in a 113-101 game on Thursday, December 27, 2012 at the Kaiser Permanente Arena in Santa Cruz, CA. Golden State Warriors assignee Kent Blazemore once again led Santa Cruz with 26 points ... Santa Cruz led by 12 points after the ... Santa Cruz Warriors vs Springfield Armor (12/27/2012)....(size: 1.8Kb)
Signon San Diego
29 Dec 2012
Chargers cornerback Chris Carr wore defensive end Kendall Reyes' No. 91 jersey. Guard Tyronne Green swapped his No. 69 for the 89 of cousin Ladarius Green. Outside linebacker Shaun Phillips lent safety Eric Weddle his No. 95. It was all fun and games. It was all a twist to the final Friday practice of the year ... Unrestricted (19). CB Chris Carr. CB Antoine Cason. CB Quentin Jammer. DE Vaughn Martin. DT Aubrayo Franklin ... TE Dante Rosario ... .. ... More....(size: 4.0Kb)
New York Post Online
29 Dec 2012
Straphangers rode the rails in fear yesterday following the second subway shove death in less than a month — especially with the latest killer still on the loose ... “When people are standing on the platform, you don’t know who’s next to you or behind you,” said a worried Michelle Pineda, 39, of Elmhurst ... Additional reporting by Jamie Schram, Kate Kowsh, Georgett Roberts and Frank Rosario ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
Jeremy Tyler (23 points, 11 rebounds) posted his second double-double of the season with Santa Cruz on Dec ... Jeremy Tyler (23 points, 11 rebounds) posted his second double-double of the season with Santa Cruz on Dec ... on Dec.28.Kent Bazemore hit 4-of-6 three pointers and tallied 26 points in Santa Cruz's victory over Springfield ... Santa Cruz takes down Springfield (Photos)....(size: 4.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Dec 2012
SANTA ANA, Calif ... “For Orange County area Corvette drivers and enthusiasts the all-new seventh-generation Corvette’s design represents a distinctive American high-performance sports car,” said Joe Renden of Guaranty Chevrolet in Santa Ana ... About Guaranty Chevrolet in Santa Ana. Visit Guaranty Chevrolet to experience the exceptional customer service and stress-free sales at our Santa Ana Chevrolet dealership....(size: 5.1Kb)
Orlando Sentinel
29 Dec 2012
BOYS BASKETBALL. . . Winter Park 95,. Cape Coral Ida Baker 25. . Buzz. Will Ferrell scored 40 points, including 12 of 17 3-point shots, for Winter Park (9-5). The 12 3s are believed to be a school record. Elijah Farley added 14 points and 11 assists for the Wildcats. . . Kingdom of the Sun. . at Ocala Vanguard. . . Dr. Phillips 69, Ocala Forest 33. . Buzz ... . ... T.J ... Santa Fe Hitchcock Classic....(size: 11.7Kb)
For other uses, see Rosario (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) |
| Rosario | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City of Rosario — | |||
 |
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|
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| Nickname(s): "Argentine Flag's Cradle", "The Argentine Chicago"[1][2] | |||
 Rosario
|
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| Coordinates: 32°57′S 60°40′W / 32.95°S 60.667°W / -32.95; -60.667Coordinates: 32°57′S 60°40′W / 32.95°S 60.667°W / -32.95; -60.667 | |||
| Country |  Argentina |
||
| Province |  Santa Fe |
||
| Founded | October 7, 1793 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | 6 municipal areas | ||
| • Intendant | Mónica Fein[3] (SPA) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 178.69 km2 (68.99 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 31 m (102 ft) | ||
| Population (as of March 2001)[4] | |||
| • Total | 1,159,004 | ||
| • Density | 5,112/km2 (13,240/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Rosarian | ||
| Time zone | ART (UTC−3) | ||
| Post code | S2000 | ||
| Area code | 0341 | ||
| Website | rosario.gob.ar | ||
Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, in central Argentina. It is located 300 km (185 mi) northwest of Buenos Aires, on the western shore of the Paraná River. It has 1,159,004 residents as of the 2001 census [INDEC]. Rosario is the third-largest city in Argentina by population, with a growing and important metropolitan area. One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences, houses and public buildings.
Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for northeastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 34 feet (10 m) deep port. The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically.[5] Exports include wheat, flour, hay, linseed and other vegetable oils, corn, sugar, lumber, meat, hides, and wool. Manufactures include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs. The Rosario-Victoria Bridge, opened in 2004, spans the Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria, across the Paraná Delta. Because it plays a critical role in agricultural commerce, the city finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy.
Along with Paraná, Rosario is one of the few Argentine cities that cannot point to a particular individual as its founder. The city's patron is the Virgin of the Rosary, whose feast day is October 7. The asteroid 14812 Rosario was named in its honour.†
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Rosario
Early Settlement[link]
.jpg)
Even though the city did not have a clear foundation date or any official acknowledgement thereof, most commentators state that Rosario was founded in 7 October 1793 with a local population of 457 inhabitants[6] Nonetheless the town was officially declared as city on 3 August 1852, at the time it was known as Pago de los Arroyos, that is, "land of the streams", a reference to the several small rivers that traverse the southern region of Santa Fe, like the Ludueña Stream, the Saladillo Stream and others, emptying into the Paraná River. In 1689, captain Luis Romero de Pineda received part of the lands of the Pago de los Arroyos by royal decree, as payment for services to the Spanish Crown. Before that, the area was originally inhabited by Calchaquí tribes in reducciones, a kind of missions founded by Franciscans. These missions were ultimately attacked and destroyed by hostile tribes of the Chaco.
Romero de Pineda established the first permanent settlement, an estancia — intended as farmland, not as a town. In 1719 the Jesuits bought another part and established Estancia San Miguel. The area was still so scarcely populated that it had no central authority; it was ruled from the provincial capital (Santa Fe), and in turn from Buenos Aires. In 1724 another colonial settlement was initiated by Santiago de Montenegro, who set up a mill, drew plans for the future town, built a chapel, and was appointed Mayor in 1751. The area of control of this local government extended northward from today's Rosario; only in 1784 was it divided into two smaller jurisdictions. On February 27, 1812, General Manuel Belgrano raised the newly created Argentine flag on the shores of the Paraná, for the first time. Because of this, Rosario is known as the "Cradle of the Argentine Flag". The National Flag Memorial marks the occasion.
19th Century[link]
The province of Santa Fe greatly suffered the civil war that afflicted Argentina after 1820. Demographic growth was relatively slow. During this period, Rosario was a small settlement and a stop in the way from Santa Fe City to Buenos Aires. In 1823 it was elevated to the category of "village" (Ilustre y Fiel Villa del Rosario). Charles Darwin travelled through the area in 1832 and described Rosario as "a large town" with about 2,000 residents. In 1841 its port was shut off to foreign trade by a decree of the caudillo and Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas which banned navigation of the Paraná and the Paraguay rivers to non-Argentine vessels.
On 25 December 1851, a small group of locals and the military guard of the city declared their support for the rival caudillo Justo José de Urquiza. As a reward for their participation in the Battle of Caseros, triumphant Urquiza wrote to the governor of Santa Fe on 9 June 1852 asking for Rosario to be granted city status. Governor Domingo Crespo justified the request at the provincial legislative body, marking the geographically strategic position of the town for national and international trade, and on 5 August Rosario was formally declared a city.
Urquiza opened up the river for free international trade. The city's economy and population expanded at an accelerated rate. By 1880, Rosario had become the first export outlet of Argentina. By 1887 it had about 50,000 inhabitants, of which 40% were immigrants, who brought new ideas from Europe and started turning Rosario into a politically progressive city (contrasting with the more conservative, aristocratic Santa Fe).
During part of the second half of the 19th century, there was a movement promoting that the city of Rosario become the capital of the republic. Ovidio Lagos, founder of the oldest Argentine newspaper, La Capital, was one of the strongest defenders of this idea (one of the main avenues in Rosario now carries his name). Rosario was indeed declared the federal capital in three occasions, but each time the law received a veto of the Executive Branch (once by Bartolomé Mitre and twice by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento). In the last 15 years of the 19th century, the city more than doubled its population, in part due to immigration. In 1911 the French-owned railway company Ferrocarril Rosario y Puerto Belgrano opened a line between Rosario and Puerto Belgrano, Argentina's main naval base. By 1926, Rosario had 407,000 inhabitants, 47% of them foreign, many coming from Europe in the wake of World War I.
Contemporary History[link]
In 1946 Rosario massively supported Juan Perón's rise to power. The city received the benefits of the nationalization and subsidizing of many industries. Perón was deposed in 1955. In 1969 workers and students took the streets to protest against the dictatorship (Rosariazo). During the dictatorship started in 1976, hundreds of citizens were "disappeared" by the government.
In 1983 Argentina returned to democratic rule but hyperinflation caused the economic collapse of the country in 1989. In Rosario there were riots with episodes of looting. Under the Menem administration the situation became worse as the industrial sector of the city was dismantled by foreign competition and agricultural exports stagnated. In 1995 unemployment in the area reached 21.1%, and a large part of Rosario's population fell below the poverty line.
Since the recovery of the national economy that followed the 2001 collapse, Rosario's economic situation has improved. The boom in agricultural exports has caused a large increase in consumer spending and investment. Mayor Miguel Lifschitz's administration is taking advantage of the economic boom to invest heavily in public works, as well as in public health (which takes up about a quarter of the whole budget).
Government[link]
Main article: Government of Rosario
Rosario is ruled by an executive branch represented by a mayor (seat: Palacio de los Leones), and a legislative branch, consisting of a Deliberative Council (seat: Palacio Vassallo). The mayor is elected for a four-year term and the Council renews half of its 21 members every two years.
Municipal Centre District (CMD)[link]
Since 1997, a municipal program of descentralization of legislative activities was carried out, materialized in 6 Municipal Centres of District (Centre, North, South, West, Northwest and Southwest). The city is divided into six large administrative districts (Center, North, Northwest, West, Southwest, and South), with Municipal District Centers that provide services to the population.
Local people and institutions have been pushing the provincial government to grant Rosario the status of Autonomous City. Some, with the sponsorship of the governors of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Córdoba as well as other important politicians, have put forward a legislative project to move the National Congress to Rosario, to decentralise the national government.
Since the return to democracy in 1983, the Mayors of Rosario were Horacio Usandizaga, Héctor Cavallero, Hermes Binner, and the current one, Miguel Lifschitz (of the Socialist Party, elected in 2003 and re-elected in 2007). The city does not have a police force of its own (it is served by the provincial police), but in 2004 it led to the creation of a special patrol force of unarmed officers called Guardia Urbana Municipal ("Municipal Urban Guard") which was imitated later by Buenos Aires in 2005.
In July 2011, Mónica Fein was elected to become the Mayor in December 2011.
Municipal statistics[link]
The municipality of Rosario comprises 178.69 square kilometres (69.0 sq mi), of which 117.2 km2 (45 sq mi) are urbanized, in 6,306 housing blocks. Of this area, 9.3 km2 (3.6 sq mi), 5.3% is devoted to green spaces (parks, boulevards, plazas), which gives over 10 m2 of green space per inhabitant.
Electric power is supplied to the whole urban area and running water reaches 97% of the population (about 350,000 homes). Natural gas is provided to 227,152 homes.[7]
With the recovery of the national economy since 2002, the city experienced a real-estate boom. In the period 2003–2006, the construction sector added 2 million m2, investing about $900 million. Despite this increased supply, prices have increased by 10% compared to the values during the 1990s, and rents have soared by 165%.
File:Rosario hospital.bmp.jpg
Rosario city General Hospital
Experts believe that this growth is propelled by the increased purchasing power of farmers around Rosario, helped by competitive exports, and the overall preference for safer investment options.[8]
Health[link]
Rosario has a number of public health centers: 5 municipal hospitals (including a children's hospital and an emergency hospital/trauma center) and a municipal outpatient-only center, plus 2 large provincial hospitals (Hospital Provincial and Hospital Centenario), and their associated primary care centers in the city proper and its metropolitan area.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Argentina
Rosario is the main epicentre of a metropolitan region whose economy is based on the services and the industry, generating the second urban gross regional product of Argentina, after the Greater Buenos Aires [9] The principal manufacturing sector is the agroindustry, whose industries are placed in the northern and southern areas of the Greater Rosario; the investments over the last decade have transformed Rosario in a major pole of processing of oil of the world [10] Many other sectors contribute to the diversified industrial offering of the city. Rosario and its metropolitan area produce 20% of the cars, 4 % of the domestic refrigerators, 80% of the machinery for the food industry and 100% of the auto bodies for long distance buses made in Argentina.
Other important sectors include the petrochemical sector, with three plants located in the suburbs of San Lorenzo and Port San Martin; the chemistry sector, with plants for sulphuric acid, fertilizers, resins and other inputs; the cellulose industry; the meat industry; ironworks; auto parts; the plants and equipment for bottled oil; agricultural machinery; and the materials and equipments for the construction industry. Worldwide international companies settled in Rosario include, among others, General Motors, Cargill, Unilever, John Deere, Petrobrás, ICI, Dow, Tenneco and Mahle.
File:Centroros.jpg
Aqualina tower: one of the highest skyscrapers in Rosario. Surpassed by the Dolfines Guaraní towers and the Maui Towers
The main financial bank at the city of Rosario is the Municipal Bank of Rosario. Its central offices are located in the financial district, on San Martín St., and there are several additional offices throughout the city. It is focused on small and medium enterprises and other organizations, especially through microcredits, and may be considered an "ethical bank". [2]
The Municipal Bank was founded in 1896 to support the financial needs of the citizens and small businesses in the highly productive region of southern Santa Fe Province, centered in Rosario. At the time, the city had around 92,000 inhabitants and was already the most important port on the Paraná River. The idea of creating a municipal financial institution was expressed in 1893 by mayor Floduardo Grandoli, citing the proliferation of "centers of usury" that exploited those in need of credit, especially the poor (something not addressed by the profile of the Provincial Bank of Santa Fe, which granted loans only to demonstrably solvent persons). Acting on this, the municipal Counseling Commission passed a bill (on 1 February 1895) dictating an "Organic Charter of the Municipal Bank of Loans and Savings Accounts". The bank opened exactly one year later.
The seat of the bank was moved in 1905. Its name was changed to its present form on 14 May 1940 by a municipal bill. Its location was moved again, and for the last time so far, in 1986. In 2006, after some political controversy, the bank was capitalized by the municipality in order to comply with new regulations dictated by the Central Bank, and transformed into a joint stock company, with only 1% of the stock belonging to the municipal state. A special clause was added, dictating that this minimum share is unchangeable, so as to prevent hypothetical attempts at privatization. [3]
The Rosario Board of Trade hosts the country's largest commodity market, dealing in cereals and oilseeds, and also the largest futures exchange (ROFEX). The banking sector includes the state-owned Municipal Bank of Rosario, with branches and offices throughout the city, and the central branch of the New Bank of Santa Fe.
The largest technological center in Argentina – Polo Tecnológico Rosario (PTR) – is located in Rosario within La Siberia site. The center focus mainly on research and development of the three following areas: biotechnology, software development and telecommunications. It currently employs 3,500 people and it is expected to grow 100% by 2015 to become one of the largest in Latin America.
Culture[link]
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: external links. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2010) |
Rosario has many cultural activities in many artistic disciplines with national and international reach. The city has produced important personalities in the fields of music, painting, philosophy, politics, poetry, literature, medicine, and law. Important theaters are El Círculo, Sala Lavardén, Broadway, Astengo Auditorium, La Comedia, etc. The cultural complex known as "Puerto de la Musica" (designed by the modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer) is to be built along the banks of the Paraná River. It will be one of the biggest centers for musical performance in Latin America and is scheduled to be completed by the year 2012.
The city has several museums, including: Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum, Firma y Odilo Estévez Municipal Decorative Art Museum, Dr. Julio Marc Provincial Historical Museum, City Museum, and Museum of Contemporary Art of Rosario (MACRo). The Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum was rebuilt after a fire in 2003 and re-opened at a new location in 2006. There are plans to move the National Oriental Art Museum, which currently shares a building with the National Decorative Art Museum in Buenos Aires, to Rosario. Rosario has a public astronomy complex, located in Urquiza Park, which consists of an observatory (inaugurated in 1970) and a planetarium (1984).
The Fundación Italia is a cultural institution created in 1985, as a "cultural bond with Italy". It has organized a Neapolitan music concert, performances of Madame Butterfly and numerous talks about the present and future of Argentina. Among the people invited to give these talks were economists Domingo Cavallo and Alfonso Prat Gay, renowned scholars Beatriz Sarlo and Silvia Bleichmar, journalists Alejandro Rozitchner and Jorge Asís, filmmaker Fernando Solanas and former presidents of Chile (Ricardo Lagos), Argentina (Eduardo Duhalde), and Uruguay (Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera). As this list of invited politicians and thinkers suggests, this organization promotes cultural activities aligned with the right-wing political parties and the interests of national corporations that fiercely oppose the governments of Nestor and Cristina Kirchner. Domingo Cavallo, for instance, was the minister of Finance in Argentina during the presidency of Carlos Menem and the intellectual author of the infamous "convertibilidad", an economic policy that arguably led Argentina to the political and financial collapse of 2001.
Cultural centers[link]
- Centro Cultural Bernardino Rivadavia
- Centro Popular de la Memoria
- Centro Cultural Islas Malvinas
- Centro Cultural Estación Provincial
- Grupo Pasajes
- Centro de Cultura & Comunicación
- Centro Cultural El Núcleo
- Centro Cultural Los Hornos
Theaters[link]
- Teatro El Círculo
- Teatro La Comedia
- Teatro Auditorio Fundación
- Teatro Sala Lavardén
- Teatro Puerto de la Música
- Teatro Municipal Coliseo Podestá
- Anfiteatro Martín Fierro
- Teatro La Nonna
- Teatro La Hermandad del Princesa
- Sala 420
- Taller de Teatro de la UNLP
- Complejo "El Teatro"
- Teatro "La Lechuza"
Museums[link]
- Dr. Julio Marc Provincial Historical Museum
- Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum
- Firma y Odilo Estévez Municipal Decorative Art Museum
- Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum
- Museo de Arte "Fra. Angélico"
- Municipal Museum of the City
- Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes
- Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes
- Museo de Arte "Fra. Angélico"
- Colección Dr. Emilio Azzarini
- Museo Histórico del Fuerte de la Ensenada de Barragán
- Museo y Archivo Dardo Rocha
- Museo Almafuerte
- Museo del Teatro Argentino
- Museo "José Juan Podestá"
- Museo de la Catedral
- Museo Internacional de Muñecos
- Museo del Automóvil – Colección Rau
- Museo del Tango Platense
- Museo Policial "Inspector Mayor Vesiroglos"
- Museo Histórico "Contralmirante Chalier" – Escuela Naval de Río Santiago
- Museo Histórico Militar "Tte. Julio A. Roca"
Cinemas[link]
- Cinema San Martín
- Cinema 8
- Cinema City
- Cinema Paradiso
- Cinema Rocha
- Cine Select
- Espacio INCAA
Racecourse[link]
Independence Hippodrome opened on December 8 of 1901, when the first ride meeting was held. The Hippodrome was located in the heart of the Parque de la Independencia and occupied a prominent place in the city's social scene. In 1919 construction began of the Popular Opinion. La Tribuna rises Partners in 1928. Moreover, it had begun the construction of a new box office. In 1941, he demolished the Tribune Paddock (formerly Partners Tribune). The final podium of Professional construidaes, begun in 1972. Independence Hippodrome was the initiator in Argentina night time racing, with lighting facilities for this purpose.
- The Tracks
The racecourse features three tracks that are used for entertainment, vacation and skills. The Main Track has 1,794 metres (5,886 ft) of sand. This track is enabled on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for tests, with Sunday competitions. The Assistant Track 1 has 1,650 m (5,413 ft) with sand, used on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays inclusive for the tournaments and some special courses such as race trot. The Assistant Track 2 has 1,450 m (4,757 ft) of land used to jog and tame.
- The Tribunes
- Ex-Tribune Partners: with a privileged view of the oval track and focused, this building covers 1,300 m2 (13,990 sq ft) and three levels, the second is a restaurant seating 150 people.
- Professional-Tribune, has a covered area of 300 m2 (3,229 sq ft). On the ground floor is the technical area and the Commissariat sector.
- Paddock-Tribune, has covered area of 900 m2 (9,688 sq ft). It has a gambling parlor and a VIP room with buffet area for the fans. It has the office of the Administration and the boxes for journalists.
Libraries[link]
- Biblioteca Central General José de San Martín
- Biblioteca Municipal Francisco López Merino
- Biblioteca de la Legislatura de la Provincia
Landmarks[link]
National Flag Memorial[link]
Main article: National Flag Memorial (Argentina)
The National Flag Memorial in Rosario, Argentina, is a monumental complex built near the banks of the Paraná River. It was inaugurated on June 20, 1957, the anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine flag, who raised it for the first time on an island in the river on February 27, 1812. The complex has a total area of about 10,000 m2 (107,600 sq ft) and was constructed using stone primarily sourced in the Andes, under the direction of architects Ángel Guido and Alejandro Bustillo, and the sculptors José Fioravanti, Alfredo Bigatti and Eduardo Barnes.
[11] [12] The Memorial (Monumento) has three parts: the Tower (Torre) or mast, 70 metres (230 ft) high, which commemorates the Revolution of May 1810 and houses Manuel Belgrano's crypt in its base; the Civic Courtyard (Patio Cívico), which symbolizes the effort of the organization of the state (the Courtyard is used for massive open-air shows), and the Triumphal Propylaeum (Propileo Triunfal), representing the Nation as organized after the 1853 Constitution. Under the Propylaeum there is the Honour Room for the Flags of America (where the flags of all American nations are displayed).
The complex faces Belgrano Avenue, and is delimited by Córdoba St. and Santa Fe St., which slopes down towards the river at this point. The Propylaeum can be accessed from the pedestrian passage called Pasaje Juramento ("Oath Passage"), which starts at Buenos Aires St. between the municipal building (Palacio de los Leones) and the Cathedral, in front of Plaza 25 de Mayo (May 25 Square). The passage is flanked by statues by famous sculptor Lola Mora.
The Memorial and the National Flag Park located in front of it are the seat of the main celebrations of Flag Day on June 20. The 50th anniversary of the inauguration of the complex, in 2007, was marked by a special celebration and by the unveiling of a new lighting system. [13]El Puerto de la Música will be a theater with a total capacity of 30,000 people located by the Paraná River. Architect Oscar Niemeyer thought the concept by expanding the show from inside the theater to a much larger outside audience. The concrete curvilinear shape building with an area of 215,278 sq ft (20,000.0 m2) is the first design of Oscar Niemeyer in Argentina.[14] The project will be a distinctive part of Rosario's skyline. Construction will begin at the end of 2010 and is expected to be completed by 2014.
Planetarium[link]
Loacated in park Urquiza, Rosario's Astronomic municipal Complex is one of the principal astronomic centers of the region.
The planetarium has a core team, together with its secondary elements, provide an artificial image of the sky, through projections made on a fixed hemispherical dome that functions as a display. The assembly is installed in the Room "Oscar Claudio Caprile", located in the heart of the magnificent building that is shaped like a comet. For its technical characteristics in terms of size, quality of sound and image and interior comfort, this room is considered among the best in the world. The building in the shape of comet forms a part of the complex that includes the "Prof. Victor Capolongo" observatory and the experimental science museum.
The observatory[link]
Municipal Astronomical Observatory "Prof. Victor Capolongo" was inaugurated on June 18, 1970 and named its first director. The Observatory meets outreach, teaching and research in the field of astronomy and related sciences and informs the public of phenomena that occur in the sky, as eclipses, planetary configurations, passages of comets, etc.
To that end, the Observatory has installed two telescopes. One refractor Coudé has 150 mm (5.9 in) aperature and 2,250 mm (88.6 in) focal distance provided with Lyot's monochromatic filter for solar observation. Another reflector type Cassegrain has 300 mm (11.8 in) aperature, constructed by the house Carl Zeiss. There are realized observations and astronomic photography of all the celestial visible objects in Rosario's sky, according to time of year and especially the Sun, the Moon and the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and Venus.
Experimental science museum[link]
It was inaugurated on September 24, 1987. It is the first in Argentina and differs from traditional museums, in that it has equipment and instruments to demonstrate the Laws of Nature, which can be used by the general public in an interactive way. Thus, visitors of all ages can use telescopes and microscopes, or experiment with lasers, sound mixers, radios of various types, computers, solar cells, etc. To complement this, exhibit panels have photographs and explanatory texts of science and technology: Mathematics and Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Astronomy, Astronautics, Geology, Chemistry and Biology. In addition, an important area is intended for periodic samples, such as "Space Age", Energy: renewable and rational use "", From Sand to Glass, "among others. The museum staff is supported by contributions from the Ministry of Science and Technology Office, the Municipality of Rosario and the contributions made by institutions and individuals. The Museum audiovisual projections are made in the Video Sector Science, which has an area called "CIENCIANIÑO" for children 4 to 10 years. The Museum works in the evening similar to the Planetarium. Educational institutions at all levels are treated in shift assignments.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Argentina
Demographic distribution[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1858 | 9,785 | — |
| 1869 | 23,169 | +136.8% |
| 1887 | 50,914 | +119.8% |
| 1900 | 112,462 | +120.9% |
| 1910 | 192,278 | +71.0% |
| 1926 | 407,354 | +111.9% |
| 1947 | 584,587 | +43.5% |
| 1960 | 669,173 | +14.5% |
| 1970 | 806,942 | +20.6% |
| 1980 | 956,761 | +18.6% |
| 1991 | 1,118,905 | +16.9% |
| 2001 | 1,161,188 | +3.8% |
| 2009 (est. | 1,235,558 | +6.4% |
_(en).svg)
Rosario is located in the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina. This metropolis has a population of about 1.2 million (1,159,004 est.), thus being Argentina's third most populated urban settlement, after Córdoba.[15] The Greater Rosario comprises Rosario itself (population about 910,000) and a large area around it, spreading in all directions except eastward (because of the Paraná River). Directly to the south it includes the city of Villa Gobernador Gálvez, with a population of about 75,000, at about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Rosario city centre.
To the west and south-west there are several smaller towns and cities (Funes, Roldán, Pérez, Soldini); Roldán is 23 km (14 mi) from Rosario city centre. These settlements were incorporated into the metropolis due to their vicinity to major roads leading into Rosario, and many people living there habitually commute to Rosario.
The farthest end is to the north, following the coast of the river; from Rosario one finds, in succession and usually merging into each other, the towns of Granadero Baigorria, Capitán Bermúdez, Fray Luis Beltrán, San Lorenzo (already in a different departamento, with a population of over 40,000), and Puerto General San Martín, the last being at a distance of 35 km from Rosario.
The north of the Greater Rosario is one end of an area traditionally called Cordón Industrial ("Industrial Corridor"), since it was traditionally a heavily industrialized productive region. The prelude to the economic crisis in the 1990s largely dismantled the industrial infrastructure and damaged agricultural exports. As of 2006 the recovery of national economy has revitalized them, but high levels of poverty and unemployment persist (the last official survey indicates that 23.4% of the population is under the poverty line).[15]
In 1876 the total population was 203,509 and it doubled in 1908, and yet again in less than two decades; by 1926 Rosario had 407,000 inhabitants, 47% of them foreign, many brought from Europe in the wake of World War I. Most of them were Italian, and among them, a majority from the north-western region of Liguria. As of the census of 2001, there are 1,161,188 people residing in the city and 31 surrounding districts, making metro Rosario home to one in five Argentines[16] The population density in Rosario proper was 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (34,800 per mi2); but, only about 2,400 per km2 (6,100 per mi2) in the suburbs.
The 2001 Census showed a relatively aged population, as well; with 17% under the age of fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are, likewise, a good bit more elderly than Argentines as a whole (of whom, 28% were under 15 and 14%, over 60).[16]
The ethnic make-up of Rosario changed in the late 19th-century, when significant numbers of European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Rosario's population had been almost completely European-descent in ethnic origin. As Buenos Aires was the first landfall in Argentina for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1850s and 1890s, Rosario started to experience a diverse influx of people,.[17] The main contributors were Spain, Italy, France, Eastern European nations such as Croatia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Ukraine and the Balkans (especially Greece, Serbia and Montenegro), Switzerland, Germany, the United Kingdom and Ireland, and Scandinavia (especially Sweden). By the 1910s, 43 percent of the city population was non-native Argentine after immigration rates peaked[18][19]
Most immigrants, regardless of origin, settled in the city or around Greater Rosario. However, in the first stages of immigration, some formed colonies (especially agricultural colonies) in different parts of the city, often encouraged by the Argentine government and/or sponsored by private individuals and organizations.
Districts[link]
Rosario is divided into six districts, most named by location although the eastmost is called Centre District as it includes the oldest part of the city historicaliy called Centro (City Centre). The data given below are from the 2001 census [INDEC].
File:Rosario26.jpg
Eudoro Carrasco Av. at the North District.
- Centre District
Population: 261,047 Area: 20.37 km2 (11.45% of the city)
Population density: 12,815 inhab/km2 Housing: 110,152 units
- North District
Population: 131,495 Area: 35.02 km2 (19.6% of the city)
Population density: 3,744 inhab/km2 Housing: 40,492 units
- Northwest District
Population: 144,461 Area: 44.14 km2 (24.7% of the city)
Population density: 3,273 inhab/km2 Housing: 41,740 units
- West District
Population: 106,356 Area: 40.21 km2 (22.5% of the city)
Population density: 2,645 inhab/km2 Housing: 31,625 units
- Southwest District
Population: 103,446 Area: 20.19 km2 (11.3% of the city)
Population density: 5,123 inhab/km2 Housing: 28,284 units
- South District
Population: 160,771 Area: 18.76 km2 (10.5% of the city)
Population density: 8,569 inhab/km2 Housing: 48,541 units
Urban Structure[link]
Centre District[link]
At Rosario city centre, Córdoba Street is the main avenue, it begins at the Flag Memorial Park, climbs towards the district area, and becomes a pedestrian walk for seven blocks, between Plaza 25 de Mayo and Plaza Pringles. Along Córdoba Ave to the west Paseo del Siglo ("Walk of the Century") was settled, with former houses of wealthy families, finally there is also the San Martín Square, and elsewhere, Plaza Montenegro (on Peatonal San Martín, the pedestrian-only four blocks of San Martín Street) and Plaza Sarmiento.
Oroño Boulevard (going north–south) and Pellegrini Avenue (east–west) mark the boundaries of the town center together with the river. At their confluence starts the Parque de la Independencia, that houses the Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum, the Newell's Old Boys football club, and the sports clubs Provincial and Gimnasia y Esgrima, as well as the horse racetrack and the former Sociedad Rural (Rural Society).
File:Crdobay Corrientes Rosario 1.jpg
Central district-Córdoba Pedestrian Walk
Towards the south, beyond Pellegrini Avenue, there are two more boulevards, 27 de Febrero and Seguí, and avenues Uriburu, Arijón and Battle y Ordóñez. To the west, after Oroño, there are the avenues Ovidio Lagos and Francia, Avellaneda Boulevard and Provincias Unidas Avenue. The main barrios in the south are La Tablada, Parque Casado, Las Heras, Las Delicias and Las Flores. The city ends in the Saladillo Stream.
Among the districts in the west are Echesortu, Belgrano, Triángulo, Moderno, Godoy and Fisherton. To the north-east there lie Pichincha, Ludueña, Lisandro de la Torre (home of Rosario Central's stadium) and Empalme Graneros.
Next to the stadium there is the Parque Alem, and nearby the Sorrento thermal power plant. To the north lie the districts of Alberdi, La Florida (with a popular beach resort of the same name), Parque Field (built under US President John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress development plans) and Rucci. The main streets are Alberdi Avenue and its continuation, Rondeau Boulevard (which leads to the Rosario-Victoria Bridge and the city of Granadero Baigorria). These are crossed by the avenues Las Tres Vías, Génova, Sorrento and Puccio.
An important part of Rosario's urban character is its river bank. The city recovered the river bank of the Paraná not long ago, thanks to a reorganization of terrains formerly owned by the port and the national railroad system. Going from the center immediately north of the port, the river bank is surrounded by a large amount of parks; Argentine flag Memorial, Parque de España, Parque de las Colectividades and Parque Sunchales.
Greater Rosario[link]
Through the years, Rosario has spread in all directions. Towards the south, beyond Pellegrini, there are two more boulevards, 27 de Febrero and Seguí, and avenues Uriburu, Arijón and Battle y Ordóñez.To the west, after Oroño, there are the avenues Ovidio Lagos and Francia, Avellaneda Boulevard and Provincias Unidas Avenue. The main neighborhoods in the south are La Tablada, Parque Casado, Las Heras, Las Delicias and Las Flores. The city ends in the Saladillo Stream (the natural border with Villa Gobernador Gálvez). This is just south of the great barrio Grandoli.
Among the neighborhoods in the west are Echesortu, Belgrano, Triángulo, Moderno, Godoy and Fisherton (near the west end of the city, formerly home of hierarchical personnel of English railroad companies established in Rosario). To the north-east there lie the neighborhoods of Pichincha (a red-light district in early 20th century, now home to an open-air antiquities fair: Mercado de antigüedades "Feria Retro La Huella"), Ludueña, Lisandro de la Torre (home of the Rosario Central football club) and Empalme Graneros; these last three are in the influence area of the Ludueña Stream, now contained by underground piping, but until the 1980s a source of floods.
Next to the Rosario Central stadium there is a large park, Parque Alem, and not far from it there stands the Sorrento thermoelectric power plant. North from the Lisandro de la Torre neighborhood there are Alberdi (formerly an independent town), La Florida (with a popular beach resort of the same name) and Rucci.
The main streets in the north are Alberdi Avenue and its continuation, Rondeau Boulevard (which leads to the north exit of the city, the access to the Rosario-Victoria Bridge and the town of Granadero Baigorria). These major arteries are crossed by several avenues: Las Tres Vías, Génova, Sorrento and Puccio.
Transportation[link]
Rosario's strategic location is destined to become a significant transportation hub and as the bi-oceanic corridor that links the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) on the Atlantic Ocean to Valparaíso (Chile), on the Pacific, an important component in global distribution and the core center of a key corridor in the Mercosur, the Common Market for the South.[20]
Public transport[link]
_(2).jpg)
File:Rosario2.jpg
Street in central area
File:Rosariotrolleybus.jpg
Trolleybus in the city centre
The Rosario public transport system includes buses, trolleybuses and taxicabs.
The Rosario trolleybus system consists of only one main trunk line. It is presently operated by a government-owned corporation, SEMTUR (Sociedad del Estado Municipal para el Transporte Urbano de Rosario, "Municipal State Society for Rosario Urban Transport"), as are some of Rosario's other urban bus lines.
Plaza Sarmiento is the hub of the city bus system, about 40 urban lines in the metropolitan area that provide service every 5 to 10 minutes.
Bus fares are pre-paid by means of either a rechargeable plastic card or a disposable paper card with a magnetic stripe which can be bought from post offices, automatic vending machines, and private businesses. For occasional use, a larger fare can be paid using a coin machine in the bus unit. The interurban lines have differential fares and some allow payment in cash only.
The urban bus fleet was partially renewed during the recovery of the national economy, since 2003, and consists of about 730 units. In 2005 the average age of the buses was 5 years and 11 months. Improvements in the economy have led to increased use of public transport, and comparatively less use of bicycles. According to the Rosario Transportation Office, in 2005 there were about 11 million bus journeys per month,[21] by 2007, usage has climbed to 420,000 people every day (12.6 million per month).
As a curiosity, Rosario has a large number of buses which run on natural gas, as it happens also in Argentina as a whole, and all gas stations provide it. Its price is quite low compared to the alternatives. The idea to transform all buses to this system did not prosper; most buses run on heavily subsidized diesel fuel.
Rosario has a medium-sized taxi fleet, with units painted black and outlined in yellow. Some belong to radio-taxi companies and can be reserved by telephone; others only in the streets. As the economy of Argentina recovers, the capacity of the taxi fleet has been strained by higher usage. In September 2005, the Deliberative Council approved the compulsory installation of radio-call systems in all taxi units, but this requirement has not been fulfilled.
Rosario is also a major hub for long-distance overland transportation from the Mariano Moreno Bus Terminal,[22] (Terminal de Omnibus), across from the Patio de la Madera Convention and Exposition Centre complex, about 15 blocks west of Plaza San Martin. The transportation facility serves 73 bus companies in short, medium and long-distance travel, carrying 1,100.000 passengers per month to 784 national and international destinations, which comprise most major domestic cities including Puerto Iguazú, Salta and Bariloche and international destinations such as Asunción, Paraguay, Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Montevideo, Uruguay, destinations may be long but white-clad chauffeurs handle comfortable long-distance coaches with modern conveniences.
Rail[link]
The passenger train system was severely damaged by the privatization of most railway companies in the early 1990s, but is slowly recovering. The lines of the Nuevo Central Argentino (NCA) railway company handle most of the cargo. Additionally, two private passenger railway companies provide limited services to several major cities. Trenes de Buenos Aires runs weekly trains south to Retiro Station in (Buenos Aires) and north to Santa Fe. The company Ferrocentral also operates weekly trains south to Buenos Aires and northwest to Córdoba and Tucumán.
There was a project to build a high-speed train between Buenos Aires-Rosario-Córdoba, scheduled to be started in 2008, with an inauguration in 2012, that would join Rosario and Buenos Aires in 85 minutes, and would reach Córdoba in another 90 minutes at speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph).[23] However it never was constructed and the project was finally suspended after the controversy it generated among the citizens and the media critics because of the high costs it implicated.[24]
Roadways[link]
Rosario is linked to the rest of the country by a number of roads: the Aramburu Highway (southeast, to Buenos Aires), National Route 9 (from Buenos Aires to Rosario and then north and west up to Jujuy and Bolivia), the Brigadier Estanislao López Highway (north, to Santa Fe City), National Route 11 (to the north of Santa Fe, Formosa and Paraguay), National Route 33 (to the southwest of Santa Fe and the province of Buenos Aires, and then through National Route 7 to San Luis, Mendoza and Chile), National Route 34 (north to Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Bolivia), and National Route 174 (east, to Entre Ríos, over the Rosario-Victoria Bridge).
It is surrounded with an extensive system of two belt-highways called Circunvalación Motorway and A012 which in turn set the limits of the city. The Circunvalacion beltway is 30 km (19 mi) and was built for traffic to avoid the congested city centre, it allows drivers to bypass the city going around it in a much shorter time.
File:Rosario victoria.jpg
The Rosario-Victoria Bridge crossing the Paraná River
In its 30-kilometre (19 mi) length, it intersects with National Route 9, National Route 3, National Route 34, National Route 11 and National Route 174.
The official numbering system denotes this road as "A008" but this denomination is mostly unknown by the locals as it is still called "Avenida de Circunvalación 25 de Mayo" ("25 of May Beltway Avenue") commemorating the May Revolution of 1810. Some sections are named after different personalities by local decree. For example:
- The section from the east end on 27 Boulevard to the crossing of Ayacucho Street (old exit to the Rosario-Buenos Aires Road, now access to Provincial Route 21), is called "National Route A008 Tte. General Juan Carlos Sánchez" by decree #232 of 14 May 1981.
- The section between Eva Perón Street and the exit to Santa Fe (the state capital) on the intersection with Rondeau Boulevard is called "National Route A008 Dr. Constantino Razzetti" by law #25769 of 1 September 2003.
The A012 is a the second beltway at the southeast of the city. It has a semi-circular length centered around the city, running as a long-length beltway. From the National Route 9 junction on km marker 278, in the town of Esther, to the junction with National Route 11 on km marker 326 in the city of San Lorenzo it runs for 67 km (41.6 mi).
This road is popularly known as the Second Rosario Beltway, as it borders the metropolitan area of greater Rosario. Through National Decree 1595 of 1979[25] this road switched to federal control. Beforehand this road was called Provincial Route 16.
Airports[link]
Main article: Rosario International Airport
The Rosario Airport is located 13 km (8 mi) west-northwest from the center of Rosario, a city in the Santa Fe Province of Argentina. The airport covers an area of 550 hectares (1359 acres) and is operated by the Province of Santa Fe.[26][27]
The airport serves the Greater Rosario area and is the main hub for Sol Líneas Aéreas and is also served by Aerolíneas Argentinas, Pluna and Gol Transportes Aéreos. There are domestic flights within Argentina from Rosario to Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mar del Plata (via Buenos Aires), Mendoza (vía Córdoba), Santa Fe and Villa Gesell (via Buenos Aires) cities as well as international services to, Porto Alegre, Brazil, and Punta del Este, Uruguay (direct flight in summer and via Buenos Aires in fall, winter and spring). The airport is at an altitude of 82 feet (25 m). Its longest runway measures 9,843 feet (3 kilometres).
Port[link]
Main article: Port of Rosario
The Port of Rosario, is an inland port and a major goods-shipping centre of Argentina, located in the city of Rosario, province of Santa Fe, on the right-hand (western) shore of the Paraná River, about 550 km (340 mi) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean.[28] [29]
At this point of the course of the Paraná River (Kilometer 420, Mile 260), there is the depth transition between overseas and river navigation. The main channel of the river directly in front of the port has an advantageous configuration that allows to preserve a depth of 34 feet (10 m) with minor periodic dredging. This allows for downstream navigation of vessels up to Panamax kind. The Paraná is about 600 metres (1,970 ft) wide at Kilometer 418. It becomes 2,000 m (1.2 mi) wide downstream.
The port is the largest of a series located in the several cities of the Greater Rosario that lie on the Paraná; the last (northernmost) able of overseas traffic being Puerto General San Martín (23 km or 14 mi upstream from Rosario). It is part of the Bi-Oceanic Corridor, which joins the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean via Buenos Aires, Rosario, Córdoba, the Cuyo region and Valparaíso, Chile; going north-south it forms the axis of the Paraguay-Paraná Hydroway. It directly services the area of Santa Fe that produces a large part of Argentine exports, and indirectly the whole Mercosur trade bloc. In 2003 the traffic in the port amounted to 2.9 million tonnes (3,200,000 short tons).
Cargo from other parts of Argentina is brought into the port by the railway lines of the Nuevo Central Argentino, communicating with Córdoba (west) and Zárate, Buenos Aires (south), as well as the multiple national and provincial roads and highways that converge in Rosario. Communication with the north-eastern part of the country was enhanced by the 2003 opening of the Rosario-Victoria Bridge, that joins the city with the province of Entre Ríos. The Rosario International Airport (located 15 km west) has also been refurbished to work with cargo traffic.
Education[link]
Rosario is an important educational centre at a national and international level. It is the home of the National University of Rosario (UNR) since 1968, which includes the Law Faculty, the Medicine Faculty, the Humanities Faculty and an advanced study centre called Ciudad Universitaria de Rosario (university city) that is home to more than 10 colleges, including the Faculty of Psychology, the Faculty of Political Sciences, the Faculty of Architecture, etc. It is also home of the Rosario Regional Faculty, a branch of the National Technological University (UTN). All of these national colleges are free.
In the city there are approximately 624 establishments destined for elementary levels and secondary education, the Technical Institute, which depends directly on the UNR). With a solid tradition as for university education, it is head of several academic institutions, and is public, and free access.
Currently, there are some 80,000 University students at various institutions around the city, representing approximately 8.5% of the whole inhabitants. This rate is one of the highest in Argentina. In Rosario, nearly 15% of the population benefits from higher education degrees, or have undergone at least some University studies sometime.
Rosario has private colleges, as the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), the Austral University, the University of the Latin American Educational Center (UCEL), the Interamerican Open University (UAI), the Italian University of Rosario (IUNIR), the San Martin University and the University of Concepcion del Uruguay which are private institutions.
Language[link]
Rosario is the third largest urban center where Rioplatense Spanish is spoken, after Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The local language evidences the typical linguistic features that characterize this dialect, notably the voseo (use of vos instead of tu as pronoun for the second person singular) and the sheismo (form of yeísmo where ll- and y- are pronounced as a voiceless [ʃ]). Alhough the español rosarino does not differ substantially from the other variants of the same dialect, it presents particularities easily noticeable by those who live in the other main populated areas of the region.
One of the most notable characteristics of the language of Rosario's area of influence is the process of aspiration and disappearance of the -s. When the -s is in implosive position, end of syllable or word followed by consonant, its sound becomes a soft and voiceless aspiration [h] (the word obispo is pronounced o̞ˈβihpo̞). In the popular and vulgar language, the final -s, -r, or -d are sometimes suppressed, although this phenomenon is commonly associated to sociocultural groups of lower formal education. [30]
Just like in Buenos Aires, the voseo is pronominal and verbal. The pronoun tú and its associated verbal forms are inexistent (which is not the case of the Montevideo variant) The tendency to add a final -s to the verbal forms of the second person plural (vos fuistes, vos vinistes), which is rather common in Buenos Aires, is very unusual among Rosario natives. The intonation in Rosario is generally more neutral and monotonous than that of Buenos Aires.
Even though the lexicon of Rosario and Buenos Aires is effectively identical, there are numerous terms and idioms that Rosario shares with the rest of the country (even areas where a different dialect prevails) but not with the capital, as well as other words and expressions that are unique to the rosarino speech, both formal and informal.
The Rosarigasino is a type of Jerigonza (game of words) that originated in the city and was rather common in the informal speech during the 20th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it has become a language of cult among certain local groups.
Sports[link]
Rosario is the home of the football clubs Rosario Central (founded 1889) and Newell's Old Boys (founded 1903). Newell's plays in the Primera División Argentina and Central descended to the First "B" in 2010 for the fourth time in history, and will play in the Primera B Nacional on the 2010/2011 season after losing the playoffs against All Boys. Central has won 4 National championships (in 1971, 1973, 1980 and in 1987) and one international title: the Conmebol Cup (currently known as Copa Sudamericana) in 1995. Newell's has 5 National championships (in 1974, 1988, 1991, 1992 and in 2004). Rosario's other football clubs are Club Atlético Central Córdoba, currently playing in Primera C Metropolitana, Club Atlético Tiro Federal Argentino in Torneo Argentino A and Argentino de Rosario in Primera D Metropolitana.
It is also the hometown of Argentine internationals Lionel Messi, Ángel Di María, Ezequiel Garay, Maxi Rodríguez, Cesar Delgado, Ezequiel Lavezzi, Éver Banega, and Luciana Aymar.
Rosario is also the second choice site for Argentine rugby tests, after Buenos Aires. Famous rugby clubs from the city include Club Atlético del Rosario – one of the four UAR founding clubs – and also Jockey Club de Rosario and Duendes Rugby Club, both former winners of the Nacional de Clubes title.
Rosario has major women's hockey tournament.
Events[link]
- Festival Latinoamericano de Video Rosario (Rosario Latin American Video Festival). Annual event (September), starting in 1994.
- Encuentro Internacional de Escultura en Madera-Piedra-Hierro de Rosario (International Meeting of Wood-Stone-Iron Sculpture in Rosario). Annual event (September/October), since 1993.
- Encuentro y Fiesta Nacional de Colectividades (Communities Meeting and National Celebration). Annual event, starting in 1985, showcasing music, song, dance, cuisine and customs of foreign communities in Argentina, in the ample room provided by the Parque Nacional a la Bandera (National Flag Park). Usually held in November; in 2004 it was postponed to the beginning of December in order to avoid overlap with the Third International Congress of the Spanish Language.
- Festival Internacional de Poesía de Rosario (International Poetry Festival). Annual event since 1993 (November).
- Festival Iberoamericano de Cine de Rosario (Ibero-American Film Festival). Annual event since 2003 (November).
- Leyendas ("Legends"). A cartoon, role-playing and science fiction convention. Annually since 1999, usually in autumn (April/May), sometimes in spring (November).
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Rosario
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The city of Rosario measures 178.69 km2 (69.0 sq mi), not all of them are fully urbanized. Its extreme points are:
- Latitude: parallels 32°52′18″ and 33°02′22″ South.
- Longitude: meridians 60°36′44″ and 60°47′46″ West.
The geographical center is approximately at 32°57′2″S 60°42′15″W / 32.95056°S 60.70417°W / -32.95056; -60.70417 (see also other cities on the same latitude).
The city is located on a smoothly undulated plain typical of the Pampas, between 22.5 and 24.6 metres above mean sea level; the original settlement rests on the ravine on the right-hand shore of the Paraná, opposite a group of islands of the Paraná Delta which are partly in the jurisdiction of the province of Entre Ríos. The nearest city across the river's flood plain (60 km) is Victoria, Entre Ríos, linked to Rosario by the Rosario-Victoria Bridge.
Rosario lies on the ravine of the right-hand shore of the Paraná, about 24 metres (79 ft) above mean sea level, in a place with a natural slope to the low shore. The point of origin of the city is Plaza 25 de Mayo ("May 25 Square"), now surrounded by the municipality (Palacio de los Leones), the Basilica Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary, the Central Post Office, the Decorative Art Museum and a building called La Bola de Nieve ("The Snowball"). Between the Cathedral and the municipal building is Pasaje Juramento ("Oath Passage"), leading to the Flag Memorial. The streets mostly follow a regular checkerboard pattern.
Climate[link]
.PNG)
The Rosario area has a Pampean Humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa), and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. The city has average temperatures of 23.4 °C (74 degrees Fahrenheit) maximum and 11.6 °C (53 °F) minimum. The annual rainfall is 1,038 mm (40.9 in).
Rosario is usually warmer than other mainland Argentine capital cities in the winter. The lowest average on winter is 4.4 °C (40 °F). This is due in part to the city's flat topography, its situation on the Paraná River bank, and the presence of high density of urbanization. Those facto have created a microclimate known as urban heat island that often means that the city is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.
The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day and larger in winter than in summer, and is most apparent when winds are weak. However, snowfalls are extremely rare: the most recent occurrence of sleet in the CBD was on 9 July 2007. During the spring, Rosario commonly enjoys extended periods of mild weather and clear skies. On average, Rosario has average day-night temperatures of 23–10 °C (73–50 °F). However, it occasionally experiences hotter and drier summer days, with maximum temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F), when northerly winds blow dry air from Brazil. The record high temperature is 42.4 °C (108.3 °F). The record low is −11.1 °C (12.0 °F).[31]
| Climate data for Rosario, Argentina | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31 (88) |
29 (84) |
27 (81) |
23 (73) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
23 (73) |
27 (81) |
29 (84) |
23 (73) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 17 (63) |
17 (63) |
15 (59) |
12 (54) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
5 (41) |
6 (43) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
10 (50) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 98.3 (3.87) |
124.1 (4.886) |
120.2 (4.732) |
88.0 (3.465) |
64.9 (2.555) |
19.5 (0.768) |
29.5 (1.161) |
31.0 (1.22) |
56.4 (2.22) |
100.6 (3.961) |
107.4 (4.228) |
93.3 (3.673) |
933.5 (36.752) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 86 |
| Source: Weather Channel.[32] | |||||||||||||
Broadcasting and communications[link]
As for television, Rosario has two private local channels, Canal 3 and Canal 5 (the latter is part of the national network Telefé), and a relay station for the public national station, Canal 7 Argentina. Besides, there are three cable TV networks (the national ones Cablevisión and Multicanal, and a local net, Cablehogar), which support two local channels, Canal 4 Noticias and Canal 6.
There are four AM radio stations: three private (licensed by the state) ones, LT3 Radio 2 (LT2), and LT8, and one public, Radio Nacional Rosario, property of the national state. Among the multitude (above 200) of FM stations some notable ones are FM Vida, Estación del Siglo, FM Del Rosario, Cristal FM, Radio Hollywood, Fisherton-CNN, Continental Rosario, Radio 10 Rosario, Radiofónica, Clásica Rosario, etc.
The city has three notable newspapers: La Capital (Argentina's oldest newspaper, founded in 1867, and still published today), Rosario/12 (founded in 1991), and El Ciudadano & la Región (founded in 1999).
Rosario is located at the center of Argentina's optical fiber ring. The main data transport companies offer all their services in the city, from public phones to mobile networks and broadband Internet access through DSL, cable modem and Wi-Fi, and including public Internet navigation centers (cybercafes).
About 96% of homes have a domestic telephone line, giving a total of 472,170 lines; cell phone usage has also become pervasive, as happened in Argentina as a whole since the beginning of the 21st century, reaching over 86% of the residents (866,000 mobile lines in July 2004). This demand, boosted by low prices and sale promotions, and coupled with restrictions on the installation of antennas and alleged lack of investment by the providers, sometimes degrades the quality of the service. Most notably, the mobile network collapsed almost completely in the celebrations of Christmas, New Year's Day and Friend's Day in 2004 and 2005.
Twin cities[link]
Rosario has a number of twin cities around the world. Sisterhood agreements are intended to foster solidarity and collaboration between cities or regions that share historical links or common characteristics.
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On July 25, 2006, Rosario offered a charter of sistership to Split, Croatia.
See also[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosario |
References[link]
- ^ Monumento Histórico Nacional a la Bandera Argentina en la página de la Municipalidad de Rosario
- ^ Página del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación sobre el Monumento Histórico Nacional a la Bandera.
- ^ Municipalidad de Rosario official website
- ^ INDEC: estimaciones de población
- ^ http://www.lacapital.com.ar/2006/08/30/economia/noticia_322334.shtml
- ^ History of Rosario
- ^ Municipalidad de Rosario, estadisticas Spanish
- ^ Government statistics 2 Spanish
- ^ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showpost.php?p=16511813&postcount=277.[Skycrapercity]
- ^ http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/rural/2006/02/04/r-00601.htm[Clarin]
- ^ Monumento Histórico Nacional a la Bandera (official website, in Spanish)
- ^ ArgentinaTuristica.com (touristic guide, in Spanish)
- ^ La Capital, 20 June 2007. El Monumento se iluminó a nuevo y volvió a ser una fiesta para Rosario.
- ^ http://www.taringa.net/posts/arte/6111329/Puerto-de-la-musica-_Rosario_.html
- ^ a b INDEC, 2001 census, updated by the Permanent Home Survey (first semester 2006). Published in La Capital, 21 Sep 2006.
- ^ a b 2001 Census
- ^ Argentina
- ^ Dinámica migratoria: coyuntura y estructura en la Argentina de fines del XX
- ^ http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm
- ^ Mercosur official website
- ^ Transporte de Rosario Spanish
- ^ Terminal de Ómnibus Mariano Moreno Spanish
- ^ TAVe, Buenos Aires – Rosario – Córdoba accessdate=2008-05-12 Spanish
- ^ http://www.andinia.com/b2evolution/index.php/noticias-viajes-turismo-entretenimiento/turismo-viajes/viajes-tren-ferrocarril/ise-le-humedecio-la-polvora-al-tren-bala
- ^ National Decree 1595/79
- ^ (Spanish) SAAR – Rosario / Islas MalvinasPDF (84.3 KB) at AIP Argentina
- ^ (Spanish) Aeropuerto Internacional Rosario "Islas Malvinas" at Organismo Regulador del Sistema Nacional de Aeropuertos (ORSNA)
- ^ Universidad Nacional de Rosario – Details about the Greater Rosario area ports.
- ^ CONICET – La ciudad y su zona de influencia tienen un polo portuario que atrae inversiones. Overview of the port economy in the Rosario area (Spanish).
- ^ FONOLOGÍA DEL ESPAÑOL EN ROSARIO (ARGENTINA).
- ^ http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm
- ^ [1]
External links[link]
| Find more about Rosario on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosario |
- Municipality of Rosario (official website)
- Rosario Cursos y Congresos Courses and Congresses in Rosario
- 360° Rosario Virtual Tour Virtual tour around Rosario with 360° panoramas
- RosarioCity (commercial website of Rosario city and its region)
- Rosariocomercio.com.ar (commercial guide of Rosario)
- (English) Ente de Turismo Rosario (tourism office)
- National University of Rosario
- Night life and entertainment
- Rosario Alternativo Short stories for the learned traveller
- (English) Administrative Entity of the Port of Rosario (ENAPRO)
- (English) Rosario Board of Trade (Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario)
- RosarioLinks (web directory)
- La Capital (online newspaper)
- El Ciudadano & la Región (online newspaper)
- Rosario.com.ar (Information to Greater Rosario)
- Rosario crece con el Puerto de la Música(online newspaper)
- RosarioMIX.com (online newspaper)
- Rosario Photographic Tour
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Largest cities or towns of Argentina (2007 INDEC estimate)[n 1] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | ||
 Buenos Aires |
1 | Buenos Aires | (Autonomous city) | 3,050,728 | 11 | Resistencia | Chaco | 377,000 |  Rosario |
| 2 | Córdoba | Córdoba | 1,372,000 | 12 | Corrientes | Corrientes | 345,000 | ||
| 3 | Rosario | Santa Fe | 1,242,000 | 13 | Bahía Blanca | Buenos Aires | 304,000 | ||
| 4 | Mendoza | Mendoza | 885,434 | 14 | San Salvador de Jujuy | Jujuy | 298,000 | ||
| 5 | Tucumán | Tucumán | 789,000 | 15 | Posadas | Misiones | 287,000 | ||
| 6 | La Plata | Buenos Aires | 732,503 | 16 | Paraná | Entre Ríos | 268,000 | ||
| 7 | Mar del Plata | Buenos Aires | 604,563 | 17 | Neuquén | Neuquén | 255,000 | ||
| 8 | Salta | Salta | 516,000 | 18 | Santiago del Estero | Santiago del Estero | 244,733 | ||
| 9 | Santa Fe | Santa Fe | 493,000 | 19 | Merlo | Buenos Aires | 244,168 | ||
| 10 | San Juan | San Juan | 453,229 | 20 | Quilmes | Buenos Aires | 230,810 | ||
- ^ "3218.0 - Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, Argentina, 2006-07". INDEC. 2008-03-31. http://www.indec.mecon.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/4/EPHcont_1trim08.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
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Look up Santa Fe or Santa Fé in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
|
Santa Fe or Santa Fé (resp. Spanish and Portuguese for "holy faith") may refer to:
Places[link]
- Argentina
- Santa Fe, Argentina, a city in Argentina
- Santa Fe Province, a province of Argentina
- Bolivia
- Santa Fé (Oruro), Bolivia
- Santa Fe de Yapacaní, Bolivia
- Brazil
- Santa Fé, Paraná, Brazil
- Santa Fé do Araguaia, Brazil
- Santa Fé, Paraná, Brazil
- Santa Fé do Sul, Brazil
- Santa Fé de Minas, Brazil
- Santa Fé de Goiás, Brazil
- Bonito de Santa Fé, Brazil
- Colombia
- Santa Fe (Bogotá), within Bogota, Colombia
- Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
- Cuba
- Santa Fe, Havana, Cuba
- Santa Fe, Isle of Youth, Cuba
- Honduras
- Santa Fe, Ocotepeque, Honduras
- Santa Fe, Colón, Honduras
- Mexico
- Santa Fe (Mexico City), within Mexico City
- Panama
- Santa Fé, Veraguas, Panama
- Santa Fé District, Panama
- Santa Fé, Darién, Panama
- Philippines
- Santa Fe, Romblon, Philippines
- Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
- Santa Fe, Cebu, Philippines
- Santa Fe, Leyte, Philippines
- Spain
- Santa Fe, Granada, Spain
- Santa Fe, Catalonia, Spain, an abandoned town
- Santa Fe del Penedès, in Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe de Mondújar, Spain
- USA
- Santa Fe, New Mexico, the state capital of New Mexico, United States
- Eldorado at Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Santa Fe, Texas, United States
- Santa Fe, Missouri
- Santa Fe, Ohio
- Santa Fe, Indiana
- New Santa Fe, Indiana
- Santa Fe Township, Clinton County, Illinois
- Santa Fe Springs, California
- Rancho Santa Fe, California
- Santa Fe, Oakland, California
- Santa Fe – Española combined statistical area
Other locations and geography[link]
- Argentina
- New Bank of Santa Fe, in Argentina
- Chile
- Santa Fe (fort), constructed in 1602 in Chile
- Colombia
- Santa Fe de Ralito, a Colombian ranching outpost
- Santa Fe de Bogotá, a former name for the Colombian capital
- Ecuador
- Santa Fe Island, in the Galapagos
- Mexico
- Santa Fe de Mexico (pueblo hospital), ruins located in Mexico City
- Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge
- Santa Fe impact structure, bolide impact site in New Mexico
- Spain
- Santa Fe Abbey, a former monastery in Spain
- USA
- Santa Fe County, New Mexico
- Santa Fe de Nuevo México, a province of New Spain that existed from the late 16th century through the early 19th century
- Santa Fe Historic District, in Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Santa Fe Trail, a historic 19th century transportation route across southwestern North America
- Santa Fe Trail Remains, in Kansas, USA
- New Santa Fe Trail, an auto trail in the United States connecting Kansas City, Missouri with Los Angeles, California
- Lake Santa Fe, lake in northeastern Alachua County, Florida, USA
- Santa Fe Baldy, a mountain peak in New Mexico, USA
- Santa Fe River (Florida), a tributary of the Suwannee River, USA
- Santa Fe Swamp, in Florida
- Santa Fe River (New Mexico), USA
- Santa Fe National Forest, a protected national forest in northern New Mexico in the southwestern United States.
- Santa Fe Mountains (Sangre de Cristo Mountains, of the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico)
- Santa Fe Dam Recreation Area, in California, USA
- Santa Fe Plaza, a National Historic Landmark in the USA
- Santa Fe Terminal Complex, in Dallas, Texas, USA
- Santa Fe Apartments, a demolished Detroit apartment complex
- Trinidad History Museum (Santa Fe Trail Museum) in Colorado, USA
- Santa Fe Crater, an impact crater on Mars
Other uses[link]
Music and entertainment[link]
- Santa Fe (group), a Cuban band
- Santa Fe (nude photo book), a title of Japanese actress Rie Miyazawa's nude photo book
- Santa Fe Trail (film), a 1940 Western
- Santa Fe Passage, a 1955 American western movie
- Santa Fe (1951 film), a 1951 Western starring Randolph Scott
- "Santa Fe" (song), a single by The Bellamy Brothers
- "Santa-Fe" (Bob Dylan song), a song by Bob Dylan
- "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe", a popular song
- Santa Fe Passage, a 1955 Western film
- Santa Fe Opera, in New Mexico
- Santa Fe Desert Chorale, a professional choir in Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Santa Fe Symphony Orchestra and Chorus
- Santa Fe Community Orchestra
- "Santa Fe", a song from the Jon Bon Jovi's album Blaze of Glory
- "Santa Fe", a song from Jonathon Larson's rock musical Rent
- In Old Santa Fe, a 1934 film
- Lights of Old Santa Fe, a 1944 Western musical
- Black Eagle of Santa Fe, a 1965 West European film
- June 2001 Santa Fe, two concerts by the band Widespread Panic
- Maxim Ludwig & The Santa Fe Seven, an American rock band
- Santa Fe Film Festival, world cinema festival
- Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival
- Aspen Santa Fe Ballet, an American dance company
- Santa Fe Station, a Las Vegas casino
- Municipal Theater of Santa Fe, in Argentina
- Cançó de Santa Fe, a historical poem about Saint Faith
Transportation[link]
- Argentina
- Santa Fe Western Railway, an Argentine-British railway company
- Santa Fe and Córdoba Great Southern Railway, in Argentina
- Ferrocarril Provincial de Santa Fe, an Argentine-French railway company
- Avenida Santa Fe, in Buenos Aires, Argentina
- ARA Santa Fe, multiple vessels in the Argentine navy
- USA
- Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as the "Santa Fe"
- Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway
- Santa Fe Southern Railway
- Santa Fe de Luxe, the first extra-fare named passenger train on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
- Santa Fe Depot, original name of Union Station (San Diego), a train and bus terminus
- Santa Fe Depot (Rail Runner station), in New Mexico
- Santa Fe Branch (Chili Line), a narrow-gauge branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
- Santa Fe Municipal Airport, in New Mexico
- Santa Fe Railroad Tugboats, across San Francisco Bay
- Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway
- California, Arizona and Santa Fe Railway
- Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway
- Santa Fe Industries, a railway company
- Santa Fe Pacific Corporation, an American railroad company
- Santa Fe-Southern Pacific merger
- Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Line (Bakersfield and Kern Electric), in California
- Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch
- Santa Fe and Grand Canyon Railroad
- USS Santa Fe, two US Navy ships named after Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Santa Fe Railway Shops (Albuquerque), abandoned buildings in New Mexico
- Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway
- Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation
- Santa Fe Relief Route
- 2-10-2, the "Santa Fe" type of locomotive wheel arrangements
- Steam locomotives:
- Hyundai Santa Fe, a sport utility vehicle
Sports[link]
- CD Santa Fé, a football team based in Santa Fé, Granada, Spain.
- Club Santa Fe, a Colombian sports club from Bogotá that is known for its professional football team.
- Colón de Santa Fe (Club Atlético Colón), an Argentine football (soccer) team.
- Gimnasia y Esgrima de Santa Fe, an Argentine football club.
- Gran Premio de Santa Fe, an Argentine motorsports circuit.
- Great Santa Fe Trail Horse Race Endurance Ride, in equestrian riding.
- Santa Fe-Coronda Marathon, a 57-km open water swimming marathon in Argentina.
- Santa Fe Rugby Club, from Argentina.
- Santa Fe Roadrunners (Topeka Roadrunners, an American junior ice hockey team).
- Unión de Santa Fe, an Argentine football club.
People[link]
- Gerónimo de Santa Fe, a Spanish Christian convert, physician and writer
Miscellaneous[link]
- Texas Santa Fe Expedition, an expedition to claim parts of northern New Mexico for Texas in 1841
- Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company, a tobacco manufacturer
- Santa Fe Grande pepper
- Disney's Hotel Santa Fe, a hotel at Disneyland Resort Paris
- Santa Fe Division, the 35th Infantry Division of the US National Guard
- Santa Fe University of Art and Design, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Santa Fe College, in Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Santa Fe Community College, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
- Santa Fe High School (New Mexico)
- Santa Fe Independent School District, in Santa Fe, Texas, USA
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Santa Fe, a campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology
- Santa Fe Institute - research of complex systems
- Santa Fe Public Schools
- Santa Fe Indian School
- Santa Fe Christian Schools
- Santa Fe Preparatory School
- Santa Fe Place, a shopping center
- Santa Fe Snyder, a former oil and gas company
- Santa Fe Indian Market, annual art market
- Santa Fe International Folk Art Market
- Santa Fé de Toloca, Spanish mission established within sight of the Santa Fe River in Florida, between 1606 and 1616
- Capitulations of Santa Fe, document signed by Christopher Columbus
- The Santa Fe New Mexican, a daily newspaper
- Santa Fe Reporter, a weekly newspaper
- Santa Fe Trail problem, a genetic programming exercise
- Site Santa Fe, an art organization
- Santa Fe Watershed Association, a non-profit organization
- Fiestas de Santa Fe, an autumn festival held in Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Santa Fe Ring, a former American group
- Santa Fe courthouse ghost, purportedly seen in videos from Santa Fe, New Mexico
See also[link]
- Saint Faith
- Sainte-Foy (disambiguation)
- Santa Fe Trail (disambiguation)
- 2003 Santa Fe flood
- Santa Fe High School (disambiguation)
- Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
- Santa Fe Depot (disambiguation)
- Capture of Santa Fe
- Battle of Pavón
- Hermes Binner
- Unión Santafesina de Rugby
- Zozobra
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011) |
| Soledad Pastorutti | |
|---|---|
 Soledad in concert at the "Salón Blanco" of the Casa Rosada. |
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| Background information | |
| Born | (1980-10-12)October 12, 1980 Arequito, Argentina |
Soledad "La Sole" Pastorutti (born October 12, 1980 in Arequito, Santa Fe) is an Argentine folk singer, who brought the genre to the younger generations at the end of the 20th century, and the beginning of the 21st.
Her first album, Poncho al Viento, is Sony Music's best-selling album ever in Argentina according to Alberto Caldero, Sony Music's president in the late 90s, in an interview with La Nación newspaper. Her second album, La Sole, is Sony Music Argentina's second best-selling album ever.
Contents |
Career[link]
César Isella took her under his tutelage in 1996, only 15 years old, to participate in the Cosquín folklore festival. Her presentation had an important impact, that gave her a contract with Sony Music Argentina to record and release her first album, Poncho al Viento, that very same year.
After one year singing in over 181 villages and cities in Argentina, Soledad was already popular in the whole country and by the time her second album was released, her first album became a huge hit in Argentina.
In three years, her album had already sold over 600,000 copies and became Sony Music's Argentina best-selling album ever. She was so incredibly successful and popular the media called her 'Huracan de Arequito' (Arequito's Hurricane).
In 1997 she edited her second disc, La Sole, which she also presented in several concerts throughout the country, including 10 concerts in Buenos Aires' Teatro Gran Rex. During the whole year, her both albums went to #1 several times. La Sole sold over 400,000 copies in one year.
In 1998 her success kept growing, duplicating the number of concerts at the Teatro Gran Rex, and accompanied the Argentina national football team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In Madrid, Spain, she received a distinction from Sony International for reaching a million units sold of her first two works.
Upon her return, Sony Music Argentina recognised her as the best seller artist of the company in all the musical genres, and edited her third album A mi gente, recorded live during her concerts. For the first time, folkloric music was getting huge airplay in radios and discos.
In 1999 she became the protagonist of the movie Edad del Sol (anagram of her name), and recorded her fourth album Yo sí Quiero a mi país this time in studios in Miami under the production of Cuban Emilio Estefan. That album opened doors to other markets in, among others, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Peru, Mexico, United States and Spain in which she would also have concerts.
Edad del Sol was a huge production for Argentina's cinema standard and Clarin reported Soledad asked for three times more than an A-list Argentine actor asks for a movie. The movie, about a graduation trip, was shot in Bariloche. The movie was not as successful as expected and Manuelita, a cartoon based on a popular children song, stole the spotlight and was the most successful national movie in 20 years. The movie also was not well received by critics.
In 2000 she returned, after 2 years, to Buenos Aires for 3 concerts at the Luna Park. In August she participated in the Martigues Folklore Festival where she was widely praised. Back in Argentina she started recording her fifth album, released in October of that year. Before the release, La Sole performed at the Barbican Centre of London during a festival of Argentine cinema and music. She also participated of the 2000 Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile, considered the most important recurring music festival in Latin America, where she received the Audience prize.
Her sixth album was recorded in 2001, produced by Alejandro Lerner and Fernando Isella, with a renovated style. She had again concerts at the Gran Rex, and received the "Silver Torch" award at the Viña del Mar Festival.
Soledad debuted on TV in the telenovela (soap opera) Rincón de Luz in 2003.
After seven years with her boyfriend Jeremías Audoglio, they married on April 28 in Arequito.
On June 10, 2010, she gave birth to her daughter Antonia Audoglio Pastorutti, in Rosario; Santa Fe. Mariage's fruit with Jeremias Audoglio[citation needed]
Discography[link]
- 1994 - "Pilchas Gauchas"
- 1996 - "Poncho Al Viento"
- 1997 - "La Sole"
- 1998 - "A Mi Gente" (Live)
- 1999 - "Yo Sí Quiero A Mi País"
- 2000 - "Mis Grandes Canciones"
- 2000 - "Soledad"
- 2001 - "Libre"
- 2002 - "Juntos Por Única Vez" (Live With Horacio Guaraní)
- 2003 - "Adonde Vayas"
- 2005 - "Diez Años De Soledad"
- 2008 - "Folklore"
- 2009 - "La Fiesta Juntos De Verdad" (Live)
- 2010 - "Vivo En Arequito"
References[link]
External links[link]
- laSole.net
- YouTube video of Soledad Pastorutti singing the National Anthem of Argentina
- lasole-pastorutti.com.ar
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pastorutti, Soledad |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 12, 1980 |
| Place of birth | Arequito, Argentina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Soledad_Pastorutti
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Soledad Pastorutti
http://pt.wn.com/Soledad Pastorutti
http://es.wn.com/Soledad Pastorutti
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tarja Turunen | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Tarja Soile Susanna Turunen |
| Born | (1977-08-17) August 17, 1977 (age 34) Kitee, Finland |
| Genres | Symphonic rock, symphonic metal, classical, classical crossover, Lied, gothic metal; Operatic metal |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, Kammersängerin |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Labels | Universal, Spinefarm, Nuclear Blast, Roadrunner, NEMS Enterprises, Drakkar Entertainment |
| Associated acts | Nightwish, Beto Vázquez Infinity, Noche Escandinava |
| Website | TarjaTurunen.com |
Tarja Soile Susanna Turunen Cabuli (born August 17, 1977) is a Finnish singer-songwriter and composer. She is a full lyric soprano and has a vocal range of three octaves.[1]
Turunen studied singing at Sibelius Academy and Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe. She is well known as a professional classical lied singer but best known as the former lead vocalist of the Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish, which she founded with Tuomas Holopainen and Erno Vuorinen in 1996. Their combination of hard and fast guitar riffs with Turunen's classical lead vocals quickly achieved critical and commercial popularity. Their symphonic metal style, soon dubbed "opera metal", inspired many other metal bands and singers.
Turunen was dismissed from the band on October 21, 2005 for personal reasons. She started her solo career in 2006 with the release of a Christmas album called Henkäys Ikuisuudesta. In 2007, Turunen released My Winter Storm, an album featuring various styles, including alternative rock and symphonic metal and started the Storm World Tour. Turunen released her third album, What Lies Beneath, in 2010. She performed several concerts in Europe, playing in metal festivals including the Graspop Metal Meeting and the Wacken Open Air, before starting the What Lies Beneath World Tour, scheduled to last until April 2012.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
1977–1995: Early life[link]
Tarja Turunen was born in the small village of Puhos, near Kitee, Finland. She has an older brother, Timo, and a younger brother, Toni. Her mother Marjatta Turunen worked in the town administration, and her father Teuvo Turunen is a carpenter. Her talent for music was first noted when she sang the song "Enkeli taivaan" (the Finnish version of "From Heaven Above to Earth I Come") in the Kitee church hall at age three.[2] She joined the church choir and started taking vocal lessons. At age six, she started playing piano.[2]
At comprehensive school, Turunen performed as a singer for several projects. Her first piano teacher Kirsti Nortia-Holopainen remembered that "Tarja was in a school that had some very musical people. Even then she got to perform a lot. I think she sang in every school function there was."[2] Her music teacher, Plamen Dimov, later explained that "If you gave Tarja just one note, she immediately got it. With the others, you'd have to practice three, four, five times".[3] At school she had a tough time, since some girls bullied her because they envied her voice.[2] To solve that problem, Dimov organized projects outside school. At fifteen, Turunen had her first major appearance as a soloist at a church concert in front of a thousand listeners.[2] In 1993 she attended the Senior Secondary School of Art and Music in Savonlinna.[4]
For several years Turunen performed various songs including soul music by Whitney Houston and Aretha Franklin.[5] Later she listened to songs from the classical crossover singer Sarah Brightman, especially the song "The Phantom of the Opera", and decided to focus on that genre of music.[3] At eighteen, she moved to Kuopio to study at the Sibelius Academy.[6]
1996–2005: With Nightwish[link]
In December 1996, former classmate Tuomas Holopainen invited Turunen to join his new acoustic mood music project. She immediately agreed. At the recording session for the first demo Holopainen discovered that due to her classical singing lessons, Turunen's voice had become much more powerful than he recalled from their school days. At the following band practices, Emppu Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar because he felt that it gave a better accompaniment to her voice.[7] Holopainen later explained that the band members had gradually realised that Turunen's voice had become too dramatic for acoustic mood music, they came to the conclusion that the music had to be massive too. Hence Holopainen decided to form Nightwish as a metal band.[8]
Nightwish recorded a second demo with "more bombastic, dramatic" songs in September 1997. Holopainen used this material to convince the Finnish label Spinefarm Records to publish the band's debut album, Angels Fall First.[9] The success of the first album came as a surprise to the label.[10] As the album hit the top 40 of the Finnish charts,[11] Nightwish started their tour The First Tour of the Angels.[12] That same year, Turunen performed at the Savonlinna Opera Festival for the first time, singing songs from Richard Wagner and Verdi.[13]
Due to her commitment to the band, Turunen was not able to concentrate sufficiently on her schoolwork and interrupted her academic studies.[14] In 1998, Nightwish published their second album, Oceanborn. This album lacked the earlier elements of folk and ambient music, and instead focused on fast, melodic keyboard and guitar lines and Turunen's dramatic voice.[15] In addition to the Oceanborn Europe Tour (1999), Turunen sang solo in Waltari's rock-themed ballet Evankeliumi (also known as Evangelicum) in several sold-out performances at the Finnish National Opera.[16] In 2000 and 2001, Nightwish recorded Wishmaster and Over the Hills and Far Away and toured Europe and South America (the Wishmaster World Tour).[17] During the Wishmaster World Tour, Turunen met the Argentine Marcelo Cabuli[18] whom she married in 2003.
Turunen enrolled in 2000 at the German music university Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe to gain a professional qualification as a soloist with further specialization in art song. In addition to the good reputation of the university, Turunen chose to go to Karlsruhe because some people at the Finnish university did not take her seriously as a classical singer due to her commitment in a metal band.[19][20] While there, she recorded vocals for Nightwish's 2002 album Century Child and for Beto Vázquez Infinity. As with the other albums, Holopainen wrote the pieces and sent Turunen the lyrics and a demo recording of the prerecorded instrumental tracks by mail. Using the demo, Turunen designed her vocal lines and the choral passages.[20]
In 2002, Turunen toured South America, performing in the classical Lied concert Noche Escandinava (Scandinavian Night) to sold-out houses. Following this and an exhausting world tour in support of Century Child (the World Tour of the Century), Nightwish took a hiatus and Turunen returned to Karlsruhe to finish her studies. After the hiatus Nightwish recorded the album Once; it was released on May 10, 2004.[21] The album has sold platinum in Finland and Germany and was the best selling album in all of Europe in July 2004.[22] The band performed in the supporting Once Upon a Tour throughout 2004 and 2005.
For Christmas 2004, Turunen released her first solo single, titled "Yhden Enkelin Unelma" (One Angel's Dream), which sold gold in her native country of Finland. At Christmas 2005 it made a reentry at position one in the Finnish Charts.[23] In spring 2005 she prepared the duet "Leaving You for Me", a collaboration with Martin Kesici, accompanied by a video.[24]
2005: Breakup[link]
The first change in the line up of Nightwish was in September 2001, when bassist Sami Vänskä was fired because Holopainen was no longer able to continue working with him.[25] In the following years the relationship between Holopainen and Turunen's husband and manager Marcelo Cabuli deteriorated. This had an impact on the relationship between Holopainen and Turunen as well. At a band meeting after the concert in Oberhausen in December 2004 Turunen announced to the band members that she wanted to leave the band, but agreed to record one more album and to participate in the subsequent tour, planned for 2006/2007.[26] According to her husband, Turunen had further agreed not to make her decision public and to release her first solo album after the new studio album from Nightwish.[27] After the last concert of the Once Upon a Tour on October 21, 2005 (which was released on video as End of an Era), Holopainen gave Turunen a letter signed by himself and the other band members informing her that the band did not want to work with her any more. The open letter was simultaneously published on the band's website.[28] The media closely covered her very public separation from Nightwish, and due to references in the letter to diva-like behaviour and to greed, even Turunen's character became the subject of media discussions.[29]
To you, unfortunately, business, money, and things that have nothing to do with those emotions have become much more important.—Tuomas Holopainen in the open letter[28]
Turunen responded through an open letter on her website and through some interviews in which she explained her view. She was upset that after nine years of working together, Holopainen had announced the separation via an open letter.[29] Because of the continuing media interest, Marcelo Cabuli posted a message addressing the situation on the website in February 2006. He asked that anyone who had questions should email him. In June 2006, Cabuli posted a lengthy reply to many of the questions he had received. He answered questions related to the greed accusation by explaining that the band had agreed on the distribution of earnings in a contract at the formation of Nightwish. Based on that contract, every band member got a fixed share of 20% of the band's income.[30] Marcelo Cabuli stated that, unlike others, Turunen had never fought for additional songwriter royalties.
For sure in her case, money is not coming first in her book of life. [...] If we would check which band member earns a lot more money than any other one in the band, you should be surprised.—Marcelo Cabuli[31]
Despite the circumstances of the separation, Holopainen's appreciation of Turunen as an artist remained. He explained that he did not search for a similarly trained singer as a successor for Turunen because he considers her to be extraordinarily good in her genre and therefore irreplaceable.[32] Turunen said in an interview that she is very proud of her career with Nightwish. She considers the remaining band members extremely talented and wishes all the best for them and their subsequent lead singer Anette Olzon.[33][34]
Between 1997 and 2005 she had toured the world with Nightwish, playing on all the continents except Africa and Antarctica.[35] She performed live for more than 500,000 people.[36]
2005–present: Independent career[link]
At the end of 2005, Turunen performed several classical concerts in Finland, Germany, Spain, and Romania.[37] Since she expected to participate in another Nightwish album, several concerts and the release of her Christmas album Henkäys Ikuisuudesta (Finnish for "breath of eternity") were the only activities scheduled for 2006.[38] Turunen again played at the Savonlinna Opera Festival in July 2006, this time as the main act; she sang alongside Finnish tenor Raimo Sirkiä, supported by the Kuopio Symphonic Orchestra. Turunen performed classical arias like "O mio babbino caro" by Puccini, "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" by Verdi and some songs from Andrew Lloyd Webber—"Don't Cry for Me Argentina" and "Phantom of the Opera"—among other songs.[39][40] In November she performed at the charity concert “Tomorrow's Child” with the Tapiola Choir as a benefit for the UNICEF Children's Fund. On December 6, 2006, Turunen performed a big concert at the Sibelius Hall in Lahti, Finland; it was broadcast live by the Finnish channel YLE TV2 for 450,000 viewers.[37] She was nominated for the Finnish Emma Award as Best Soloist of 2006.[41] The following year, Turunen recorded vocals for the track "In The Picture" on the Nuclear Blast All-stars album Into the Light.
In August 2006 she started to work on her next solo album, My Winter Storm, the beginning of her main solo project. It was the first time that Turunen had written songs. She was supported by some professional songwriters. The choir and orchestral arrangements were written by film music composer James Dooley.[42] Turunen released My Winter Storm, an album featuring various styles, including symphonic metal with classical “operatic” lead vocals, in November 2007. The album took the number one spot on the Finnish charts,[43] and went platinum in Finland[44] double platinum in Russia and gold in Germany.[45][46]
She was nominated for an Echo as best newcomer[47] and an Emma for best Finnish artist.[48] On November 25, 2007, Turunen embarked on the Storm World Tour to promote My Winter Storm. She performed 95 concerts throughout Europe, North and South America and ended the tour in October 2009 at the O2 Academy Islington in London.[37] In December 2008, the EP The Seer was released in the UK and the new extended edition of My Winter Storm released on January 2, 2009.
She also contributed three songs to the Finnish charity Christmas album Maailman kauneimmat joululaulut (Finnish for "The World's Most Beautiful Christmas Songs") released on November 18, 2009. In December 2009 she recorded her vocal part for the song "The Good Die Young", a duet with Klaus Meine which is included on the final Scorpions album Sting in the Tail.[49]
Turunen recorded her third album, What Lies Beneath, in 2009 and 2010; it was released on September 1, 2010. The album combined metal with classical “operatic” elements in an out of the box approach.[50] She started the What Lies Beneath World Tour performing in several festivals, including the Wacken Open Air and the Graspop Metal Meeting, with special concerts at Miskolc Opera Festival and at the Masters of Rock, when she performed accompanied by a full orchestra. The tour is scheduled to last until April 2012. Also in 2010 she supported Alice Cooper on the German leg of his Theatre of Death Tour.[51] On July 17, 2011, she sang again at the Savonlinna Opera Festival along with José Cura and accompanied by the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra.[52]
On February 27, 2012 during her What Lies Beneath World Tour concert in Brussels, Turunen announced that she will be working on a new album after completing the tour. During the concert she already presented 2 new songs.
Singing style[link]
Development[link]
Along with visiting the music school in Savonlinna, Turunen began serious classical vocal training at 17.[4] After school, she began studying music (with a specialization in church music) at the Sibelius Academy.[6] Due to her commitment with Nightwish, she had to interrupt her academic studies.
From 2001 to 2003 she studied at the music academy Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe, where she trained as a soloist with further specialization in art song.[53] Turunen originally applied to train as a choir singer. At the audition she attracted the attention of professor Mitsuko Shirai, who encouraged Turunen to apply for soloist training.[53]
As a classical singer, Turunen sings with classical vocal technique. She explained that in the early days of Nightwish, it was difficult to combine classical technique with the metal sound in a way that gave her liberty of action without damaging her vocal cords.[54] Classical techniques helped her to play with her voice, so she decided not to pursue extra training in rock/pop singing.[54]
Towards the turn of the millennium, the combination of hard and fast guitar riffs with classical female lead vocals attracted a great deal of attention in the metal scene. The new music style of Nightwish quickly achieved critical and commercial popularity;[55][56][57][29] this symphonic metal style was soon dubbed "opera metal".[29] Turunen does not see herself as an opera singer. She has sung excerpts from operas at the Savonlinna Opera Festival, but she stresses that singing opera cannot be performed as a side project. She would need special training to perfectly sing an entire opera without a microphone.[58]
When asked how the association between the opera and metal genres may have arisen, Turunen said that despite the obvious differences, the two music styles have some similarities:
The scenes are very similar. There are many people who would never go to an opera and the same goes for metal. But the real fans are incredibly loyal. And both styles are bombastic and express strong emotions.—Tarja Turunen, Metal Hammer interview, July 2002
From the first Nightwish album Angels Fall First (1997) on, critics described Turunen's vocals using adjectives such as angelic or valkyrian.[55][59] The Valkyrie image was later fostered by the second video for the single "Sleeping Sun" in which Turunen walks on a battlefield as if she were guiding the dead warriors.[60]
On the following albums the singing was technically more complex. On the Nightwish album Oceanborn (1998), her classical vocal training was much more noticeable. For the song "Passion and the Opera", Turunen performed a staccato coloratura reminiscent of the aria "Hell's vengeance boils in my heart", sung by the soprano role Queen of the Night in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute.[56] "Sleeping Sun" required a well trained breathing technique. Turunen explained in an interview that when they recorded Oceanborn, she had serious doubts, fearing that she was not yet advanced enough in her studies to have mastered the required techniques.[61][62]
A challenge of a different kind was the cover version of Gary Moore's "Over the Hills and Far Away" (2001), as it required a deeper voice, far below the vocal range of an average soprano. In an interview with Breakout magazine, she reported that in the studio, the band members were shaken by a paroxysm of laughter as she tried to warm up for the vocal lines.[63] As a side benefit of her efforts, Turunen gradually expanded her vocal range considerably into the lower range, which manifested even more on the following albums.
For the album Century Child (2002), she experimented with a more "rock" sounding voice, where she maintained the classical singing technique, but, for example, sang with less vibrato. Turunen was not satisifed that she had successfully transitioned to this new style until the album Once (2004).[64]
I feel very comfortable with Once because I have tried to change my singing style with Nightwish already since Century Child because Tuomas requested that, the songs requested that ... It has been hard work and I didn’t manage to do that on Century Child, I was not very happy with it. On Once it’s all very natural, how I’m singing and what I’m singing. But as I said, it has been really hard work because I’ve been a classical singer for the last ten years so it was hard to start over again and think of different styles. Of course I’m always singing with my classical techniques, I never sing with my poor speaking voice – I cannot do that anymore.—Tarja Turunen, Metal Temple interview, October 2004[64]
This deeper "rock"-sounding voice on Once—as well as on the song "In the Picture" of the album Into the Light—was welcomed by critics as a refreshing change.[65][66]
Her first solo album My Winter Storm (2007) contains rock and metal songs as well as songs that resemble classical songs. Turunen uses both her classical singing voice and a rock-sounding voice. In many songs she starts with a rock voice, and then switches for widely arching melodies into a distinctly classical singing voice.[67]
Tarja's classically trained voice flies bravely over orchestral sounds and brute guitars. Like a phoenix from the ashes [...] she lifts up again and again for widely arching melodies, sometimes spurred on by multi-voiced woman choirs.—Frank Rauscher, Teleschau – der Mediendienst, review of My Winter Storm[67]
In an interview, she explained that My Winter Storm was the first album where she had the chance to use her full vocal range.[68]
Now that I can use the whole range of my voice, it feels very nice. I have never sung so low as I did on one of the songs on the new record and there's a song on which I sang my highest notes ever! I really have used a huge range on this album – around three octaves – because the moods are changing in every song and this reflects that.
Register[link]
Turunen's voice type is soprano (more precisely, (full) lyric soprano). Over the course of her career, Turunen has developed a vocal range of three octaves.[1] Therefore she is also capable of reaching the mezzo-soprano, contralto and even coloratura soprano register.
This is apparent on her album My Winter Storm, where the lowest note sung is F3 in the song "The Seer", while in another song, she sang up to D6.[69]
I sang a repertoire of a mezzo-soprano for many years and because of that, still today, I have rarely quite low register for a lyrical soprano. Nowadays, I see myself as a light lyrical soprano.—Tarja Turunen – blog entry from March 1, 2009[58]
Reception[link]
Turunen's voice is described by critics as remarkably powerful and emotional.[70][71][72] Sometimes it is stated that her voice is too trained or operatic for metal music, but even critics who do not like classical voices admit that her voice suits the kind of metal songs she sings unusually well.[55][56]
Until the end of their collaboration, Turunen's singing was a trademark of Nightwish.[65] She was known as the face and voice of Nightwish[73] while bandleader Holopainen was the soul. Turunen was seen as a key to Nightwish's success.[74] She is respected by other musicians of the metal genre and is an influence on their work; for instance, Simone Simons names her as her inspiration to study classical music and apply that vocal style to a metal band.[75]
Turunen receives most of her media attention in her homeland of Finland. In December 2003, she was invited by Finnish president Tarja Halonen to celebrate the Finnish Independence Day at the Presidential Palace together with other Finnish celebrities.[18] The event is televised annually live by the state-owned broadcaster, the Finnish Broadcasting Company.[36] In December 2007, she performed different versions of the Finnish national anthem "Maamme" (Finnish: "Our country") accompanied by the Tapiola Sinfonietta, to celebrate the 90th anniversary of Finnish independence. The concert was televised by the Finnish Broadcasting Company for 2 million Finnish viewers.[36] During her solo career, Turunen has sold over 86,000 certified records in Finland, which places her among the top 50 of best-selling female soloists.[76]
In Europe, her popularity is mainly limited to the hard rock and metal scene. She had a broader exposure on November 30, 2007, when she was invited to open the farewell fight of Regina Halmich. Her performance of "I Walk Alone" was televised live by the German television station ZDF for 8.8 million viewers.[77][78]
Discography[link]
Main article: Tarja Turunen discography
Solo career[link]
- Henkäys Ikuisuudesta (2006)
- My Winter Storm (2007)
- What Lies Beneath (2010)
- TBA (2013)
Singles[link]
- You Would Have Loved This (2006)
- I Walk Alone (2007)
- Die Alive (2008)
- Enough (2009)
- Falling Awake (2010)
- I Feel Immortal (2010)
- Until My Last Breath (2010)
- Underneath (2011)
Eps[link]
- Yhden Enkelin Unelma (2004)
- The Seer (2008)
Side Projects[link]
- Tarja Turunen & Harus - In Concert - Live at Sibelius Hall (2011)
- Cameo role on Yhtä Kyytiä - Mad Rush (Partners in Crime) Movie (2011)
- TBA (2012)
With Nightwish[link]
- Angels Fall First (1997)
- Oceanborn (1998)
- Wishmaster (2000)
- Over the Hills and Far Away EP (2001)
- Century Child (2002)
- Once (2004)
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Classic Rock Magazine, August 2009, p. 92
- ^ a b c d e Ollila 2007, p. 41.
- ^ a b Ollila 2007, p. 42.
- ^ a b Ollila 2007, p. 43.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 42, 43.
- ^ a b Ollila 2007, p. 44.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 45, 46.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 54.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 52, 53.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 52.
- ^ "Nightwish- Angels Fall First (album)". Hung Medien. http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Nightwish&titel=Angels+Fall+First&cat=a. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 59.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 65.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 69.
- ^ "Oceanborn- Nightwish". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/oceanborn-r429983. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 104.
- ^ "Nightwish". Spinefarm Records. http://www.spinefarm.fi/showband.php?id=1. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ a b "Tarja Turunen: Asado con cuero" (in Spanish). RollingStone Argentina. October 14, 2010. http://www.rollingstone.com.ar/1314927. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 115.
- ^ a b Metal Hammer, July 2002, p. 21
- ^ ""Once"- Nightwish". Roadrunner Records. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/newreleases/release.aspx?releaseID=122. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 233.
- ^ "Tarja- Yhden Enkelin Unelma (song)". Hung Medien. http://www.finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tarja&titel=Yhden+enkelin+unelma&cat=s. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Martin Kesici with Tarja Turunen- Leaving You for Me (song)". Hung Medien. http://www.finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Kesici+with+Tarja+Turunen&titel=Leaving+You+For+Me&cat=s. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ Sonic Seducer: Starfacts Nightwish, Thomas Vogel Musikzeitschriftenverlag, June 15, 2004, ISBN 978-3-940065-01-8, p. 49
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 253.
- ^ "Dear Fans of Nightwish and Tarja (answer number 145 and 147)". Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070703211904/http://www.tarjaturunen.com/fans.html. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ a b "Open letter to Tarja". Nightwish's Official Website. October 22, 2005. http://www.nightwish.com/en/article/6. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Nightwish sack female vocalist after lengthy world tour". Helsingin Sanomat. October 24, 2005. http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Nightwish+sack+female+vocalist+after+lengthy+world+tour/1101981387494. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
- ^ Ollila 2007, p. 250.
- ^ "Dear Fans of Nightwish and Tarja (answer number 120 and 122)". Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070703211904/http://www.tarjaturunen.com/fans.html. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Nightwish – Tuomas Holopainen". Metal-Rules.com. November 6, 2007. http://www.metal-rules.com/zine/content/view/1128/0/. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Interview with Tarja Turunen" (in German). Sounds2move.de. http://www.sounds2move.de/Interviews/tarjaturunen_interview_2007.htm. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Interview with Tarja Turunen" (in Swiss). Hung Medien. http://swisscharts.com/interview.asp?id=139. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ "Live Archives: All past shows". Nightwish's Official Website. http://www.nightwish.com/en/live/archive. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Tarja Turunen Biography". Metal From Finland. http://www.metalfromfinland.com/Tarja+Turunen. Retrieved April 23, 2011. , stored at webcitation.org
- ^ a b c "Past Events". Tarja's Official Website. http://www.tarjaturunen.com/past_events/pop_past_events.php?Id=en. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
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80.^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1949611/fullcredits#cast 81. ^ http://www.metalfromfinland.com/news/2009-07-20_16:34/tarja_turunen_posts_new_blog_terve
References[link]
- Ollila, Mape (2007). Once Upon a Nightwish. The Official Biography 1996–2006.. Deggael Communications Ltd.. ISBN 978-952-99749-2-4
- Della Ciopa, Gianni (2010), Heavy Metal: I Contemporanei, Giunti editore S.p.A., ISBN 978-88-09-76634-1
- Cope, Andrew L. (2010), Black Sabbath and the rise of Heavy Metal Music, Ashgate Publishing Limited, ISBN 978-0-7546-6881-7
- Nohr, Rolf F.; Schwaab, Herbert (2011), Metal Matter, Lit Verlag, ISBN 978-3-643-11086-2
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tarja Turunen |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- Tarja's Official Website
- Tarja Turunen on Myspace
- Tarja Turunen, Interview: "Music Has Been My Driving Force" October 28, 2011
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Turunen Cabuli, Tarja Soile Susanna |
| Alternative names | Tarja Turunen |
| Short description | Finnish opera/symphonic rock singer |
| Date of birth | August 17, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Kitee, Finland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, in central Argentina. It is located 300 km (185 mi) northwest of Buenos Aires, on the western shore of the Paraná River. It has 1,159,004 residents as of the 2001 census [INDEC]. Rosario is the third-largest city in Argentina by population, with a growing and important metropolitan area. One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences, houses and public buildings.
Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for northeastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 34 feet (10 m) deep port. The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically.Exports include wheat, flour, hay, linseed and other vegetable oils, corn, sugar, lumber, meat, hides, and wool. Manufactures include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs. The Rosario-Victoria Bridge, opened in 2004, spans the Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria, across the Paraná Delta. Because it plays a critical role in agricultural commerce, the city finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy.
