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Ayodhya
Ayodhya
pronunciation (help·info) (Sanskrit: अयोध्या, Urdu: ایودھیا, IAST Ayodhyā), also known as Saket (Sanskrit: साकेत, Urdu: ساکیت ) is an ancient city of India adjacent to Faizabad city in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. As a result of rapid settlement and development Ayodhya has been merged to Faizabad city. Ayodhya is the birth place of the Hindu deities Rama and Swaminarayan. It used to be the capital of the ancient Kosala Kingdom. This Hindu holy city is described as early as in the Hindu Epics. Ayodhya has an average elevation of 93 metres (305 feet).
Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Saryu, as it is called within sacred precincts. Just 6 km from Faizabad, Ayodhya is a popular pilgrim centre. This town is closely associated with Lord Rama, the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The ancient city of Ayodhya, according to the Ramayana, was founded by Manu, the law-giver of the Hindus. For centuries, it was the capital of the descendants of the Surya dynasty of which Lord Rama was the most celebrated king. Ayodhya during ancient times was the capital of the Rama Empire and known as Kaushaldesa.
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Battle of Plassey
Coordinates: 23°48′N 88°15′E / 23.80°N 88.25°E / 23.80; 88.25
The Battle of Plassey (Bengali: পলাশীর যুদ্ধ, Pôlashir Juddho), 23 June 1757, was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, establishing Company rule in South Asia which expanded over much of the Indies for the next hundred years. The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal (Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi), on the river banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal. The belligerents were Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
The battle was preceded by the attack on British controlled Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole incident. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal, and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar. Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Omichund and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army was defeated by roughly 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators.
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] (
listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Goa
Goa
i/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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INS Vikramaditya
INS Vikramaditya (Sanskrit: विक्रमादित्य, Vikramāditya, "Brave as the Sun") is the new name for the former Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov, which has been procured by India, and is estimated to enter service in the Indian Navy after 2012.
The Vikramaditya is a modified Kiev class aircraft carrier built in 1978–1982 at Black Sea Shipyard, Mykolaiv, Ukraine. The ship is presently being extensively refitted at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It is projected to replace India's only current aircraft carrier, INS Viraat.
The Admiral Gorshkov entered service in 1987, but was deactivated in 1996 because it was too expensive to operate on a post Cold War budget. This attracted the attention of India, which was looking for a way to expand its carrier aviation capabilities. On January 20, 2004, after years of negotiations, Russia and India signed a deal for the sale of the ship. The ship was free, while India would pay US$800 million for the upgrade and refit of the ship, as well as an additional US$1 billion for the aircraft and weapons systems. The Navy looked at equipping the carrier with the E-2C Hawkeye, but decided not to. In 2009, Northrop Grumman offered the advanced E-2D Hawkeye to the Indian Navy.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pokhran-II
Pokharan-II refers to test explosions of five nuclear devices, three on 11 May and two on 13 May 1998, conducted by India at the Pokhran test range. These nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states.
On 18 May 1974, India exploded its first nuclear device code named Operation Smiling Buddha. After about a quarter century, on 11 May 1998, Operation Shakti was carried out. Shakti was the codename of a thermonuclear device that was exploded in Pokhran as part of Pokhran-II.
The Indian nuclear programme dated back to 1944 when Homi Bhabha established the Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Under the long premiership of Nehru, the nuclear programme's infrastructure was carefully established, and much of the weapon related facilities given commissioned in 1950s, most notably Bhabha Atomic Research Centre that operates the CIRUS which was commissioned in 1960.
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Punjab, India
Punjab (i/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/) (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ Hindi: पंजाब) is a state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, it is also bounded to the north by Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is Chandigarh, which is a Union Territory and also the capital of neighbouring state of Haryana. Major cities of Punjab includes Ludhiana, Amritsar, Patiala, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Mohali.
After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.
The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers. In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers. The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia."[citation needed] Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for people from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan and Vice-versa.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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AB Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Arjun Munda
Arjun Munda (born 5 January 1968 in Khrangajhar Jamshedpur) is an Indian politician, former Member of Parliament to the 15th Lok Sabha. He resigned the 15th Lok Sabha membership on 26 February 2011, and is currently Chief Minister of Jharkhand.
He is married to Meera Munda. On May 9th, 2012 a helicopter carrying Munda and his wife to Chaibasa crash landed at the Birsa Munda Airport in Ranchi. Although the minister was reported to have been injured, both of them survived the accident.
His political career began in the 1980s as part of the Jharkhand movement, spearheaded by the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. This movement sought to create a tribally-dominated state from the southern area of India's northern Bihar state. Munda's political clout grew due to his focus on helping tribals and other backwards. In 1995, he was elected to the Bihar state assembly, representing Kharswan. He retained that seat in 2000 and 2005 elections, but as of 2000, he was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Jharkhand was formed in 2000, with the BJP forming the first government under Babulal Marandi. Arjun Munda served as the Social Welfare Minister in his cabinet. In 2003, as the non-BJP Legislators supporting the government called for Marandi's replacement, it was Munda, viewed as a strong tribal leader, who was considered the best alternative. Munda took the position of Chief Minister on 18 March 2003 and held it until his resignation on 2 March 2005, which occurred after inconclusive state elections and the intervention of the state's governor, Syed Sibtey Razi.
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Arun Jaitley
Arun Jaitley (Hindi:अरुण जेटली ) (born 28 December 1952) is a prominent Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently the largest Opposition party in India. He is the leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha and has previously served as the Union Minister for commerce, industry, law and justice of the Government of India.
He was born to Kishen and Ratan Prabha Jaitley. Born to a lawyer father, he did his schooling at St. Xavier's School, New Delhi from 1969-70.[citation needed] He graduated in Commerce from Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi in 1973. He passed his Law degree from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, in 1977. During his career as a student, he was the recipient of several distinctions for his outstanding performances both in academics and extra curricular activities. He was President of the Students Union of Delhi University in 1974.
Jaitley was an Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) student leader in the Delhi University Campus in the seventies and rose to be President of the University Students' Union in 1974. During the period of proclamation of Internal Emergency (1975–77) when civil liberties were suspended, he was under preventive detention for a period of 19 months. He was a prominent leader of a movement against corruption launched in the year 1973 by Raj Narain and Jai Prakash Narayan. He was the Convenor of the National Committee for Students and Youth organisation appointed by Jai Prakash Narayan. He was also active in civil rights movement and helped found PUCL Bulletin along with Satish Jha and Smitu Kothari. After being released from jail he joined Jan Sangh.
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Atal Behari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Bangaru Laxman
Bangaru Laxman (born 1939) is an Indian politician.He was a minister of state for railways in Government of India from 1999 to 2000. Later he became President of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) but resigned soon after Tehelka corruption case.
Bangaru Laxman was born in a Madiga Dalit family in Andhra Pradesh. He did his BA and LLB in Hyderabad.His wife Susheela Laxman Bangaru was a member of 14th Lok Sabha. She was elected from Jalore constituency in Rajasthan as a candidate of Bharatiya Janata Party.He has 1 son and 3 daughters.
Bangaru Laxman joined politics at a young age. He was jailed during emergency in 1975. He was elected to Rajya Sabha in 1996. He has held many party positions including the party president.
He was involved in a major controversy when a private TV network tehelka.com allegedly showed him taking bribes on a hidden camera while he was the president of the BJP. He was forced to resign as the party president by BJP and a criminal case was registered against him which has entered prosecution stage. He was convicted by a Special CBI Court on 27 April 2012 for taking bribe under Prevention of Corruption Act and was taken into custody. He was sentenced to four years in jail on 28th April 2012. 72-year-old Bangaru, who was held guilty in the case, was produced from Tihar Jail before Special CBI Judge Kanwal Jeet Arora. Bangaru was convicted for taking bribe from fake arms dealer to recommend to the defence ministry to award them a contract to supply thermal binoculars to the Army. Soon after the judgemnt Bangaru Laxman resigned from the party's National Executive.
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Deendayal Upadhyaya
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (Hindi: पण्डित दीनदयाल उपाध्याय) (September 25, 1916 - February 11, 1968) was an Indian politician. He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party. A revered icon of Hindu nationalism, He was an ideologue and a guiding force for the Indian right wing.
He was born in the village of Dhankia in Rajasthan. He lost his father Bhagwati Prasad when he was less than three years old and his mother before he was eight. He was then brought up by his maternal uncle. His parents belonged to the village Nagla Chandrabhan, Near Farah, Mathura district in Uttar Pradesh. Although, He lost his parents during his early childhood, he continued his studies as a shining student. He obtained gold medals both at the Matriculation Board Exam in 1935 and Intermediate Board Exam in 1937 from GD Birla at Pilani. He completed his intermediate at the Birla College in Pilani which later became the prestigious Birla Institute of Technology and Science. Later, he did his B.A. and B.T. from Kanpur University. He even qualified the Civil Service Exam; but he didn't join civil services as he was fascinated by the idea of working with the common people.
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G.T. Nanavati
Girish Thakorlal Nanavati (born 1935 in Jambusar, Gujarat) is a retired judge from the Supreme Court of India. After his retirement he has headed two commissions inquiring into the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and the Godhra riots.
Judge Nanavati is the eldest of twelve children born to a family of professionals. In his family, his father, grandfather and uncle were all lawyers. Judge Nanavati studied at St. Xaviers College in Mumbai. After finishing his education in the arts, he enrolled in the Government Law College in Mumbai to receive his bachelors and masters degrees in law.
Mr. G.T. Nanavati enrolled as an advocate in the Bombay High Court in 1958. Circumstances forced him to return to Gujarat from Mumbai when the bifurcation of the Bombay state in 1960 left him a hard choice. His wish to practice at the prestigious Bombay high court went unfulfilled and left for Ahmedabad.
His practice in Ahmedabad was very low key. He dealt with a smattering of revenue cases, but his true potential was realized when he began to practice criminal cases. He received and accepted an offer to become a public prosecutor in 1964, which became a turning point in the young man's career. At that time, high court judges, not the government, used to appoint prosecutors. This began a fifteen year stint prosecuting cases before the high court.
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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī listen (help·info), née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.
Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.
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J. Jayalalithaa
Jayalalithaa Jayaram (born 24 February 1948, and commonly referred to as J. Jayalalitha), is the Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu, India. She was a popular film star in Indian cinema before her entry into politics, having appeared in many Tamil and Telugu films, as well as several produced in Hindi and Kannada. She is the incumbent general secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). She is called Amma ('Mother') and Puratchi Thalaivi ('Revolutionary Leader') by her followers.
Although there have been claims that Jayalalithaa was introduced to politics by M. G. Ramachandran, she has denied this. She was a member of the Rajya Sabha elected from Tamil Nadu during the period of 1984–89. Soon after the death of Ramachandran, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself as his political heir. She is the first elected female Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
Jayalalithaa was born into a Tamil Iyengar family on 24 February 1948 at Melukote, in Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district, Madras State (presently at Karnataka). In accordance with Iyengar custom[citation needed] she was given two names, thus her other name is Komalavalli. Her grandfather was in the service of the then Mysore kingdom as a surgeon, and the prefix Jaya (the victorious) was added to the names of various of her family members to reflect their association with Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar of Mysore.
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Jana Krishnamurthi
K. Jana Krishnamurthi (May 24, 1928– September 25, 2007) was an Indian political leader who rose to be the President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 2001. A former Union Law Minister and a member of the Parliament of India, Jana was the first Tamilian to head a national party in India after Kamaraj.
Jana Krishnamurthi was born in Madurai in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. His mother tongue was Tamil. An alumnus of the Chennai Law College, he gave up his successful law practice in Madurai in the year 1965. He was persuaded by M.S. Golwalkar, the then chief of the RSS, to enter politics.
An active member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) from 1940, Jana took over as the General Secretary of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) in Tamil Nadu at the instance of Atal Behari Vajpayee. He played an active part in building an equity for the relatively unknown BJS in South India.
In 1975 when emergency was declared, he was the secretary of the resistance movement in Tamil Nadu. In 1977 when BJS merged with the Janata Party, he became the General Secretary of that party's Tamil Nadu unit. In 1980, he helped found the Bharathiya Janata Party (BJP) along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, SS Bhandari, Kushabhau Thakre and Jaganatha Rao Joshi. He was the founder National Secretary. In 1983 became one of the General Secretaries and from 1985 he was the Vice-President of the Party.
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Kalyan Singh
Kalyan Singh (born 5 January 1932) is an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh. He has served three times as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
He first became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in June 1991.
According to the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the Babri Masjid demolition case, just after becoming chief minister, he, with his colleagues, "visited ayodha and took a vow to construct Ram temple there itself." In October 1991, his government acquired 2.77 acres (11,200 m2) of land around the "Babri Masjid Complex" under a government notification for the purpose of "promoting tourism". In July 1992, the Sangh Parivar laid the foundation for the proposed Ram temple by digging around the Babri Masjid and filling the area with 10-foot (3.0 m)-thick layer of reinforced cement concrete. Kalyan Singh's government called it a "platform" for performing bhajans while the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) declared it as the foundation for Ram temple.
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Kushabhau Thakre
Kushabhau Thakre (August 15, 1922 – December 28, 2003) was a political leader in India.
He was born in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India to parents Dr. Sundar Rao Shripati Rao Thakre (father) and Smt. Shantabhai Sundar Rao Thakre (mother). He was educated at Dhar and Gwalior. In 1942 he was inducted as a Pracharak by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. He moved up in the Jana Sangh, the political wing of the RSS at the time, and then in the Janata Party when the parties merged. During the 1977-1979 Emergency, he was jailed for 19 months alongside other opposition political leaders. He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1979 in a by-election from Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh.
When the Bharatiya Janata Party was formed in 1980, he was appointed as a Secretary. Throughout the years, he held offices as a national General Secretary, Vice-President or "in-charge" of a particular state. On April 14, 1998 Thakre was elected as President of the Bharatiya Janata Party. In August 2000, he stepped down from this post. He died December 28, 2003 at the age of 81.
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Lal Krishna Advani
Lal Krishna Advani (Sindhi: लाल किशनचंद आडवाणी (Devanagari) [laˑl kiɕəntɕən̪d̪ aˑᶑʋaˑɳiˑ]; born on 8 November 1927, at Karachi) known as L.K Advani is a Veteran Indian politician. A former president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently the major opposition party in the Indian Parliament. He also served as a Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament). Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
L.K Advani was born at Karachi, in Sindh of British India to Kishanchand D Advani and Gyani Devi. He completed his early schooling from Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi, then he joined the D G National College in Hyderabad, Sindh for his college education. He then graduated in Law from Government Law College, Bombay University.
L.K Advani's life as a politician started in 1947 when he was elected as the Secretary, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Karachi. In 1947, Advani was sent to Mewar in Rajasthan, which had witnessed communal violence following partition, to oversee the affairs of the RSS there.
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LK Advani
Lal Krishna Advani (Sindhi: लाल किशनचंद आडवाणी (Devanagari) [laˑl kiɕəntɕən̪d̪ aˑᶑʋaˑɳiˑ]; born on 8 November 1927, at Karachi) known as L.K Advani is a Veteran Indian politician. A former president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently the major opposition party in the Indian Parliament. He also served as a Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament). Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
L.K Advani was born at Karachi, in Sindh of British India to Kishanchand D Advani and Gyani Devi. He completed his early schooling from Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi, then he joined the D G National College in Hyderabad, Sindh for his college education. He then graduated in Law from Government Law College, Bombay University.
L.K Advani's life as a politician started in 1947 when he was elected as the Secretary, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Karachi. In 1947, Advani was sent to Mewar in Rajasthan, which had witnessed communal violence following partition, to oversee the affairs of the RSS there.
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Mahajanapadas
Mahājanapadas (Sanskrit: महाजनपद, Mahājanapadas), literally "great realms", (from maha, "great", and janapada "foothold of a tribe", "country") were ancient Indian kingdoms or countries. Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region, prior to the rise of Buddhism in India. The sixth century BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history.
The political structure of the ancient Indians appears to have started with semi-nomadic tribal units called Jana (meaning "people" or by extension "ethnic group" or "tribe"). Early Vedic texts attest several Janas or tribes of the Indo-Aryans, living in a semi-nomadic tribal state and fighting among themselves and with other Non-Aryan tribes for cows, sheep and green pastures. These early Vedic Janas later coalesced into the Janapadas of the Epic Age.
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Manohar Parrikar
Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar (Konkani: मनोहर गोपाळ कृष्ण प्रभु पर्रीकार ) (born 13 December 1955, Mapusa, Goa) is an Indian politician and is the current Chief Minister of the state of Goa, from 9 March 2012.
He completed his secondary education in Marathi and went on to graduate in metallurgical engineering from IIT Bombay in 1978. He is the first IIT graduate to become the Chief Minister of any Indian state. He was awarded by IIT Bombay with the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2001. Manohar Parrikar & Nandan Nilekani Chairman of the new Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)& former CEO Infosys Technologies Ltd have graduated together from IIT Bombay in the year 1978.
He is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and is the first Chief Minister of Goa from his party. He was first elected to the Second Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa in 1994. He was the leader of the opposition from June to November 1999. He became the Chief Minister of Goa for the first time on 24 October 2000, but his tenure lasted only till 27 February 2002. On 5 June 2002, he was re-elected and became the Chief Minister again.
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Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.
Son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using the new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination.
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Morarji Desai
Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Gujarati: મોરારજી રણછોડજી દેસાઈ, Hindi: मोरारजी देसाई; 29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995) was an Indian independence activist and the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977–79. He was the first Indian Prime Minister who did not belong to the Indian National Congress. After assuming the office, Desai promoted his policies and peace initiatives between Pakistan and India to avoid conflicts, such as Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. For this, he was conferred with Nishaan-e-Pakistan (Order of Pakistan). Desai is the only Indian national to receive the highest civilian award from Pakistan, the Nishaan-e-Pakistan.
Morarji Desai was born into an Anavil Brahmin family in Bhadeli, Valsad in Bombay Presidency (now in Gujarat). His schooling life of Primary section is in Saurashtra The Kundla School, Savarkundla. It's now actual name is J.V.Modi School.After he joined Bai Ava Bai High School, Valsad. After graduating from Wilson College, Mumbai, he join ed the civil service in Gujarat. Later, he left the service of the British in 1924 and joined the civil disobedience movement against British rule in India in 1930. He spent many years in jail during the freedom struggle and owing to his sharp leadership skills and tough spirit, he became a favourite amongst freedom-fighters and an important leader of the Indian National Congress in Gujarat. When provincial elections were held in 1934 and 1937, Desai was elected and served as the Revenue Minister and Home Minister of the Bombay Presidency.
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Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi
Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi is a prominent Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and former Indian federal minister. He was born in Allahabad on October 15, 1957.
Naqvi studied at Allahabad University. He was jailed for activism during the Emergency of 1975–77.
His first bid at elected office was in 1980, when he ran for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly seat for the Allahabad West constituency representing the Janata Party. He ran again in 1989, this time for the Ayodhya constituency as an independent candidate.
He also contested in 1991 and 1993 from Mau Vidhansabha.
He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1998 from Rampur.
In 1998 he was appointed Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and was also given responsibility over the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.
As of 2010[update], he is a national vice-president of the BJP, and is the party's most prominent Muslim member. For the second time, he is a member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh. He has written two books: Syah in 1991 and Danga in 1998.
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Murali Manohar Joshi
Murli Manohar Joshi (born 1934) was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government. Joshi is a leading member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for his views on Indian socio-politics and for his affiliation with the RSS.
He was born in Nainital on 5 January 1934, hailing from the Kumaon Hills region of Nainital northern India which today form a part of the state of Uttarakhand. Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, District Bijnore and Almora (currently part of Uttarakhand). He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. Here one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became RSS Sarsanghchalaks. He did his doctorate from Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was Spectroscopy. He was the first scientist to submit his thesis in Hindi.
After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching Physics at Allahabad University. He came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.
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Murli Manohar Joshi
Murli Manohar Joshi (born 1934) was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government. Joshi is a leading member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for his views on Indian socio-politics and for his affiliation with the RSS.
He was born in Nainital on 5 January 1934, hailing from the Kumaon Hills region of Nainital northern India which today form a part of the state of Uttarakhand. Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, District Bijnore and Almora (currently part of Uttarakhand). He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. Here one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became RSS Sarsanghchalaks. He did his doctorate from Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was Spectroscopy. He was the first scientist to submit his thesis in Hindi.
After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching Physics at Allahabad University. He came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.
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Narendra Modi
Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર મોદી; born 17 September 1950) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat. Born in a middle class family in Vadnagar, he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife Heeraben. He has been a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since childhood also having interest in politics since adolescence. He holds a master's degree in political science. In 1998, he was chosen by L. K. Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), to direct the election campaign in Gujarat as well as Himachal Pradesh.
He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001, promoted to the office at a time when his predecessor Keshubhai Patel had resigned, following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. His tenure as chief minister of Gujarat began on 7 October 2001, and he is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat. In July 2007 he became the longest serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history when he had been in power for 2063 days continuously. He was elected again for a third term on 23 December 2007 in the state elections, which he had cast as a "referendum on his rule".
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Nitin Gadkari
Nitin Gadkari Marathi pronunciation (help·info);(born 27 May 1957)is a senior Indian politician and the current President of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for the works during his tenure as a Public Works Department Minister in the state of Maharashta when he constructed a series of roads, highways and flyovers across the state including the Yashwantrao Chavan Mumbai–Pune Expressway
Nitin Gadkari was born in Nagpur, India, to a middle class family hailing from Nagpur district. During his teens, he worked for the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha and the student union ABVP.
He started his political career as a grass-root worker who laid down red carpets prior to party programmes. He did his Ph.D., L.L.B and D.B.M. from Maharashtra, India.
Nitin Gadkari is married to Kanchan Gadkari and they have three children; Nikhil, Sarang and Ketki. He currently lives in Nagpur close to the head office of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
Nitin Gadkari served as the Minister of Public Works Department(pwd) of the Govt. of Maharashtra from 1995 to 1999 and restructured it from top to bottom. He has served as the president of the Maharashtra BJP.
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Nitish Kumar
Nitish Kumār (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician who has been a Union Minister and is the Chief Minister of Bihar, an eastern state of India, since 2005. He belongs to the Janata Dal (United) party. As Chief Minister, he gained popularity by initiating a series of developmental and constructive activities including building of long-delayed bridges, re-laying roads that had ceased to exist, appointing over 100,000 school teachers, ensuring that doctors worked in primary health centers, and keeping crime in check.
Nitish Kumār was born in Kalyanbigha, Bihar to Kaviraj Ram Lakhan Singh and Parmeshwari Devi. His father was a freedom fighter and was close to the great Gandhian Bihar Vibhuti Anugrah Narayan Sinha, one of the founders of modern Bihar. His nickname is 'Munna'. He is a teetotaler, does not smoke, and is a frugal eater.
He has a degree in electrical engineering from the Bihar College of Engineering, Patna now NIT Patna. He joined the Bihar State Electricity Board, but almost halfheartedly, and later moved into politics.
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparti Venkata "Narasimha Rao" (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer, politician, and activist who served as the ninth Prime Minister of India (1991–1996). He led an important administration, overseeing a major economic transformation and several home incidents affecting national security of India. Rao who held the Industries portfolio was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj as this came under the purview of the Industries Ministry. He is often referred to as the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms". Rao accelerated the dismantling of the license raj, reversing the socialist policies under the government of Rajiv Gandhi. He is best remembered for employing Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister. Dr. Manmohan Singh launched India's globalization angle of the reforms that implemented the IMF policies to rescue the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse. Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
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Parkash Singh Badal
Parkash Singh Badal (Punjabi: ਪਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਾਦਲ) is an Indian politician who has been Chief Minister of the state of Punjab since 2007. He previously served as Chief Minister from 1970 to 1971, from 1977 to 1980, and from 1997 to 2002.
He was born December 8, 1927 in the village of Abul Khurana, near Malwa (Punjab), to Raghuraj Singh and Sundri Kaur in a Jatt Sikh family. In 1959 he married Surinder Kaur, they have two children, Sukhbir Singh Badal and Parneet Kaur. His wife died in 2011.
He entered politics in 1947 and was first elected to Punjab Vidhan Sabha in 1957. He was re-elected in 1969 serving as Minister for Community Development, Panchayati Raj, Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. He has served as Punjab Chief Minister for three terms the first time in 1969 when he became the youngest Chief Minister of an Indian state. He was Leader of the Opposition in 1972, 1980 and 2002. He was first detained in the Karnal jail in connection with Civil Liberties Agitation later under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act during the Indian Emergency. He was President of the Akali Dal from 1996 to 2008.
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Prem Kumar Dhumal
Prem Kumar Dhumal (pronounced [preːmə kʊmaːrə d̪ʱuːmələ], Hindi: प्रेम कुमार धूमल [??] ( listen); born 10 April 1944) is the 12th and current chief minster of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. He is an Indian politician who is a 2 time Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh from March 1998 to March 2003 and again since 31 December 2007.
Prem Kumar Dhumal was born to Capt. Mahant Ram and Smt. Phulmu Devi on 10 April 1944, in the Samirpur of Hamirpur District, Punjab, British India.
Mr. Dhumal started his career as an Assistant with the Life Insurance Corporation of India, having completed his Post Graduation in English literature and a degree in Law, while, first working with LIC and later as a teacher with the Panjabi University Evening College Jalandhar and then educated from Doaba College, Jalandhar city. He had also captained College volleyball team for three consecutive years.
Controversy technically Mr. Dhumal is not Prof. Dhumal because he is not awarded with a Phd and he worked as an English lecturer for a private college. Another controversy his media advisor with some other big fishes were found in company of call girls in Shimla. Rajinder Rana was sacked after few days.. Rajinder rana was later given clean chit ironically investigation in this case was also made by state CID which is under Mr. Dhumal himself as he is the head of home ministry.
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Rajnath Singh
Rajnath Singh (born July 10, 1951) is a prominent Indian politician who has served the country in many capacities. Beginning his career as a physics lecturer, Singh used his long-term connections with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in order to become involved with the Janata Party. That involvement led him to numerous official positions within his home state of Uttar Pradesh. Among his roles have been a period as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, as a Cabinet Minister in the National Democratic Alliance regime and as National President of one the country's major political organisations, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was previously president of the BJP youth wing and the BJP's unit in his home state.
Rajnath Singh was born in the small village of Bhabhaura in the Chandauli district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh in a Rajput family . His father was Ram Badan Singh and his mother was Gujarati Devi. He was born into a simple farmer's family in the region and went on to secure a masters degree in physics, acquiring first division results from the Gorakhpur University. Rajnath Singh had been associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since 1964, at the age of 13 and remained connected with the organization even when he took up his job of a physics lecturer in Mirzapur. In 1974, he was appointed secretary for the Mirzapur unit of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, a Hindutva based political party.
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Rama
Rama (Devanāgarī: राम ; Rāma,; Burmese: ရာမ Jàma̰ ; Javanese: Ramavijaya ; Khmer: ព្រះរាម Phreah Ream ; Lao: ພຣະຣາມ Phra Ram ; Malay: Megat Seri Rama; Maranao: Raja Bantugan; Tamil: ராமர் Ramar; Telugu: రామ Rama; Thai: พระราม Phra Ram) or full name Ramachandra is the seventh avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism, and a king of Ayodhya in Hindu scriptures. Rama was born in Suryavansha (Ikshvaku Vansh) later known as Raghuvansha after king Raghu. Based on Puranic genealogy, Rama is believed by Hindus to have lived in the second Yuga called Treta Yuga, before Krishna who was born towards the end of Dwapara Yuga. Rama is traditionally considered to have appeared in the last quarter of Treta Yuga.
Rama is one of the many popular figures and deities in Hinduism, specifically Vaishnavism and Vaishnava religious scriptures in South and Southeast Asia. In Ayodhya, the Indian city believed to be the birthplace of Rama, he is also worshipped as an infant or Rama Lalla. Most of the details of Rama's life come from the Ramayana, one of the two great epics of India. Born as the eldest son of Kausalya and Dasharatha, king of Ayodhya, Rama is referred to within Hinduism as Maryada Purushottama, literally the Perfect Man or Lord of Self-Control or Lord of Virtue. Rama is the husband of Sita, whom Hindus consider to be an Avatar of Lakshmi and the embodiment of perfect womanhood.
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Raman Singh
Raman Singh (born 15 October 1952) is an Indian politician who as of March 2012[update] is the Chief Minister of Chhatisgarh and has been so since 7 December 2003. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Raman Singh was born on 15 October 1952. He comes from a farming family, his father being Vighnaharan Singh Thakur and his mother, Sudha Singh. He is a doctor of Ayurvedic Medicine and is married to Veena Singh.
Singh joined the Bharatiya Jan Sangh as a youth member and progressed to become a councilor.[citation needed]
He was elected to Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1990 and 1998. In 1999 he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Rajnandgaon constituency in Chhattisgarh. In the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government, Singh became the Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry. He was later named as President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the new state of Chhattisgarh, and led the party to a victory in the 2003 state Assembly elections. With the other main contender for the Chief Minister's post, Dilip Singh Judeo, caught in the midst of a scam, the BJP leadership named Raman Singh as Chattisgarh's second Chief Minister, and the first person to be elected to that post.
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Sino-Indian War
The Sino-Indian War (Hindi: भारत-चीन युद्ध Bhārat-Chīn Yuddh), also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict (simplified Chinese: 中印边境战争; traditional Chinese: 中印邊境戰爭; pinyin: Zhōng-Yìn Biānjìng Zhànzhēng), was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role. There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border, including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.
Unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the 3,225-kilometer-long Himalayan border, the Chinese launched simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line on 20 October 1962, coinciding with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres, capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre, as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre. The war ended when the Chinese declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, and simultaneously announced its withdrawal from the disputed area.
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Sushil Kumar Modi
Sushil Kumar Modi (born 5 January 1952) is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party and is the current Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister of Bihar, India. He is a lifelong member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. He was recently[when?] appointed the Chairman of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers for the Implementation of Goods and Service Tax.
Modi was born on 5 January 1952 to Late Shri Moti Lal Modi and Late Smt. Ratna Devi. He started his schooling with Mount Carmel School, Patna, where he did his Upper and Lower KG and also Class 1. In St Michael's High School, Patna he completed Class 2 and 3 and then joined St Severin’s High School for Class 4th to 6th. He then joined Ram Mohan Roy Seminary for his final schooling i.e. 8th to 10th. It is noteworthy that Modi was a bright student from the start, and throughout his school life he secured 1st division. He did his pre-university from Commerce College, Patna and B.Sc. from B.N. College, Patna with a 1st Division. He graduated from the state’s premier institution Patna Science College, Patna University and did his Botany Hons in 1973 securing 2nd position in the whole University. He was a proud scholar and holder of the National Merit Scholarship for Academic Excellence. To pursue his academic career further he enrolled himself in the M.Sc Botany Course in Patna University, but elsewhere lay his calling and as Shri Jai Prakash Narayan called on the young, zealous students from Bihar to make a change in society, he decided to participate in the movement and left College for a year. But who knew that it was the last of his College days and his first of steps into the world of public welfare and politics.
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Sushma Swaraj
Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.
She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.
She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.
Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.
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Venkaiah Naidu
M. Venkaiah Naidu (Telugu: వెంకయ్య నాయుడు) (born 1 July 1949) is an Indian politician. From 2002 to 2004, he was the president of the Bharatiya Janata Party, which is currently the opposition party in the Parliament of India. He resigned on October 18, 2004 and was succeeded by L.K. Advani.Mr.Naidu belongs to Nellore Dist of Andhra Pradesh and he has daughter known as Deepa who runs an automobile show room in chennai and also Swarnabharath Trust at Venkatachalam Nellore Dist.
His full name is Muppavarupu Venkaiah Naidu. He married Alluru Vajjramma. Like many BJP leaders and workers, Mr. Naidu also traces his roots to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and entered politics from there.
Naidu took over as BJP president after Jana Krishnamurthi stepped down in 2002.
Naidu hails from Andhra Pradesh. His mother tongue is Telugu. Mr.Naidu although occupied quite few prominent positions in public life, never succeeded in entering either parliament but he won once from udaygiri state assembly constituency of Nellore Dist, AP. Thereafter he has been member of Rajya sabha
wn.com/Venkaiah_Naidu -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] (
listen); born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician who has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008 and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, and again from 2008 to 2012. Putin also serves as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election; in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term. After his successor Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election, Putin was nominated by Medvedev to be Russia's Prime Minister; Putin took office on 8 May 2008 and a period of so-called "tandemocracy" followed. In September 2011, Putin and Medvedev agreed he should seek a third, non-consecutive term in the 2012 presidential election, which he won in the first round on 4 March 2012.
wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Yashwant Sinha
Yashwant Sinha (born November 6, 1937, Patna) is an Indian politician and a former finance minister of India (1990–1991 under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar and March 1998 – July 2002 under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee) and foreign minister (July 2002 – May 2004) in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's cabinet. He is a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, currently the largest Opposition party in India.
Born and educated in Patna, Bihar, Sinha received his Masters Degree in Political Science in 1958. Subsequently, he taught the subject at the University of Patna till 1960.He resigned from the BJP vice presidency declaring that he was dissatisfied with the party's action following the defeat in the general elections of 2009
Yashwant Sinha joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1960 and spent over 24 years holding important posts during his service tenure. He served as Sub-Divisional Magistrate and District Magistrate for 4 years. He was Under Secretary and Deputy Secretary in the Finance Department of the Bihar Government for 2 years after which he worked in the Ministry of Commerce as Deputy Secretary to the Government of India.
wn.com/Yashwant_Sinha
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Exit polls predict BJP hat-trick in Gujarat; Congress edge in Himachal - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
The first part of the election hurly burly in Gujarat is done and dusted. A record 70% of voters turned out at polling booths in 95 constituencies on Monday with exit polls predicting even bigger gains for Modi and the BJP this time. Here's what's ready in the run up to bigger things in store. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Exit_polls_predict_BJP_hat-trick_in_Gujarat;_Congress_edge_in_Himachal_NewsX
The first part of the election hurly burly in Gujarat is done and dusted. A record 70% of voters turned out at polling booths in 95 constituencies on Monday with exit polls predicting even bigger gains for Modi and the BJP this time. Here's what's ready in the run up to bigger things in store. For more log on to www.newsx.com
Keshubhai, no spoiler for BJP?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Onetime comrades and now bitter political rivals- Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi. Analysts and poltical watchers are deeply divided over how the Keshubhai factor would affect the BJP in the Gujarat elections. But as the exit polls came in, it appeared that the Congress had overestimated the damage the GPP could inflict. With the exit polls suggesting that the Keshubhai factor in Saurashtra has done little to dent the BJP's chances of winning, the question is if the Congress' Keshubhai strategy has backfired.
http://wn.com/Keshubhai,_no_spoiler_for_BJP?
Onetime comrades and now bitter political rivals- Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi. Analysts and poltical watchers are deeply divided over how the Keshubhai factor would affect the BJP in the Gujarat elections. But as the exit polls came in, it appeared that the Congress had overestimated the damage the GPP could inflict. With the exit polls suggesting that the Keshubhai factor in Saurashtra has done little to dent the BJP's chances of winning, the question is if the Congress' Keshubhai strategy has backfired.
- published: 18 Dec 2012
- views: 1
- author: timesnowonline
The BJP surge in Gujarat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
The BJP seeks a third succesive term in Gujarat and Chief Minister Narendra Modi believes he's done enough to retain the state- he even has the statistics backing him. Here is why the Congress may find it difficult to gain ground in battleground Gujarat.
http://wn.com/The_BJP_surge_in_Gujarat
The BJP seeks a third succesive term in Gujarat and Chief Minister Narendra Modi believes he's done enough to retain the state- he even has the statistics backing him. Here is why the Congress may find it difficult to gain ground in battleground Gujarat.
- published: 18 Dec 2012
- author: timesnowonline
Narendra Modi is BJP, BJP is Narendra Modi: Harin Pathak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
BJP leader Harin Pathak said that the party is formed with the dedicated thousands of workers and Narendra Modi is one of these party workers.
http://wn.com/Narendra_Modi_is_BJP,_BJP_is_Narendra_Modi_Harin_Pathak
BJP leader Harin Pathak said that the party is formed with the dedicated thousands of workers and Narendra Modi is one of these party workers.
- published: 17 Dec 2012
- views: 217
- author: ibnlive
The Newshour Debate: BJP's Walmart attack (Part 1 of 3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:08
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
The issue of Wal-Mart lobbying on Monday (December 10) led to a political storm with Opposition creating pandemonium in the Rajya Sabha and promising to create further trouble tomorrow by pressing its demand for a probe and a statement by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In a debate moderated by TIMES NOW's Editor-in-Chief Arnab Goswami, panelists -- Renuka Chaudhary, Natl. Spokesperson & MP, Rajya Sabha Congress; Swaminathan Aiyar, Consulting Editor, Economic Times; Venkaiah Naidu, Senior leader & MP, Rajya Sabha, BJP; Derek O Brien, Chief Whip & MP, TMC; Rajiv Desai, Chairman & CEO, COMMA Consulting debate the issue.
http://wn.com/The_Newshour_Debate_BJP's_Walmart_attack_Part_1_of_3
The issue of Wal-Mart lobbying on Monday (December 10) led to a political storm with Opposition creating pandemonium in the Rajya Sabha and promising to create further trouble tomorrow by pressing its demand for a probe and a statement by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In a debate moderated by TIMES NOW's Editor-in-Chief Arnab Goswami, panelists -- Renuka Chaudhary, Natl. Spokesperson & MP, Rajya Sabha Congress; Swaminathan Aiyar, Consulting Editor, Economic Times; Venkaiah Naidu, Senior leader & MP, Rajya Sabha, BJP; Derek O Brien, Chief Whip & MP, TMC; Rajiv Desai, Chairman & CEO, COMMA Consulting debate the issue.
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 220
- author: timesnowonline
NDTV Mid-Term Poll 2012: BJP, Vasundhara Raje to make a comeback in Rajasthan?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The Congress seems to be ceding ground - respondents have found Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot and his governance poor. And though many believe infighting has hurt the BJP, Vasundhara Raje seems set for a comeback. Picked by the BJP and not the RSS. [Fieldwork by Ipsos] Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/NDTV_Mid-Term_Poll_2012_BJP,_Vasundhara_Raje_to_make_a_comeback_in_Rajasthan?
The Congress seems to be ceding ground - respondents have found Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot and his governance poor. And though many believe infighting has hurt the BJP, Vasundhara Raje seems set for a comeback. Picked by the BJP and not the RSS. [Fieldwork by Ipsos] Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
- published: 01 Sep 2012
- views: 2108
- author: ndtv
Kiran Bedi wants us to coordinate with BJP: Arvind Kejriwal to ABP News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:37
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
In an interview to ABP News Ex Team Anna member Arvind Kejriwal said that they will go to Kiran Bedi's house and make her understand that BJP has cheated the country. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Kiran_Bedi_wants_us_to_coordinate_with_BJP_Arvind_Kejriwal_to_ABP_News
In an interview to ABP News Ex Team Anna member Arvind Kejriwal said that they will go to Kiran Bedi's house and make her understand that BJP has cheated the country. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
- published: 31 Aug 2012
- views: 12148
- author: abpnewstv
BJP has many PM candidates, Modi one of them: Gadkari
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:10
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Unfazed by the Congress attack over the letter row involving him, BJP President Nitin Gadkari said he will quit politics if there is any proof of his business links with Ajay Sancheti in the irrigation scam. He said he had asked the Centre to release funds for the Gosikhurd project to help the farmers and not for the benefit of any contractor close to him. Gadkari also said that Ajay Sancheti did not get a single contract during his tenure as the Public Works Department (PWD) minister of Maharashtra. "If you have got any evidence about my relations with Ajay Sancheti, business relations or with Sharad Pawar...I am going to challenge Congress party and Digvijaya Singh...let's prove it, I am ready... I will leave the politics," the BJP president said while speaking to CNN-IBN Editor-in-Chief Rajdeep Sardesai.
http://wn.com/BJP_has_many_PM_candidates,_Modi_one_of_them_Gadkari
Unfazed by the Congress attack over the letter row involving him, BJP President Nitin Gadkari said he will quit politics if there is any proof of his business links with Ajay Sancheti in the irrigation scam. He said he had asked the Centre to release funds for the Gosikhurd project to help the farmers and not for the benefit of any contractor close to him. Gadkari also said that Ajay Sancheti did not get a single contract during his tenure as the Public Works Department (PWD) minister of Maharashtra. "If you have got any evidence about my relations with Ajay Sancheti, business relations or with Sharad Pawar...I am going to challenge Congress party and Digvijaya Singh...let's prove it, I am ready... I will leave the politics," the BJP president said while speaking to CNN-IBN Editor-in-Chief Rajdeep Sardesai.
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 2590
- author: ibnlive
NDTV's mid-term poll 2012: BJP unbeatable in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
There is no anti-incumbency sentiment against the BJP in these two states. 66% of the respondents said Shivraj Singh Chauhan is set for third consecutive term; 72% of them believe that Mr Chauhan has been a good chief minister. Meanwhile, respondents in Chhattisgarh said Raman Singh is also set to return to power for third term. [Fieldwork by Ipsos]
http://wn.com/NDTV's_mid-term_poll_2012_BJP_unbeatable_in_Madhya_Pradesh,_Chhattisgarh
There is no anti-incumbency sentiment against the BJP in these two states. 66% of the respondents said Shivraj Singh Chauhan is set for third consecutive term; 72% of them believe that Mr Chauhan has been a good chief minister. Meanwhile, respondents in Chhattisgarh said Raman Singh is also set to return to power for third term. [Fieldwork by Ipsos]
- published: 28 Aug 2012
- views: 2027
- author: ndtv
BJP Press: BJP's Chief Ministers Conclave: Sh. Yashwant Sinha: 19.08.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:59
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Press_BJP's_Chief_Ministers_Conclave_Sh_Yashwant_Sinha_19082012
Himachal polls: Can BJP overcome anti-incumbency?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
The BJP started its election campaign on the issue of corruption, but when similar charges were levelled against its own party president, it switched strategy to focus on the issue of price rise - even promising free induction heaters if it returned to power. The incumbent BJP is hoping to script history in Himachal Pradesh by going the Punjab way, where the Akali Dal-BJP combine returned to power. The state has never repeated a government since 1977. Watch full discussion: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Himachal_polls_Can_BJP_overcome_anti-incumbency?
The BJP started its election campaign on the issue of corruption, but when similar charges were levelled against its own party president, it switched strategy to focus on the issue of price rise - even promising free induction heaters if it returned to power. The incumbent BJP is hoping to script history in Himachal Pradesh by going the Punjab way, where the Akali Dal-BJP combine returned to power. The state has never repeated a government since 1977. Watch full discussion: www.ndtv.com
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 193
- author: ndtv
At BJP meet, Narendra Modi's advice is go big on campaign against FDI in retail
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
At a meeting of 300 top BJP leaders, Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi intervened in a debate on foreign direct investment in retail today to suggest that the party take the issue to the village level and offered a systematic plan to negate the Congress' "reforms are back" campaign. He suggested that the party hold more than 5000 public meetings across the country to highlight the BJP's objections, 10 in each Lok Sabha constituency. The Gujarat CM also suggested the BJP emphasise to traders and farmers that the Centre's decision to allow big foreign chains like Walmart to set up shop would affect them adversely.
http://wn.com/At_BJP_meet,_Narendra_Modi's_advice_is_go_big_on_campaign_against_FDI_in_retail
At a meeting of 300 top BJP leaders, Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi intervened in a debate on foreign direct investment in retail today to suggest that the party take the issue to the village level and offered a systematic plan to negate the Congress' "reforms are back" campaign. He suggested that the party hold more than 5000 public meetings across the country to highlight the BJP's objections, 10 in each Lok Sabha constituency. The Gujarat CM also suggested the BJP emphasise to traders and farmers that the Centre's decision to allow big foreign chains like Walmart to set up shop would affect them adversely.
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 1897
- author: ndtv
BJP trashes allegations against Gadkari, says IAC has scored 'self goal'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The BJP on Wednesday trashed the allegations of corruption against party president Nitin Gadkari and termed the IAC's accusations as an "attempt to make a mountain of what is not even a molehill". BJP leader Sushma Swaraj said the IAC had tried to dig for proof against Gadkari but found nothing. BJP leader Arun Jaitley said the party "dismisses" the allegations and hit out against the IAC's attempts to "bring a moral equivalence between the Congress and BJP". For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
http://wn.com/BJP_trashes_allegations_against_Gadkari,_says_IAC_has_scored_'self_goal'
The BJP on Wednesday trashed the allegations of corruption against party president Nitin Gadkari and termed the IAC's accusations as an "attempt to make a mountain of what is not even a molehill". BJP leader Sushma Swaraj said the IAC had tried to dig for proof against Gadkari but found nothing. BJP leader Arun Jaitley said the party "dismisses" the allegations and hit out against the IAC's attempts to "bring a moral equivalence between the Congress and BJP". For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 902
- author: abpnewstv
"Sankalp Patra" of Gujarat BJP: A commitment to inclusive development of Gujarat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:44
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
"Sankalp Patra" of Gujarat BJP: A commitment to inclusive development of Gujarat
http://wn.com/Sankalp_Patra_of_Gujarat_BJP_A_commitment_to_inclusive_development_of_Gujarat
"Sankalp Patra" of Gujarat BJP: A commitment to inclusive development of Gujarat
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 3222
- author: narendramodi
BJP Press: Coal Scam: Sh. Ravi Shankar Prasad: 21.08.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:19
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Press_Coal_Scam_Sh_Ravi_Shankar_Prasad_21082012
BJP Byte by Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad on scams of UPA & the role of oppostion.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Byte_by_Shri_Ravi_Shankar_Prasad_on_scams_of_UPA_the_role_of_oppostion
BJP Press: SP support to UPA & FDI: Sh. Syed Shahnawaz Hussain: 22.09.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:18
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Press_SP_support_to_UPA_FDI_Sh_Syed_Shahnawaz_Hussain_22092012
BJP Press on Supreme Court presidential reference by Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman : 29.09.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:59
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Press_on_Supreme_Court_presidential_reference_by_Smt_Nirmala_Sitharaman_29092012
BJP and Nitish Kumar appear near meltdown over Narendra Modi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Nitish Kumar has been told by the BJP and its parent body that it doesn't need his advice on secularism, or who makes for a worthy Prime Minister. In response, the Bihar Chief Minister's party has warned that it's tempted to consider divorcing the BJP. Mr Kumar's Janata Dal United or JD(U) partners with the BJP in Bihar. It is also a senior member of the NDA coalition, which is led by the BJP.
http://wn.com/BJP_and_Nitish_Kumar_appear_near_meltdown_over_Narendra_Modi
Nitish Kumar has been told by the BJP and its parent body that it doesn't need his advice on secularism, or who makes for a worthy Prime Minister. In response, the Bihar Chief Minister's party has warned that it's tempted to consider divorcing the BJP. Mr Kumar's Janata Dal United or JD(U) partners with the BJP in Bihar. It is also a senior member of the NDA coalition, which is led by the BJP.
- published: 21 Jun 2012
- views: 2029
- author: ndtv
Yeddyurappa quits BJP - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Former Karnataka chief minister BS Yeddyurappa on Friday formally quit the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), sending his resignation letter to president Nitin Gadkari. Earlier in the day, Yeddyurappa blamed the BJP for not treating him well. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Yeddyurappa_quits_BJP_NewsX
Former Karnataka chief minister BS Yeddyurappa on Friday formally quit the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), sending his resignation letter to president Nitin Gadkari. Earlier in the day, Yeddyurappa blamed the BJP for not treating him well. For more log on to www.newsx.com
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 263
- author: newsxlive
BJP Byte: Kapil Sibbal statement on Coal block scam: Sh. Yashwant Sinha: 29.08.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/BJP_Byte_Kapil_Sibbal_statement_on_Coal_block_scam_Sh_Yashwant_Sinha_29082012
Gave admits giving loan, BJP backs Swamy's attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
The Congress on Friday said it had done its duty in supporting The Associated Journals Limited, publisher of National Herald and other newspapers, in the form of an interest-free loan from which no commercial profit accrued to the party.
http://wn.com/Gave_admits_giving_loan,_BJP_backs_Swamy's_attack
The Congress on Friday said it had done its duty in supporting The Associated Journals Limited, publisher of National Herald and other newspapers, in the form of an interest-free loan from which no commercial profit accrued to the party.
- published: 03 Nov 2012
- views: 121
- author: abpnewstv
Zee News v/s Jindal : BJP Leader Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi & CPI's Atul Anjan speak to Zee News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Zee_News_v_s_Jindal_BJP_Leader_Mukhtar_Abbas_Naqvi_CPI's_Atul_Anjan_speak_to_Zee_News
photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool
16 Dec 2012
Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
Newtown, Conn. Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital ... Reuters ....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / David Goldman
17 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON—Democrats say meaningful action in the wake of last week's elementary school shooting must include a ban on military-style assault weapons and a look at how the nation deals with individuals suffering from serious mental illness. Several Democratic lawmakers and Independent Sen ... Gun control was a hot topic in the early 1990s, when Congress enacted a 10-year ban on assault weapons ... He added ... Sen ... Rep ... ———....(size: 5.3Kb)
The Siasat Daily
18 Dec 2012
Exit and opinion polls on television channels at the end of voting in Gujarat today projected BJP performing a hat-trick in the state while Congress is predicted to have an edge in BJP-ruled Himachal Pradesh. Exit poll carried out by C-Voter for Times Now predicted 119 to 129 seats for BJP while Congress is projected to win between 49 and 59 seats out of the total 182 seats in Gujarat Assembly....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Times of India
18 Dec 2012
If exit polls have got it right, Modi is poised to record a thumping win in the assembly elections in Gujarat, possibly by a two-thirds majority, thus setting the stage for him to make a virtually undeniable claim to lead the BJP - and the NDA - in the 2014 Lok Sabha polls ... In the four exit polls for which projections were available on Gujarat, the BJP's estimated tally ranges between 118 and 140 in a 182-member assembly....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Times of India
18 Dec 2012
If exit polls have got it right, Modi is poised to record a thumping win in the assembly elections in Gujarat, possibly by a two-thirds majority, thus setting the stage for him to make a virtually undeniable claim to lead the BJP - and the NDA - in the 2014 Lok Sabha polls ... In the four exit polls for which projections were available on Gujarat, the BJP's estimated tally ranges between 118 and 140 in a 182-member assembly....(size: 2.8Kb)
DNA India
18 Dec 2012
Modi was speaking to mediapersons after coming out of BJP's office in Khanpur at around 7.15 pm ... While he was at the BJP office, his security team had to cordon off the area because a large number of BJP supporters and onlookers had gathered outside to have a glimpse of Modi. The chief minister held a meeting at the office with BJP’s Rajya Sabha MP from Gujarat, Arun Jaitely, and discussed the elections....(size: 2.9Kb)
DNA India
18 Dec 2012
Since he is almost certain to surpass the 117, which his party had won last time in 2007, it now seems that the BJP or the RSS leadership will find it difficult to block his claim to be the party’s prime ministerial nominee ... Most polls suggested that Virbhadra Singh of the Congress was liked more by the electorate than his rival Prem Kumar Dhumal of the BJP....(size: 1.9Kb)
Deccan Herald
18 Dec 2012
A day before the controversial promotion quota bill reaches the Lok Sabha for debate and vote, the BJP and the Congress find themselves caught in a Catch-22 situation ... While the BJP leadership in Uttar Pradesh has vocally begun to speak against reservations for the SCs and the STs in promotions, the Congress is also coming across opposition on the bill in hushed tones....(size: 3.4Kb)
DNA India
18 Dec 2012
The lowest forecast for the BJP — made by India Today-ORG — is 118 out of 182 seats for which elections were held ... However, despite a rise in the number of seats, the BJP is expected to see a fall in its vote share. Of the total votes cast in 2007, BJP had got 49%, Congress 38% and others 13% votes ... BJP, the highest among the exit polls....(size: 1.9Kb)
Newstrack India
18 Dec 2012
After concluding the second phase of voting in Gujarat state, various channels, newspapers and news agencies began exit poll - the forecast of the result on the basis of polling - predicting that Modi could get the Chief Ministerial post once again as his party Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) is going to get clear majority ... The Ananda Bazar Patrika-Nielsen survey gave 116 of the total 182 seats to the BJP ... The BJP contested all 182 seats....(size: 4.4Kb)
Zeenews
18 Dec 2012
The Rajya Sabha was adjourned briefly for 15 minutes after MPs belonging to the BJP demanded Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde’s response on the incident. The BJP had earlier said it will raise the ......(size: 1.1Kb)
The Times of India
18 Dec 2012
DNA India
18 Dec 2012
DNA India
18 Dec 2012
Differences cropped up among BJP MPs on the issue of providing reservation in promotion for SC and ST government employees a day after a bill in this regard was passed by the Rajya Sabha ... of the intervention of BJP," party spokesperson Ravi Shankar Prasad said today....(size: 1.4Kb)
Zeenews
18 Dec 2012
Differences cropped up among BJP MPs on the issue of providing reservation in promotion for SC and ST government employees a day after a bill in this regard was passed by the Rajya Sabha ... He was talking to reporters after BJP Parliamentary party meeting here ... While BJP had supported the measure, its NDA ......(size: 1.6Kb)
"BJP" redirects here. For other uses, see BJP (disambiguation).
| Bharatiya Janata Party | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairperson | Nitin Gadkari |
| Parliamentary Chairperson | Nitin Gadkari |
| Leader in Lok Sabha | Sushma Swaraj (Leader of Opposition) |
| Leader in Rajya Sabha | Arun Jaitley (Leader of Opposition) |
| Founded | 6th April 1980 |
| Preceded by | Bharatiya Jana Sangh |
| Headquarters | 11 Ashoka Road, New Delhi, 110001 |
| Newspaper | Kamal Sandesh |
| Youth wing | Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha |
| Women's wing | BJP Mahila Morcha |
| Peasant's wing | Bharatiya Kisan Sangh |
| Ideology | Indian Nationalism Integral humanism Economic liberalism Gandhian Socialism Conservatism Social conservatism |
| Political position | Centre-right and Cultural Nationalism[1] |
| International affiliation | None |
| Official colours | Saffron |
| ECI Status | National Party |
| Alliance | National Democratic Alliance (NDA) |
| Seats in Lok Sabha |
114 / 545
|
| Seats in Rajya Sabha |
49 / 245
|
| Election symbol | |
| 150px | |
| Website | |
| www.bjp.org | |
| Politics of India Political parties Elections |
|
|
This article is part of a series about Bharatiya Janata Party |
Joe Biden
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| Bharatiya Jana Sangh · History of the BJP · Organisation of the BJP · Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha · Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh · Bharatiya Kisan Sangh · BJP Mahila Morcha · BJP Minority Morcha · List of MP in the 14th Lok Sabha | ||
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP pronunciation (help·info); translation: Indian People's Party) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is India's second largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament and in the various state assemblies. The Bharatiya Janata Party was started by advocating Hindu nationalism and conservative social policies, self-reliance, free market capitalistic policy, foreign policy driven by a nationalist agenda, and strong national defense.[2]. The party's platform is generally considered right of center in the Indian political spectrum.[1]
Contents |
History[link]
See also: Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Founders
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP Prime Minister of India (1998–2004).
Main article: History of the Bharatiya Janata Party
The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded by Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 to espouse the nationalist cause. The party opposed the appeasement policy of the Indian National Congress and was against any compromise in the matters of national integrity, unity and cultural identity. It was widely regared as the political arm of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. After Mookerjee's untimely death in prison in 1953 during an agitation demanding the effective integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India, the entire burden of nurturing the orphaned organisation and building it up as a nation-wide movement fell on the young shoulders of Deendayal Upadhyaya. For 15 years, he remained the outfit's general secretary and built it up. He raised a band of dedicated workers imbued with idealism and provided the entire ideological framework of the outfit, but never seriously challenged the power of Indian National Congress[citation needed]. He did however groom future political leaders like Vajpayee, Advani and others. However, the vast majority of the party workers including Upadhyaya himself were derived from the RSS and brought with them the patriotic fervour and discipline of the parent organisation[3]
The Jana Sangh won just three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. However, it gradually increased its strength and by 1962 had become one of the most effective opposition parties in India and seriously challenged the power of the Congress in various north Indian states. Uniform Civil code for all Indians, Ban on Cow slaughter, Scrapping of the special statues accorded to J&K, Promotion of Hindi were some of the major ideological issues taken up by the party.
After 1967, The party entered into coalition with like minded political parties and formed governments in various states such as Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and others. The party was in the forefront during the agitation against the emergency (1975–77) imposed by the Indira Gandhi regime and thousands of its leaders and workers were imprisoned across India. The party along with many other political parties merged with the Janata Party in 1977 to present an united opposition to the Congress. The Janata Party won with a huge majority in 1977 and formed the government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. Atal Bihari Vajpayee who had become the leader of the Jana Sangh after Upadhyaya's death in 1967 was appointed as the external affairs minister in the new government. The Janata government did not last long. Morarji Desai resigned as Prime Minister, and the Janata party was dissolved soon after. The BJS had devoted political organization to sustain the coalition and was left exhausted by the internecine wars within the Janata Party.
In 1980 the leaders and workers who were associated with the former Jana Sangh, founded the Bharatiya Janata Party with Vajpayee as its first President. The BJP was a strong critic of the Congress government, and while it opposed the Sikh militancy that was rising in the state of Punjab, it also blamed Indira Gandhi for divisive and corrupt politics that fostered the militancy at national expense. Sikh Leader Darasingh opines that Vajpayee thus "brought in Hindu-Sikh harmony."[4]
However, the BJP never supported Operation Bluestar, the BJP strongly protested the violence against Sikhs in Delhi that broke out in 1984 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by one of her Sikh bodyguards. The BJP was left with only two parliamentary seats in the 1984 elections; the party, however, had established itself in the mainstream of Indian politics, and soon began expanding its organization to attract young Indians throughout the country. During this period, Vajpayee remained center-stage as party President and Leader of the Opposition in Parliament, but increasingly hard-line Hindu nationalists began to rise within the party and define its politics.
The BJP became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which was led by activists of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the RSS, and was seeking to build a temple dedicated to Lord Rama in place of the Babri mosque in Ayodhya. Hindus believed the site was the birthplace of the Lord, and there existed a temple long before Babri mosque was built after demolishing the temple, and thus qualified as one of the most sacred sites of Hinduism, where a temple should be reconstructed. The party under its president Lal Krishna Advani galvanised the nation with various rath yatras and succeeded in awakening the Hindu identity.
On 6th December, 1992, hundreds of VHP and BJP activists broke down an organized protest into a frenzied attack, and razed the mosque. Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted in various parts of the country, killing over 1000 people. The VHP was banned by the government, and many BJP leaders including Lal Krishna Advani were arrested briefly for provoking the destruction. Although widely condemned by many across the country for playing politics with sensitive issues, the BJP won the support of millions of conservative Hindus, as well as national prominence.
With victory in assembly elections of Delhi in 1993 and Gujarat and Maharashtra in March 1995, and a good performance in the elections to the Karnataka assembly in December 1994 propelled the BJP to the centerstage. During the BJP session at Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President L.K.Advani declared that Vajpayee would be the Prime Minister of India if the BJP won the next parliamentary elections scheduled for May 1996. In that election, the BJP emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha and Vajpayee became Prime minister. He, however had to resign within 13 days as the BJP was unable to muster the required majority.
In the Lok Sabha elections held in 1998 the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) obtained a simple majority. This time, the BJP (NDA) had allied with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal besides its existing allies, the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiv Sena. Outside support was provided by the Telugu Desam Party. The NDA had a slim majority, and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister after the 13-day stint in 1996.[5] But the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were again held.
On 13 October 1999, the BJP-led NDA riding on a wave of popularity following victory in the Kargil war and the charisma of Vajpayee, won 303 seats. The BJP alone had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time, and Advani became the Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. This NDA Government lasted its full term of five years. Vajpayee and his economic team, led by Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha, continuing the policies initiated by the previous Congress Government under P. V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh, pushed through major privatizations of big government corporations, the liberalization of trade under World Trade Organization guidelines, airline deregulation, foreign investment and ownership and allowed private companies such as Mahindra World City and Reliance to build Special Economic Zones where property developers could build new cities with world-class infrastructure for factories that export products.
The BJP and the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat in the general elections in 2004, and failed to muster a parliamentary majority. Manmohan Singh of the Congress Party and United Progressive Alliance succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister.
In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party had won in any south Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, BJP again faced defeat and its strength in Lok Sabha reduced to 116 seats. The unexpected defeat of BJP is attributed to bad performance of the party in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh.
Organisation[link]
Main article: Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party
The highest authority in the party is the President. Officially, the BJP constitution provides for a three-year term for the President. Recently, both Venkaiah Naidu and LK Advani resigned ahead of schedule due to factionalism and controversies. Rajnath Singh held this post from 2006 to 2009, he was succeeded by Nitin Gadkari. Beyond this, there are several Vice-Presidents, General-Secretaries, Treasurers and Secretaries. The National Executive consists of an undetermined number of senior party leaders from across the nation who are the highest decision-making body in the party. At the state level, a similar structure is in place, with every state unit being led by the respective President, who also officially serves a three-year term.[6]
The rank-and-file leadership of BJP largely derives from the cadre of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which has millions of affiliates. It also maintains close links to other Sangh Parivar organisations, such as Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Swadeshi Jagaran Manch (an organisation promoting economic protectionism).
Other organizations directly affiliated to the RSS include the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad which is the students' wing of the RSS, Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, the peasants' union and the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, which is the labour union.
BJP also maintains the BJP Mahila Morcha,which is its women's front, the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, which is its youth wing, the BJP Minority Morcha, which is its Minority front and many other frontal organisations.
Ideology and political positions[link]
Atal Behari Vajpayee considers the European concept of "secularism" inappropriate for Indian culture, and places it in opposition to Mohandas Gandhi's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sambhava, which he considers India's own, traditional form of secularism.[8] He describes the Indian secular as follows:
- Mahatma Gandhi describes the correct attitude towards religion as 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava', equal respect to all religions. The concept of 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava' is somewhat different from European secularism which is independent of religion ... We may say that the Indian concept of secularism is that of Sarva Dharma Sambhava ... Sarva Dharma Sambhava is not against any religion. It treats all religions with equal respect. And therefore it can be said that the Indian concept of secularism is more positive.[9]
The concept of Integral Humanism has a special place in its ideology, the BJP's right-wing politics include modern, conservatism, social conservatism, progressivism and enlightened nation which draws inspiration from India's ancient Indian culture and values. The BJP emphasize the role of free markets and individual achievement as the primary factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they favor laissez-faire economics, fiscal conservatism, and the promotion of personal responsibility over welfare programs.[1] As per the party's constitution the objectives of the party are explained thus:
"The party is pledged to build up India as a strong and prosperous nation, which is modern, progressive and enlightened in outlook and which proudly draws inspiration from India's ancient culture and values and thus is able to emerge as a great world power playing an effective role in the community of Nations for the establishment of world peace and a just international order. The Party aims at establishing a democratic state which guarantees to all citizens irrespective of caste, creed or sex, political, social and economic justice, equality of opportunity and liberty of faith and expression. The Party shall bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and to the principles of socialism, secularism and democracy and would uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India."
The BJP stands for strong national defence, small government[citation needed], and Quasi-market economic policies, but Integral Humanism has been its core philosophy and identity ever since its inception. The BJP stand on economic policies saw a sudden volte face in the mid nineties from a support of swadeshi products to the embracing of free market ideas. Another important factor is the ongoing territorial dispute over Jammu and Kashmir and the wars of 1947–48, 1962, 1965, and 1971, and recently the 1999 Kargil War. The party strongly advocates the view that Kashmir should remain an integral part of the country.[10]
Economic policy under BJP-led governments at the state and center has been heavily focused on infrastructure building and pro-reform, which is congenial to Indian interests and to necessary conforming to international regulations (like environment laws) market-oriented economic growth without making subtle changes to the existing policies.
BJP in various states[link]
BJP is currently in power in six states (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Goa) where the party enjoys a majority of its own. In four other states — Punjab, Jharkhand, Nagaland and Bihar — it shares power with other political parties of NDA coalition. The party was in the co-government with BJD in Orissa .BJP has earlier ruled Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Arunachal Pradesh and till recently Uttarakhand.
List of current NDA Chief Ministers[link]
- Raman Singh – Chhattisgarh
- Manohar Parrikar – Goa
- Narendra Modi – Gujarat
- Prem Kumar Dhumal – Himachal Pradesh
- D. V. Sadananda Gowda – Karnataka
- Shivraj Singh Chauhan – Madhya Pradesh
- Arjun Munda – Jharkhand
- Nitish Kumar -Bihar
- Parkash Singh Badal -Punjab
Controversies and criticism[link]
Religious violence[link]
In March 1998, when BJP began its rule at the center attacks against Christians throughout India had increased significantly including the killings of priests, the raping of nuns, and the physical destruction of Christian institutions, schools, churches, colleges, and cemeteries.[11]
Tehelka fake arms deal[link]
In 2001 then BJP President Bangaru Laxman accepted bribe of 
100,000 (US$1,995)[12] for his favourable recommendation to the Defence Ministry[13] for supply of hand-held thermal imagers for the Indian Army[14], from Tehelka journalists, who, posing as arms dealers, filmed him in a fake arms deal operation. On April 2012, he was sentenced to four years rigorous imprisonment.[15]
2002 Gujarat religious communal violence[link]
Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence
In 2002, communal religious riots took place in Gujarat under BJP rule between Hindus and Muslims. The National Human Rights Commission criticized the government, pointing to "a comprehensive failure on the part of the State Government of Gujarat to control persistent violations of rights. A judicial commission headed by G.T. Nanavati, a former chief justice of the Indian Supreme Court, constituted to examine allegations of Gujarat state administration's involvement in the riots of 2002 said that there was no evidence to implicate either Modi or his administration in the riots.
Babri Masjid Demolition[link]
Main article: Demolition of Babri Masjid
In a 2005 book former Intelligence Bureau (IB) Joint Director Maloy Krishna Dhar claimed that Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance by top leaders of RSS, BJP and VHP and raised questions over the way the then Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao, had handled the issue. Dhar claimed that he was directed to arrange the coverage of a key meeting of the BJP/Sangh Parivar and that the meeting "proved beyond doubt that they (RSS, BJP, VHP) had drawn up the blueprint of the Hindutva assault in the coming months and choreographed the ‘pralaya nritya’ (dance of destruction) at Ayodhya in December 1992... The RSS, BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal leaders present in the meeting amply agreed to work in a well-orchestrated manner." Claiming that the tapes of the meeting were personally handed over by him to his boss, he asserts that he has no doubts that his boss had shared the contents with the Prime Minister (Rao) and the Home Minister (S B Chavan). The author claimed that there was silent agreement that Ayodhya offered "a unique opportunity to take the Hindutva wave to the peak for deriving political benefit."[16]
Liberhan Commission findings[link]
Main article: Liberhan Commission Findings
A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, blamed 68 people for the demolition of the mosque – mostly leaders from the BJP and a few bureaucrats. Among those named in the report were AB Vajpayee, the former BJP prime minister, and LK Advani, the party's then (2009) leader in parliament. Kalyan Singh, who was the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the mosque’s demolition, has also come in for harsh criticism in the report. He is accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the mosque’s demolition in Ayodhya.[17] Former Education Minister in NDA Government Mr. Murli Manohar Joshi have also been found culpable in the demolition in the Liberhan Commissions' Report. Anju Gupta, an Indian police officer appeared as a prosecution witness. She was in charge of Advani's security on the day of the demolition and she revealed that Advani and Murali Manohar Joshi made inflammatory speeches.[18]
List of presidents of the party[link]
| Year | Name | Rationale | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980–1986 |  |
Atal Bihari Vajpayee | |
| 1986–1991 |  |
Lal Krishna Advani | First Term |
| 1991–1993 | Murli Manohar Joshi | ||
| 1993–1998 | |
Lal Krishna Advani | Second Term |
| 1998–2000 | Kushabhau Thakre | ||
| 2000–2001 | Bangaru Laxman | ||
| 2001–2002 |  |
Jana Krishnamurthi | |
| 2002–2004 | Venkaiah Naidu | ||
| 2004–2006 | |
Lal Krishna Advani | Third Term |
| 2006–2009 | Rajnath Singh | First Term (He was re-elected for second term in Dec 2006) | |
| 2009– |  |
Nitin Gadkari | |
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Does India Still Need a Hindu Nationalist Party?". Foreign policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/04/30/does_india_still_need_a_hindu_nationalist_party.
- ^ [1] About us – bjp.org
- ^ . JSTOR 30171643.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Rediff On The NeT: TDP helps Vajpayee wins confidence vote". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/28bjp.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ^ "Bharatiya Janata Party – The Party with a Difference". Bjp.org. http://www.bjp.org/content/view/764/426/. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ India, Russia stand united in defense, By Sergei Blagov, Asia Times, November 8, 2001
- ^ Timothy Fitzgerald. Religion and Politics in International Relations: The Modern Myth. Continuum, 2011. ISBN 978-1441142900
- ^ Atal Behari Vajpayee. "The Bane of Pseudo-Secularism". In C. Jaffrelot (ed.), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007.
- ^ "Compromise on Kashmir will spark nationwide stir: BJP". Yahoo! News. http://in.news.yahoo.com/compromise-kashmir-spark-nationwide-stir-bjp-144511711.html. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India". Human Rights Watch. 29 September 1999. http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/09/30/india1626.htm.
- ^ "Tehelka Sting: After Eleven Years, It Stings To Say This". Outlook (magazine). http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280773. Retrieved May 09, 2012.
- ^ "Bangaru Laxman convicted of taking bribe". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3360364.ece. Retrieved May 09, 2012.
- ^ "Tehelka sting: How Bangaru Laxman fell for the trap". India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tehelka-sting-how-bangaru-laxman-fell-for-the-trap/1/186303.html. Retrieved May 09, 2012.
- ^ "Bangaru Laxman convicted for taking bribe". Tehelka. http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ws270412Bangaru.asp. Retrieved May 09, 2012.
- ^ Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance – PTI
- ^ Uproar over India mosque report: Inquiry into Babri mosque's demolition in 1992 indicts opposition BJP leaders Al-Jazeera English – November 24, 2009
- ^ In the dock, again, Frontline
External links[link]
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| Narendra Modi નરેન્દ્ર મોદી |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chief Minister of Gujarat | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 7 October 2001 |
|
| Governor | Dr. Kamla Beniwal |
| Preceded by | Keshubhai Patel |
| Constituency | Maninagar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 61) Vadnagar, Gujarat, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Residence | Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India |
| Alma mater | Gujarat University[1] |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Website | Narendra Modi |
| As of 9 March, 2009 Source: Government of Gujarat |
|
Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર મોદી; born 17 September 1950[1]) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat. Born in a middle class family in Vadnagar, he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife Heeraben.[2] He has been a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since childhood also having interest in politics since adolescence. He holds a master's degree in political science. In 1998, he was chosen by L. K. Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), to direct the election campaign in Gujarat as well as Himachal Pradesh.
He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001, promoted to the office at a time when his predecessor Keshubhai Patel had resigned, following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. His tenure as chief minister of Gujarat began on 7 October 2001, and he is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat.[3] In July 2007 he became the longest serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history when he had been in power for 2063 days continuously.[4] He was elected again for a third term[5] on 23 December 2007 in the state elections, which he had cast as a "referendum on his rule".[6][7]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Modi was born in a middle class family in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State, India.[8] During the Indo-Pak war in the mid sixties, even as a young boy, he volunteered to serve the soldiers in transit at railway stations.[9] As a young man, he joined the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student organisation and was involved in the anti-corruption Nav Nirmāṇ ("Reconstruction") Movement. After working as a full time organiser for the organisation, he was later nominated as its representative in the Bharatiya Janata Party.[10] As a teenager Modi used to run a tea stall with his brother.[11] Modi completed his schooling in Vadnagar. He earned a masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.[12]
Early activism and politics[link]
Modi was a pracharak (campaigner) in the RSS during his university years.[12][13] He took up the challenging task of energising the party cadres in right earnest. In partnership with Shankersinh Vaghela, Modi set about creating a strong cadre base in Gujarat. In the initial period, Vaghela was seen as a mass leader, while Modi was recognised as a master strategist.
The party started gaining political mileage and formed a coalition government at the centre in April 1990. This partnership fell apart within a few months, but the BJP came to power with a two-thirds majority on its own in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was entrusted with the responsibility of organising two crucial national events, the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra (a political rally through India on a converted Toyota van) of L.K. Advani and a similar march from Kanyakumari (the southernmost part of India) to Kashmir in the North. After the exit of Shankarsingh Vaghela from the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister while Narendra Modi was sent to New Delhi as a General Secretary of the Party.
In 1995, Modi was appointed the National Secretary of the party and given the charge of five major states in India. In 1998, he was promoted as the General Secretary (Organization), a post he held until October 2001. In 2001, Narendra Modi was chosen by the party to be the Chief Minister of Gujarat after the removal of chief minister Keshubhai Patel.
Tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat[link]
Personality[link]
Modi is known for leading a frugal lifestyle. He has a personal staff of just three. He is known to be a workaholic Chief Minister and an introvert.[14] He ordered the demolition of many Hindu temples that were built without proper government sanction which earned him the ire of VHP[11] He is a crowd puller as a speaker. Modi has also tried to turn his image from an Hindu Nationalist politician to an image of able administrator. He wears business suits and is improving his command over the English language.[15]
Awards and recognitions[link]
Modi was awarded Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.[16]
Development of Gujarat[link]
As a Chief Minister, Modi started various 'yojanas' or plans. This includes:
- Panchamrut Yojana,[17][18][19] a five-pronged strategy for an integrated development of the state,
- Sujalam Sufalam, a scheme to create a grid of water resources in Gujarat in an innovative step towards water conservation and its appropriate utilisation.
- Krishi Mahotsav – agricultural research labs for the land
- Chiranjeevi Yojana – To reduce infant mortality rate
- Matru Vandana – Providing preventive and curative services under the Reproductive and Child Health Programme
- Beti Bachao – Campaign against female infanticide to improve sex ratio
- Jyotigram Yojana – Provide electricity to every village
- Karmayogi Abhiyan – To educate and train government employees
- Kanya Kelavani Yojana – To encourage female literacy and education
- Balbhog Yojana – Midday meal scheme for students to encourage school attendance from poor backgrounds.[20]
Vibrant Gujarat[link]
Main article: Vibrant Gujarat
Vibrant Gujarat is a biennial Global Investors' Summit held by the Government of Gujarat in Gujarat, India. The event is aimed at bringing together business leaders, investors, corporations, thought leaders, policy and opinion makers; the summit is advertised as a platform to understand and explore business opportunities in the State of Gujarat. the event has been held continuously since 2003.
Gujarat earthquake[link]
Main article: 2001 Gujarat Earthquake
The biggest challenge which he had to face when he took over as the Chief Minister, was the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the areas affected by the massive Gujarat Earthquake of January 2001.
Gujarat violence[link]
Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence
On 27 February 2002, a train was burned by a Muslim mob in the town of Godhra leading to 59 deaths, most of them Hindu pilgrims and activists returning from the holy city of Ayodhya.[21] Riots broke out in the state after it was suspected to be caused by Muslims, leading to 1180 deaths, many of them Muslims. Modi administration was accused of inaction over the riots and for encouraging them.[15] As an aftermath of the riots, there were calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue. Even Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Telugu Desam Party (TDP), allies of the BJP, asked for Modi's resignation.[22][23] Modi submitted his resignation to the Governor and recommended the dissolution of the 10th Gujarat Legislative Assembly.[24][25] In the following state re-elections the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.
In April 2009, the Supreme Court of India appointed a special team of investigators to look into the role Modi had played in the alleged anti-Muslim conspiracy.[15] The team was appointed in response to the complaint of zakia Jafri, the widow of ex-Congress MP Ehsan Jafri, who was murdered in the riots.[26] In December 2010, a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) in its report to the Supreme Court seeking answers pertaining to the Ehsan Jafri case, submitted that they had found no evidence against Narendra Modi.[27]
However in February 2011, the Times of India reported that a confidential report from the SIT indicted Modi on several counts of alleged complicity in the Gujarat riots of 2002.[28] Most other sources have noted that the SIT report does not indict Modi for the riots due to lack of evidence.[29][30] The Indian Express too said the report did not find any Modi involvement in the violence, though it did accuse him of watering down the seriousness of the situation.[31] According to the Hindu, the report not only found that Modi tried to water down the seriousness of the situation, but Modi also implicitly justified the killings of Muslims, and failed to condemn the attacks on them.[32] The Bharatiya Janata Party demanded an investigation into the publication of the report, claiming the leak was politically motivated.[33]
The apex court refused to pass any order on the case and referred it to the Ahmedabad magistrate for a decision.[34] In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.[35]. On 7 May 2012, a Supreme Court-appointed amicus curiae, Raju Ramachandran observed that Modi can be prosecuted under sections 153 A (1) (a) & (b), 153 B (1), 166 and 505 (2) of the Indian Penal Code for promoting enmity among different groups during the 2002 Gujarat riots.[36]. However the amicus report has been criticised by the Special Investigation Team for relying heavily on the testimony of a perjurer[37].
2007 elections[link]
Modi made a speech at Mangrol in which he justified the alleged fake encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh, During the election campaign In response to Sonia Gandhi's speech calling him a "merchant of death",[38] and referred to Sohrabuddin's killing. For this speech the Election Commission of India, a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities.[39] Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats.[40]
Conflicts with Governor Kamla Beniwal[link]
On 25 August 2011 Gujarat Governor Kamla Beniwal appointed Justice R A Mehta to the post of Lokyukta of Gujarat, a critical anti-corruption post that had been lying vacant since 2003. Justice R A Mehta was recommended for the post by the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court in June. Since Governor Beniwal had made this decision without consulting and getting the approval of the chief minister and his council of ministers, the action angered Narendra Modi and his BJP party.[41]
This marked the beginning of a strained relationship between Modi and the Governor. On 25 September 2011, Narendra Modi accused the Governor of running a parallel government in the state supported by the Congress. He demanded that she be recalled back.[42] He also later accused her of delaying the progress of bills by not passing them.
The decision of the governor in the appointment of R A Mehta was challenged in the high court by the Modi government. The two member high court bench gave a split verdict on 10 October 2011. Later, a third member upheld the governor's decision in January 2012.[43]
Foreign visits[link]
As the Chief Minister of the Gujarat State, to attract foreign investment in the state, Narendra Modi has made visits to foreign countries, including China and Singapore.
Narendra Modi made his first China visit in 2007 to invite investors Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit,[44] and second visit in November 2011. One month after the second visit to China, the Chinese Government released 13 Diamond traders from India jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which the Chief Minister described as the consequece of his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.[45]
In 2005 Narendra Modi was denied of diplomatic visa to the United States, in addition to this visa denial, he was also revoked from his already granted B-1/B-2 visa.[46]
Sadbhavna Mission[link]
In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi practised a series of fasts in the name of Sadbhavna Mission. The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in the state. He observed total 36 fasts in 26 districts, 8 cities including Ahmedabad.[47]
Views and opinions[link]
Modi's position on terrorism[link]
On 18 July 2006 Modi delivered a speech criticising Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" like the Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the Centre to empower states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the blasts in Mumbai.[48] Quoting Modi:
| “ | Terrorism is worse than a war. A terrorist has no rules. A terrorist decides when, how, where and whom to kill. India has lost more people in terror attacks than in its wars.[48] | ” |
Narendra Modi has frequently commented that if the BJP came to power at the Centre, they will honour the 2004 Supreme Court judgement to hang Afzal Guru.[49] Afzal was convicted of terrorism in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in 2004 by the Supreme Court of India and is in Tihar Jail.[50]
On account of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, on Thursday 27 November, Narendra Modi held a meeting to discuss waterfront security along the coastline.[51] The meeting decided to ask the Central government to urgently sanction the following:
- Increase the number of police stations along the coast to 50 (from 10)
- Increase the number of police to 1500 from 250
- 30 modern high-speed surveillance boats.
The 30 coastal boats, under construction at Goa's shipbuilding yard, will have the capacity to run at the speed of 25 nautical miles per hour. These are being manufactured under the Centre's Rs 58-crore grant for coastal security.[51]
Views on criticism of Modi's governance[link]
In 2003, when Narendra Modi was asked about the conflict of his dreams for Gujarat's future with international criticism of his past activities, Modi said,[52]
| “ | Yet, no one has asked this question to the USA after 9/11. Delhi is developing fast – no one has asked this question to Delhi after 1984. If it does not matter to Delhi and USA, why should it matter to Gujarat? | ” |
Modi's decision to link Gujarat's violence with the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the US drew criticism from some observers, who contrasted it with the then Deputy Prime Minister L K Advani's unpleasant apology for Gujarat in London a year ago.[52] Modi responded to this criticism by The Guardian,[52]
| “ | I have not read and I would not like to read. But thank you for people spending time on me | ” |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Narendra Modi – Biography". Moneycontrol. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090427085814/http://www.moneycontrol.com/biography/Narendra_Modi/550. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ Jose, Vinod. "The Emperor Uncrowned". Delhi Press. http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=1315&StoryStyle=FullStory. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Narendra Modi". http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Gujarat/loh.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Agencies. "Modi becomes longest serving CM of Gujarat". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=87512. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Modi begins new term in Gujarat". London: BBC News. 25 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7159756.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ "Hindu Leader Begins 3rd Term in Gujarat". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4049443. Retrieved 7 May 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Narendra Modi begins third innings as Gujarat CM". The Times of India. 25 December 2007. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Modi_begins_third_innings_as_Gujarat_CM/articleshow/2650589.cms. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ Why fasting is no big deal for Narendra Modi, Rediff, 16 September 2011, accessed on 4 February 2012
- ^ Life and Career: An Overview Official Website
- ^ "Biography – Narendra Modi". http://www.narendramodi.org/bio.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ a b On Race Course road? Times of India, 18 Sep 2011, 05.46 am IST
- ^ a b "Modi proves to be an astute strategist". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 23 December 2007. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712231550.htm.
- ^ "Profile: Narendra Modi". BBC News. 23 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1958555.stm. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ The Hawk In Flight, Outlook India, 24 Dec 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236315
- ^ a b c Sengupta, Somini (28 April 2009). "Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ "Narendra Modi to be presented 'Gujarat Ratna' today". The Times of India. 18 March 2012. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/pune/31207124_1_gujarati-community-centenary-year-kondhwa. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ "Modi invites investment in Gujarat". Press Trust of India. Expressindia. 11 January 2003. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=18327. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "Modi Steals The Show At Pravasi Divas". The Financial Express. 12 January 2003. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/modi-steals-the-show-at-pravasi-divas/67951/0. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "With Panchamrut, Modi targets 10.2% Growth". The Financial Express. 9 June 2003. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/with-panchamrut-modi-targets-10.2-growth/81673/. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ Patel, Parbat. "Message By Hon. State Minister of Health and Family Welfare". http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/minister-parbatbhai-patel.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Godhra train fire accidental: Report". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/17godhra.htm. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat Cabinet puts off decision on elections". The Tribune (India). 2002. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020418/main1.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ "Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report". United News of India. http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ "Modi resigns; seeks Assembly dissolution". The Hindu. 2002. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/07/20/stories/2002072002640100.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ "Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi resigns; assembly dissolved". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/19guj.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (31 July 2009). "SC rejects Modi govt's plea to stall SIT probes". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/SC-not-to-stall-probe-on-02-riots/articleshow/4839947.cms. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (3 December 2010). "SIT clears Narendra Modi of wilfully allowing post-Godhra riots". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms#ixzz1721JAJuI.
- ^ "SIT findings ensure Narendra Modi can't shake off riot taint". The Times Of India. 4 February 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-findings-ensure-Narendra-Modi-cant-shake-off-riot-taint/articleshow/7421365.cms.
- ^ "BJP demands probe into SIT report leak | Ahmedabad, World Snap News". News.worldsnap.com. http://news.worldsnap.com/india/bjp-demands-probe-into-sit-report-leak-100008.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ The rise and rise of tomorrow’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi Sunday Guardian – 7 November 2011
- ^ Narendra Modi not involved in Gujarat riots: SIT report Indian Express – 4 February 2011
- ^ Subrahmaniam, Vidya (4 February 2011). "SIT: Modi tried to dilute seriousness of riots situation". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1154007.ece.
- ^ BJP wants leak of SIT report investigated The Hindu – 5 February 2011
- ^ 'God is Great!' Tweets a Relieved Modi Outlook – 12 September 2011
- ^ It's official: Modi gets clean chit in Gulberg massacre Daily Pioneer – 10 April 2012
- ^ Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus The Hindu - 7 May 2012
- ^ SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi Hindu -10 May 2012
- ^ Agencies (8 December 2007). "Sonia's 'merchants of death' was aimed at Modi: Cong". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Sonias-merchants-of-death-was-aimed-at-Modi-Cong/248175/. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Election Commission Official Notice to Mr.Narendra Modi" (PDF). http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/NOTICETO%20CM%20GUJARAT.pdf. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls". Deccan Herald. 14 September 2009. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Delhi, New (2 September 2011). "Gujarat Lokayukta controversy hots up". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2418006.ece. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Dasgupta, Manas (25 September 2011). "Beniwal helping Congress run parallel government in Gujarat, says Modi". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2484805.ece. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ "Lokayukta: Modi in apex court after HC upholds Guv decision". The Indian Express. 18 January 2012. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lokayukta-modi-in-apex-court-after-hc-upholds-guv-decision/901067. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Modi, Narendra. "Foreign Visits". narendramodi.in. http://www.narendramodi.in/pages/foreign-visits. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "China frees 13 diamond traders, Narendra Modi pats his own back". Mumbai Mirror. http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article§id=3&contentid=201112082011120802471534470e816ce. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Indiatimes, News Network (18 March 2005). "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-18/india/27866126_1_business-visa-gujarat-riots-immigration-and-nationality-act. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "CM thanks people of Gujarat for giving huge support to Sadbhavna Mission". deshgujarat.com. http://www.narendramodi.in/news/news_detail/1970. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre". The Telegraph (Kolkota, India). 19 July 2006. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ^ "Now, Amar Singh says Afzal Guru must be hanged". The Indian Express. 4 November 2008. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Now--Amar-Singh-says-Afzal-Guru-must-be-hanged/380948. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Indo-Asian News Service – Afzal Guru's guilty verdict[dead link]
- ^ a b "Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast". The Times of India. 28 November 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c "Modi views on 9/11". The Times Of India. 19 August 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/Violence-wont-matter-to-Gujarat-Modi/articleshow/137933.cms. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Narendra Modi |
- Official
- @narendramodi Official & verified Twitter Account
- Narendra Modi Official website
- Narendra Modi Personal blog
- Other
| Preceded by Keshubhai S. Patel |
Chief Minister of Gujarat 6 October 2001 – present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Modi, Narendra |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 1950-09-17 |
| Place of birth | Vadnagar, Gujarat, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Narendra_Modi
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Narendra Modi
http://hi.wn.com/नरेन्द्र मोदी
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi
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| Harin Pathak | |
|---|---|
| MP | |
| Constituency | Ahmedabad |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-07-20) 20 July 1947 (age 64) Panchmahal, Gujarat |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse(s) | Smt. Meenaxi Pathak |
| Children | 2 daughters |
| Residence | Maninagar |
| As of 25 February, 2006 Source: [1] |
|
Harin Pathak (born 20 July 1947) is a member of the fourteenth Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Ahmedabad constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.[1]At the time of 2009 election he was the most richest politician of Bharatiya Janta Party[2]
References[link]
- ^ "Detailed Profile - Shri Harin Pathak - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=310. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-05/ahmedabad/28044727_1_gold-ornaments-harin-pathak-bjp-candidate
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pathak, Harin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 20 July 1947 |
| Place of birth | Panchmahal, Gujarat |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
|
This article about a Bharatiya Janata Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Harin_Pathak
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin_Pathak
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Vasundhara Raje Scindia | |
|---|---|
| 22nd Chief Minister of Rajasthan | |
| In office 8 December 2003–11 December 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Ashok Gehlot |
| Succeeded by | Ashok Gehlot |
| Constituency | Jhalrapatan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1953-03-08) 8 March 1953 (age 59) Mumbai |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse(s) | Hemant Singh (Divorced) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
Vasundhara Raje (Rajasthani: वसुंधरा राजे सिंधिया [Maratha]) was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan state of India from December 2003 till December 2008. She is the first woman Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Vasundhara Raje was born on 8 March 1953 in Mumbai. She is daughter of Vijayaraje Scindia and Jivaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, members of the prominent Scindia ex-royal maratha family. She completed her school education from Presentation Convent, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, and later graduated with Economics and Political Science degrees (Hons.) from Sophia College, affiliated to Mumbai University, Mumbai.
Political career[link]
Vasundhara Raje was initiated into politics by her mother in 1982. She held a variety of posts in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1985. From 1989 onwards she won four consecutive elections to the Lok Sabha from Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's premiership, Vasundhara Raje held independent charge of numerous cabinet departments: Small Scale Industries and Agro & Rural Industries, Personnel and Training, Pensions and Pensioners’ Welfare, Public Grievances and Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space and her most prominent role, that of the Union Minister of State for External Affairs.
In 2003, she shot to prominence by leading the BJP to its biggest victory in the state elections in Rajasthan as the State BJP President; She won from Jhalrapatan seat.
As Chief Minister[link]
Vasundhara Raje's five-year term as Chief Minister was marked by a strong focus on infrastructure-building and social initiatives, but it was also noted for caste violence and rebellion by local leaders against Vasundhara's firm style of leadership.
As the Finance Minister, Raje was able to steer the state from a budget deficit into a budget surplus for the first time since the 1991-1992 budget, in accordance with the guidelines of the 12th Finance Commission. Rajasthan became self-sufficient in power generation, and massive road and canal-building projects were undertaken under her administration. She implemented a Tourism Unit Policy, intent on expanding upon Rajasthan's ability to cater to large numbers of tourists by increasing the number of accommodations available. She was also active in courting the IT (Information Technology industry) to open offices in the state, and oversaw the building of new schools and colleges. On the social front, Vasundhara introduced mid-day meal schemes for mothers, insurance schemes, transportation vouchers for girl students and skills training for workers.[1]
In 2007, she was awarded "Women Together Award", by the United Nations Organization, for efforts to assist women in self-empowerment.[2]
On the downside, Vasundhara's government supported reservations to the Meena caste, which led to demands by the Gurjar caste for similar reservations. The protests saw the blockade of national highways and violence. Despite coming up with an amicable solution and using diplomacy with caste leaders, it was believed that the face-off led to loss of support from both castes. Another issue that was raised against her was corruption within her administration. Despite her development and social schemes. caste rivalry, corruption allegations and moves by members of the BJP who viewed her as too autocratic, all led to her defeat in the 2008 Assembly Elections in Rajasthan.[3]
Post 2008 assembly elections[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) |
In 2008 Rajasthan assembly elections BJP suffered defeat and Vasundhara Raje quit as Chief Minister of the state. Vasundhara now holds the position of Leader Of Opposition in Rajasthan state assembly.
After BJP's dismal performance in 2009 general elections in Rajasthan, there are speculations that Vasundhara may be asked to quit as leader of opposition in the state assembly as it is believed that it was due to Vasundhara's alleged misgovernance during BJP's rule in the state that the party lost its grounds among masses.
On 23rd Oct 2009 after meeting with L.K. Advani she submitted her resignation to the post of the Leader of Opposition.
In 2009, she was charged in controversial Deendayal Upadhayay Land Allotment case. Raje and 5 others have been charged with forgery and criminal conspiracy.[4]
Personal life[link]
Vasundhara Raje married Hemant Singh of the ex-royal Dholpur family on 17 November 1972, but the couple separated a year later. Her son Dushyant Singh was elected to the Lok Sabha from her former constituency, Jhalawar.
Posts held[link]
Membership of Legislative Assembly[link]
- 1985-90 Member, 8th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
- 2003-08 Member, 12th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Jhalrapatan
- 2008 onwards Member, 13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Jhalrapatan
Membership of Parliament[link]
- 1989-91 : Member, 9th Lok Sabha
- 1991-96 : Member, 10th Lok Sabha
- 1996-98 : Member, 11th Lok Sabha
- 1998-99 : Member, 12th Lok Sabha
- 1999-03 : Member, 13th Lok Sabha
Positions held[link]
- 1985-87 : Vice-President, Yuva Morcha BJP, Rajasthan
- 1984 : Member, National Executive, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
- 1987 : Vice-President, BJP, Rajasthan
- 1990-91 : Member, Library Committee, Member, Consultative Committee, Ministries of Commerce and Tourism
- 1991-96 : Member, Consultative Committees, Ministries of Power, Science and Technology, Environment and Tourism1996-97 Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests, Member, Consultative Committees, Ministries of Power, Science and Technology and Tourism
- 1997-1998 : Joint Secretary, BJP Parliamentary Party
- 1998-99 : Union Minister of State, External Affairs
- 13 October 1999-31 Aug.. 2001: Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Small Scale Industries and Agro & Rural Industries; Department of Personnel and Training; Department of Pensions and Pensioners’ Welfare in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Department of Atomic Energy and Department of Space
- 1 September 2001-1 November 2001: Union Minister of State, Small Scale Industries; Personnel, Training, Pensions, Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances; Department of Atomic Energy; and Department of Space (Independent Charge) 2 November 2001-
- 29 January 2003: Union Minister of State, Small Scale Industries; Personnel, Training, Pensions, Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances; Planning; Department of Atomic Energy; and Department of Space (Independent Charge) 14 November 2002 -
- 14 December 2003: President, BJP, Rajasthan
- 8 Dec, 2003 - 8 Dec, 2008: Chief Minister, Rajasthan
- 2 Jan, 2009 - Leader of Opposition, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
| Preceded by Ashok Gehlot |
Chief Minister of Rajasthan 2003—2008 |
Succeeded by Ashok Gehlot |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Vasundhara lost despite development". The Times Of India. 12 December 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Jaipur/Vasundhara_lost_despite_development_/articleshow/3826221.cms.
- ^ Raje gets UN award The Pioneer - 19 April 2007
- ^ http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/8914161EF536056E6525751A0045F09A?OpenDocument
- ^ Special Correspondent (13 January 2009). "Land scam case against Vasundhara". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article374215.ece. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Raje, Vasundhara |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 8 March 1953 |
| Place of birth | Bombay |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Vasundhara_Raje
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Радже Скиндиа, Васундхара
http://fr.wn.com/Vasundhara Raje
http://hi.wn.com/वसुन्धरा राजे सिंधिया
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasundhara_Raje
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Kiran Bedi | |
|---|---|
 Bedi at the "Successful Women in Management" (SWIM) conference, 2007 |
|
| Born | (1949-06-09) June 9, 1949 (age 63)[1] Amritsar, Punjab, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Delhi IIT Delhi |
| Occupation | IPS Officer (1972–2007) Social activist |
| Religion | Hinduism[1] |
| Awards | Suryadatta National Award 2007 United Nations Medal 2004 Ramon Magsaysay Award 1994 President’s Gallantry Award 1979 |
| Website | |
| Kiran Bedi | |
Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is an Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.[1] Bedi joined the police service in 1972 and became the first woman officer in the IPS.[2] Bedi held the post of Director General at the Bureau of Police Research and Development before she voluntarily retired from the IPS in December 2007.[3] Bedi was the host and judge of the popular TV series "Aap Ki Kachehri" (English, "Your Court"), which is based on real-life disputes and provides a platform for settling disputes between consenting parties.[4]
She has also founded two NGOs in India: the Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation for welfare and preventative policing in 1988[5] which was later renamed as the Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007, and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child welfare in 1994.[6] Bedi was awarded Ramon Magsaysay award in 1994 for Government service.[7]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Kiran Bedi was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India. She is the second of four daughters of Prakash Peshawaria and Prem Peshawaria. Her three sisters are; Shashi, an artist settled in Canada, Reeta, a clinical psychologist and writer, and Anu, a lawyer.[citation needed]
She attended the Sacred Heart Convent School, Amritsar, where she joined the National Cadet Corps(NCC). She took up tennis, a passion she inherited from her father, a tennis player.[1] She won the Junior National Lawn Tennis Championship in 1966, the Asian Lawn Tennis Championship in 1972, and the All-India Interstate Women's Lawn Tennis Championship in 1976.[8] In addition, she also won the All-Asian Tennis Championship, and won the Asian Ladies Title at the age of 22.
She earned her Bachelor of Arts in English (Hons.) from the Government College for Women, Amritsar in 1968. She then earned a Master’s degree in Political Science from Punjab University, Chandigarh, graduating at the top of her class in 1970. She later obtained Bachelor of Laws in 1988 from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. In 1993, she obtained a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from the Department of Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi,[9] where the topic of her thesis was 'Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence'.[10]
In 1972, Kiran Bedi married Brij Bedi,[1] a textile machine manufacturer whom she met at the Amritsar tennis courts. Neither of them were particularly religious, so they married in a quasi-religious ceremony at a local Shiva temple.[1] Three years later, in 1975, they had daughter Saina, who is now also involved in community service. In one of her lectures to a corporate meeting, Kiran Bedi expressed her belief that everyone in society has an important role to play which will enable others to fulfill their duties (or important tasks), quoting the example of her uneducated housemaid whose help in Bedi's daily household work had helped Bedi to complete an important task of writing a book.[citation needed]
Career[link]
She began her career as a Lecturer in Political Science (1970–72) at Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar. In July 1972, she joined the Indian Police Service, becoming the first woman to do so.[11] Bedi joined the police service "because of [her] urge to be outstanding".[12]
She served in a number of tough assignments ranging from New Delhi traffic postings, Deputy Inspector General of Police in Mizoram, Advisor to the Lieutenant Governor of Chandigarh, Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau, to a United Nations delegation, where she became the Civilian Police Advisor in United Nations peacekeeping operations.[13] For her work in the UN, she was awarded a UN medal.[14] She is popularly referred to as Crane Bedi for towing the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's car for a parking violation,[11] during the PM's tour of United States at the time.[9]
Kiran Bedi influenced several decisions of the Indian Police Service, particularly in the areas of narcotics control, Traffic management, and VIP security. During her stint as the Inspector General of Prisons, in Tihar Jail (Delhi) (1993–1995), she instituted a number of reforms in the management of the prison, and initiated a number of measures such as detoxification programs, Art of Living Foundation Prison Courses,[15] yoga, vipassana meditation, Murat redressing of complaints by prisoners and literacy programs.[16] For this she won the 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship', to write about her work at Tihar Jail.[10]
She was last appointed as Director General of India's Bureau of Police Research and Development.
In May 2005, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Law in recognition of her “humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing”.[17]
On 27 November 2007, she expressed her wish to voluntarily retire from the police force to undertake new challenges in life. On 25 December 2007, the Government of India agreed to relieve Bedi of her duties as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
Social initiatives[link]
Kiran Bedi along with 17 other police officers set up Navjyoti India Foundation (NIF) in 1987,[5] NIF started with a de-addiction and rehabilitation initiative for the drug addicts and now the organization has expanded to other social issue like illiteracy and women empowerment.[5] In 1994 Bedi setup India Vision Foundation which works in field of police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment and rural and community development.[18] Her efforts have won national and international recognition, and her organizations were awarded the "Serge Soitiroff Memorial Award" for drug abuse prevention by the United Nations.[citation needed]
Lokpal Movement[link]
Kiran Bedi is one of the prominent members of the India Against Corruption (IAC) along with Anna Hazare and Arvind Kejriwal. IAC has been actively protesting against corruption and is urging the government of India to enact a strong Lokpal Bill.[19] On August 16, 2011, Key members of the India Against Corruption including Bedi were arrested four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike by Hazare.[20] However, Bedi and other activist were later released in the evening same day.[21] After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.[22]
Honours and Awards[link]
| Year | Name of Award or Honor | Awarding Organization | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar | Indian Institute of Planning and Management | [23] | |
| 2011 | MSN Most Admired Indian Female Icon 2011 | [24] | ||
| 2011 | Avicenna Leadership Award 2011 | [25] | ||
| 2010 | Tarun Kranti Puraskar - 2010 in Women Empowerment Category | Tarun Award Council | [26] | |
| 2010 | Kalpana Chawla Excellence Awards 2010 | [25] | ||
| 2010 | The 9th Annual Academy Award | [25] | ||
| 2010 | Global Trail Blazer Award | [25] | ||
| 2010 | STAR Parivaar Awards | STAR Plus | ||
| 2009 | Arch Bishop Benedict Mar Gregorius Award- 2009 | [25] | ||
| 2009 | Women Excellences Awards | Aaaj Tak | [25] | |
| 2009 | Certificate of Recognition, Los Angeles, State of California | [25] | ||
| 2009 | Indo- American | [25] | ||
| 2008 | Pride Of Punjab | [25] | ||
| 2008 | The Indian society of Criminology | [25] | ||
| 2008 | Lifetime Achievement Awards | Bank of Baroda | [25] | |
| 2007 | Suryadatta National Award | Suryadatta Group of Institutes | [27] | |
| 2007 | Baba Farid Award | [28] | ||
| 2007 | Amity Woman Achiever for Social Justice | [28] | ||
| 2007 | Public Service Excellence Award | [28] | ||
| 2007 | Zee Astitva Award | Zee TV | [28] | |
| 2005 | Mother Teresa Award for Social Justice | [28] | ||
| 2005 | Transformative Leadership in the Indian Police Service | [28] | ||
| 2005 | FICCI Award | [28] | ||
| 2004 | United Nations Medal | United Nations | ||
| 2002 | Woman of the Year Award | Blue Drop Group Management, Cultural and Artistic Association, Italy. | [28] | |
| 2001 | Morrison Tom Gitchoff Award | [28] | ||
| 1999 | Bharat Gaurav Award | [28] | ||
| 1999 | Pride of India Award | American Federation of Muslims of Indian Origin (AFMI) | ||
| 1999 | Serge Sotiroff Award (UNDCP) | [28] | ||
| 1998 | ACCU-IEF Award | [28] | ||
| 1997 | Fourth Joseph Beuys Award | Germany | ||
| 1995 | Lion of the Year | |||
| 1995 | Father Machismo Humanitarian Award | Don Bosco Shrine Office, Bombay-India | [28] | |
| 1995 | Mahila Shiromani Award | [28] | ||
| 1994 | Magsaysay Award | Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation | [29] | |
| 1992 | International Woman Award | [28] | ||
| 1991 | Asia Region Award for Drug Prevention and Control | International Organisation of Good Templars (IOGT), Norway | ||
| 1981 | Women of the Year Award | National Solidarity Weekly, India | ||
| 1979 | President’s Gallantry Award | President of India |
Controversies[link]
In July 1994, Kiran Bedi, the then Inspector-General of Prisons of Tihar Jail was pulled up by the Supreme Court of India for ignoring the apex court directives for providing medical attention to a foreign under-trial prisoner by initiating contempt proceedings against her. She escaped from punishment despite being heavily reprimanded, in view of her winning the Magsasay Award, the court exonerating her from further proceedings.[30] In 1988 Wadhwa Commission criticized Bedi for her role in lathi-charge on lawyers protesting against a colleague’s arrest outside Bedi’s office.[31] Karan Thapar, host of many popular interview shows published an article on controversies surrounding Bedi after she pulled out of one of Thapar's interview show.[32]
Bedi was criticized for being a hardliner in the negotiations with government over Lokpal bill.[33] Later members of parliament proposed to bring a breach of privilege motion against Kiran Bedi and a few other activists for allegedly mocking the parliamentarians during the lokpal bill protests,[34] however withdrew the notice later.[35]
Kiran Bedi was alleged to have charged her hosts full fare for air tickets despite her paying discounted fare. She was also alleged to have charged her hosts business class fare while flying economy class.[36][37]Kiran Bedi was also accused by an NGO of claiming business class fare from Delhi to Mumbai, while her travel intineray communicated to them showed she was flying from nearby Pune.[38] Kiran Bedi has said that money was not earned for personal gains, but given to her NGO.[39]
In 1992 Kiran Bedi's daughter was given admission for MBBS course in Delhi's Hardinge College under a quota for student's from North-East. Kiran Bedi was posted in Mizoram at that time. She had defended the move to get her daughter admitted in a reserved seat saying that Central Government employees are entitled to such schemes.[40]
On 26 November 2011, based on a complaint filed by a Delhi-based lawyer Devinder Singh Chauhan, the additional chief metropolitan magistrate Amit Bansal has directed the crime branch of Delhi police to register a case against Kiran Bedi within 24 hours, for allegedly misappropriating funds meant for her NGOs.[41] Consequently, Delhi Police has registered a case against Bedi under Section 420 (cheating), 406 (criminal breach of trust), 120 b (criminal conspiracy) of IPC.[42]
In films and literature[link]
A non fiction feature film on Kiran Bedi's life, Yes Madam, Sir, has been produced by Australian film maker, Megan Doneman. This film is being screened in film festivals around the world. Its commentator is an Academy Award winner, Helen Mirren. Kiran Bedi was present during its screenings in Toronto, Dubai and Adelaide, and to address the Q&A sessions at the end of each show.
The documentary has made a clean sweep of the award categories---“Best Documentary” with a cash award of $100,000, the biggest prize for a documentary in any film festival in the US and the Social Justice Award with $2500 at Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Yes Madam, Sir got a unanimous vote from the jury.
In 2006, Norwegian Mpower Film & Media and film maker Oystein Rakkenes released another documentary on Bedi and her prison revolution in Tihar Central Jail, In Gandhi's footsteps. The film was awarded Best Documentary at the Indo-American Film Festival in Atlanta, in November 2006.
Kiran Bedi also became host in 2009–10 on the TV show Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath on Star Plus.
Biographies of Bedi:
- I dare!: Kiran Bedi : a biography by Parmesh Dangwal[43]
- Kiran Bedi, the kindly baton by Meenakshi Saxena[44]
Bibliography[link]
- It's always possible: transforming one of the largest prisons in the world (1999) by Kiran Bedi[45]
- "What Went Wrong?", collection of The fortnightly column written by Kiran Bedi.
- The Motivating Bedi by Kiran Bedi.[10]
- Government@net: new governance opportunities for India(2001) by Kiran Bedi, Sandeep Srivastava and Parminder Jeet Singh[46]
- As I see-(2005) by Kiran Bedi[47]
- Himmat Hai by Kiran Bedi[48]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f Kiran Bedi Biography 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee at rmaf.
- ^ "Kiran Bedi quits police force, takes voluntary retirement". CNN-IBN. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kiran-bedi-quits-police-force-takes-voluntary-retirement/53100-3.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ CNN-IBN, Kiran Bedi quits police force, takes voluntary retirement. Ibnlive.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ "Courting trouble". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Courting-trouble/395318. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ a b c Official website Navjyoti. Navjyoti.org.in (2011-10-08). Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ India Vision Foundation Official website. Indiavisionfoundation.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ "The 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationBediKir.htm. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ Kiran Bedi essortment.
- ^ a b A Kiran Bedi:Tough Lady In All Male Bastion[dead link] Kiran Bedi at living.oneindia.
- ^ a b c Kiran Bedi Celebrities at nilacharal.
- ^ a b First female police officer BBC News, Delhi, Tuesday, 27 November 2007.
- ^ What made me join the IPS?. Kiranbedi.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ Interview with Kiran Bedi Un Chronicle, January 2003.
- ^ Indian Heros Kiran Bedi at iloveindia.
- ^ Prison SMART Program | Stress management | Rehabilitation Training. The Art of Living (2011-10-10). Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ Kiran Bedi on being India’s first woman police officer. Reuters , Mar 4, 2010
- ^ Kiran Bedi's profile The Hindustan Times, July 25, 2007.
- ^ "India Vision Foundation – Objective being to save the NEXT VICTIM". http://www.indiavisionfoundation.org/objectives.asp. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "What is the Jan Lokpal Bill, why it's important". NDTV. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/what-is-the-jan-lokpal-bill-why-its-important-96600&cp. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Anna Hazare IS the movement". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/news/report/anna-hazare-is-the-movement/20110823.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Anna Hazare refuses to leave Tihar Jail, says allow fast at JP Park". NDTV. August 17, 2011. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-to-be-released-from-tihar-jail-tonight-say-sources-126962. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "Agreed! says Parliament to Anna; fast ends at 10 am". NDTV. August 28, 2011. http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/absolutely-says-parliament-to-anna-no-vote-required-fast-ends-at-10-am-129474. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ India's Most Influential Business and Economy Magazine – IIPM Celebrates Selfless Service. Business and Economy. Retrieved on 2011-10-16.
- ^ "Kiran Bedi". Jagran Bureau. jagran.com. April 24, 2012. http://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-9173835.html. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Awards. Kiran Bedi. Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ | title=Tarun kranti puraskar| publisher=ujjwal patni ( National chairman of Tarun Award council)|accessdate= 2012-05-13.
- ^ List of Honorable Recipients of the "Suryadatta National Award 2003 – 2011. Suryadatta.org (2012-02-29). Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Awards. Kiran Bedi. Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Awardee for Government Service- Kiran Bedi. Rmaf.org.ph (1994-08-31). Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation: Magsaysay Awardees Digital Collection[dead link]
- ^ "Lawyers renew Bedi battle". The Telegraph. Wednesday, August 24, 2005. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050824/asp/nation/story_5148897.asp. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ Thapar, Karan (August 4, 2007). "Ten questions for Kiran Bedi". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ten-questions-for-Kiran-Bedi/Article1-240600.aspx. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ "The negotiators, their role". Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-negotiators-their-role/838153/2. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Om Puri and Kiran Bedi to get Privilege Motion notices from Parliament". India Summary. http://www.indiasummary.com/2011/08/29/om-puri-and-kiran-bedi-to-get-privilege-motion-notices-from-parliament. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "Congress MP withdraws privilege notice against Anna's aides". Times of India. Sep 8, 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-MP-withdraws-privilege-notice-against-Annas-aides/articleshow/9904549.cms. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "Kiran Lokpal Bedi buys discount air tickets, gets hosts to pay full fare". Indian Express. Oct 20, 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kiran-lokpal-bedi-buys-discount-air-tickets-gets-hosts-to-pay-full-fare/862515/. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Inflated bill: trustee of Kiran Bedi's NGO quits". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Oct 25, 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2570806.ece?homepage=true. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Kiran Bedi overcharged us for travel, says NGO". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 25 October 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2568506.ece.
- ^ "'No Personal Gain' on Inflated Air Tickets: Kiran Bedi". Outlook India. Oct 20, 2011. http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=738857. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "'Good cop, bad cop". Business Standard. September 10, 2011. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/good-cop-bad-cop/448626/. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Court orders FIR against Bedi for misuse of funds. Indian Express (2011-11-27). Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ "Delhi Police registers case against Kiran Bedi – The Times of India". The Times Of India. 27 November 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Police-registers-case-against-Kiran-Bedi/articleshow/10890250.cms.
- ^ Dangwal, Parmesh (1995). I dare!: Kiran Bedi : a biography. UBS Publishers' Distributors. http://books.google.com/books?id=XNoEAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.
- ^ Saxena, Meenakshi (2000). Kiran Bedi, the kindly baton. Books India International. http://books.google.com/books/about/Kiran_Bedi_the_kindly_baton.html?id=M5PaAAAAMAAJ.
- ^ Bedi, Kiran (1999). It's always possible: transforming one of the largest prisons in the world. Indra Publishing. ISBN 0-9585805-3-7, 9780958580533. http://books.google.com/books?id=mFYaRxSj1GcC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.
- ^ Government@net: new governance opportunities for India. Sage Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-7619-9569-2, 9780761995692. http://books.google.com/books?id=r_uJAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.
- ^ Bedi, Kiran (2005). As I see-. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-207-2938-2, 9788120729384. http://books.google.com/books?id=CBu56vOnzLQC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.
- ^ Bedi, Kiran. Himmat Hai. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.. ISBN 81-7182-991-0, 9788171829910. http://books.google.com/books?id=T0l4hPC52o8C&source=gbs_book_similarbooks.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kiran Bedi |
- Kiran Bedi Official Website
- Kiran Bedi Blog
- Safer India Official website
- India Police
- Navjyoti India Foundation website
- Aap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath
- TED talk: Kiran Bedi: A police chief with a difference
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bedi, Kiran |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian Police Officer |
| Date of birth | 1949-06-08 |
| Place of birth | Amritsar, Punjab (India) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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