AIB may refer to:

• add-in board (in electronics applications)
• Admiralty Interview Board
• AIB College of Business
• Allied Intelligence Bureau
• 2-Aminoisobutyric acid
• Amplified in breast
• The Art Institute of Boston
• The Arts Institute at Bournemouth
• Asbestos Insulating Board
• Association for International Broadcasting
• Association of Issuing Bodies
• Atlanta Interfaith Broadcasters
• Australian Institute of Building
• The Australian Institute of Business
• Authenticated Identity Body

Business[link]

• Academy of International Business
• American Institute of Baking
• Anti-inflation Board, Canada

Banking[link]

• Afghanistan International Bank
• Arab International Bank
• Allied Irish Banks, or its British subsidiary:
  • Allied Irish Bank (GB)

'AIB' is not used to refer to Anglo Irish Bank.

Charitable organizations[link]

• American Institute of Bisexuality

Politics[link]

• Ação Integralista Brasileira, Brazilian nationalist political party and cultural organization

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

James Powderly
Born	1976 Chattanooga, Tennessee
Nationality	American
Field	Street Art, Robotics, and Internet Art
Training	New York University, Interactive Telecommunications Program
Works	L.A.S.E.R. Tag, LED Throwies
Awards	2010 Japan New Media Art Festival Excellence Prize, 2010 Ars Electronica Golden Nica in Interactive Art, 2010 Design Museum Brit Insurance Design of the Year in Interactive Art, 2010 Future Everything Award, 2006-2007 Eyebeam OpenLab Senior Fellowship, 2006 Ars Electronica Award of Distinction, 2006, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, Off the Record Commission, 2005-2006 Eyebeam OpenLab Fellowship, 2005 Eyebeam Artist in Residence

James Powderly (born 1976) is an artist and engineer whose work has focused on creating tools for graffiti artists and political activists, designing robots and promoting open source culture.

Biography[link]

James Powderly (born 1976) is a technologist and artist who founded Graffiti Research Lab with Evan Roth. James studied music composition at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. After college, he received a Masters Degree from NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program. James worked at Honeybee Robotics and was part of the team that worked on the Mars Exploration Rovers Rock Abrasion Tool. As the collaborative team Robot Clothes, Powderly and artist Michelle Kempner, received an artist residency at Eyebeam for their project, Automated Biography. The project used small robots to tell the "personal story about a sick person and their partner."^[1]

In 2005, James became a Research and Development Fellow at the Eyebeam OpenLab where he began collaborating with Evan Roth. Working as the Graffiti Research Lab, Roth and Powderly develop open source tools for graffiti writers and activists, such as LED Throwies and L.A.S.E.R. Tag.^[2] Together they also founded the Free Art and Technology Lab a.k.a. F.A.T. Lab. Most recently James has won several awards for his work on the EyeWriter project, including the 2009 Design of the Year in Interactive Art from Design Museum, London, the 2010 Prix Ars Electronica^[3], the 2010 FutureEverything Award^[4] and featured on NPR^[5] and TED^[6]. James lives in Seoul, South Korea and is a professor at Hongik University in the Visual Communication Design Department.

Exhibitions[link]

Selected Exhibitions, Screenings and performances include:

• 2012 Licking Mona Lisa at Loeuvre, Paris. With Cindy Sizer.
• 2011 Museum of Modern Art, Talk to Me, New York City, New York
• 2010, British Design Museum, Brit. Insurance Design of the Year 2010, London, UK
• 2009 Platoon Kunsthalle, Showcase, Seoul, South Korea
• 2009 Street Art Dealer Interactive Exhibition, Steal From Work, Bristol, UK.
• 2008, Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts, Beyond a Memorable Fancy, New York City, New York
• 2008, Museum of Modern Art, Rough Cut: Design Takes a Sharp Edge, 3rd Floor, New York City, New York
• 2008, Museum of Modern Art, Design and the Elastic Mind, New York City, New York
• 2008 Tate Modern, Street Art, London, UK.
• 2007, Sundance Film Festival, New Frontiers, Park City, Utah
• 2007, 2nd Digital Arts Festival, OpenPlay, Taipei City, Taiwan
• 2007, Microwave Festival, Luminous Echo, Hong Kong
• 2007, Ars Electronica, Second City, Linz, Austria
• 2007 Esther M Klein Gallery, "Artbots", Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 2007, Eyebeam, Open City, New York City, New York
• 2006, Ars Electronica, Goodbye Privacy, Linz, Austria
• 2005 Eyebeam Art and Technology Center Inside Out Life Story with Michelle Kempner, New York
• 2004 ArtBots, Harlem, New York

Detainment in China[link]

In June 2008, before the 2008 Summer Olympics, Powderly was contacted by Students for a Free Tibet who wanted to use his laser stencil invention, which can throw beams of light up to 30 feet high, to project the words "Free Tibet" on a Beijing landmark, without acquiring any permission from the local authority. He said that "My understanding of the Tibetan issue was not in depth," but that he wanted to make "a general statement about freedom of speech". After practicing his message projection out of an apartment,^[7] he and two other protesters were arrested,^[8][9] interrogated, and detained at Chongwen Detention Center and given 10 days for "disrupting public order", which is unusual for American activists detained in China.^[7] He was released during the closing day of the Olympics, on August 24.

External links[link]

• Graffiti Research Lab
• Free Art and Technology Lab
• Robot Clothes project website robotclothes.com
• Eyebeam Openlab
• Interview with James Powderly from cafka

References[link]

1. ^ "Robot Clothes". http://www.eyebeam.org/engage/exhibitions.php?id=84&subid=91. Retrieved 2008-01-25. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ Dayal, Geeta (2006-06-25). "High-Tech Graffiti: Spray Paint Is So 20th Century". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/arts/design/25daya.html. Retrieved 2008-01-25. 
3. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "FutureEverything | The Eyewriter". 2010.futureeverything.org. http://2010.futureeverything.org/abouttheawards/eyewriter2. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
5. ^ Weekend Edition Sunday (2010-03-21). "Paralyzed Graffiti Artist Draws With His Eyes". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124980282. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
6. ^ "Mick Ebeling: The invention that unlocked a locked-in artist | Video on". Ted.com. http://www.ted.com/talks/mick_ebeling_the_invention_that_unlocked_a_locked_in_artist.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Artist Tells all about Time in Chinese Jail". http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artnetnews/artnetnews8-27-08.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-02. 
8. ^ "Beijing: Artist James Powderly, Detained - Aug. 19, 2008". http://freetibet2008.org/globalactions/jamespowderly/. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
9. ^ "How to get thrown into a Chinese prison". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10027448-38.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-30. 

Brian Conley (born 7 August 1961) is an English comedian, television presenter, singer and actor. At the peak of his television career, he was the highest-paid male television personality in the UK.^[1] Outside of television, he is best known for his frequent portrayals of Buttons in pantomime versions of Cinderella.

Early life[link]

Brian Paul Conley was born in Paddington, London. His father was a taxi driver.^[1] He was brought up in West London and studied Performing Arts at the Barbara Speake Stage School.^[1] As a teenager, Conley had a few minor television appearances, including an advert for hot dogs and a small role in a 1977 episode of the science fiction series Survivors.^[1] At the age of 16, by lying about his age, Conley started work as a Pontin's Bluecoat.^[1]

Career[link]

Conley's first major show business success was fronting a comedy showband called Tomfoolery, who performed in pubs and clubs across England and Wales, sometimes as a support act for artists such as Johnny Mathis and The Nolans.^[1] Although the group broke up due to internal disputes when Conley was 19, his work with the band led to him being talent spotted by agent Bob Voice.^[1] As a result of this, Conley started working as a warm-up man for television personalities such as The Krankies, Kenny Everett and Terry Wogan.^[1]

Conley's career was then advanced by TVS casting director Bill Hatterley, who secured him onscreen appearances on comedy shows such as Make Me Laugh (1982), The Laughter Show (1984-1985), Live from Her Majesty's (1984-87) and Five Alive (1986).^[1] In 1989, with the support of London Weekend Television (LWT)'s light entertainment controller, Conley starred in his own comedy sketch show, Brian Conley: This Way Up.^[1] This programme was popular, but not hugely successful.^[1]

After two series of the show, Conley made his first appearance in the West End, playing the lead role of Bill Snibson in a production of Me & My Girl.^[1]

In 1992, LWT offered him another opportunity to star in his own comedy programme, with The Brian Conley Show. At the suggestion of producer and director Nigel Lythgoe, this new show had a variety format rather than being purely sketches.^[1] This different format proved popular, and the show became Britain's most-watched light entertainment programme.^[1] Conley's next success was a sitcom entitled Time After Time, in which he played the lead role. The show was named 'Best ITV Sitcom' at the 1994 British Comedy Awards.

He then went on to play the hugely popular Doug 'Dynamo' Digby, starring opposite Amanda Holden, Nigel Planer and Noddy Holder in The Grimleys. He was also given two "An Audience with..." shows.

Conley recorded a live show in 1996 titled "Brian Conley: Alive and Dangerous", which was televised and featured stand-up plus special Nick Frisby/Larry the Loafer and Dangerous Brian sketches. The show was put on VHS and later on DVD.

Around 2000, Conley was given a new show for ITV consisting of chat and music called, once again, The Brian Conley Show. The show lasted for three series. The show's guests included some major Hollywood names like Kathleen Turner and Leslie Nielsen.

Conley also worked at the BBC for a couple of shows. His first being "Got Your Number", a game show part of a long series of National Lottery game shows. Conley would later return to the BBC to present Let Me Entertain You in 2006.

He has done much stage work, including the parts of Buttons in Cinderella and Caractacus Potts in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

In 2003, he starred in the movie Equilibrium.

In 2006, Brian Conley returned to television, hosting a daytime variety show called Let Me Entertain You, a Lion TV production for BBC Two where 13-year-old Operatic Baritone Matthew Crane was the First Series Champion. On 1 December of the same year, he appeared as a guest presenter on The New Paul O'Grady Show on Channel 4, where Larry The Loafer made an appearance in the beginning, and Brian referred himself to "Dangerous Brian" as he was about to enter the "Tank of Doom" as part of a Bushtucker trial.

Later in 2007, Conley presented a second series of Let Me Entertain You on BBC Two, and presented a gameshow, Dirty Rotten Cheater for the BBC. Twenty shows were recorded in May at the Maidstone Studios in Kent.

Conley presented the Midweek Lottery show on BBC 1 in 2008. On 24 April 2008, Brian took over from ill presenter Paul O'Grady on The Paul O'Grady Show on Channel 4, where he starred once again as 'Dangerous Brian' and he contested against 'Nearly Dangerous Joyce'. Larry the loafer also made an appearance. On 22 June 2008, Brian performed a cameo role in Last of the Summer Wine as "Boothroyd", Barry's fitness mad neighbour.

Brian appeared as part of Team Ant on Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, and took over from Michael Ball in the musical Hairspray playing the role of Edna Turnblad at London's Shaftesbury Theatre. He will then play the same role in the first UK Tour of Hairspray, sharing the role with Michael Ball and actor Michael Starke, at selected UK venues. He has also partaken in his own live show, "The Best of Brian Conley", which showcases 'the best' of Brian's material from his past shows, interspersed with occasional showreels of either Larry the Loafer, Dangerous Brian (depending on who Brian is about to come on stage as) or a generic showreel of his work. Like The Brian Conley Show, the stage show invites guests to perform on stage alongside Brian. In 2010, the show went on tour again, covering more areas of the country.

Personal life[link]

Conley is married to Anne-Marie, who became his wife on 4 August 1996, in a ceremony at Stoke Poges chapel, Buckinghamshire.^[2] Conley had proposed eight months earlier, while wearing a suit of armour.^[2] The wedding day itself also had comic elements, causing celebrity guest Linda Lusardi to remark that it was 'the funniest wedding I've been to' — Conley made several memorable quips during the event, and the couple left the church in the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car.^[2] The couple have two children, both daughters.

Outside of his career, Conley is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and used to be a season ticket holder as a youngster.

Television, film and theatre credits[link]

Television[link]

As title star[link]

• Brian Conley: This Way Up (1989–1990)
• The Brian Conley Show (1992-1995)
• Brian Conley: Alive and Dangerous (1996)
• Brian Conley's Crazy Christmas (1997)
• The Brian Conley Show (2000-2002)
• An Audience with... (2002)

As presenter[link]

• Simply the Best! LWT'S Most Memorable Moments (1998)
• The National Lottery: We've Got Your Number (1999)
• The Royal Variety Performance (1999)
• Judgement Day (2003)
• Let Me Entertain You (2006-7)
• The New Paul O'Grady Show (2006 & 2009 — 2 episodes as guest presenter)
• Dirty Rotten Cheater (2007)

As actor[link]

• Survivors (1977) — as Michael, episode 'The Peacemakers'
• Outside Chance (1993, pilot for Time After Time) — as Kenny Conway
• Time After Time (1994-1995) — as Kenny Conway
• Privates (1999)
• The Grimleys (1999-2000) — as Doug 'Dynamo' Digby
• The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle (2007) — as Chris Connor
• Last of the Summer Wine (2008) — as Boothroyd, episode 'Enter the Finger'

As guest/performer[link]

• Make Me Laugh (1982)
• Punchlines! (1983-84, 2 episodes)
• Knees-Up (1983-1984)
• The Laughter Show (1984-1985)
• Live from Her Majesty's (1984-87, 4 episodes)
• The Keith Harris Show (1985, 1 episode)
• Five Alive (1986)
• Laughs from the Palladium (1987)
• You Bet! (1991, 1 episode)
• Telethon Night Out (1992)
• The Royal Variety Performance (1993)
• Surprise, Surprise (1993-94, 2 episodes)
• Children in Need (1996)
• The Royal Variety Performance (1996)
• All Star Family Fortunes (2001, 1 episode)
• SM:TV Gold (2003, 1 episode)
• The Wright Stuff (2005, 1 episode)
• Comic Relief in da Bungalow (2005)
• Dick and Dom in da Bungalow (2006, 1 episode)
• The Best of the Royal Variety (2006)
• Grumpy Old New Year (2006)
• The Wright Stuff (2007-2009, 16 episodes)
• The Comedy Map of Britain (2007, 1 episode)
• The Grumpy Guide to... Youth Culture (2007)
• Cash in the Celebrity Attic (2008, 1 episode)
• Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (2009, 6 episodes)

Conley's appearances on chat shows include Aspel & Company (1993), This Morning (1993 & 2005), Open House with Gloria Hunniford (1998), The New Paul O'Grady Show (2005 & 2009), GMTV (2005), Breakfast (2008), The Alan Titchmarsh Show (2009), The ONE Show (2009), The 5 O'Clock Show (2010), The Michael Ball Show (2010) and Loose Women (2007-11, various episodes).

Additionally, Conley has appeared as a talking head on many compilation shows and documentaries including: The 100 Greatest Musicals (2003), Bob Monkhouse's Comedy Heroes (2004), Who Killed Saturday Night TV? (2004), The Story of Light Entertainment (2006), 100 Greatest Stand-Ups (2007), 50 Greatest Comedy Catchphrases (2008) and The Nolans: In the Mood for Dancing (2009).

Film[link]

• Cinderella: The Show Must Go On (1986, TV) — as Dandini
• West is West (1987) — as Sue's friend
• Circus (2000) — as Bruno
• Hotel! (2001, TV) — as Inspector Cochrane
• Dream (2001) — as Charlie Allen
• Arthur's Dyke (2001) — as Dave
• Cruise of the Gods (2002) — as self
• Equilibrium (2002) — as Reading Room Proprietor
• Marple: By the Pricking of my Thumbs (2006, TV) — as Eric Johnson
• I Am Bob (2007) — as The Compere

Theatre[link]

Pantomime appearances[link]

• (unknown year) — Dick Whittington (as Idle Jack), The Hexagon, Reading
• 1979-80 — Robinson Crusoe (as part of Tomfoolery), Swansea Grand Theatre
• 1984-5 — Mother Goose, Churchill Theatre, Bromley
• 1989-90 — Dick Whittington (as a villager), Nottingham Theatre Royal
• 1992-3 — Aladdin, Birmingham Hippodrome
• 1993-4 — Cinderella (as Buttons), The Mayflower Theatre, Southampton
• 1997-8 — Cinderella (as Buttons), The Mayflower Theatre, Southampton
• 1998-9 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Birmingham Hippodrome
• 1999-2000 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Theatre Royal, Plymouth
• 2001-2 — Dick Whittington, Birmingham Hippodrome
• 2002-3 — Cinderella (as Buttons), The Mayflower Theatre, Southampton
• 2003-4 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Manchester Opera House
• 2004-5 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Theatre Royal, Plymouth
• 2005-6 - Aladdin (as Aladdin), The Orchard Theatre, Dartford
• 2006-7 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Birmingham Hippodrome
• 2007-8 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Wycombe Swan Theatre, High Wycombe
• 2008-9 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Nottingham Theatre Royal
• 2009-10 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Cliffs Pavilion, Southend-on-Sea
• 2010-11 — Cinderella (as Buttons), The New Theatre, Cardiff
• 2011-12 — Cinderella (as Buttons), Birmingham Hippodrome

Other roles[link]

• Me and My Girl (as Bill Snibson), Adelphi Theatre, 1991.
• Jolson (as Al Jolson), Victoria Palace Theatre, 1995-98.
• Elton John's Glasses (as Bill), Queen's Theatre, 1998.
• Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (as Caractacus Potts), London Palladium, 2005.^{[nb 1]}
• The Music Man (as Professor Harold Hill), Chichester Festival Theatre, 2008.
• Hairspray (as Edna Turnblad), Shaftesbury Theatre, 2009-10.^{[nb 2]}
• Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show (as Brother Love), UK tour, 2011.
• Oliver! (as Fagin), UK tour, 2012.

Discography[link]

• Stage to Stage (Telstar, 1996)
• Songs from the Shows (2002)
• Brian Conley Sings (Sony, 2002)
• Let the Good Times Roll (Universal, 2002)

Videography[link]

• Brian Conley: Alive + Extra Dangerous (Universal, 1996)

Awards and nominations[link]

Awards

• 1995 National Television Awards, Most Popular Comedy Performer
• 2004 Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards, Most Popular Performer
• 2008 TMA Best Performance in a Musical Award (for The Music Man)

Nominations

• 1996 Olivier Award for Best Musical Actor (for Jolson)
• 2000 National Television Awards, Most Popular Comedy Performer

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Leedham, Robert (31 October 1993). "The laugh of Brian: Brian Conley". The Sunday Times. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Parker, Nick; Kandohla, Tracey (5 August 1996). "When she said `I will' it reminded me of our first date! - Laugh a minute as comic Brain weds". The Sun. 

External links[link]

• Brian Conley Official Site
• BBC Comedy Guide to Brian Conley: This Way Up
• BBC Comedy Guide to The Brian Conley Show
• Brian Conley at the Internet Movie Database

Plínio Salgado
Plínio Salgado
Born	(1895-01-22)January 22, 1895 São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo
Died	December 8, 1975(1975-12-08) (aged 80) São Paulo, São Paulo
Nationality	Brazilian
Occupation	Author, politician, journalist, and theologian
Influenced by	Benito Mussolini, Alberto Torres
Title	Federal deputy
Term	1958–1974
Political party	Brazilian Integralist Action
Religion	Roman Catholic
Spouse	Maria Amélia Pereira (1918–1919) (her death) Carmela Patti Salgado (1934–1975) (his death)

Plínio Salgado (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈplĩnju sawˈɡadu]; January 22, 1895 – December 8, 1975) was a Brazilian politician, writer, journalist, and theologian. He founded and led the Brazilian Integralist Action, a far-right political party inspired on the Italian Fascist movement.

Initially a supporter of the dictatorship led by Getúlio Vargas, he was later persecuted and exiled in Portugal for promoting uprisings against the government. After his return, he launched the Party of Popular Representation, and was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958, being re-elected in 1962, this time to represent São Paulo. He was also a candidate in the 1955 presidential election, securing 8.28% of the votes. After the 1964 coup d'état, which led to the extinction of political parties, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms in the Chamber of Deputies. He retired from politics in 1974, just a year before his death.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born in the small conservative town of São Bento do Sapucaí in the São Paulo state, Plínio Salgado was the son of Colonel Francisco das Chagas, a local political leader, and Ana Francisca Rennó Cortez, a teacher. A very active child at school, he had special interest for mathematics and geometry. After the loss of his father, at the age of 16 – a fact that is said to have made him a bitter young man –, his interests shifted towards psychology and philosophy.

At the age of 20, Salgado founded and directed the weekly newspaper Correio de São Bento.^[1] In 1918, he began his political life by taking part in the foundation of a party called Partido Municipalista.^[1] This party congregated town leaders from municipalities in the Paraíba Valley region, and advocated municipal autonomy.

Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of materialist philosophers, and found comfort in the Roman Catholic theology, and began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.^[1] Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.

Through his articles in Correio de São Bento, Salgado became known by fellow journalists in São Paulo, and in 1920 was invited to work there in Correio Paulistano, the official newspaper of the Republican Party of São Paulo, where he became a friend of poet Menotti del Picchia.^[1] He was a discrete member of the Modern Art Week in 1922.^[1] He published his first novel, The Stranger in 1926.^[1] After that, alongside Cassiano Ricardo, del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the Green-Yellow movement, a nationalistic group inside Modernist movement.^[1] The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the Anta movement, which exalted the indigenous peoples, particularly the Tupi, as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.^[1]

That same year, he published his book Literature and Politics, in which he defends nationalistic ideas with a strong anti-liberal and pro-latifundia stance, inspired by Alberto Torres and Oliveira Viana.^[1] His shift to far right-wing politics, made Ricardo launch the Flag movement, a social-democratic dissidence of the Green-Yellow and Anta movements.

Integralism[link]

Part of a series on
Fascism
Core tenets Nationalism Totalitarianism Single party state Dictatorship Anti-democratic thought Social Darwinism Militarism Direct action Mixed economy Class collaboration Third Position New Man
Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism
Ideas Autarky Class collaboration Corporatism Proletarian nation Syncretic politics Totalitarianism
People Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Adolf Hitler Wang Jingwei Ikki Kita Oswald Moseley Benito Mussolini José Antonio Primo de Rivera Plínio Salgado
Literature The Doctrine of Fascism Fascist manifesto Hutu Ten Commandments Mein Kampf My Autobiography The Myth of the Twentieth Century Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista
Organizations Axis powers 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
History Fascio March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession German election of 1932 Enabling Act Spanish Civil War Anti-Comintern Pact World War II The Holocaust
Lists Fascists by country
Related topics Anti-fascism Clerical fascism Fascist (epithet) Glossary of Fascist Italy Iron law of oligarchy Neo-Fascism Racism Social fascism Palingenetic ultranationalism
Fascism portal Politics portal
v t e

In 1930, Salgado supports the presidential candidacy of Júlio Prestes against Getúlio Vargas.^[1] At that time, during a trip to Europe, he became impressed with Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy.^[1] After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the 1930 Revolution which deposed President Washington Luís, Salgado wrote two articles in Correio Paulistano defending his administration.^[1] Nevertheless, with the victory of the revolutionaries, he began to support the Vargas regime.^[1]

In the newspaper A Razão, founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the constitutionalization of Brazil.^[1] As such, he drew the ire of anti-dictatorship activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the Constitutionalist Revolution.^[1]

At the height of the Vargas dictatorship, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.^[1] Months later, he launched the October Manifesto, which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the Brazilian Integralist Action.^[1]

Salgado adapted virtually all Fascist symbolism – although publicly rejecting racism – such as a paramilitary organization with green-shirted uniformed ranks,^[1] highly regimented street demonstrations, and aggressive rhetoric. The movement was directly financed, in part, by the Italian embassy. The Roman salute was accompanied by the screaming of the Tupi word Anauê, which means "you are my brother", while the Greek letter sigma (Σ) served as the movement's official symbol.^[1] It should be noted that even though Salgado himself was never an anti-semite, many of the party members adopted anti-semitic views.

The Integralist Action drew its support from lower middle class Italian immigrants, a large part of the Portuguese community, lower middle class Brazilians, and military officers, especially in the Navy. As the party grew, Vargas turned to Integralism as his only mobilized base of support on the right-wing, which was elated by his Fascist-style crackdown against the Brazilian left. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the Communist Party – then under the leadership of Luiz Carlos Prestes, as an underground party – mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in street brawls and urban terrorism.

Closing session of the Integralist Congress. Salgado is seated at the center. Blumenau, 1935.

On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.^[1] Aware of Vargas' intention to cancel the election and remain in power, he supported his Estado Novo coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,^[1] once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education.^[2] The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a single-party state.^[1]

On 1939, Integralist militants tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.^[1] Despite denying involvement in the events,^[2] Salgado was arrested after the May uprising – being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro –, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in Portugal.^[1] During that period, he persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the regime, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against Germany and Italy.^[2]

Late career[link]

Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the Estado Novo regime, and then founded the Party of Popular Representation, reformulating the integralist doctrine.^[1] Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under hos new party in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).^[1] Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek, contested by the National Democratic Union, and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.^[2]

Salgado was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958.^[1] He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent the São Paulo state.^[1]

In 1964, he was one of the speakers at the March of Family with God for Freedom rally in São Paulo against President João Goulart.^[1] Salgado supported the 1964 coup d'état which overthrew Goulart, and with the introduction of the two-party system, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms as a member of the Chamber, in 1966 and 1970.^[1] In 1974, he retired from political life.

Plínio Salgado died in the following year, at the age of 80, in São Paulo, where he was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery.

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad} (Portuguese) Plínio Salgado biography at UOL Educação.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} (Portuguese) Plínio Salgado biography at Fundação Getúlio Vargas' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.