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Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Flushing, New York
Flushing, founded in 1645, is a neighborhood in the north central part of the New York City borough of Queens.
Flushing was one of the first Dutch settlements on Long Island. Today, it is one of the largest and most diverse neighborhoods in New York City.[citation needed] Flushing's diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European, and African American ancestry, as well as Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Bukhari Jewish communities. It is part of the Fifth Congressional District, which encompasses the entire northeastern shore of Queens County, and extends into neighboring Nassau County. Flushing is served by five railroad stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, and the New York City Subway Number 7 subway line has its terminus at Main Street. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind only Times Square and Herald Square.
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Flushing, Queens
Flushing, founded in 1645, is a neighborhood in the north central part of the New York City borough of Queens.
Flushing was one of the first Dutch settlements on Long Island. Today, it is one of the largest and most diverse neighborhoods in New York City.[citation needed] Flushing's diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European, and African American ancestry, as well as Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Bukhari Jewish communities. It is part of the Fifth Congressional District, which encompasses the entire northeastern shore of Queens County, and extends into neighboring Nassau County. Flushing is served by five railroad stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, and the New York City Subway Number 7 subway line has its terminus at Main Street. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind only Times Square and Herald Square.
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Harris County, Texas
Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area, which is the fifth largest metro area in the U.S. As of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 4.1 million, making it the most populous county in Texas and the third most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Houston, the largest city in Texas. It was founded in 1836.
Harris County is named for John Richardson Harris, an early settler of the area.
The county was founded on December 22, 1836 as Harrisburg County . The name was changed to Harris County in December 1839.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,778 square miles (4,605.0 km2), of which 1,729 square miles (4,478.1 km2) is land and 49 square miles (126.9 km2) (2.75%) is water. Both its total area and land area are larger than the state of Rhode Island.
See List of Highways in Harris County for more roadways in Harris County.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the county was 4,092,459, White Americans made up 56.6% of Harris County's population; non-Hispanic whites represented 33.0% of the population. Black Americans made up 18.9% of the population. Native Americans made up 0.7% of Harris County's population. Asian Americans made up 6.2% of the population (2.0% Vietnamese, 1.2% Indian, 1.1% Chinese, 0.6% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese, 1.0% Other). Pacific Islander Americans made up just 0.1% of the population. Individuals from other races made up 14.3% of the population; people from two or more races made up 3.2% of the county's population. Hispanics and Latinos (of any race) made up 40.8% of Harris County's population.
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Houston, Texas
Houston (
/ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Kennebunkport, Maine
Kennebunkport is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,720 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.
The town center, the area in and around Dock Square, is located along the Kennebunk River, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the mouth of the river on the Atlantic ocean. Historically a shipbuilding and fishing village, for well over a century the town has been a popular summer colony and seaside tourist destination. The Dock Square area has a district of souvenir shops, art galleries, seafood restaurants, and bed and breakfasts. Cape Porpoise, while retaining its identity as a fishing harbor, has a very small village area with several restaurants, a church, grocery store, coffee shop, small library, and art gallery. Kennebunkport has a reputation as a summer haven for the upper class and is one of the wealthiest communities in the state of Maine.
Kennebunkport and neighboring towns Kennebunk and Arundel comprise school district RSU 21.[citation needed]
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Maine Medical Center
Coordinates: 43°39′12″N 70°16′34″W / 43.65328°N 70.276172°W / 43.65328; -70.276172
Maine Medical Center (commonly abbreviated to MMC or contracted to Maine Med) is a 637 licensed-bed teaching hospital located in Portland, Maine, United States with a staff of over 6,000 people. Founded in 1874, it is the largest hospital in northern New England with 27,000 inpatients, more than 500,000 outpatient visits and over 16,000 surgeries performed annually. MMC is structured as a non-profit, private corporation governed by volunteer trustees.
Maine Medical Center is the largest tertiary care hospital in Northern New England, serving all of Maine and parts of Vermont and New Hampshire. It is a Level One Trauma Center, most recently named by U.S. News & World Report as one of the top hospitals in America for heart care, orthopedics and gynecology, and home to the Barbara Bush Children's Hospital, cited as one of the Top 25 children's hospitals in the country.
Maine Medical Center is a teaching hospital, with an affiliation with the University of Vermont College of Medicine. As a part of its mission, MMC is also a leader in biomedical research, through its Maine Medical Center Research Institute, ongoing clinical trials, and translational research.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Mesa, Arizona
Mesa ( /ˈmɛsə/ MES-ə) is a city in Maricopa County, in the U.S. state of Arizona and is a suburb located about 20 miles (32 km) east of Phoenix. Mesa is in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, and Apache Junction on the east. As of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizona's center of population.
Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 38th-largest city and largest suburb in the US[clarification needed]. Despite being home to 439,041 as of 2010, reported by the Census Bureau, making its population larger than more recognizable cities such as Atlanta, Miami, Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Cleveland, Note that the city of Mesa 132.93 sq mi whereas the cities of Miami (35.68 sq mi), Minneapolis (54.9 sq mi), St. Louis (61.9 sq mi), and Cleveland (77.6 sq mi) are much smaller in terms of land area. If these cities were 133 sq. miles, their populations would be much larger. Minneapolis, for example, would have a population of over 761,000 in 132.9 sq. miles. Mesa is decidedly a bedroom community. Mesa is home to the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in and the county seat of Midland County, Texas, United States, on the Southern Plains of the state's western area. A small portion of the city extends into Martin County. As of 2010, the population of Midland was 111,147. It is the principal city of the Midland, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Midland County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa, Texas Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 274,002 as of July 1, 2010. People in Midland are called Midlanders.
Midland was originally founded as the midway point between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railroad in 1881. The city has received national recognition as the hometown of former First Lady Laura Bush, and the onetime home of former President George H.W. Bush, former President George W. Bush, and former First Lady Barbara Bush.
Midland was originally established in June 1881 as Midway Station, on the Texas and Pacific Railway; it earned its name because of its central location between Fort Worth and El Paso. At times Midland was nicknamed "The Tall City." But because there were already other towns in Texas by the name of Midway, the city changed its name to Midland in January 1884 when it was granted its first Post Office. Midland became the county seat of Midland county in March 1885 when that county was first organized and separated from Tom Green County. By 1890 it had become one of the most important cattle shipping centers in the state. The city was first incorporated in 1906, and by 1910 the city established its first fire department along with a new water system.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Odessa, Texas
Odessa is a city in and the county seat of Ector County, Texas, United States. It is located primarily in Ector County, although a small portion of the city extends into Midland County. Odessa's population was 99,940 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Odessa, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Ector County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa, Texas Combined Statistical Area, which had a population of 266,941 as of July 1, 2009. estimate.
Odessa was founded in 1881 as a water stop and cattle shipping point on the Texas and Pacific Railway. The first post office opened in 1885. Odessa became the county seat of Ector county in 1891 when Ector county was first organized. It became an incorporated city in 1927, after oil was discovered in Ector county on the Connell Ranch southwest of Odessa.
With the opening of the Penn Field in 1929, and the Cowden Field in 1930, oil became a major draw for new residents. In 1925 the population was just 750, by 1929 it had risen to 5,000. Due to increased demand for oil during the second world war the city's population had expanded to 10,000.
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Portland, Maine
Portland is the largest city in Maine and is the county seat of Cumberland County. The 2010 city population was 66,194, growing 3 percent since the census of 2000. With a metro population of over 500,000, the Greater Portland area is home to more than one-third of Maine's total population.
Tourists visit Portland's historic Old Port district along Portland Harbor, at the mouth of the Fore River and part of Casco Bay, and the Arts District, which runs along Congress Street in the center of the city. Portland Head Light is located in nearby Cape Elizabeth and marks the entrance to Portland Harbor.
The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, which aligns with the city's motto, Resurgam, Latin for "I will rise again." The motto refers to Portland's recoveries from four devastating fires. The city of Portland, Oregon was named for Portland, Maine.
Portland Public Schools is the largest school system in Maine, serving approximately 7,000 students.
Native Americans originally named Portland Machigonne. The first European settler was Capt. Christopher Levett, an English naval captain granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England in 1623 to found a settlement in Casco Bay. A member of the Council for New England and agent for Ferdinando Gorges, Levett built a stone house where he left a company of ten men, then returned to England and wrote a book about his voyage to drum up support for the settlement. The settlement failed, and the fate of Levett's colonists is unknown. The explorer sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to meet John Winthrop in 1630, but never returned to Maine. Fort Levett in the harbor is named for him.
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Queens, New York
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City and the largest in area and the second-largest in population. Since 1899, Queens has had the same boundaries as Queens County, which is now the second most populous county in New York State and the fourth-most densely populated county in the United States. Queens, as well as neighboring borough Brooklyn, sits on the west end of geographic Long Island. Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world with a population of over 2.2 million, 46% of whom are foreign-born, representing over 100 different nations and speaking over 138 different languages.
Were each New York City borough an independent city, Queens would be the nation's fourth largest city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens has the second-largest and most diversified economy of all the five boroughs of New York City.Long Island City, on the Queens waterfront across from Manhattan on the East River, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.
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River Oaks, Houston
River Oaks is an affluent community located in the geographic center of Houston, Texas, United States. Located within the 610 Loop and between Downtown and Uptown, the community spans 1,100 acres (450 ha). Established in the 1920s by brothers William and Michael Hogg, the community became a well-publicized national model for community planning. River Oaks is considered to be one of the wealthiest communities in Texas and has one of the wealthiest zip codes in the United States. Real estate values in the community range from $1 to over $20 million. The community is home to River Oaks Country Club, which includes a golf facility designed by architect Donald Ross.
William and Michael Hogg, the sons of former Texas Governor Jim Hogg, and attorney Hugh Potter established River Oaks in the 1920s. Potter obtained an option to purchase 200 acres (81 ha) around the River Oaks Country Club in 1923, and in the following year William Hogg established the Country Club Estates in order to support the development of the community. The two brothers promoted the sale of lots in the subdivision for $2,200 apiece in 1928. The brothers, along with sister Ima Hogg, oversaw the construction of Bayou Bend, a stately southern-style home on the banks of Buffalo Bayou.
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Rye (city), New York
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is separate from the town of Rye, which is larger than the city. Rye city, formerly the village of Rye, was part of the town until 1942, when it received its charter as a city, the most recent to be issued in New York. The population was 15,720 at the 2010 census.
The city is the site of the boyhood home and final resting place of John Jay, a Founding Father and the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Original milestones, fixed in 1763 by Benjamin Franklin along the Boston Post Road during his term as Postmaster General, still mark the 24th, 25th, and 26th miles from New York City. The Square House is also in Rye, where George Washington once stayed for the night. It is now a museum.
Playland, an historic amusement park and designated National Historic Landmark, is located in Rye. Playland features one of the oldest wooden roller coasters in the Northeast, the Dragon Coaster.
Rye is the home of Rye High School, named a Gold Medal school and the 59th best high school in the U.S. according to U.S. News & World Report's 2010 "Best High Schools". Rye also houses Rye Country Day School, a college preparatory school.
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Rye, New York
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is separate from the town of Rye, which is larger than the city. Rye city, formerly the village of Rye, was part of the town until 1942, when it received its charter as a city, the most recent to be issued in New York. The population was 15,720 at the 2010 census.
The city is the site of the boyhood home and final resting place of John Jay, a Founding Father and the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Original milestones, fixed in 1763 by Benjamin Franklin along the Boston Post Road during his term as Postmaster General, still mark the 24th, 25th, and 26th miles from New York City. The Square House is also in Rye, where George Washington once stayed for the night. It is now a museum.
Playland, an historic amusement park and designated National Historic Landmark, is located in Rye. Playland features one of the oldest wooden roller coasters in the Northeast, the Dragon Coaster.
Rye is the home of Rye High School, named a Gold Medal school and the 59th best high school in the U.S. according to U.S. News & World Report's 2010 "Best High Schools". Rye also houses Rye Country Day School, a college preparatory school.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Yale University
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
Incorporated as the "Collegiate School," the institution traces its roots to 17th-century clergymen who sought to establish a college to train clergy and political leaders for the colony. In 1718, the College was renamed "Yale College" to honor a gift from Elihu Yale, a governor of the British East India Company. In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U.S. school to award the PhD. Yale became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. Yale College was transformed, beginning in the 1930s, through the establishment of residential colleges: 12 now exist and two more are planned. Yale employs over 1,100 faculty to teach and advise about 5,300 undergraduate and 6,100 graduate and professional students. Almost all tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
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Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams (née Smith; November 22 [O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.
Adams is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.
Abigail Adams was born in the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to the Reverend William Smith and Elizabeth (née Quincy) Smith. On her mother's side she was descended from the Quincy family, a well-known political family in the Massachusetts colony. Through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts.
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Abigail Fillmore
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York, 1798, in Saratoga County, New York. She was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers, Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm. Her father died shortly after her birth. Her mother moved the family westward, thinking her scanty funds would go further in a less settled region, and ably educated her small son and daughter beyond the usual frontier level with the help of her husband's library.
In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, where her oldest pupil was 19-year-old Millard Fillmore. The world of knowledge and Fillmore's steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment.
After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5, 1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the bride's brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York. Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husband's love of books and helped build their personal library.
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Amanda Dunbar
Amanda Dunbar (born 1982) is a Texas-based artist who gained notoriety at an early age for her oil painting skills. Amanda Dunbar began painting in an after school art class at the age of 13. Her spontaneous and advanced works acquired significant interest immediately. Amanda is currently listed as a prodigy of the visual arts in the current textbooks for advanced university education entitled “Child Psychology” by John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Amanda Dunbar is an altruistic young living American artist who has gained notoriety for her art and philanthropy at a very young age. Amanda Dunbar began painting spontaneously at the age of 13 and began her professional career as an artist with a solo exhibit in Dallas at the age of 16. Of the 68 paintings on display, most sold on the opening night with sales totaling over $500,000.00. The success of her showing prompted national media attention and she has been profiled since in numerous magazines and print media including (but not limited to) People Magazine, Southern Living and ArtNews. She has appeared on numerous high profileTV shows as well including Oprah (twice). Dunbar publicly credits the talk show host for inspiring her business model and philanthropic goals particularly after she took over control of her studio art business from what she considered bad management at the age of 18. Amanda Dunbar is the Founder and CEO of Dunbar Studios in Dallas Texas, a multimillion dollar privately owned company that is supported by several members of her family. She is also the lead designer for the Precious Rebels line of art guitars that launched with Neiman Marcus and Art Basel Miami in 2008. Her art guitars from the collection are among the most expensive guitars in the world. The artist admits that the collection is named as a subtle tribute to Oprah Winfrey, whom the artist states is “the most precious rebel on earth” and remains a significant influence to the artist’s life today.
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Ann Gerry
Ann Thompson Gerry ( /ˈɡɛri/; August 12, 1763 – March 17, 1849) was the wife of Vice-President Elbridge Gerry. She is regarded as the second Second Lady of the United States following Abigail Adams because Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and George Clinton were widowers during their tenures as Vice-President.
The daughter of a wealthy New York merchant, Thompson married Gerry in 1786. Mrs. Gerry gave birth ten times between 1787 and 1801, which caused her many health problems .
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Ann Richards
Dorothy Ann Willis Richards (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician from Texas. She first came to national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second female governor of Texas, and the 39th Democratic governor to serve.
Dorothy Ann Willis was born in Lakeview (now part of Lacy-Lakeview), McLennan County, the only child of Robert Cecil Willis and Mildred Iona Warren. She grew up in Waco, participated in Girls State, and graduated from Waco High School in 1950. She attended Baylor University on a debate scholarship and earned a bachelor's degree. After marrying high school sweetheart David "Dave" Richards, she moved to Austin, where she earned a teaching certificate from the University of Texas. David and Ann Richards had four children named Cecile, Daniel, Clark, and Ellen.
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Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (July 25, 1775 - February 25, 1864), wife of President William Henry Harrison and grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison, was nominally First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841, but she never entered the White House.
Anna was born at her father's estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey (present day Wheatsheaf Farms subdivision off Sussex Avenue in Morris Township, New Jersey ) on July 25, 1775 to Judge John Cleves Symmes and Anna Tuthill Symmes of Long Island. Her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. When her mother died in 1776 her father disguised himself as a British soldier to carry her on horseback through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island, who cared for her during the war. Her father was also a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and the Chairman of the Sussex County Committee of Safety.
She grew up in Long Island, receiving an unusually broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the private school of Isabella Graham in New York City.
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Anna Morton
Anna Livingston Reade Street Morton (May 18, 1846—August 14, 1918) was the second wife of United States Vice President Levi P. Morton. She was known as Anna Street Morton.
Anna married Morton in 1873, and they had five daughters together. She was Second Lady of the United States from 1889 to 1893 and often handled entertaining duties for the administration due to First Lady Caroline Harrison's illness and ultimate death. During this time, Mrs. Morton "became the leader of society in Washington, and there was never a more brilliant and popular leader than she. It was her innate graciousness, her innate tact, and her kindness of heart . . . which won her admiration and respect of all". She later was First Lady of New York from 1895 to 1897.
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Anne Armstrong
Anne Legendre Armstrong (December 27, 1927 – July 30, 2008) was a United States diplomat and politician, and the first female Counselor to the President; she served in that capacity under both the Ford and Nixon administrations. She was also the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and graduated from Vassar College in 1949. In 1950, she married Tobin Armstrong and moved to Kenedy County, Texas. From 1966 to 1968, she was the vice chairman of the Texas Republican Party. From 1971 to 1973 she was Co-chairman of the Republican National Committee, and she was the keynote speaker at the 1972 Republican National Convention. (She was the first woman from either major party to keynote at a national convention). In 1973, a young Karl Rove, then on his way to becoming the chairman of the College Republicans, suggested in a memorandum to Armstrong that the Republican Party show nonpolitical films (such as John Wayne movies and Reefer Madness) at College Republican clubs as part of a strategy to raise support for the party among students and for fundraising.
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Annette Strauss
Annette Strauss (January 26, 1924 – December 14, 1998) was a philanthropist and a former mayor of Dallas. The Annette Strauss Artist Square in the Arts District of downtown Dallas, Texas is named in honor of her. She was the second female mayor and the second Jewish mayor of Dallas (Adlene Harrison was first; Laura Miller was the third).
Born in Houston, Texas, Annette Strauss graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1944. She moved to New York City where she received master's degrees in sociology and psychology from Columbia University. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She worked as a Red Cross social worker in Houston for a year until she married Ted Strauss, Sr. Managing Director of Bear Stearns, in 1946 and moved to Dallas in 1947.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Strauss worked tirelessly as a fundraiser for various charities and organizations and also as a volunteer for a number of other organizations. She worked on behalf of the Dallas Symphony, the Crystal Charity Ball, Southern Methodist University, the United Way of America, the United Jewish Appeal, the Dallas Black Dance Theatre, Baylor University Medical Center and many other groups. Her efforts helped to raise millions for the arts in Dallas. Strauss was also one of the founding members of the Volunteer Center of North Texas.
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Barbara Jordan
Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American politician and a leader of the Civil Rights movement. She was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction and the first southern black female elected to the United States House of Representatives. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous other honors. On her death she became the first African-American woman to be buried in the Texas State Cemetery.
Barbara Jordan was born in Houston, Texas' Fifth Ward. Her parents were Benjamin Jordan, a Baptist minister; and Arlyne Jordan, a "domestic worker". Barbara attended Roberson Elementary School. She graduated from Phillis Wheatley High School in 1952 as an honor student.
Because of segregation, she did not attend The University of Texas at Austin and instead chose Texas Southern University, majoring in political science and history. Barbara was a national champion debater, defeating her opponents from such schools as Yale and Brown and tying Harvard University. She graduated magna cum laude in 1956. At Texas Southern University, she pledged Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She attended Boston University School of Law, graduating in 1959.
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Barbara Pierce Bush
Barbara Pierce Welch Bush (born November 25, 1981) is the elder of the sororal twin daughters (the other is Jenna Hager, née Bush) of the 43rd U.S. President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush, and the granddaughter of the 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and his wife Barbara Bush, after whom she was named. She is also a fourth cousin six times removed of the 14th U.S. President Franklin Pierce.
Barbara Pierce Bush was born at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. When the family lived in the Preston Hollow section of Dallas, she and her twin sister, Jenna, attended Preston Hollow Elementary School; Laura Bush served on Preston Hollow's Parent Teachers Association at that time. Later, she and Jenna attended The Hockaday School in Dallas. When her father became Governor of Texas in 1994, Barbara attended St. Andrew's Episcopal School in Austin, Texas. In 1996, Barbara began attending Austin High School, graduating with the class of 2000.
She attended Yale University where she was a legacy member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority (her mother, former First Lady Laura Bush, and her twin sister Jenna are also members of Kappa Alpha Theta).
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Barney (dog)
Barney (birth name Bernard), born September 30, 2000, in New Jersey, United States, who was often referred to as the "First Dog", is a Scottish Terrier owned by former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. Barney had his own official web page which redirected to an extension of the White House website.
Barney's mother, Coors, is owned by former Environmental Protection Agency Director and former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman. The dog's father is known as Kelly. Miss Beazley, the Bushes' other Scottish terrier, is Barney's niece through his half-brother, Clinton.
Barney is said to enjoy playing with volley and golf balls, and enjoyed observing games of horseshoes. There are various web sites across the Internet devoted to Barney. Most notably, he was the main star of the White House's annual Christmas videos during the Bush administration.
Barney was featured in several films that go by the name of Barneycam and are made by the White House Staff, and star both Barney himself and Miss Beazley, the other presidential canine. These movies can be found on the White House web site.
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Bess Truman
Bess Truman (née Elizabeth Virginia Wallace) (February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
She had known her future husband since they attended the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy big social events, and was relieved to quit Washington. Dying at 97, she remains the longest-lived First Lady.
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace was born to David Willock Wallace (1860–1903) and his wife, the former Margaret Elizabeth Gates (1862–1952), in Independence, Missouri, and was known as Bessie during her childhood. She was the eldest of four; three brothers: Frank Gates Wallace, (4 March 1887 - 12 August 1960), George Porterfield Wallace, (1 May 1892 - 24 May 1963), David Frederick Wallace, (7 January 1900 - 30 September 1957).
Harry Truman, whose family moved to town in 1890, always kept his first impression of when he saw her at Sunday school: "Golden curls" and "the most beautiful blue eyes." A relative said, "there never was but one girl in the world" for him. They attended the same schools from fifth grade through high school.
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Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as Betty Ford, was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.
Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy and was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Pro-choice on abortion and a leader in the Women's Movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the ERA, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism in the 1970s.
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Billy Bush
William Hall "Billy" Bush (born October 13, 1971) is an American radio and television host. He hosts The Billy Bush Show, a nationally-syndicated radio show that airs throughout the U.S. on Westwood One. Bush is also the primary host of Access Hollywood, a syndicated entertainment-news show. He is also ambassador for Operation Smile.
Born William Hall Bush, he is the son of Josephine (née Bradley) and Jonathan Bush. His father is the younger brother of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush, making Billy the nephew of George H. W. Bush and cousin of the 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush. Bush attended St. George's School in Rhode Island, and in 1994 he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in International Studies and Government from Colby College in Waterville, Maine, where he was also a two-time captain of the college's men's lacrosse team.
He resides in Los Angeles with his wife, Sydney Davis, whom he married on April 4, 1998, and their three children: Josephine, Mary, and Lillie.
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Caro Dawes
Caro Dana Dawes, née Blymyer (January 6, 1866 – October 3, 1957), was the wife of Vice-President Charles Dawes, who served from 1925 to 1929. Therefore, she was the Second Lady of the United States during that period.
Caro Blymyer married Charles Dawes in 1889. They had two children and adopted two more. After the death of their son Rufus in 1912, the Daweses retreated from social life and instead devoted much of their energies to charity work.
While serving as Second Lady, Dawes disappointed the social elite of Washington, DC because she declined many social invitations. Nonetheless, it was observed that her "manner was sweet and gentle, her conversation cultured, and her dignity unimpeachable."
Dawes died in 1957, and is buried along with her husband in Rosehill Cemetery.
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Caroline Harrison
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892), wife of Benjamin Harrison, was first lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.
Caroline Scott was born in Oxford, Ohio, the second daughter of the Reverend Dr. John Witherspoon Scott, a Presbyterian minister and professor of science and math at Miami University, and Mary Potts Neal. Although the family was not well-off, Caroline's father made sure that his children were well-educated. Wherever they lived, he always filled the house with books, art, and music. Religion, too, played a large part in his and the family's life.
In 1845, Dr. Scott, along with several other professors, were fired from their positions after a dispute with the university president, George Junkin, over slavery; Scott opposed it, Junkin supported it. After his dismissal, the entire family moved to College Hill, near Cincinnati, where Scott had accepted a job teaching chemistry and physics at Farmer's College. It was in Cincinnati that young Caroline met one of her father's students and her future husband, Benjamin Harrison. The two began a courtship that would last nearly a decade before their marriage in 1853.
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Columba Bush
Columba Bush (born August 17, 1953) is a Mexican-born American philanthropist. She is the wife of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush.
Bush was born as Columba Garnica Gallo in León, Guanajuato, Mexico, where she grew up and attended high school. Her parents were José María Garnica, a migrant worker, and Josefina Gallo. She met Jeb Bush in 1971 in León, where he was teaching English as part of a foreign exchange program. They were married on February 23, 1974, in Austin, Texas. The couple have three children: George P. Bush, Noelle Bush, and Jeb Bush, Jr.
Bush's relationship with her mother was the subject of a brief profile in the book Mamá: Latina Daughters Celebrate Their Mothers by María Pérez-Brown (ISBN 0-06-008386-7). Her parents divorced in 1963.
Bush has been active in promoting the arts. In 1999 she worked with Arts for a Complete Education/Florida Alliance for Arts Education (ACE/FAAE) to develop Arts for Life!, a program devoted to increasing the importance of art in the education system. She has also used her experience with her family's substance abuse issues to aid treatment and prevention programs such as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). She has served as co-chair of the NIAAA initiative, Leadership to Keep Children Alcohol Free, and has served on the board of the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
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David Davis Walker
David Davis "D.D." Walker (19 January 1840 - 4 October 1918), a St. Louis dry goods wholesaler, founded Ely & Walker, which remains a clothing brand to this day. Walker was a first cousin of Senator and Supreme Court Justice David Davis. Through his son George Herbert Walker, he was the great-grandfather of President George H. W. Bush and great-great-grandfather of President George W. Bush.
Walker was the son of George E. Walker (1797 – 1864) and Harriet Mercer (1802 -1869). He was born and reared on his parents' farm near Bloomington, Illinois. At age fourteen, he was sent to the Beloit Preparatory Academy, part of Beloit College in Wisconsin. In 1857, he went to St. Louis for business training with the merchandiser Crow, McCreery & Co., then the largest wholesale dry goods house in the city. He worked his way up from office boy, and became a partner after just eight years with the firm. He became ill as a result of his workaholic habits, quitting in 1878, and spent the next two years recovering. In 1880 he went back to work, forming Ely, Walker & Co. with Frank Ely and others. The business was a huge success, and in 1883 it was incorporated as the Ely & Walker Dry Goods Company. He remained President of the company until 1892, and thereafter retained the largest interest in the firm. His sons David Davis, Jr., Joseph Sidney and George Herbert all had involvement with the Ely & Walker firm, which continued as a major clothing manufacturer until it was acquired by Burlington Industries after World War II, but George went into banking.
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David Lauren
David Lauren (born October 1971) is the younger son of clothing designer, Ralph Lauren. His siblings are Dylan and Andrew Lauren.
David Lauren was born in 1971, the son of Ricky Anne (née Low-Beer) and fashion designer and executive Ralph Lauren. The second of three children, Lauren has an older brother, Andrew Lauren, and a younger sister, Dylan Lauren. His paternal grandparents were Belarus-born Jewish immigrants, and his maternal grandparents were from Austria. Lauren attended Duke University, where he studied Political Science. At Duke, he founded Swing, a general interest lifetstyle publication for Generation X, where he served as President and Editor-In-Chief; Swing was eventually published by international conglomerate Hachette Filipacchi Médias, the world's largest magazine publisher.
Lauren is currently Senior Vice President, Advertising, Marketing and Corporate Communications at Polo Ralph Lauren, a position he has held since October 2001. In his role at Polo Ralph Lauren, Lauren is responsible for the global advertising and marketing campaigns for the company for 28 brands, overseeing over 200 advertising campaigns a year, as well as the company's corporate and fashion communications and strategic marketing partnerships.
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Denis Thatcher
Major Sir Denis Thatcher, 1st Baronet, MBE, TD (10 May 1915 – 26 June 2003) was a British businessman, and the husband of the former British Prime Minister, Margaret Hilda Thatcher. He was born in Lewisham, London, the elder child of a New Zealand-born British businessman, Thomas Herbert (Jack) Thatcher, and his wife (Lilian) Kathleen, née Bird.[citation needed] He is the most recent person outside the Royal Family to be awarded a hereditary title.
At the age of eight he entered a preparatory school as a boarder in Bognor Regis, following which he attended the nonconformist public school, Mill Hill. At school he excelled at cricket, being a left-handed batsman. Thatcher left Mill Hill at the age of 18 to join the family paint and preservatives business, Atlas Preservatives. He enlisted in the army shortly after the Munich crisis, as he was convinced war was imminent. This was reinforced by a visit he made to Germany with his father's business in 1938.
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Dolley Madison
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the spouse of the fourth President of the United States, James Madison, and was First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was notable for her social gifts and helped define the role of the First Lady. Her success as a hostess contributed to increasing the popularity of Madison as president.
During the previous administration of Thomas Jefferson, a widower and their friend, she occasionally acted as First Lady for him to fulfill the ceremonial functions more usually associated with the President's wife. She also aided in the completion and furnishing the interior of the newly constructed White House.
In the past, biographers and others stated that her given name was Dorothea after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolly was a nickname. But, her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as Dolley, and her will of 1841 states "I, Dolly P. Madison". Based on manuscript evidence and the scholarship of recent biographers, Dollie, spelled with an "i", appears to have been her given name at birth. Spelling was more variable in those years. Historians have settled on using Dolley as the spelling of her given name.
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Donna Lopiano
Dr. Donna Lopiano (born September 11, 1946) is the President and founder of Sports Management Resources, a consulting firm that focuses on bringing the knowledge of experienced, expert former athletics directors to assist scholastic and collegiate athletics departments in solving growth and development challenges.
Lopiano was the Chief Executive Officer of the Women's Sports Foundation from 1992–2007 and was recently named one of "The 10 Most Powerful Women in Sports" by Fox Sports. The Sporting News has also listed her as one of "The 100 Most Influential People in Sports." She received her bachelor's degree from Southern Connecticut State University and her master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Southern California. She has been a college coach of men's and women's volleyball, women's basketball and softball.
As an athlete, she participated in 26 national championships in four sports and was a nine-time All-American at four different positions in softball, a sport in which she played on six national championship teams including the Connecticut Brakettes. She is a member of the National Sports Hall of Fame, the National Softball Hall of Fame and the Texas Women's Hall of Fame, among others. In 2003, she was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.
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Dorothy Bush Koch
Dorothy Walker Bush Koch, often called "Doro", (born August 18, 1959), is the daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush, and the youngest sibling of George W. Bush, the 43rd President. Her other four siblings are Jeb Bush, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Robin Bush, who died of leukemia in 1953.
Bush Koch was born in Harris County, Texas. Since she was a child, Dorothy has spent summers and holidays at the Bush compound, a sprawling estate in Kennebunkport, Maine. In 1975, during a visit to Beijing, Dorothy became the first person publicly baptized in the People's Republic of China since its government began discouraging foreign religious practices in 1949.
Dorothy attended Miss Porter's School and earned a B.A. in sociology from Boston College in 1982.
She has two children, Sam and Ellie, by her first husband, William LeBlond, whom she married in 1982 and divorced in 1990, and two children, Robert and Gigi, by her second husband, Robert P. Koch, whom she married in June 1992 at Camp David. Robert P. Koch was an aide to House Democratic leader Richard Gephardt, and is a lobbyist and president of the Wine Institute. He has a substantial equity interest in Central European Distribution Corp., the company that manufactures and distributes vodka in Poland.
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Dorothy Walker Bush
Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (July 1, 1901 – November 19, 1992), mother to 41st President of the United States, George H. W. Bush, and the grandmother of 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush.Time on her death wrote that "George (H.W.) Bush was shaped and tempered by his mother's nature." Dorothy Bush raised her five children in a strongly religious home. During her childhood she attended church as many as three times each Sunday.
She was born near Walker's Point, in York County, Maine, to George Herbert Walker and Lucretia "Loulie" (Wear) Walker (1874–1961).
Walker attended Miss Porter's School and married Prescott Sheldon Bush on August 6, 1921, in Kennebunkport, Maine. They had five children: Prescott "Pressy" Bush, Jr. (1922–2010), George H. W. Bush (1924; (named after Dorothy's father, George Herbert Walker), Nancy Bush (1926), Jonathan Bush (1931), and William "Bucky" Bush (1938).
Lucretia Wear was descended from French Huguenots (Gabriel and Marie Hersent Maupin) who arrived in America in 1700.
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Ebby Halliday
Ebby Halliday (born March 9, 1911) is an American realtor and businesswoman who founded Ebby Halliday Realtors, which now sells more homes than any other broker in Texas, was the 11th-biggest in the country in 2007, according to a new report from RealTrends Inc.
She is one of the first successful female entrepreneurs in Dallas. Halliday, as a centenarian, still drives herself to work every day. As chairman of the board of her company, she continues to be active in its management.
Halliday graduated from high school in Abilene, Kansas in 1929. Even though the Great Depression was burying the financial well-being of millions, she got a $10-a-week job selling women’s hats at The Jones Store in Kansas City. In less than a year, she was the top salesperson. In 1938, she was asked to take over the millinery department at Dallas’ W.A. Green Store. Soon she had her own Dallas boutique, Ebby’s Hats.
One day in 1945, Clint Murchison Sr. stopped by her store to see her. “Ebby, I’ve built a bunch of houses out of concrete. Everyone says they’re ugly. Must be, I haven’t sold a one. I figure if you can sell my wife some of those awful hats she comes home with, selling my concrete houses will be a piece of cake for you.”
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Edith Roosevelt
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt and served as First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909.
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, the daughter of Charles Carow (1825–1883), a merchant, and the former Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler (1836–1895) and a granddaughter of Daniel Tyler who was a general in the American Civil War, Edith grew up next door to Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt in New York and was best friends with his younger sister Corinne. She was T.R.'s first real playmate outside his immediate family.
She and her sister Emily Tyler Carow (1865–1939) were brought up in an environment of comfort and tradition. An infant brother, Kermit (b. February 1860; d. August 1860) died one year before her birth.
At Miss Comstock's school, Edith acquired the proper finishing touch for a young lady of that era. A quiet girl who loved books, she was often T.R.'s companion for summer outings at Oyster Bay, Long Island; but this ended when he entered Harvard College. Although she attended his wedding to Alice Hathaway Lee in 1880, their lives ran separately until 1885.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
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Eliza Hendricks
Eliza C. Morgan Hendricks (November 23, 1823 — November 3, 1903) was the wife of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks who was in office for the first eight months of the first administration of Grover Cleveland until his death on November 25, 1885. They were married on September 26, 1845 after a two year courtship and had one son Morgan who died at age three.
Mrs. Hendricks was described as "generous, wise and discreet".
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Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, who held the office for two terms.
Born in New York in 1768, Elizabeth was the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, an officer in the British army who had made a fortune privateering during the French and Indian War, and Hannah Aspinwall. She acquired social grace and elegance at an early age. A gown in the collection of the James Monroe Museum indicates she was a petite woman, not taller than 5 feet. She first caught Monroe's attention in 1785 while he was in New York serving as a member of the Continental Congress. James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the newlyweds returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned.Their first child, Eliza, was born in late 1786 or early 1787 in Virginia.
In 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. In Paris, as wife of the American Minister during the Reign of Terror, she helped secure the release of Madame La Fayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette when she learned of her imprisonment and threatened death by guillotine. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris, after he was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI. While in France, the Monroes' daughter Eliza became friends with Hortense de Beauharnais, step-daughter of Napoleon, and both girls received their education in the school of Madame Jeanne Campan, who had been an advisor on court etiquette to Marie Antoinette. This association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes.
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Ellen Axson Wilson
Ellen Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.
Born Ellen Louise Axson in Savannah, Georgia, the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson, Ellen was a lady of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music and literature.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw her when he was about three and she was only a baby. In April 1883, Woodrow visited his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia and met Ellen again—she was now keeping house for her widowed father. He thought, "what splendid laughing eyes!"[citation needed]. They were engaged five months later but postponed the wedding, while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father.
Wilson, aged 28, married Ellen, aged 25, on June 24, 1885, at the home of the bride's paternal grandfather in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.
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Ellen Burstyn
Ellen Burstyn (born December 7, 1932) is an American actress. Her career began in theatre during the late 1950s, and over the next decade included several films and television series.
Burstyn's performance in the acclaimed 1971 ensemble drama The Last Picture Show brought her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination, after which she moved from supporting to leading film and stage roles. Burstyn received a second Academy Award nomination for her lead performance in The Exorcist (1973), and won the Academy Award for Best Actress the following year for her work in Martin Scorsese's Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore. In 1975, she won the Tony Award for her lead performance in the Broadway production of Same Time, Next Year, and received a Golden Globe Award and a fourth Academy Award nomination for her performance in the 1978 film version of the play. Burstyn has worked consistently in film, television and theatre since, receiving multiple awards and nominations along the way, including an Emmy Award and two more Academy Award nominations for her performances in the films Resurrection (1980) and Requiem for a Dream (2000).
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Ellen Maria Colfax
Ellen Maria Wade Colfax (1836–1911) was the second wife of Schuyler Colfax, who became the first House Speaker to be elected Vice President when he ran on a ticket headed by Ulysses S. Grant in 1868.
On November 18, 1868, just two weeks after the election, Ellen Maria Wade married the man who had defeated her uncle, Senator Benjamin Franklin Wade of Ohio, in the race for the vice presidential nomination. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III, in April 1870.
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Ellen Vitetta
Ellen Vitetta is the director of the Cancer Immunobiology Center at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
Vitetta is an immunologist who does translational (“bench to bedside”) research. She and her colleagues first described IgD on the surface of murine B cells and she was the co-discoverer of Interleukin-4. Her group demonstrated that IL-4 was a “switch” factor for Ig on B cells. Over the past two decades, she has developed antibody-based “biological missiles” to destroy cancer cells and cells infected with HIV. These novel therapeutics have been evaluated in tissue culture, in animals and, since 1988, in over 300 humans. In 2001, Dr. Vitetta developed a vaccine against ricin, which has been evaluated in the first clinical trial of such a vaccine.
Vitetta is Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Director of the Cancer Immunobiology Center, and holder of both the Sheryle Simmons Patigian Distinguished Chair in Cancer Immunobiology and a Distinguished Teaching Chair at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. She has published close to 500 papers, edited several books, and is a co-inventor on 12 issued patents. She is one of the top 100 most cited biomedical scientists in the world.
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Elsa Murano
Elsa Alina Murano (born August 14, 1959 in Havana, Cuba) was the 23rd President of Texas A&M University. On June 14, 2009, Murano resigned as president of the university, effective June 15, 2009.
Prior to being elected president in 2008, she served as the vice chancellor and dean of Texas A&M's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences from 2005–07 and as the U.S. Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety from 2001–04. In 2006 she joined the Board of Directors at Hormel Foods, where her 2010 compensation was $192,920.
Murano was born as Elsa Casales in Havana, Cuba in 1959. She fled Cuba with her family in July 1961, when her parents decided to leave during Fidel Castro's communist uprising. The family fled to Curaçao, and then moved to Colombia, where her father worked for IBM. She later lived in Peru and then El Salvador before moving to Puerto Rico to start kindergarten. Once her parents divorced, she moved with her mother and three siblings into an apartment in Miami, Florida in 1973. Although Murano spoke no English upon her arrival, she enrolled at Miami Coral Park High School. Her mother, who worked as a security guard and a department store clerk, urged the children to graduate high school and attend college. In 1977, Murano graduated from high school, and enrolled at Miami Dade College, a nearby junior college. After two years at Miami-Dade, she transferred to Florida International University, relying on loans and scholarships to handle tuition costs. She received her bachelor's degree in biological sciences from FIU in 1981. Though she planned on attending medical school, she was more interested in research, and decided to expand her educational background. She attended Virginia Tech to receive her master's degree in anaerobic microbiology in 1987, and then her doctorate in food science and technology in 1990.
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Emily Donelson
Emily Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States. Born on June 1st, 1908, her father was John Donelson the brother of her aunt, Rachel Donelson. Emily married her cousin, A.J Donelson on September 16, 1824. After her aunt's divorce with Lewis Robards in 1773 and marriage with military fighter, Andrew Jackson on 1741. Her big problem with not creating a legal divorce, having to separate from Jackson, legally divorced Mr. Robards, and remarried Jackson on 1794. At that point the problem was solved, but during the election of 1828, Republicans and supporters to John Quincy Adams found out the whole thing, and blamed Rachel for a bigamist. Even after Emily's uncle won election, 3 weeks later Rachel died of a deadly heart attack. Emily proudly served as hostess until the Peggy Eaton Affair took place, Emily meanly insulted the scandal's subject, Peggy Eaton, the whole thing leaded to Emily quitting job of hostess, so Ms. Donelson was replaced by Sarah Yorke Jackson. Suffering with tuberculosis during working as hostess, she stayed at her mothers house until Emily's died on December 19, 1836 of her tuberculosis.
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Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding (previously DeWolfe; August 15, 1860, Marion, Ohio – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
She married the somewhat-younger Harding when he was a newspaper publisher in Ohio, and she was acknowledged as the brains behind the business. Known as The Duchess, she adapted well to the White House, where she gave notably elegant parties.
She was born Florence Kling, the daughter of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion, Ohio banker, and Louisa Bouton Kling.
Pregnant at age 19, Florence eloped with Henry "Pete" Athenton DeWolfe, her childhood friend and neighbor, in 1880. To date, scholastic researchers have been unable to locate official documentation or a legal marriage license for the couple, leading to the belief that DeWolfe and Harding were never civilly married, but instead declared common law marriage as allowed at the time in Ohio. DeWolfe proved a spendthrift and a heavy drinker. Shortly after the birth of their son Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (also known as Marshall Eugene Kling) in 1880, Florence left her husband and returned to Marion. She divorced DeWolfe in 1886 and resumed her maiden name; he died in 1894 at age 35.
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Floride Calhoun
Floride Bonneau Calhoun (February 15, 1792 – July 25, 1866) was the wife of prominent U.S. politician John C. Calhoun.
She was born Floride Bonneau Colhoun to U.S. Senator John E. Colhoun and Floride Bonneau. She was a niece of Rebecca Colhoun Pickens, wife of Andrew Pickens. On January 8, 1811, she married John C. Calhoun, her first-cousin-once-removed (her father's first cousin). Soon after their marriage, her husband was elected to Congress, leaving his wife in charge of his plantation, "Fort Hill," in present-day Clemson, South Carolina. Within the next eighteen years, she gave birth to ten children, including five sons and five daughters, although three daughters died in infancy.
In 1817, she accompanied her husband to Washington upon his appointment as Secretary of War.
Eight years later, she became Second Lady of the United States, with her husband's election as Vice President, serving in that role from 1825 to 1832.
During her tenure as Second Lady, she became embroiled in a social scandal involving Margaret O'Neill Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John Eaton, in what became known as the Petticoat affair. Calhoun had organized a coalition among the wives of Jackson cabinet members against Peggy Eaton, who Calhoun believed had committed adultery with Eaton while still married to her first husband John B. Timberlake. The affair allegedly drove Timberlake to suicide after he discovered the affair. The coalition resulted in the resignation of Jackson's Cabinet, except Postmaster General William T. Barry. The social ostracism of Mrs. Eaton by Mrs. Calhoun further damaged already-strained relations between Vice President Calhoun and President Andrew Jackson.
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Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only President from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general in the Army. His private law practice in his home state, New Hampshire, was so successful that he was offered several important positions, which he turned down. Later, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. King won by a landslide in the Electoral College. They defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham by a 50 percent to 44 percent margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote.
He made many friends, but he suffered tragedy in his personal life; all of his children died when young. As president, he made many divisive decisions which were widely criticized and earned him a reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Pierce's popularity in the Northern states declined sharply after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which replaced the Missouri Compromise and renewed debate over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto. The historian David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas-Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration.... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism."[citation needed] More importantly, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular sovereignty" as political doctrines.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
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George P. Bush
George Prescott Garnica Bush (born April 24, 1976) is an attorney, U.S. Navy Reserve officer and real estate developer. He is the eldest son of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, the nephew of former President George W. Bush, and the namesake grandson of former President George H. W. Bush. George Prescott is also named for his great-grandfather, Senator Prescott Bush.
Bush's mother, Columba Garnica Gallo, is a naturalized citizen of the U.S. originally from Mexico. Bush attended Gulliver Preparatory School in Miami and was a classmate to popular musical artist Enrique Iglesias. Bush earned an undergraduate degree from Rice University in 1998 and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 2003.
Like his grandfather and uncle (both at Yale), Bush was a freshman walk-on to the baseball team at Rice University, but abandoned the game by his sophomore year. Bush played quarterback for the Jones College intramural football team. He was also featured in People Magazine's top 100 Bachelors in 2000.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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Gerald R. Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
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Geraldine Ferraro
Geraldine Anne Ferraro (August 26, 1935 – March 26, 2011) was an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and a member of the United States House of Representatives. She was the first female Vice Presidential candidate representing a major American political party.
Ferraro grew up in New York City and became a teacher and lawyer. She joined the Queens County District Attorney's Office in 1974, where she headed the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. She was elected to the House in 1978, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans. In 1984, former Vice President and presidential candidate Walter Mondale selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. In doing so she became the only Italian American to be a major-party national nominee in addition to being the first woman. The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined faded as questions about her and her husband's finances arose. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush.
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Glenna Goodacre
Glenna Maxey Goodacre (born 1939 in Lubbock, Texas) is a sculptor well known for having designed the obverse of the Sacagawea dollar that entered circulation in the United States in 2000. She also designed the Vietnam Women's Memorial located in Washington, D.C., of which there is a smaller replica at Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire, New Mexico. Her daughter is world-famous 1980s supermodel Jill Goodacre.
Goodacre's father, Homer Glen Maxey, who died in July 1990, was a prominent Lubbock builder, developer and civic leader. A graduate of Texas Tech University in 1931, he was the first president of the Red Raiders Club. He served on the Lubbock City Council from 1956 to 1960. A 100-acre (0.40 km2) city park bears the name of Homer Maxey's father, James Barney Maxey (1881–1953), who was hence Glenna Goodacre's paternal grandfather. James Maxey was also a prodigious builder and civic leader in Lubbock and the South Plains.
Goodacre's art appears in public, private, municipal and museum collections throughout the U.S. Her bronze sculptures feature lively expression and texture. Goodacre graduated from Monterey High School in Lubbock. She then completed studies at Colorado College and classes at the Art Students League in New York. She became a successful Texas painter, but for the last thirty years she has concentrated mainly on sculpture. She has simultaneously been an active wife, mother, and grandmother.
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Grace Coolidge
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
She contributed greatly to her husband's rise to office, balancing his natural shyness with her own outgoing style, though he never discussed politics with her. She proved an exceptionally popular White House hostess.
Born in Burlington, Vermont, the only child of Andrew Issaclar Goodhue (1848–1923), a mechanical engineer and steamboat inspector, and Lemira Barrett Goodhue (1849–1929), Grace graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902, where she was a founding member of the Beta chapter of Pi Beta Phi sorority. She then joined the faculty of the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a lip reading instructor.
While watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat. She burst out laughing at the sight; he heard the noise and turned to look at her. It was their first meeting. After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other.
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Happy Rockefeller
Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller (born June 9, 1926), known as Happy Rockefeller, is the widow of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979), who was the 41st Vice President of the United States of America and a Governor of New York. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1974–1977.
A daughter of Margaretta Large Harrison and her first husband, William Wonderly Fitler, Jr., an heir to a cordage fortune, Rockefeller is known by her nickname, "Happy", given to her for her childhood disposition. She is a great-great-granddaughter of Union general George Gordon Meade, the commander at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Her first husband, from December 11, 1945 until their divorce on April 1, 1963, was Dr. James Slater Murphy, a virologist associated with Rockefeller Institute who was a close friend of Nelson Rockefeller. They had four children: James B. Murphy 2nd, Margaretta Harrison Murphy, Carol Slater Murphy, and Malinda Fitler Murphy (1960-2005), who married Francis Menotti, the adopted son of composer Gian Carlo Menotti.
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Harriet Lane
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. An orphan after the death of her father when she was 11 years old (her mother had died two years earlier), she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charleston, Virginia (later West Virginia), and then for two years at the Academy of the Visitation Convent in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and he introduced her to fashionable circles as he had promised.
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Helen Herron Taft
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron (1827–1912), a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, and Harriet Collins (1833–1902), Nellie graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music and taught school briefly before her marriage. With her parents, she attended the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House in 1877. Her grandfather, Ela Collins and uncle William Collins were both members of Congress.
Two years later, she met William Howard Taft at a bobsledding party in Cincinnati; he was 22 years old, she was 18. He asked her out for the first time in February 1880, but they did not date regularly until 1882. He proposed in April 1885, and she accepted in May.
Taft married Nellie on June 19, 1886, at the home of the bride's parents in Cincinnati. The wedding was performed by the Reverend D.N.A. Hoge of Zanesville, Ohio. Taft's younger brother Horace Taft was best man. The couple honeymooned one day in New York City and four days at Sea Bright, New Jersey, before setting off on a three-month tour of Europe.
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Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( /ˈhɪləri daɪˈæn ˈrɒdəm ˈklɪntən/; born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977 and became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. Named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, she was twice listed as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores and several other corporations.
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Huda Zoghbi
Huda Y. Zoghbi (born 1955) is a Lebanese-born physician and medical researcher, practicing in the United States.
She was born June 1955 in Beirut and entered medical school at American University of Beirut in 1975. The Lebanese Civil War began during the school year, and she and her brothers were sent by the family, for safety, to join a sister in Texas. When she was not permitted to return to Lebanon, she obtained admission to Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee in mid-term.
Her residency as a neurological pediatrician brought Rett syndrome to her attention, and she learned molecular genetics from Arthur Beaudet in order to do research on Rett's and other genetic neurological disorders. She is based at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and affiliated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
She had met William Zoghbi when they were medical students in Beirut, and they later married; he teaches cardiology at Baylor.
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Ida Saxton McKinley
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
Ida was born in Canton, Ohio, the elder daughter of James Saxton, prominent Canton banker, and Katherine DeWalt. Her grandfather, John Saxton, in 1815 founded The Repository, the city's first and now its only newspaper. A graduate of Brook Hall Seminary, a finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania, Ida was refined, charming, and strikingly attractive when she met William "Bill" McKinley at a picnic in 1867. They did not begin courting until after she returned from a European tour in 1869. While single, she worked for a time as a cashier in her father's bank, a position then usually reserved for men.
William McKinley, aged 27, married Ida Saxton, aged 23, on January 25th, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, then still under construction. Following the wedding, performed by the Reverend E. Buckingham and the Reverend Dr. Endsley, the couple attended a reception at the home of the bride's parents and left on an eastern wedding trip.
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Ilo Wallace
Ilo Browne Wallace (10 March 1888—22 February 1981) was the wife of Henry A. Wallace, the 33rd U.S Vice President and later Secretary of Commerce. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1941 until 1945. She was the sponsor of the USS Iowa (BB-61).
Born in Indianola, Iowa, she was the daughter of James Lytle Browne and his wife, the former Harriet Lindsay.
She married Henry Agard Wallace in Des Moines, Iowa, on 20 May 1914. They had three children: Henry Browne Wallace (1915–2005), Jean Browne Wallace (born 1920), and Robert Browne Wallace (1918–2002). Her husband later became the editor-in-chief of Wallace's Farmer, an influential Midwestern farming magazine that had been founded by his father, Henry Cantwell Wallace, a future U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.
A small inheritance she received from her parents enabled the Wallaces and their business partners to establish, in 1926, Hi-Bred Corn Company, which developed and distributed hybrid maize and eventually transformed agriculture. The company is now known as Pioneer Hi-Bred International, the world's second largest seed company.
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India (cat)
India "Willie" Bush (ca. 1990 – January 4, 2009) was a black cat owned by former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.
The Bushes acquired India, an all-black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. India remained with George and Laura Bush once their daughters left for college. The cat moved with the Bushes to the White House from the Texas Governor's Mansion in Austin in early 2001 following Bush's inauguration as President.
There was some controversy reported in India as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the Indian state of Kerala, for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to Bush's cat being called India.[citation needed] In July 2004, demonstrators in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram denounced the cat's name as an insult to the nation of India and even burned an effigy of President Bush in protest. The Bushes did not change the cat's name in response to the demonstrations.
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James Smith Bush
Rev. James Smith Bush (June 15, 1825 – November 11, 1889) was an attorney, Episcopal priest, and religious writer, and an ancestor of the Bush political family. He was the father of business magnate Samuel Prescott Bush, grandfather of US Senator Prescott Bush, great-grandfather of former US President George H. W. Bush and great-great-grandfather of former US President George W. Bush.
James Smith Bush was born in Rochester, New York to Obadiah Newcomb Bush and Harriet Smith (1800–1867).
Bush entered Yale University in 1841 (class of 1844), the first of what would become a long family tradition, as his grandson Prescott Sheldon Bush, great-grandsons George H.W. Bush, Prescott Sheldon Bush, Jr. and William H.T. Bush, great great-grandson George W. Bush, and great-great-great-granddaughter Barbara are all Yale alumni. He is accounted among the over 300 Yale alumni and faculty who supported in 1883 the founding of Wolf's Head Society. After Yale, he returned to Rochester and studied law, joining the bar in 1847.
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Jane Hadley Barkley
Elizabeth Jane Rucker Hadley Barkley (September 23, 1911 – September 6, 1964) was Second Lady of the United States, as the second wife of Vice President Alben Barkley. She was known as Jane Hadley Barkley.
Born in Keytesville, Missouri, her father was a lawyer and her mother a pianist who had studied in Europe. She married her first husband, Carleton Hadley, a lawyer in 1931. She met Carleton at Washington University in St. Louis. He became a prominent railroad attorney. They had two daughters before his death in 1944 at 42.
She married Vice President Alben Barkley, a widower, on November 18, 1949. She was his second wife, and he was her second husband. At the time of marriage Barkley was 34 years her senior. He was 71 and she was 37. Barkley's first wife Dorothy had died in 1947. Until her courtship with Barkley, Jane Rucker Hadley had been a devoted Republican. In 1940, Mrs. Hadley was working in the St. Louis office of GOP presidential nominee Wendell Willkie. When her milkman expressed fondness for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, she left a note saying, "No Willkie, no milkie".
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Jane Irwin Harrison
Jane Irwin Harrison (Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1804–May 11, 1846), wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., and daughter-in-law of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. Her grandfather was James Ramsey, who owned Millmont Farm at Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
President Harrison's wife, Anna Harrison, was too ill to travel when her husband left Ohio for his inauguration. William Henry Harrison, Jr. died in 1838, but assisted by her aunt, Jane Irwin Findlay (her father's sister, who was then seventy-three), Jane Irwin Harrison acted as official hostess during President Harrison's brief tenure in office, which lasted for 32 days in 1841.
Her sister, Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin (1810-1850), married John Scott Harrison in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1831—another son of William Henry Harrison—and was mother of US President Benjamin Harrison.
Jane Irwin Harrison died May 11, 1846 at age 41.
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Jane Pierce
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister, and Elizabeth Means-Appleton, Jane was a petite, frail, shy, melancholy figure. After the death of her father, who had served as president of Bowdoin College not long before Franklin enrolled there, she at age 13 moved into the mansion of her wealthy maternal grandparents in Amherst.
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, aged almost 30, married Jane, aged 28, on November 19, 1834, at the home of the bride's maternal grandparents in Amherst, New Hampshire. Theirs was a small wedding, conducted by a brother-in-law of Jane, the Reverend Silas Aiken. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
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Jeb Bush
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is a prominent member of the Bush family: the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush; the younger brother of former President George W. Bush; and the older brother of Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.
Jeb Bush was born in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to Houston, Texas.
Following in the footsteps of older brother, George, Jeb Bush attended high school at the private Massachusetts boarding school, Phillips Academy Andover. At the age of 17, he taught English as a second language in León, Guanajuato, Mexico, as part of Phillips Academy's student exchange program. While in Mexico, he met wife, Columba Garnica Gallo.
In 1973, Bush graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in Latin American Studies. He completed his coursework in two and a half years with generally excellent grades. After considering a career in Hollywood, he instead chose to pursue politics.
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Jenna Hager
Jenna Welch Bush-Hager (born November 25, 1981) is the younger of the sororal twin daughters of the 43rd U.S. President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush, and a granddaughter of the 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush. She and her sister, Barbara, were the first twin children of a U.S. President. Hager is a teacher's aide, an author, and a correspondent for NBC's Today show.
Hager was named after her maternal grandmother, Jenna Hawkins Welch. She was educated at several primary and secondary schools. In Dallas, Texas, she and her sister attended Preston Hollow Elementary School and then The Hockaday School. In 1994, after her father was elected Governor of Texas and the family moved to Austin, Texas, Bush was a student at St. Andrew's Episcopal School, and attended Austin High School from 1996 until her graduation in 2000.
She attended The University of Texas at Austin and took summer classes at New York University. She was a legacy member of Kappa Alpha Theta, both her mother's and twin sister's sorority. While there, Jenna and her sister Barbara made national headlines when they were both arrested for alcohol related charges twice within 5 weeks: on April 29, 2001, Jenna was charged with a misdemeanor for possession of alcohol under the age 21 in Austin. On May 29, 2001, Jenna was charged with another misdemeanor — attempting to use a fake ID (with the name Barbara Pierce, her paternal grandmother's maiden name) to purchase alcohol. She pleaded no contest to both charges. Jenna Bush graduated from the University of Texas with a degree in English in 2004.
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Jill Biden
Jill Tracy Biden (née Jacobs, previously Stevenson; born June 5, 1951) is an American educator and, as the wife of Vice President Joe Biden, is the Second Lady of the United States.
She was born in Hammonton, New Jersey and grew up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. She married Joe Biden in 1977 and became stepmother to his two young sons from his first marriage, Beau and Hunter, whose mother and baby sister died in a car accident. Joe and Jill Biden have a daughter, Ashley, born in 1981.
Jill Biden has a bachelor's degree from the University of Delaware, master's degrees from West Chester University and Villanova University and a doctoral degree from the University of Delaware. She taught English and reading in high schools for 13 years, and also taught adolescents with emotional disabilities at a psychiatric hospital. From 1993 to 2008, she was an English and writing instructor at Delaware Technical & Community College. Since 2009, she has been a professor of English at Northern Virginia Community College and is thought to be the first Second Lady to hold a paying job while her husband is Vice President. She is the founder of the Biden Breast Health Initiative non-profit organization, co-founded the Book Buddies program, and is active in Delaware Boots on the Ground.
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Joan Mondale
Joan Adams Mondale (born August 8, 1930) is the wife of Walter Mondale, 42nd Vice President of the United States, Presidential candidate, and later U.S. ambassador to Japan. She has always been a high-profile advocate for the arts, affectionately dubbed 'Joan of Art'.
Joan Adams was born in Eugene, Oregon, one of three daughters of the Rev. John Maxwell Adams, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife, the former Eleanor Jane Hall. She attended Media Friends School, an integrated Quaker school in Media, Pennsylvania, a public school in Columbus, Ohio, and later St. Paul Academy and Summit School in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1952, she graduated from Macalester College, St. Paul, where her father was chaplain. After graduation, she worked at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
Joan married Minneapolis lawyer Walter "Fritz" Mondale on December 27, 1955[citation needed], following a blind date, set up by one of Walter's law-school classmates.
The couple had three children:
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Jody Conradt
Jody Conradt (born May 13, 1941) is a retired women's basketball coach. She was the head coach for the women's team at University of Texas at Austin (UT). Her coaching career spanned 38 years, with the last 31 years at UT from 1976 to 2007. She also served concurrently as the UT women's athletic director from 1992 to 2001. During her tenure at UT, she achieved several notable personal and team milestones in collegiate basketball. At retirement, she had tallied 900 career victories, second place in all time victories for a NCAA Division I basketball coach.
She was born in Goldthwaite, Texas, United States. She was a standout basketball player at Goldthwaite High School (Texas), where she averaged 40 points per game. After high school, she played collegiate basketball at Baylor University, earning a degree in physical education in 1963. She finished her collegiate basketball career averaging 20 points per game. After graduation, she taught and coached at Waco Midway High School and earned her master's degree from Baylor in 1969.
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Jonathan Bush
Jonathan James Bush (born May 6, 1931), is an American banker and former Republican Party fundraiser.
Jonathan Bush graduated from The Hotchkiss School and Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He is the fourth child of Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush and is the brother of Prescott "Pressy" Bush, Jr. (1922-2010), the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush (1924), Nancy Bush (1926), and William "Bucky" Bush (1938). He is the uncle of the 43rd President George W. Bush.
Bush is the father of entertainment reporter Billy Bush and health care executive Jonathan S. Bush, and he resides in New Haven, Connecticut, and North Haven, Maine, with his wife Josephine Bush.
Jonathan Bush founded J. Bush & Co. which provided discreet banking services for the Washington D.C. embassies of foreign governments for many years. In 1997, Riggs Bank bought J. Bush & Co. and made Bush CEO & President of Riggs Investment, a firm based in New Haven, Connecticut.
In the early 1980s, Jonathan Bush helped organize investors for George W. Bush's first oil venture, Arbusto, later called Bush Explorations.
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Jonathan S. Bush
Jonathan S. Bush (born March 10, 1969) is the co-founder, Chief Executive Officer, and President of athenahealth, a Watertown, Massachusetts-based health care technology company founded in 1997.
In 2000, Bush raised more than $10M in venture capital funding to support the company. athenahealth launched a successful IPO in 2007. Before founding athenahealth, Bush served as an associate of J. Bush & Company, Inc, and a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton, where he was a member of its Managed Care Strategy Group. Bush holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wesleyan University and a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University.
In 1991, during "Operation Desert Storm", Bush enlisted as a Combat Medic in the United States Army Reserves, during the first U.S. war with Iraq. He began Basic Combat Training assigned to Company D, of the 3 Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, on February 19, 1991, just four days before the U.S. ground assault began. He served with distinction as a junior enlisted soldier in the rank of Private First Class and as a Squad Leader in his platoon. After graduating Basic Combat Training, he then completed his Military Occupational Speciality qualification training as a Combat Medic at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas.[citation needed]
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Judy Agnew
Elinor Isabel Judefind "Judy" Agnew (born April 23, 1921) is the widow of the 39th Vice President of the United States, Spiro Agnew, who also served as Governor of Maryland.
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, she was daughter of William Lee Judefind, a chemist, and his wife, the former Ruth Elinor Schafer. Her paternal grandfather was a Methodist minister.
She married Agnew on May 27, 1942 in Baltimore; he had graduated from Army Officer Candidate School two days earlier. They have four children: Pamela Lee Agnew (Mrs. Robert E. DeHaven), James Rand Agnew, Susan Scott Agnew (Mrs. Colin Neilson Macindoe), and Elinor Kimberly Agnew.
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Judy Rankin
Judy Torluemke Rankin (born February 18, 1945) is an American professional golfer and golf broadcaster. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1962 and won 26 LPGA Tour events in all. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
Rankin was born St Louis, Missouri. At age 14, she won the Missouri Amateur. At 15, she was the low amateur in the U.S. Women's Open. She turned pro at 17.
Rankin won 26 events on the LPGA Tour. She topped the money list in 1976 and 1977 and finished in the top ten on the money list eleven times between 1965 and 1979. However, she did not win a major championship; her best finishes were a clear second at the 1976 LPGA Championship and tied seconds at the 1972 Titleholders Championship, 1972 U.S. Women's Open, and 1977 LPGA Championship. Rankin did win the Colgate Dinah Shore Winner's Circle (currently the Kraft Nabisco) in 1976 and the Peter Jackson Classic (later renamed the duMaurier) in 1977, two events that would later be elevated to major status, but they are not counted as majors in the years in which Rankin won.
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Julia Gardiner Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (May 4, 1820 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845.
Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on Gardiner's Island off the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. She was the daughter of Juliana McLachlan-Gardiner and David Gardiner, a prominent landowner and New York State Senator from 1824 to 1828. Julia was raised in the New York town of East Hampton as well as in the small hamlet of Bay Shore, Long Island. At the age of 19, she shocked polite society by posing for a department store advertisement that billed her as the "Rose of Long Island".
In early 1842, Julia was introduced to US President John Tyler at a White House reception. They began seeing each other in January 1843 a few months after the death of First Lady Letitia Tyler.
Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton. David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, proposing in 1843 at the George Washington Ball. Because of the circumstances surrounding her father's death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. Thus on June 26, 1844, the president slipped into New York City, where the nuptials were performed by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the Church of the Ascension. President Tyler was aged 54; Julia just 24.
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Julia Grant
Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Born Julia Boggs Dent at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent, Julia was rather plain in appearance[citation needed] and squinted through crossed eyes. In memoirs prepared late in life—unpublished until 1975—she pictured her girlhood as an idyll: "one long summer of sunshine, flowers, and smiles".
She attended the Misses Mauros' boarding school in St. Louis for seven years among the daughters of other affluent parents. She excelled in art and voice. A social favorite in that circle, she met "Ulys" at her home, where her family welcomed him as a West Point classmate of her brother Frederick; soon she felt lonely without him, dreamed of him, and agreed to wear his West Point ring.
Grant proposed several times before Julia finally accepted. When she did, they were sitting on the front steps of her beloved childhood home, a picturesque plantation called White Haven. In 1844 the couple embarked on a four-year engagement, delayed by the Mexican-American War, during which they saw each other only once.
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Kay Bailey Hutchison
Kay Bailey Hutchison (born Kathryn Ann Bailey; July 22, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Texas. She is a member of the Republican Party. In 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by Ladies Home Journal. The first woman to represent Texas in the U.S. Senate, Hutchison also became the first Texas U.S. senator to receive more than four million votes in a single election.
Hutchison is the most senior female Republican senator, and fifth most senior female senator, having assumed office in June 1993 behind Senators Barbara Mikulski (D-MD, 1987), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA, 1992), Barbara Boxer (D-CA, Jan. 1993), and Patty Murray (D-WA, Jan. 1993).
Hutchison was born Kathryn Ann Bailey in Galveston, the daughter of Kathryn Ella (née Sharp) and Allan Abner Bailey, Jr., an insurance agent. She has two brothers, Allan and Frank. Hutchison grew up in La Marque, Texas.
She married her first husband, John Pierce Parks, a medical student, on April 8, 1967; they divorced in 1969. She married her present (second) husband, Ray Hutchison, in Dallas on March 16, 1978. They have two adopted children: Kathryn Bailey and Houston Taylor, both adopted in 2001. She also has two stepdaughters, Brenda and Julie, from her husband's previous marriage. Ray Hutchison is a former member of the Texas Legislature, a former state Republican chairman, and ran an unsuccessful bid for the Texas governorship, having lost the Republican nomination in 1978 to Bill Clements, a senior partner with the law firm of Vinson & Elkins, of Dallas.
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Kay Granger
Kay Granger (born January 18, 1943), a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Texas, currently represents the 12th congressional district (map) in the U.S. House of Representatives, the first Republican woman to represent Texas in the House.
Granger was born in Greenville, Texas, and grew up in Fort Worth, Texas, where she attended Eastern Hills High School, which recognized her as Distinguished Eastern Hills High School Graduate in 1993. She graduated from Texas Wesleyan University. She was elected to the Fort Worth city council in 1989 and was elected Mayor in 1991. Her tenure as mayor saw a drop in violent crime.
After the retirement of Congressman Pete Geren in 1996, both the Democratic and Republican parties worked to recruit Granger. Republicans were particularly bullish on their chances of winning the 12th. It had once been represented by Democratic Speaker of the House Jim Wright, but had been made significantly more affluent and Republican after the 1990 census. Granger made the decision to run as a Republican, much to the dismay of local GOP activists, who criticized Granger as being too liberal. She was elected by a wide margin, taking 56 percent of the vote over the Democrat Hugh Parmer, also a former Fort Worth mayor. She was handily reelected in 1998 and has only faced serious opposition once—in 2000. In 2008, Granger defeated Democratic challenger Tracey Smith with 67 percent of the vote.
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Lady Bird Johnson
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was First Lady of the United States (1963-69) during the presidency of her husband Lyndon B. Johnson.
Notably well educated for her time, she proved a capable manager and a shrewd investor. After marrying LBJ in 1934, when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign, and then ran his office while he was serving in the Navy. Next, she bought a radio station and then a TV station, which would soon make them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by liaising directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour.
Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope") and the Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird's Bill. She was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest US civilian honors.
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Larry King
Larry King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television and radio host whose work has been recognized with awards including two Peabodys and ten Cable ACE Awards. He began as a local Florida journalist and radio interviewer in the 1950s and 1960s and became prominent as an all-night national radio broadcaster starting in 1978. From 1985-2010, he hosted the nightly interview TV program Larry King Live on CNN.
King was born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger in Brooklyn, New York City, to an Austrian immigrant Edward Zeiger, a restaurant owner and defense plant worker, and his wife Jennie Gitlitz, a garment worker, who emigrated from Belarus. King grew up in a religiously observant Jewish home, but in adulthood became an agnostic.
King's father died at 44 of heart disease, and his mother had to go on welfare to support her two sons. His father's death greatly affected King, and he lost interest in school. After graduating from high school, he worked to help support his mother. From an early age, however, he had wanted to go into radio. King is a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
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Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 election.
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Lauren Bush
Lauren Pierce Bush Lauren (born June 25, 1984) is a fashion model and designer. She is the daughter of Neil Bush and Sharon Bush (née Smith). The niece of former President George W. Bush, she is also a granddaughter of former President George H. W. Bush.
Bush was born in Colorado. She attended high school at the prestigious Kinkaid School in Houston, Texas, as did her sister Ashley, and brother Pierce. She studied fashion design at BEBE and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and graduated from Princeton University in 2006 with a B.A. in Anthropology and a certificate in Photography. She is a member of The Ivy Club, one of Princeton's ten eating clubs.
Standing at 5'6" (168 cm), Bush is signed with the Elite Model Management. She has been featured on the covers of Vogue and Vanity Fair magazine and frequently modeled for Tommy Hilfiger as well as for Abercrombie & Fitch and designers Gai Mattiolo and Isaac Mizrahi. She was an intern on the television sitcom Friends and had a cameo in one episode, and interned alongside Ashley Olsen with designer Zac Posen. Bush traveled to Chad in 2005 as a Student Ambassador for the World Food Program.
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Letitia Stevenson
Letitia Green Stevenson (January 8, 1843 — December 25, 1913) was the wife of Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson I who served in the second administration of President Grover Cleveland. She was the daughter of Reverent Lewis Green who was the head of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. They married in 1866 after a nine year courtship. Her parents did not approve the marriage but by then her father had died and her mother had moved away. They had three daughters and one son Lewis G. Stevenson who became the Illinois secretary of state and father of Illinois Governor and 1952 and 1956 Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson. Their great-grandson, Adlai Ewing Stevenson III, was a U.S. senator from Illinois from 1970 to 1981 and an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Illinois in 1982 and 1986.
Mrs. Stevenson suffered from severe rheumatism and migraine headaches that often forced her to wear leg braces. Nonetheless, she was described as a "keen observer and judge of people, and a charming hostess"". She helped establish the Daughters of the American Revolution to try to heal the divisions between North and South after the Civil War and succeeded Mrs. Benjamin Harrison as President General.
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Lila Cockrell
Lila Cockrell (born January 19, 1922) is a former mayor of San Antonio, Texas, and was the first female mayor of a major American city.
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Liz Carpenter
Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Sutherland Carpenter (September 1, 1920 – March 20, 2010) was a writer, feminist, former reporter, media advisor, speechwriter, political humorist, and public relations expert. Carpenter was born in historic Salado in southern Bell County, Texas. In 1936, her 24-room residence there was declared a state historic monument. In 1967, a plaque was unveiled to indicate that Carpenter had once lived there. At the age of seven, she moved with her family to Austin. Carpenter stood in the forefront of the Women's Movement when it began and never wavered from her platform. Her projects and causes ranged from supporting high tech to fighting cancer. Often called the "funniest woman in politics", she was in demand as a public speaker until her death.
Carpenter launched her journalism career at Austin High School in Austin as the editor of the school paper, The Austin Maroon. Another aspiring journalist, Leslie E. "Les" Carpenter (ca. 1921–1974) of Austin, was business manager of the newspaper. The two became best friends, majored in journalism at the University of Texas at Austin, and worked together on the university newspaper, The Daily Texan. Les firmly supported Liz when she was elected vice president of the student body, the first woman to have held that position.
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Lois Irene Marshall
Lois Irene Kimsey Marshall (born Lois Irene Kimsey; May 9, 1873—January 6, 1958) was the wife of Thomas R. Marshall, who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. During her husband's tenure she held the unofficial position of the Second Lady of the United States.
She served also as First Lady of Indiana during her husband's Governorship (1909–1913).
The daughter of William Edward Kimsey and Elizabeth Dale, Lois married Marshall, 19 years her senior, on October 2, 1895.
She became involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois Marshall formed a close bond with the baby, who was named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment. The Marshalls had been unable to have children but they never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still alive would appear unusual to the public. They instead made a special arrangement with his parents. Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday.
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Lou Henry Hoover
Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was the wife of President of the United States Herbert Hoover and First Lady, 1929-1933.
Marrying her engineer husband in 1899, she travelled widely with him and became a cultivated scholar and linguist. During World War I, Mrs. Hoover helped him in providing relief for Belgian refugees. As First Lady, she oversaw construction of the presidential retreat at Rapidan Camp in Virginia. She was the first First Lady to make regular radio broadcasts to the Nation. She was president of the Girl Scouts of the USA in 1922-1925 and 1935-1937.
Lou Henry was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Charles Delano Henry, a banker, and Florence Ida Weed, his wife. Lou grew up something of a tomboy in Waterloo, Whittier, California and Monterey, California. Charles Henry took his daughter on camping trips in the hills—her greatest pleasures in her early teens. Lou became a fine horsewoman; she hunted, and preserved specimens with the skill of a taxidermist; she developed an enthusiasm for rocks, minerals, and mining. She attended San Jose Normal School and in 1894 enrolled at Stanford University as the school's only female geology major. That year she met Herbert Hoover, then a senior.
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Louisa Adams
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852), wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
Born in London, she was the only First Lady born outside of the United States. She was the daughter of Joshua Johnson, an American merchant, and Catherine Nuth-Johnson, an Englishwoman. Her father was originally from Maryland and served as United States consul general in London after 1790. She had six sisters: Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. Louisa grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. It was in Nantes that four-year-old Louisa first met her future husband, who at 12 was traveling through France with his father.
She again met Adams, this time in London, where her father had been appointed American consul. Adams at first showed interest in her older sister but soon settled on Louisa. John Quincy Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26, 1797, at All Hallows Barking parish in London, England. Adams' father, John Adams, then President of the United States, overcame his initial objections to his son marrying a person born in another country and welcomed his daughter-in-law into the family.
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Louise Ritter
Louise Dorothy Ritter (born February 18, 1958 in Dallas, Texas) is a former track and field athlete from the United States, who won the gold medal in the women's high jump at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea. A graduate from Red Oak High School she now has a street named after her[citation needed] located in her former home town of Red Oak, TX.
She graduated from Texas Woman's University in 1988 where she starred for U.S. Olympic coach Dr. Bert Lyle.
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Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Born in Hiram, Ohio, the daughter of Zebulon Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and Arabella Mason-Rudolph, Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ.
She first met James Garfield in 1849 when they were classmates at Geauga Seminary in Chester, Ohio, and followed him to the Eclectic Institute, where they began dating. She was somewhat plain in appearance, but Garfield was attracted to her keen intellect and appetite for knowledge. While Garfield went on to Williams College, she taught school in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou, Ohio. They had planned to marry on his graduation in 1856, but decided to postpone the wedding for a couple of years until he was earning more money.
Both James and Crete were 26-years when they married on November 11, 1858 at the home of the bride's parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, a Presbyterian minister. The newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram.
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Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (28 August 1831 – 25 June 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living, and it was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb, Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes. Later that year, she enrolled at Wesleyan Women’s College (now Ohio Wesleyan University) (class of 1850); she was the first first lady to have graduated from college and was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Hayes was by this time practicing law in Cincinnati, and the two began dating seriously. He proposed in June 1851.
Rutherford Hayes, aged 30, married Lucy Webb, aged 21, on December 30, 1852, at the home of the bride’s mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. After the wedding, performed by Dr. L.D. McCabe of Delaware, the couple honeymooned at the home of the groom’s sister and brother-in-law in Columbus, Ohio.
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Lydia Mendoza
Lydia Mendoza (May 21, 1916 – December 20, 2007) was an American guitarist and singer of Tejano, conjunto, and traditional Mexican-American music. She is known as "La Alondra de la Frontera" (or "The Lark of the Border" in English).
Mendoza was born on May 21, 1916, in Houston, Texas. She learned to sing and play stringed instruments from her mother and grandmother. In 1928, as part of the family group, Cuarteto Carta Blanca, she made her first recordings for the Okeh Records label in San Antonio, Texas.
In the early 1930s, Mendoza came to the attention of Manuel J. Cortez, a pioneer of Mexican-American radio broadcasting. Her live radio performances set the stage for her 1934 recordings on the Bluebird Records label, a subsidiary of RCA Victor. Her recording, "Mal Hombre", became an overnight success and led to an intensive schedule of touring and recording.
After World War II, Mendoza recorded for many of the major Mexican-American record labels mostly located in Texas. She continued actively performing and recording up until a stroke in 1988 slowed her schedule down. Many of her recordings are still available including those issued by Arhoolie Records, a California-based label specializing in the release of regional forms of American music.
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Lynne Cheney
Lynne Ann Cheney (née Vincent; born August 14, 1941) is the wife of former United States Vice President Dick Cheney and served as the Second Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.
A descendant of Mormon pioneers with roots in Denmark, England, Ireland, and Wales, Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her father was Wayne Edwin Vincent, an engineer; her mother, Edna Lybyer, became a deputy sheriff. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist upon her marriage to Dick Cheney.
Cheney received her Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature with highest honors from Colorado College, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She furthered her education with a Master of Arts degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and a PhD in 19th century British literature from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (her dissertation was entitled "Matthew Arnold's Possible Perfection: A Study of the Kantian Strain in Arnold's Poetry").
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Mae Jemison
Mae Carol Jemison (born October 17, 1956) is an American physician and NASA astronaut. She became the first black woman to travel in space when she went into orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on September 12, 1992. After her medical education and a brief general practice, Jemison served in the Peace Corps from 1985 to 1987. She resigned from NASA in 1993 to form a company researching the application of technology to daily life. She has appeared on television several times, including as an actor in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. She is a dancer, and holds 9 honorary doctorates in science, engineering, letters, and the humanities.
Mae Carol Jemison was born in Decatur, Alabama, the youngest child of Charlie Jemison and Dorothy Green. Her father was a maintenance supervisor for a charity organization, and her mother worked most of her career as an elementary school teacher of English and math at the Beethoven School in Chicago. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, when Jemison was three years old, to take advantage of better educational opportunities there. Jemison says that as a young girl growing up in Chicago she always assumed she would get into space. "I thought, by now, we'd be going into space like you were going to work." She said it was easier to apply to be a shuttle astronaut, "rather than waiting around in a cornfield, waiting for ET to pick me up or something."
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Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower in 1916, the young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings, from Panama to the Philippines. As First Lady, she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries, who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes. On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.
Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Hollywood star Mamie Van Doren was so named by Universal Studios in her honor.
Born in Boone, Iowa and named, in part, after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva, Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud, a meatpacking executive, and his wife, the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her father, who retired at age 36, ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery ("Buyers of Live Hogs"), and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants. She had three sisters: Eleanor Carlson Doud, Eda Mae Doud, and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud.
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Margaret Taylor
Margaret Mackall Smith "Peggy" Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850.
Born in Calvert County, Maryland, on September 21, 1788, the daughter of Walter Smith, a prosperous Maryland planter and veteran officer of the American Revolution, and Ann Mackall-Smith, "Peggy" was raised amid refinement and wealth.
While visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke.
Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21, 1810, at the home of the bride's sister, Mrs. Mary Chew near Louisville, Kentucky. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one. A devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war.
The Taylors' surviving children were:
With the rise in Taylor's political career, she literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming president. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort and the birth of several children had taken their toll. A semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, née Roberts (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime minister of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the "Iron Lady", which later became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.
Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election and became Leader of the Opposition, as well as the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She became prime minister after winning the 1979 general election.
After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher introduced a series of political and economic initiatives to reverse what she perceived as Britain's precipitous national decline. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Thatcher's popularity during her first years in office waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982 Falklands War brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her re-election in 1983. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge (popularly referred to as "poll tax") was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership.
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Marilyn Quayle
Marilyn Tucker Quayle (born July 29, 1949) is an American lawyer, novelist, and political figure who is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle and held the unofficial title of Second Lady of the United States from 1989 until 1993.
Marilyn Tucker was born in the Meridian-Kessler area of Indianapolis, Indiana to Mary Alice (née Craig) and Warren Samuel Tucker. The fourth of six children, Marilyn's parents were both doctors. Her maternal grandfather was born in Maybole, Scotland. She had a strict Christian upbringing. The Tuckers were longtime admirers of Colonel Robert B. Thieme, Jr., the founder and former pastor of Berachah Church in Houston, who was described in an Associated Press article as "known for unorthodox biblical interpretations and for verbal attacks on liberals, welfare recipients, homosexuals and others." Years later, when media attention focused on her family's religious beliefs, Marilyn Quayle said in an NBC interview: "I grew up with my mother listening to (Thieme's) tapes. ... I have never listened to him on social issues. I didn't even know that he espoused any." She does defend his biblical teachings. As for her own religion, Marilyn Tucker Quayle is a Presbyterian.
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Martha Wong
Dr. Martha Jee Wong, born Martha Jee,(1939–) is a Texas politician who was the first Asian American woman to be elected to the Texas House of Representatives, representing Houston's District 134.
She attended Reagan High School in Houston. In 1993, she became the Houston City Council's first elected Asian American Councilwoman, and was elected to three successive terms. She earned a Bachelor degree from the University of Texas and both a masters degree and doctorate from the University of Houston.
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Marvin Bush
Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956) is the youngest son of U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Pierce, and brother of President George W. Bush, John (Jeb), Neil and Dorothy. He is named for his maternal grandfather. He and wife Margaret Conway (née Molster) have two children who were adopted from the Gladney Center in Ft. Worth, Texas: a daughter, Marshall, and a son, Walker.
Marvin Bush attended Woodberry Forest School. He obtained a B.S. degree from the University of Virginia, where he was a member of the Delta Phi Fraternity, or St. Elmo Hall. He spent most summers and holidays at the Bush family estate.
Bush was on the board of directors of Securacom from 1993-2000, which maintained security for the World Trade Center Towers up until September 11, 2001. He is a former director of HCC Insurance Holdings.[citation needed] HCC, formerly Houston Casualty Company, is a publicly traded insurance company on the New York Stock Exchange. He appears in the 2008 award-winning documentary on Lee Atwater, Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story.
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Marvin P. Bush
Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956) is the youngest son of U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Pierce, and brother of President George W. Bush, John (Jeb), Neil and Dorothy. He is named for his maternal grandfather. He and wife Margaret Conway (née Molster) have two children who were adopted from the Gladney Center in Ft. Worth, Texas: a daughter, Marshall, and a son, Walker.
Marvin Bush attended Woodberry Forest School. He obtained a B.S. degree from the University of Virginia, where he was a member of the Delta Phi Fraternity, or St. Elmo Hall. He spent most summers and holidays at the Bush family estate.
Bush was on the board of directors of Securacom from 1993-2000, which maintained security for the World Trade Center Towers up until September 11, 2001. He is a former director of HCC Insurance Holdings.[citation needed] HCC, formerly Houston Casualty Company, is a publicly traded insurance company on the New York Stock Exchange. He appears in the 2008 award-winning documentary on Lee Atwater, Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story.
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Marvin Pierce
Marvin Pierce (17 June 1893 – 17 July 1969) was president of McCall Corporation, the publisher of the popular women's magazines Redbook and McCall's.
Marvin Pierce was born in Sharpsville, Pennsylvania to Scott Pierce and Mabel Marvin. Marvin was a 1916 graduate of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. His ancestor, an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States. At Miami University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, he was nicknamed "Monk" and was a stand-out athlete in football, basketball, baseball and tennis. He was inducted into Miami's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1972.
Pierce's first marriage was to Pauline Robinson who was born in 1896 to Ohio Supreme Court justice, James E. Robinson and died on 23 September 1949. They had four children together:
W magazine once described Pauline Robinson as "beautiful, fabulous, critical, and meddling" and "a former beauty from Ohio with extravagant tastes". On 23 September 1949, Pauline was killed in an automobile accident in Harrison, Westchester County, New York, when Marvin, who was driving the car, lost control as he reached over to stop a cup of hot coffee from sliding across the seat onto his wife. The car crashed into a tree on Purchase St, killing Pauline instantly at 8:12 a.m. She was 53 years old.
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Mary Arthur McElroy
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881-1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
Mary Arthur was born in Greenwich, New York to William and Malvina S. Arthur. She was the last of nine children. She attended the Emma Willard School Seminary in Troy, New York and later married insurance salesman John McElroy (in 1851). They lived in Albany, New York and had four children.
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
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Mary Harrison McKee
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the first lady to her father President Benjamin Harrison, when her mother, Caroline Harrison, was seriously ill and then died.
She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, one of the founders of the General Electric company, in November 1884. They had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee (known as Baby McKee), and Mary Lodge McKee.
Following her mother's death in October, 1892 and after her father's defeat for reelection, Mrs. McKee and the former president became estranged over his romantic involvement with her cousin, Mary Lord Dimmick, the former first lady's niece. Upon Harrison's marriage to Dimmick in 1896, Mrs. McKee and the president did not speak again. She tried to return to Indianapolis to be by his side when he died in March, 1901, but arrived several hours after his death.
She died at the age of 72 and was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.
She is the most recent first lady of the United States not to be the wife of a President.
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Mary Kay Ash
Mary Kay Ash (May 12, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was an American businesswoman and founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics, Inc.
Mary Kay Ash, born Mary Kathlyn Wagner in Hot Wells, Harris County, Texas, was the daughter of Edward Alexander and Lula Vember Hastings Wagner. She attended Reagan High School in Houston, and graduated in 1934.
Ash married Ben Rogers at age 17. They had three children. While her husband served in World War II, she sold books door-to-door. After her husband's return in 1945, they divorced. Ash went to work for Stanley Home Products. Frustrated when passed over for a promotion in favor of a man that she had trained, Ash retired in 1963 and intended to write a book to assist women in business. The book turned into a business plan for her ideal company, and in the summer of 1963, Mary Kay Ash and her new husband, George Arthur Hallenbeck, began Mary Kay Cosmetics with a $5,000 investment. Before the company could open its original storefront operation in Dallas, her second husband died, and her son, Richard Rogers, took his place. The store opened in 1963, but grew rapidly, particularly after Ash was interviewed for CBS's 60 Minutes in 1979.
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Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann (née Todd) Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she then moved to Springfield, Illinois and lived with her sister, Elizabeth. Mary was courted by Stephen Douglas, against whom her later husband notably debated. She and Abraham had four sons, only one of whom outlived her. Their home of about 15 years still stands in Springfield.
Lincoln suffered from headaches and other illness through much of her adult life. She supported her husband throughout his presidency, and was witness to his assassination.
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a banker, and Elizabeth Parker Todd, Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died; her father married Elizabeth "Betsy" Humphreys Todd in 1826. Mary had a difficult relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, an elegant 14-room residence in Lexington. From her father's two marriages, Mary had a total of 14 siblings.
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Michelle Obama
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.
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Millie (dog)
Mildred "Millie" Kerr Bush (January 12, 1985 – May 19, 1997) was the pet english springer spaniel of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. She was named for Mildred Caldwell Kerr, a long-time friend of the Bushes, which is also the name of Kerr's granddaughter, Millie Kerr.
Millie was referred to as "the most famous dog in White House history." Bush mentioned her in a speech during his 1992 bid for re-election, saying “My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos” in reference to opposition candidates Bill Clinton and Al Gore.
Millie is credited as the author of Millie's Book: As Dictated to Barbara Bush (ISBN 0-688-11913-1). In 1989, Millie gave birth to a litter of six puppies with the assistance of Army veterinarian Stephen Caldwell, including Spot Fetcher and Ranger, who became George H. W. Bush's dog. Ranger died of cancer in May 1993. Spot would later become another presidential pet when George W. Bush moved into the White House.
Millie was portrayed in an episode of Murphy Brown as well as an episode of Wings. Millie made also a cameo appearance in The Simpsons episode Two Bad Neighbors in a scene where the former president Bush is jogging with some of his new neighbors.
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Muriel Humphrey
Muriel Fay Buck Humphrey Brown (February 20, 1912 – September 20, 1998) was the widow of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Following her husband's death, she was appointed to his seat in the United States Senate, thus being the first wife of a Vice President to hold public office. She later remarried and took the name Muriel Humphrey Brown.
Humphrey was born Muriel Fay Buck in Huron, South Dakota, daughter of Andrew E. Buck and his wife, the former Jessie Mae Pierce. She attended Huron College and met Humphrey in 1934, when she was working as a bookkeeper. They married on September 3, 1936, saying, "It was love at first waltz". They had four children: Hubert III, Nancy, Robert, and Douglas.
Humphrey was appointed as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party by Rudy Perpich, the governor of Minnesota, to the Senate vacancy caused by the death of her husband, and served from January 25, 1978 to November 7, 1978 in the 95th Congress. She was the first spouse of a former Vice President to serve in Congress as well as the first woman to represent Minnesota in the U.S. Senate. She was not a candidate for the special election for the remaining term. "It was the most challenging thing I've done in my whole life," she said. Twenty-eight years later, Amy Klobuchar, a fellow DFLer, would become the first woman to be elected to the United States Senate from Minnesota.
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Nancy Brinker
Nancy Goodman Brinker (born December 6, 1946, in Peoria, Illinois) is the founder and CEO of Susan G. Komen for the Cure, an organization named after her only sister, Susan, who died from breast cancer in 1980 at age 36. Brinker was also United States Ambassador to Hungary from 2001 to 2003 and Chief of Protocol of the United States from 2007 to the end of the George W. Bush administration. Brinker, a breast cancer survivor, uses her experience to heighten understanding of the disease. She speaks publicly on the importance of patient's rights and medical advancements in breast cancer research and treatment. She is currently serving as the World Health Organization's Goodwill Ambassador for Cancer Control. Brinker is the author of the New York Times bestselling book Promise Me - How a Sister's Love Launched the Global Movement to End Breast Cancer, released on September 14, 2010.
Brinker has helped build Komen by fostering a coalition of relationships within the business community, government, and volunteer sectors in the United States. For her work on breast cancer research, Time magazine named Brinker to its 2008 list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Calling her "a catalyst to ease suffering in the world," President Barack Obama honored Brinker with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor, on August 12, 2009.
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Nancy Reagan
Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921) is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Nancy was born in New York City; her parents divorced soon after her birth and she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in Hollywood in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild, and they had two children. Nancy was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. In that capacity, she began work with the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 following her husband's election. She was criticized early in his first term largely due to her decision to replace the White House china, despite it being paid for by private donations. Nancy restored a Kennedy-esque glamor to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention, as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as first lady. Always protective of her husband, more controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband. She had a strong influence on her husband and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
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Neil Bush
Neil Mallon Pierce Bush (born January 22, 1955) is the fourth of six children of former President George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Bush (Barbara Lane Pierce). His five siblings are George Walker Bush, the former President of the United States; Jeb Bush, the former governor of Florida; Robin Bush, who died of leukemia in 1953 at the age of four; Marvin; and Dorothy. Bush is currently a businessman based in Texas.
Bush was born in Midland, Texas. He was named after a good friend of the family, Henry Neil Mallon, chairman of Dresser Industries, George H. W. Bush's employer. As a child Bush spent some summers and holidays at his family's estate in Maine, the Bush Compound.
At age 11, he entered the exclusive St. Albans School in Washington, DC. He struggled through school; a counselor told his mother that it was doubtful the boy had the potential to graduate. He was later diagnosed as having dyslexia, and his mother spent much time coaching him through his learning disability. Eventually his grades improved and he graduated from St. Albans in 1973.
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Oveta Culp Hobby
Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905 – August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairperson of the board of the Houston Post.
She was born on the day january 19,1905 ,Oveta Culp in Killeen, Texas to Isaac William Culp and Emma Elizabeth Hoover. An autodidact, she briefly attended Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women, but did not graduate. She later attended the South Texas School of Law but did not graduate and never passed the bar examination. Beginning at age 21 and for the next several years she served as parliamentarian of the Texas House of Representatives. In 1931 she married William P. Hobby, the former Governor of Texas and the publisher of the Houston Post, and took a position as research editor at the Post. In ensuing years she became the newspaper's executive vice president, president, ultimately becoming its publisher.
During World War II she headed the War Department's Women's Interest Section for a short time and then became the Director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (later the Women's Army Corps), which was created to fill gaps left by a shortage of men. The members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to be in Army uniform. Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the Distinguished Service Medal for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award.
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Pamela Willeford
Pamela Pitzer Willeford (born March 1950) was the United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein between 2003 and 2006. She is also notable as being the sole eyewitness of the 2006 hunting incident where then-United States Vice President Dick Cheney accidentally shot attorney Harry Whittington in the face and chest.
Willeford grew up in Breckenridge, Texas and attended The Hockaday School in Dallas. She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in English and Spanish. She became a public and private school teacher in Dallas, starting around the early 1970s. During the 1980s, she was a trustee of St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Austin; she worked prominently in the expansion of the school. On the Texas State Preservation Board, she has been Director of Development, and coordinated its Texas Capitol Rededication project. She began serving on the Board and the Executive Committee of the Texas Book Festival upon their creation in 1996, and as of 2003, had continued to without interruption.
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Pat Nixon
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974.
Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating from high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, X-ray technician, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters. She campaigned for her husband in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected Vice President in the Eisenhower administration, whereupon Pat undertook many missions of goodwill with her husband and gained favorable media coverage. She assisted her husband in both his unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, and later in his successful presidential campaign of 1968.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
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Robert P. Koch
Robert P. "Bobby" Koch is the President and CEO of the Wine Institute, acting as their chief lobbyist in Washington D.C. and Sacramento, California.
In 1992, he married Dorothy Bush, the only living daughter of George H. W. Bush, at a private ceremony held at Camp David—the only couple to ever be married there in the nation's history. They have two children plus the two children from her first marriage.
Koch is a Democrat who started his career in politics working for Tony Coelho and was part of his campaign to become House Majority Whip. He would later become staff director for House Majority Leader Richard Gephardt before joining the Wine Institute. Since becoming President and CEO in June 2003, membership has grown 70% to over 1,000 Californian wineries and affiliated businesses which are predominately family owned and operated.
He has a substantial equity interest in Central European Distribution Corp., the company that manufactures and distributes vodka in Poland.
Koch is active in raising funds to find a cure for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (
/ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
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Rosalynn Carter
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (born Eleanor Rosalynn Smith; August 18, 1927) is the wife of the former President of the United States Jimmy Carter and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. As First Lady and after, she has been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active in her White House years as her husband's closest adviser and sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings. She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.
Carter was born in Plains, Georgia, the eldest of the four children of Allie M. Smith (1905–2000), a dressmaker, and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940), an automobile mechanic and farmer. Her brothers were William Jerrold "Jerry" Smith (engineer, 1929–2003) and Murray Lee Smith (teacher and minister, 1932–2003) and her sister is Lillian Allethea Smith Wall (born 1936).
Her father died of leukemia when she was 13 and she helped her mother to raise her younger siblings, as well as to assist in the dressmaking business in order to meet the family's financial obligations. Carter graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School and then attended Georgia Southwestern College.
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Rose Cleveland
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 - November 22, 1918), was the First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
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Sally Ride
Sally Kristen Ride (born May 26, 1951) is an American physicist and a former NASA astronaut. Ride joined NASA in 1978, and in 1983 became the first American woman—and then-youngest American, at 32—to enter space. In 1987 she left NASA to work at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control.
The eldest child of Carol Joyce (née Anderson) and Dale Burdell Ride, Sally was born in Encino, part of Los Angeles, California. Of Norwegian ancestry, she has a sister named Karen "Bearful" Ride, who is a Presbyterian minister. Ride attended Portola Middle School and Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles (now Harvard-Westlake School) on a scholarship. In addition to being interested in science, she was a nationally ranked tennis player. Ride attended Swarthmore College and then transferred to Stanford University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in English and physics. Also at Stanford, she earned a master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics, while doing research in astrophysics and free electron laser physics.
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Samuel P. Bush
Samuel Prescott Bush (October 4, 1863 – February 8, 1948) was an American industrialist and entrepreneur, and the patriarch of the Bush political family. He was the father of U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, grandfather of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of former U.S. President George W. Bush.
Bush was born in Brick Church, Orange, New Jersey, the son of Harriet Fay and the Rev. James Smith Bush, an Episcopal priest at Grace Church in Orange. He grew up in New Jersey, San Francisco, and Staten Island, but spent the majority of his adult life in Columbus, Ohio. He married Flora Sheldon on June 20, 1894. They had five children: Prescott Bush, Robert (who died in childhood), Mary (Mrs. Frank) House, Margaret (Mrs. Stuart) Clement, and James.
His wife, Flora, died on September 4, 1920 in Narragansett, Rhode Island, when she was hit by a car. He later married Martha Bell Carter of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Bush graduated from the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, New Jersey in 1884, where he played on one of the earliest regular college football teams. He took an apprenticeship with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad at the Logansport, Indiana shops, later transferring to Dennison, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio, where in 1891 he became Master Mechanic, then in 1894 Superintendent of Motive Power. In 1899, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to take the position of Superintendent of Motive Power with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.
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Sandra Day O'Connor
Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired United States Supreme Court justice. She served as an Associate Justice from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement from the Court in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the court.
Prior to O'Connor's appointment to the Court, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor.Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court on January 31, 2006.
O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without arguing for sweeping precedents. She most frequently sided with the court's conservative bloc. In the latter years of her tenure, she was regarded as having the swing vote in many cases as the court grew more conservative.
O'Connor was Chancellor of The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and currently serves on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Several publications have named O'Connor among the most powerful women in the world. On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the United States, by President Barack Obama.
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Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, and the 12th woman to serve as First Lady.
Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, and Elizabeth Whitsitt Childress—the third of their six children. Sarah was well educated for a woman of her time and place, attending the exclusive Moravians' "female academy" at Salem, North Carolina. She was then schooled at what is now Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1817, one of the few institutions of higher learning available to women in the early 19th century.
Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee; he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, and in 1823 the two became engaged. Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, on January 1, 1824, at the plantation home of the bride's parents near Murfreesboro. The Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884) as their personal ward. After her husband's death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of an orphaned niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924), and raised the girl as her own.
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Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
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Sarah T. Hughes
Sarah Tilghman Hughes (August 2, 1896 – April 23, 1985) was an American lawyer and federal judge who swore in Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States on Air Force One after the Kennedy assassination. She is the only woman in U.S. history to have sworn in a United States President, a task usually executed by the Chief Justice of the United States.
The photo depicting Hughes administering the oath of office to Johnson is the most famous photo ever taken aboard Air Force One.
Born Sarah Tilghman in Baltimore, Maryland, she was the daughter of James and Elizabeth Haughton Tilghman. She went to high school at the girls-only Western High School in Baltimore, where she was elected president of the freshman class and demonstrated the same indomitable spirit in that position that would characterize her for the rest of her life. Although standing only five feet one-half inch at maturity, she was described by a classmate as, "small but terrible". Her determined personality extended to the athletic field where she participated in intramural track and field, gymnastics, and basketball. Another instance of Sarah's strong discipline was seen in her habit of going to bed by 8 pm and getting up at 4 am, a habit she continued through much of her life. After graduating from Western High School, she attended Goucher College an all women's college in central Baltimore very close to her home. She participated in athletics at Goucher College, and "learned to lose without bitterness, to get up and try again, to never feel resentment," a trait that would serve her well through many years of political victories and defeats.
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Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah was born on July 16, 1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant, died in 1815. Her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts.
Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr., the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24, 1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, Jackson's plantation in Tennessee. The couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two young children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Later she was an artist for 15 years.
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Scott Pierce
Scott Pierce II (b. 1930, New York City) is the youngest child of Marvin and Pauline (Robinson) Pierce, and brother of former First Lady Barbara Bush, wife of George Herbert Walker Bush and uncle of the 43rd President George W. Bush. Pierce is named for his grandfather, who was an insurance salesman in Dayton, Ohio. His father was chairman of McCall Corporation. Upon graduation from Miami University and marriage to Janice Chamberlaine in 1954, he joined Phelps, Fenn and Company, a prominent municipal bond house. In 1966, Pierce was made a partner of G. H. Walker & Co., a company founded by George H. W. Bush's grandfather, George Herbert Walker. He left the firm in 1974 to join Blyth, Eastman, Dillon and Company as a senior vice president of public finance. In the fall of 1975, he moved to E. F. Hutton & Co. where in 1982 he became President.
Prior to his election, some Hutton offices engaged in an aggressive cash management scheme. On May 2, 1985 the company pleaded guilty to 2,000 counts of mail fraud; Mr. Pierce was in no way implicated in the scandal. Pierce left the company two years later to head PAMCO, a division of Prudential. He is currently retired and serving as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Manhattanville College.
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Sheryl Swoopes
Sheryl Denise Swoopes (born March 25, 1971) is an American professional basketball player whomost recently played with the Tulsa Shock in 2011. She was the first player to be signed in the WNBA when it was created. She has won three Olympic Gold Medals and is a three-time WNBA MVP. Frequently referred to as the "female Michael Jordan," Swoopes is famous for both her offensive and defensive skills. In 2005, she averaged 18.6 points, 85% free throws, 4.3 assists, 2.65 steals and 37.1 minutes playing time per game. In 2011, she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in WNBA history.
Born in Brownfield, Texas, Swoopes was raised by her mother Louise Swoopes, and played basketball with her three older brothers. She began competing at age seven, in a local children's league called Little Dribblers. Coached under Dickie Faught and Kathey Granger, Swoopes was a member and junior on the 1988 Texas State Championship team.
Initially recruited by the University of Texas, Swoopes left the school shortly after her arrival without playing a game, and enrolled at South Plains College. After playing at South Plains for two years, Swoopes transferred to Texas Tech.
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Sophia Dallas
Sophia Chew Nicklin Dallas (June 25, 1798 – January 11, 1869) was the wife of Vice President George Mifflin Dallas who served under President James K. Polk. She was the daughter of Philadelphia merchant Philip Nicklin and Julianna (née Chew).
George and Sophia Dallas wed in 1816 and had eight children. Mrs. Dallas disliked Washington, D.C., and during her husband's term as Vice President, remained mostly in Philadelphia except for occasional visits to the capital.
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Tipper Gore
Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948) is an author, photographer, former second lady of the United States, and the estranged wife of Al Gore. She is known for her role in the Parents Music Resource Center criticizing record covers featuring "profane language", especially in the heavy metal and rap genres.
Born Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson in Washington, D.C., Tipper Gore is the daughter of John Kenneth "Jack" Aitcheson, Jr., a plumbing-supply entrepreneur, and his first wife, Margaret Ann (née Carlson) Odom (who lost her first husband during World War II). Her nickname, Tipper, derives from the lullaby "Tippy, Tippy, Tin", originally sung in the 1940 Our Gang short "All About Hash" by child actress Janet Burston. Her ancestry includes English, Scottish, German, and Swedish. Gore grew up in Arlington, Virginia. Her parents divorced and she was raised by her mother and grandmother.
She attended St. Agnes (now St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School), a private Episcopal school in Alexandria, Virginia, where she excelled in athletics and played the drums for an all-girl band, The Wildcats.
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Vassar Miller
Vassar Miller (July 19, 1924 – October 31, 1998) was a writer and poet.
Miller was born in Houston, Texas, the daughter of real estate invester Jesse G. Miller. She began writing as a child, composing on a typewriter due to the cerebral palsy which affected her speech and movement. She attended the University of Houston, receiving her B.A. and M.A. in English.
In 1956, Miller published her first volume of poetry, Adam's Footprint. Her poems, most of which dealt with either her strong religious faith or her experiences as a person with a disability, were widely praised for their rigorous formality, clarity, and emotional impact. In 1961 Miller was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for her collection Wage War on Silence. Her poems have been published in hundreds of periodicals and more than 50 anthologies, including Spanish translations in Latin American journals. The lasting power of Ms. Miller’s poetry and its distinctiveness was aptly described by many, including author Larry McMurtry. Reflecting on the qualities that make the work of only a few artists survive, Mr. McMurtry wrote of Vassar Miller and her poetry: “It’s easy to point out her clarity, her precision, her intelligence, her honesty. But I want to mention one other quality that I think she has both as a person and as a poet, and that is her tenacity. It’s not simply brute survival that a poet is involved with, although sometimes they are; it’s more than that. It’s a tenacity that has to be at one and the same time, physical, intellectual, and moral. I believe this tenacity is something that Vassar Miller is richly endowed with.”
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William H. T. Bush
William Henry Trotter "Bucky" Bush (born July 14, 1938 in Greenwich, Connecticut) is the youngest son of Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush, the younger brother of former President George H.W. Bush, and the uncle of former President George W. Bush.
He graduated from the Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, CT, in 1956, and earned a BA from Yale University in 1960, where he was a brother of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and was elected to Wolf's Head Society. His great-grandfather James Smith Bush was among the Yale alumni and faculty who help found the society.
Bush has worked in banking and venture capital, and sits on a number of corporate boards. In 1986 he founded Bush O'Donnell & Co., and remains the CEO of that firm. He has worked on the election campaigns of George H.W., George W., and Jeb Bush, primarily as a fundraiser.
He resides in St. Louis, Missouri, also the home of his late grandfather George Herbert Walker.
A former president of and director of the St. Louis-based Boatmen's Bancshares from 1978 to 1986 he is active in various St. Louis civic functions including being chairman of the Board of Trustees of Saint Louis University (1985–92), chairman of the Missouri Botanical Gardens (1991–93) and president of the Municipal Opera Association (The MUNY) (2005–06).
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Zina Garrison
Zina Lynna Garrison (born November 16, 1963 in Houston, Texas) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. During her career, she was a women's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990, a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion, and a women's doubles gold medalist at the 1988 Olympic Games.
An African-American and the youngest of seven children, Garrison started playing tennis at the age of 10 and entered her first tournament at the age of 12. Her success as a junior player quickly made the tennis world take notice. At the age of 14 she won the national girls' 18s title. And then in 1981, she won both the Wimbledon and US Open junior titles and was ranked the World No. 1 junior player. Garrison graduated from Sterling High School in Houston in 1982.
Garrison began suffering from the eating disorder bulimia when she was 19, following the death of her mother. "I had never been comfortable with my looks and felt I had lost the only person who loved me unconditionally", Garrison told the British Observer Sport Monthly in 2006. "The pressure of being labeled 'the next Althea Gibson' only made things worse. I felt I was never going to be allowed to grow into just becoming me."[citation needed]
wn.com/Zina_Garrison
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A Conversation with First Ladies Barbara & Laura Bush
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:03
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
On March 5, 2012 the George W. Bush Presidential Center hosted the First Ladies Conference at Southern Methodist University. In this video, Historian and Biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin moderates a conversation with Mrs. Barbara Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush.
http://wn.com/A_Conversation_with_First_Ladies_Barbara_Laura_Bush
On March 5, 2012 the George W. Bush Presidential Center hosted the First Ladies Conference at Southern Methodist University. In this video, Historian and Biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin moderates a conversation with Mrs. Barbara Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush.
George & Barbara Bush Blooper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
George & Barbara Bush Blooper
http://wn.com/George_Barbara_Bush_Blooper
Check Out What Barbara Bush, the Former President's Daughter, is Doing Now!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Barbara Bush, known around the world as one of the Bush twins, is now known for something else -- social entrepreneur! She's the CEO and Co-Founder of Global Health Corps, which sends college grads on year-long fellowships. Check out more interviews at www.ivillage.com SUBSCRIBE TO iVILLAGE! bit.ly *** iVillage: www.ivillage.com iVillage on YouTube www.youtube.com iVillage on Facebook: www.facebook.com iVillage on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Check_Out_What_Barbara_Bush,_the_Former_President's_Daughter,_is_Doing_Now!
Barbara Bush, known around the world as one of the Bush twins, is now known for something else -- social entrepreneur! She's the CEO and Co-Founder of Global Health Corps, which sends college grads on year-long fellowships. Check out more interviews at www.ivillage.com SUBSCRIBE TO iVILLAGE! bit.ly *** iVillage: www.ivillage.com iVillage on YouTube www.youtube.com iVillage on Facebook: www.facebook.com iVillage on Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 6379
- author: ivillage
Barbara Bush on Global Health Leadership | GBCHealth Dinner 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Barbara Bush, CEO & Co-Founder of Global Health Corps, spoke about the future of global health leadership at the 2012 GBCHealth Awards Dinner.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_on_Global_Health_Leadership_|_GBCHealth_Dinner_2012
Barbara Bush, CEO & Co-Founder of Global Health Corps, spoke about the future of global health leadership at the 2012 GBCHealth Awards Dinner.
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 1623
- author: GBCHealth
Barbara Bush for HRC's NYers for Marriage Equality
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
www.hrc.org Barbara Bush supports marriage equality. Do you? Send her a note of thanks for speaking out: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_for_HRC's_NYers_for_Marriage_Equality
www.hrc.org Barbara Bush supports marriage equality. Do you? Send her a note of thanks for speaking out: bit.ly
- published: 31 Jan 2011
- views: 497025
- author: hrcmedia
TEDxBrooklyn - Barbara Bush
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:56
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Barbara Bush is president and co-founder of Global Health Corps, an organization that aims to mobilize a global community of young leaders to build a movement for health equity. Over the past year and a half, Global Health Corps has sent 60 fellows from eight countries to work with nonprofit health organizations like Partners In Health and the Clinton Health Access Initiative in Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Rwanda, and the United States. Before working for Global Health Corps, she worked for two years in Educational Programming at the Smithsonian Institution's Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Barbara is a member of UNICEF's Next Generation Steering Committee and is on the Board of Directors for Covenant House International. She is a Draper Richards Foundation Social Entrepreneur and a fellow of the Echoing Green Foundation, which selected Global Health Corps as one of the 14 most innovative social start-ups worldwide out of 1500 applicants. What is TEDx? In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TED has created a program called TEDx. TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. Our event is called TEDxBrooklyn, where x = independently organized TED event. At our TEDxBrooklyn event, TEDTalks video and live speakers will combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events, including ours, are ...
http://wn.com/TEDxBrooklyn_Barbara_Bush
Barbara Bush is president and co-founder of Global Health Corps, an organization that aims to mobilize a global community of young leaders to build a movement for health equity. Over the past year and a half, Global Health Corps has sent 60 fellows from eight countries to work with nonprofit health organizations like Partners In Health and the Clinton Health Access Initiative in Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Rwanda, and the United States. Before working for Global Health Corps, she worked for two years in Educational Programming at the Smithsonian Institution's Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Barbara is a member of UNICEF's Next Generation Steering Committee and is on the Board of Directors for Covenant House International. She is a Draper Richards Foundation Social Entrepreneur and a fellow of the Echoing Green Foundation, which selected Global Health Corps as one of the 14 most innovative social start-ups worldwide out of 1500 applicants. What is TEDx? In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TED has created a program called TEDx. TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. Our event is called TEDxBrooklyn, where x = independently organized TED event. At our TEDxBrooklyn event, TEDTalks video and live speakers will combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events, including ours, are ...
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 11453
- author: TEDxTalks
Fox News Barbara Bush Health care is a right
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
democurmudgeon.blogspot.com Who would have guessed one of the twins, Barbara, got the social conscience in the George W. Bush family. Isn't it odd too how the group she's working with is trying to promote health equity in two starkly different countries, Africa and the US? On this one issue, we're in great company?
http://wn.com/Fox_News_Barbara_Bush_Health_care_is_a_right
democurmudgeon.blogspot.com Who would have guessed one of the twins, Barbara, got the social conscience in the George W. Bush family. Isn't it odd too how the group she's working with is trying to promote health equity in two starkly different countries, Africa and the US? On this one issue, we're in great company?
- published: 13 Jun 2010
- views: 27423
- author: John Peterson
Barbara Bush Pro-Gay Ad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
TYT Mobile: bit.ly Subscribe: bit.ly Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com www.theyoungturks.com DISCOUNTS: www.theyoungturks.com FREE Movies(!): www.netflix.com Note: The above two links are for TYT sponsors. Read Ana's blog and subscribe at: www.examiner.com Read Cenk's Blog: www.huffingtonpost.com TYT Network (new WTF?! channel): www.youtube.com Check Out TYT Interviews www.youtube.com New TYT Network channels: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_Pro-Gay_Ad
TYT Mobile: bit.ly Subscribe: bit.ly Facebook Page: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com www.theyoungturks.com DISCOUNTS: www.theyoungturks.com FREE Movies(!): www.netflix.com Note: The above two links are for TYT sponsors. Read Ana's blog and subscribe at: www.examiner.com Read Cenk's Blog: www.huffingtonpost.com TYT Network (new WTF?! channel): www.youtube.com Check Out TYT Interviews www.youtube.com New TYT Network channels: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
- published: 02 Feb 2011
- views: 36909
- author: TheYoungTurks
Sarah Palin Vs Barbara Bush
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
New TYT Network channels: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com New TYT Facebook Page(!): www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com www.theyoungturks.com DISCOUNTS: www.theyoungturks.com FREE Movies(!): www.netflix.com Note: The above two links are for TYT sponsors. Read Ana's blog and subscribe at: www.examiner.com TYT Network (new WTF?! channel): www.youtube.com Check Out TYT Interviews www.youtube.com Before Sarah Palin arrived on the scene, the original "momma grizzly" of the Republican party was former first lady Barbara Bush -- husband to George senior and mother to George junior, or US presidents numbers 41 and 43 for those keeping score. During Larry King's farewall tour of interviews, the CNN chat-master asked Barbara what she thought of Palin. Her response perhaps summed up that of the old school Republican party establishment "I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think she's very happy in Alaska. And I hope she'll stay there." As Salon's Steve Kornacki notes, this isn't the first time Barbara Bush has been less than sisterly about a female vice-presidential candidate: Back in October 1984, when her husband was running for reelection as Reagan's vice-president, Bush referred to Geraldine Ferraro, Walter Mondale's running mate on the Democratic ticket, as "the four-million dollar -- I can't say it, but it rhymes with 'witch'." Palin cheerleader Glenn Beck responded on his radio programme today, calling Bush's comments about Palin's ...
http://wn.com/Sarah_Palin_Vs_Barbara_Bush
New TYT Network channels: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com New TYT Facebook Page(!): www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com www.theyoungturks.com DISCOUNTS: www.theyoungturks.com FREE Movies(!): www.netflix.com Note: The above two links are for TYT sponsors. Read Ana's blog and subscribe at: www.examiner.com TYT Network (new WTF?! channel): www.youtube.com Check Out TYT Interviews www.youtube.com Before Sarah Palin arrived on the scene, the original "momma grizzly" of the Republican party was former first lady Barbara Bush -- husband to George senior and mother to George junior, or US presidents numbers 41 and 43 for those keeping score. During Larry King's farewall tour of interviews, the CNN chat-master asked Barbara what she thought of Palin. Her response perhaps summed up that of the old school Republican party establishment "I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think she's very happy in Alaska. And I hope she'll stay there." As Salon's Steve Kornacki notes, this isn't the first time Barbara Bush has been less than sisterly about a female vice-presidential candidate: Back in October 1984, when her husband was running for reelection as Reagan's vice-president, Bush referred to Geraldine Ferraro, Walter Mondale's running mate on the Democratic ticket, as "the four-million dollar -- I can't say it, but it rhymes with 'witch'." Palin cheerleader Glenn Beck responded on his radio programme today, calling Bush's comments about Palin's ...
- published: 23 Nov 2010
- views: 30617
- author: TheYoungTurks
Barbara Bush, Co-founder of Global Health Corps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Barbara Bush talks with FORTUNE editor at large Pattie Sellers about founding Global Health Corps and discusses her future plans.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush,_Co-founder_of_Global_Health_Corps
Barbara Bush talks with FORTUNE editor at large Pattie Sellers about founding Global Health Corps and discusses her future plans.
- published: 01 Nov 2011
- views: 4323
- author: FortuneMPWS
Sesame Street: Barbara Bush and Peter's Chair
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
For more videos and games check out our new website at www.sesamestreet.org In this video Barbara Bush reads a book aloud. Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs for children around the world.
http://wn.com/Sesame_Street_Barbara_Bush_and_Peter's_Chair
For more videos and games check out our new website at www.sesamestreet.org In this video Barbara Bush reads a book aloud. Sesame Street is a production of Sesame Workshop, a nonprofit educational organization which also produces Pinky Dinky Doo, The Electric Company, and other programs for children around the world.
- published: 30 Jul 2008
- views: 142450
- author: SesameStreet
CROWLEY AND BARBARA BUSH/ THE KILLING OF THE KING RITUAL AND JFK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
this is a cool video involved with crowley black magik and the point that crowley is the father of barbara bush...wife and mother of our shitty presidents...now thats freaky, but they look totally like father and daughter, and would make allot of sense considering some statements she has made in the past, also jfk killing of the king ritual....what do you think.....please subscribe
http://wn.com/CROWLEY_AND_BARBARA_BUSH_THE_KILLING_OF_THE_KING_RITUAL_AND_JFK
this is a cool video involved with crowley black magik and the point that crowley is the father of barbara bush...wife and mother of our shitty presidents...now thats freaky, but they look totally like father and daughter, and would make allot of sense considering some statements she has made in the past, also jfk killing of the king ritual....what do you think.....please subscribe
- published: 31 Aug 2012
- views: 119
- author: angrynhpatriot
Mother of George Bush; Barbara Bush - hypnosis mind control
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Barbara Bush uses hypnosis techniques on TV viewers. Volume up and listen to what she says. Courtesy of Boilsoft Inc., segmentation of Illuminati Vol. II.
http://wn.com/Mother_of_George_Bush;_Barbara_Bush_hypnosis_mind_control
Barbara Bush uses hypnosis techniques on TV viewers. Volume up and listen to what she says. Courtesy of Boilsoft Inc., segmentation of Illuminati Vol. II.
- published: 23 Jan 2009
- views: 35210
- author: 02615
Barbara Bush Hopes Sarah Palin Will Stay in Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:16
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Dumbest Sarah Palin's Quotes on Foreign Policy: "As Putin rears his head and comes into the air space of the United States of America, where where do they go? It's Alaska. It's just right over the border." --Sarah Palin, explaining why Alaska's proximity to Russia gives her foreign policy experience, interview with CBS's Katie Couric, Sept. 24, 2008. "They are also building schools for the Afghan children so that there is hope and opportunity in our neighboring country of Afghanistan." --Sarah Palin, speaking at a fundraiser in San Francisco, Oct. 5, 2008, etc Sarah Palin Jokes: "It turns out the highest paid person in the McCain campaign, not the campaign manager, not the pollsters -- Palin's makeup artist. I'm not kidding. She flies to every city where Palin appears. And McCain, he just gets the local gal who does the funeral home. It's not as bad as it sounds. The makeup girl is also Palin's top foreign policy adviser." --Bill Maher. "In Boca Raton, Florida, yesterday, a woman who looked like Sarah Palin caused a near riot when she walked into a diner for breakfast. And after a minute or two, people finally realized it wasn't her when she started answering questions." --Jay Leno. "Hugh Hefner is entering the fray. Hugh Hefner has asked Sarah Palin to pose nude for Playboy magazine. Yeah, and Palin said she'd agree to pose for Playboy as long as there's no interview." --Conan O'Brien "During the debate the other night, the moderator asked Sarah Palin to describe her ...
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_Hopes_Sarah_Palin_Will_Stay_in_Alaska
Dumbest Sarah Palin's Quotes on Foreign Policy: "As Putin rears his head and comes into the air space of the United States of America, where where do they go? It's Alaska. It's just right over the border." --Sarah Palin, explaining why Alaska's proximity to Russia gives her foreign policy experience, interview with CBS's Katie Couric, Sept. 24, 2008. "They are also building schools for the Afghan children so that there is hope and opportunity in our neighboring country of Afghanistan." --Sarah Palin, speaking at a fundraiser in San Francisco, Oct. 5, 2008, etc Sarah Palin Jokes: "It turns out the highest paid person in the McCain campaign, not the campaign manager, not the pollsters -- Palin's makeup artist. I'm not kidding. She flies to every city where Palin appears. And McCain, he just gets the local gal who does the funeral home. It's not as bad as it sounds. The makeup girl is also Palin's top foreign policy adviser." --Bill Maher. "In Boca Raton, Florida, yesterday, a woman who looked like Sarah Palin caused a near riot when she walked into a diner for breakfast. And after a minute or two, people finally realized it wasn't her when she started answering questions." --Jay Leno. "Hugh Hefner is entering the fray. Hugh Hefner has asked Sarah Palin to pose nude for Playboy magazine. Yeah, and Palin said she'd agree to pose for Playboy as long as there's no interview." --Conan O'Brien "During the debate the other night, the moderator asked Sarah Palin to describe her ...
- published: 20 Nov 2010
- views: 123792
- author: ProtectSouthOssetia
George W Bush is Aleister Crowley's Grandson - Sean David Morton - AFR -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Sean David Morton, Strange Universe on American Freedom Radio about the connection between The Beast Aleister Crowley and the Bush family. Barbara Bush is Aleister Crowley's daughter and George W is his grandson. Check out : www.strangeuniverseradio.com
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush_is_Aleister_Crowley's_Grandson_Sean_David_Morton_AFR_-
Sean David Morton, Strange Universe on American Freedom Radio about the connection between The Beast Aleister Crowley and the Bush family. Barbara Bush is Aleister Crowley's daughter and George W is his grandson. Check out : www.strangeuniverseradio.com
- published: 21 Sep 2012
- views: 2191
- author: JupiterReturnz
LKL - Barbara Bush Gives Her Opinion Of Sarah Palin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 20 Jan 2012
In an interview with Larry King, Barbara Bush says she hopes Sarah Palin will stay in Alaska.
http://wn.com/LKL_Barbara_Bush_Gives_Her_Opinion_Of_Sarah_Palin
In an interview with Larry King, Barbara Bush says she hopes Sarah Palin will stay in Alaska.
- published: 20 Nov 2010
- views: 37976
- author: SuchIsLifeVideos
Barbara Bush On Her Miscarriage And The Fetus In A Jar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
more at cnn.com November 22, 2010
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_On_Her_Miscarriage_And_The_Fetus_In_A_Jar
Barbara Bush Shoots Around With Dude Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
The guys from Dude Perfect have drafted Barbara Bush to help them with their next video.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_Shoots_Around_With_Dude_Perfect
The guys from Dude Perfect have drafted Barbara Bush to help them with their next video.
- published: 22 Jan 2011
- views: 57123
- author: Shane McAuliffe
Le Project B Phone Sex "Pop Remix"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Phone Sex The Pop Remix Tongue in cheek and pure filth as only Babs could get away with the new naughty track from Little Rob and Barbara Bush! Video directed by Barbara herself track done by little rob and Ursas! A massive thank you to John Barry for being the guy on the phone! You was such a scream and the video is amazing!!!!!!!! Thank you!!! If you would like to book Barbara Bush as either Performer, DJ (Available as Project B) or as a club / party hostess then please email tristanfield@live.co.uk for more info!
http://wn.com/Le_Project_B_Phone_Sex_Pop_Remix
Phone Sex The Pop Remix Tongue in cheek and pure filth as only Babs could get away with the new naughty track from Little Rob and Barbara Bush! Video directed by Barbara herself track done by little rob and Ursas! A massive thank you to John Barry for being the guy on the phone! You was such a scream and the video is amazing!!!!!!!! Thank you!!! If you would like to book Barbara Bush as either Performer, DJ (Available as Project B) or as a club / party hostess then please email tristanfield@live.co.uk for more info!
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 18098
- author: LeProjectB
Aleister Crowley- Barbara Bush's Father?!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
**FAIR USE NOTICE** These Videos May Contain Copyrighted (© ) Material. The Use of Which Has Not Always Been Specifically Authorized by The Copyright Owner. Such Material is Made Available to Advance Understanding of Ecological, Political, Human Rights, Economic, Democracy, Scientific, Moral, Ethical, Social Justice Issues, Teaching, and Research. It is believed that this Constitutes a ''Fair Use'' of Any Such Copyrighted Material as Provided For in Section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In Accordance With Title - 17 USC Section 107, This Material is Distributed Without PROFIT to Those Who Have Expressed a Prior General Interest in Receiving Similar Information For Research and Educational Purposes. For More Information: www.law.cornell.edu
http://wn.com/Aleister_Crowley_Barbara_Bush's_Father?!
**FAIR USE NOTICE** These Videos May Contain Copyrighted (© ) Material. The Use of Which Has Not Always Been Specifically Authorized by The Copyright Owner. Such Material is Made Available to Advance Understanding of Ecological, Political, Human Rights, Economic, Democracy, Scientific, Moral, Ethical, Social Justice Issues, Teaching, and Research. It is believed that this Constitutes a ''Fair Use'' of Any Such Copyrighted Material as Provided For in Section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In Accordance With Title - 17 USC Section 107, This Material is Distributed Without PROFIT to Those Who Have Expressed a Prior General Interest in Receiving Similar Information For Research and Educational Purposes. For More Information: www.law.cornell.edu
- published: 08 Oct 2011
- views: 2199
- author: omied23
Barbara Bush likes Bobby Jindal for 2012. George HW Bush likes Mitt Romney for 2012.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Yes I know that Mitt Romney is probably eligible for POTUS and yes I know that Bobby Jindal is probably NOT eligible for POTUS. The point that I was attempting to make is that out of all the 'likes' that George HW Bush and his wife Barbara could have made for 2012 POTUS they just happen to pick the two guys that were born to parents who themselves were not born in the United States of American. Any able minded individual can see that the elder Bush monarchs with their 'likes' for 2012 POTUS are making a subtle show of hands and trying to establish precedent as to just who is eligible for POTUS. I don't have the time or the energy to elaborate on this specific point regarding the Larry King interview with the Bush monarchs. It starts off with men and women that are born to parents that were not born in the USA and then every couple years it progresses outward and encompasses broader and broader terms until finally one day just about anyone in the whole wide world is eligible for POTUS.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bush_likes_Bobby_Jindal_for_2012_George_HW_Bush_likes_Mitt_Romney_for_2012
Yes I know that Mitt Romney is probably eligible for POTUS and yes I know that Bobby Jindal is probably NOT eligible for POTUS. The point that I was attempting to make is that out of all the 'likes' that George HW Bush and his wife Barbara could have made for 2012 POTUS they just happen to pick the two guys that were born to parents who themselves were not born in the United States of American. Any able minded individual can see that the elder Bush monarchs with their 'likes' for 2012 POTUS are making a subtle show of hands and trying to establish precedent as to just who is eligible for POTUS. I don't have the time or the energy to elaborate on this specific point regarding the Larry King interview with the Bush monarchs. It starts off with men and women that are born to parents that were not born in the USA and then every couple years it progresses outward and encompasses broader and broader terms until finally one day just about anyone in the whole wide world is eligible for POTUS.
- published: 02 Jan 2011
- views: 6924
- author: Metropolisonthehill
George Bush Library Edition | Dude Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Barbara Bush joins Dude Perfect as they take on the challenge of making some fantastic shots at the George Bush Presidential Library. If you're ever in College Station, you have to visit the library! It's awesome! 3 Steps to AWESOMENESS! #1 SUBSCRIBE to Dude Perfect here on YouTube! bit.ly #2 LIKE Dude Perfect on Facebook! fb.me #3 PLAY the Dude Perfect iPhone Game! bit.ly
http://wn.com/George_Bush_Library_Edition_|_Dude_Perfect
Barbara Bush joins Dude Perfect as they take on the challenge of making some fantastic shots at the George Bush Presidential Library. If you're ever in College Station, you have to visit the library! It's awesome! 3 Steps to AWESOMENESS! #1 SUBSCRIBE to Dude Perfect here on YouTube! bit.ly #2 LIKE Dude Perfect on Facebook! fb.me #3 PLAY the Dude Perfect iPhone Game! bit.ly
- published: 06 Feb 2011
- views: 322907
- author: corycotton
Le Project B "Phone Sex"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Tongue in cheek and pure filth as only Babs could get away with the new naughty track from Little Rob and Barbara Bush! Video directed by Barbara herself track done by little rob and Ursas! A massive thank you to John Barry for being the guy on the phone! You was such a scream and the video is amazing!!!!!!!! Thank you!!! If you would like to book Barbara Bush as either Performer, DJ (Available as Project B) or as a club / party hostess then please email tristanfield@live.co.uk for more info!
http://wn.com/Le_Project_B_Phone_Sex
Tongue in cheek and pure filth as only Babs could get away with the new naughty track from Little Rob and Barbara Bush! Video directed by Barbara herself track done by little rob and Ursas! A massive thank you to John Barry for being the guy on the phone! You was such a scream and the video is amazing!!!!!!!! Thank you!!! If you would like to book Barbara Bush as either Performer, DJ (Available as Project B) or as a club / party hostess then please email tristanfield@live.co.uk for more info!
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 11188
- author: LeProjectB
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP
23 Dec 2012
North Korea's launching of a rocket into space last week amounted to the test of a ballistic missile capable of carrying a half-ton payload over 10,000km, the South Korean defence ministry says. "Based on our analysis and simulation, the missile is capable of flying more than 10,000km with a warhead of 500-600kg," a defence ministry official told reporters on Sunday ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback. Featured on Al Jazeera. Jaws....(size: 18.8Kb)
photo: Public Domain / Tm
21 Dec 2012
The UN Security Council on Thursday unanimously approved sending an African-led intervention force to help Mali’s army reconquer much of the country from Islamist militants. The 15-member council gave the force an initial one year mandate to use “all necessary measures” to help the Mali government take back the northern half of the country from “terrorist, extremist and armed groups.” ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Fox News
23 Dec 2012
Bush, and his wife former first lady Barbara Bush, arrive for the premiere of HBO's new documentary on his life near the family compound in Kennebunkport, Maine ... 20, 2012 that Bush possibly will be released from Methodist Hospital over the weekend and be home for Christmas ... Bush needs to "build up his energy" before he can ... Bush was hospitalized Nov....(size: 2.0Kb)
Herald Tribune
23 Dec 2012
Bush needs to "build up his energy" before he can be released from a Houston hospital ... Bush, and his wife former first lady Barbara Bush, arrive for the premiere of HBO's new documentary on his life near the family compound in Kennebunkport, Maine ... 20, 2012 that Bush possibly will be released from Methodist Hospital over the weekend and be home for Christmas ... He said doctors are being "extra cautious" with Bush's care....(size: 5.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
22 Dec 2012
Laga Handbags can be found at the Smithsonian Institute’s Freer Sackler Museum in Washington D.C., in the home of First Lady Barbara Bush as well as several celebrities like Amy Grant (singer-songwriter ), Brandy Norwood (recording artist and actress), Pauley Perrette (actress, “Abby” on NCIS ), Kim Coles (comedienne/actress “In Living Color”, ......(size: 3.5Kb)
Houston Chronicle
22 Dec 2012
Laga Handbags can be found at the Smithsonian Institute’s Freer Sackler Museum in Washington D.C., in the home of First Lady Barbara Bush as well as several celebrities like Amy Grant (singer-songwriter ), Brandy Norwood (recording artist and actress), Pauley Perrette (actress, “Abby” on NCIS ), Kim Coles (comedienne/actress “In Living Color”, ......(size: 12.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
21 Dec 2012
"My parents are really excited, obviously," Bush Hager said, referring to her father, President George W. Bush and her mom, former First Lady Barbara Bush ... Hosted by Meredith Vieira, the special looks at Christmases past and present and features members of presidential families over the last 50 years, including First Lady Michelle Obama, and former First Ladies Laura Bush, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Barbara Bush and Rosalynn Carter....(size: 2.6Kb)
Starpulse
20 Dec 2012
The special also features former First Ladies Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush, Rosalynn Carter and their children. "A White House Christmas ... ET). Photo Credits ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
The Examiner
20 Dec 2012
For Thursday, December 20th 2012 LA TV Insider Examiner recommends the following holiday programming.. A White House Christmas ... Also featuring former First Ladies Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush, Rosalynn Carter and their children ... What to watch?? ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Washington Times
20 Dec 2012
Lisa King. Ask me a question. WASHINGTON, December 20, 2012 –According to the Mayans, tomorrow is the end of the world. Maybe that’s why tonight’s TV schedule is packed with reruns ... The champion is crowned tonight and awarded a 5 million dollar recording contract ... First Lady Michelle Obama and former first ladies Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush and Rosalynn Carter share their holiday-theme White House memories....(size: 9.8Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
20 Dec 2012
. SERIES. The X Factor. The season finale features performances from One Direction and Pitbull. The winner is announced (8 p.m. Fox) ... Bravo) ... Lifetime) ... FX) ... MTV) ... In this new special, host Meredith Vieira talks with first lady Michelle Obama and several of her predecessors — Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush and Rosalynn Carter — about the ways in which they've marked the season at the famous residence (8 p.m....(size: 30.6Kb)
Huffington Post
19 Dec 2012
It's a Obama vs. Bush face-off! ... Michelle Obama sat down with the "Today" show's Jenna Bush Hager, who's been a correspondent on the show since 2009 (!), to talk all about Christmas at the White House ... Fun fact. this isn't the first time FLOTUS has outfit-coordinated with a Bush daughter. Michelle and Barbara Bush both wore Prabal Gurung together at the White House back in May 2012 ... PHOTOS. ... (Getty photo) August 2012 in Barbara Tfank ... -- ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
19 Dec 2012
share ... NBCUniversal. No predictable red dresses, doofy sweaters with holly sprigs and Santa faces for Michelle Obama or Jenna Bush ... First Lady Michelle Obama Recycles Michael Kors Dress On Election Night (Poll) ... Michelle Obama Vs ... STORY ... Turns out that isn't the first time FLOTUS has outfit-coordinated with a Bush daughter. Michelle and Barbara Bush both wore Prabal Gurung together at the White House back in May 2012 ... Obama ... share. ....(size: 5.9Kb)
The Examiner
17 Dec 2012
President Barack Obama won the election. The people spoke. Move on, get over it without being ugly. "The Fox and the Grapes" is one of the traditional Aesop's fables ... Sour grapes. Romney's embittered whine, blames loss on Obama’s small gifts. The fable of “The Fox and the Grapes ... first lady Barbara Bush, who endorsed Republican Mitt Romney, would seem to agree ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
17 Dec 2012
Kids Matter International partners with Boston’s Gourmet Pizza to clothe over 1,100 needy children in North Texas during the Holidays ... The Boston’s Pizza Foundation hosts a fall charity golf tournament every year that supports local charities ... This year we will also be partnering with The Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, who will provide books to these children to promote education and to enhance their learning experience ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
For other people named Barbara Bush, see Barbara Bush (disambiguation).
| Barbara Bush | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Barbara Bush in 1989 | |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
|
| Preceded by | Nancy Reagan |
| Succeeded by | Hillary Rodham Clinton |
| Second Lady of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
|
| Preceded by | Joan Mondale |
| Succeeded by | Marilyn Quayle |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-06-08) June 8, 1925 (age 87) Flushing, New York |
| Spouse(s) | George H. W. Bush (m. 1945–present) |
| Relations | Marvin Pierce (father) Scott Pierce (brother) |
| Children | George W. Bush, Pauline Bush, Jeb Bush, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch |
| Residence | Houston, Texas |
| Alma mater | Smith College (attended) |
| Occupation | former First Lady of the United States |
| Religion | Episcopal |
| Signature |  |
Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of the 43rd President George W. Bush and of the 43rd Governor of Florida Jeb Bush. Previously she had served as Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937, and is an alumna of Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina. She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. They would have six children together. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas; as George Bush entered political life, Barbara raised their children.
As wife of the Vice President and then President, Barbara Bush has supported and worked to advance the cause of universal literacy. She founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy while First Lady. Since leaving the White House, she has continued to advance this cause.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Barbara Pierce was born at Booth Memorial Hospital in Flushing, Queens in New York City, and raised in the suburban town of Rye, New York.[1] She was the third child of Pauline Robinson (1896–1949) and her husband Marvin Pierce (1893–1969), who later became president of McCall Corporation, the publisher of the popular women's magazines Redbook and McCall's. Her siblings include Martha Pierce Rafferty (1920–1999); James Pierce (1921–1993), and Scott Pierce (born 1930). Her ancestor Thomas Pierce, an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States. She is the fourth cousin, four times removed of President Franklin Pierce.[2]
Barbara attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937 and later boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston, South Carolina from 1940 to 1943.[1] She was athletic as a youth and enjoyed swimming, tennis, and bike-riding.[1] Her interest in reading began early in her life; she recalls gathering with her family during the evenings and reading together.[1]
Marriage and family[link]
She met George Herbert Walker Bush, a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts at age 16 during a dance over Christmas vacation.[3] After a year-and-a-half, the two became engaged to be married, just before he went off to World War II as a Navy torpedo bomber pilot. He named three of his planes after her: Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. When he returned on leave, she had dropped out of Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts;[1] two weeks later, on January 6, 1945, they were married at the First Presbyterian Church in Rye, New York.[1]
For the first eight months of their marriage, the Bushes moved around the Eastern United States, to places including Michigan, Maryland, and Virginia, as George Bush's Navy squadron training required his presence at bases in such states.[1]
Over the next 13 years George and Barbara Bush had six children: George W. Bush (born July 6, 1946), Pauline Robinson Bush (December 20, 1949 – October 11, 1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born January 22, 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born August 18, 1959). And from their 5 living children they have 14 grandchildren.
Texas years[link]
After the war ended, George Bush graduated from Yale University and the young family soon moved to Odessa, Texas where Bush entered the oil business. They moved to several small suburbs around Los Angeles, California before settling in Midland, Texas in 1950. The Bushes would move some twenty-nine times during their marriage.[1] Over time, Bush would build a business in the oil industry and found the successful Zapata Corporation. Barbara raised her children while her husband was usually away on business.
In 1953, the Bushes' daughter Robin died of leukemia. It severely affected Barbara Bush, and is the incident that is credited with beginning to turn her hair from a light brown color to chalk-white.[1]
Political wife[link]
Over the ensuing years, George Bush would be elected or appointed to several different positions in the U.S. Congress or the Executive branch, or government-related posts, and Barbara Bush would accompany him every step of the way.
While in Texas, in 1959, George Bush was elected Harris County Republican Party chairman, in the first of what would become many elections. His first run for a prominent political office was in 1964, for U.S. Senator from Texas and although he lost, the exposure of the Bush family put George and Barbara Bush on the national scene.[1] He would be elected as a U.S. Representative in Congress from Texas two years later; while her husband campaigned, Barbara raised her children, occasionally joining him on the trail.
As the wife of a Congressman, Barbara immersed herself in projects that piqued her interest, included various charities and Republican women's' groups in Washington, D.C.[1] Though her husband lost a second bid for the Senate in 1970, President Richard Nixon appointed him the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, which enabled Barbara to begin forming relationships in New York with prominent diplomats.[1] As the Watergate scandal heated up in 1973, Nixon asked Bush to become Chairman of the Republican National Committee; Barbara advised her husband to reject the offer because of the harsh political climate,[1] but he accepted anyway.
Nixon's successor, Gerald R. Ford, appointed Bush head of the U.S. Liaison Office in the Peoples Republic of China in 1974, and thus the Bushes moved internationally. Barbara enjoyed her time spent in China, and often rode bicycles with her husband to explore the cities and regions that few Americans had traveled to.[1] Just three years later Bush was called back to the U.S. to serve as Director of Central Intelligence during a crucial time of legal uncertainty for the agency. Her husband was not allowed to share pertinent aspects of his job with Barbara, as they were classified; the ensuing sense of isolation, coupled with her perception that she was not achieving her goals while other women of her time were, plunged her into a depression.[1] She did not seek professional help and instead began delivering speeches and presentations about her time spent in the closed-off China and began volunteering at a hospice.[1]
Barbara Bush defended her husband's experience and personal qualities when he announced his candidacy for President of the United States in 1980. She caused a stir when she said that she supported ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and was pro-choice on abortion, views that her husband shared.[1] This placed her and her husband slightly at odds with the conservative-wing of the Republican party, led by California Governor Ronald Reagan; Reagan would receive the presidential nomination over her husband. Reagan, however, chose Bush to be his running mate and the team was elected in 1980.
Second Lady of the United States[link]
Barbara Bush's eight years as Second Lady allowed her to become a common household name. She took an interest in adult and childhood literacy issues after her son Neil was diagnosed with dyslexia and began working with several different literacy organizations. She spent much time researching and learning about the factors that contributed to childhood and adult illiteracy – she believed homelessness was too connected to illiteracy[4] – and the efforts underway to combat both.[1] She traveled around the country and the world, both with the Vice President on official trips and by herself. In 1984 she wrote a children's book about her family told from the point of view of her dog C. Fred entitled C. Fred's Story. She donated all proceeds from the book to literacy charities.[4] Now comfortable speaking in front of groups, she routinely spoke to promote issues she believed in and became famous for expressing a sense of humor and self-deprecating wit.[1] During the 1984 presidential campaign, Barbara made headlines when she told the press that she could not say on television what she thought of Vice-Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro, but "it rhymes with rich".[5] She later apologized to Ferraro.
In 1988 Vice President Bush announced his candidacy for President to succeed Reagan. By this time Barbara had experienced two presidential campaigns, but broke new ground by becoming the first candidate's spouse who was not first lady to speak at a national party convention.[1] She promised voters that she would be a traditional first lady and campaigned actively for her husband.[4] The campaign at times focused on the large Bush family, and contrasted her with the First Lady, Nancy Reagan, by highlighting her interest in domestic staples such as church, gardening, and time spent with family while placing less emphasis on style sense and fashion; she drew attention to both her famous white hair and disinterest in wearing designer clothes.[1] She generally avoided discussion of political issues during the campaign, particularly those on which she and her husband differed, and those closely involved with the campaign have reported that she was actively involved in campaign strategy.[1] Bush was elected in November 1988 and sworn in on January 20, 1989 – and the nation had a new first lady.
First Lady of the United States[link]
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Barbara Bush's cause as First Lady was literacy, as it was when she was Second Lady, calling it "the most important issue we have".[6] She became involved with many literacy organizations, served on literacy committees and chaired many reading organizations. Eventually, she helped develop the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy.[7] During the early 1980s, statistics showed that 35 million adults could not read above the eight-grade level and that 23 million were not able to read beyond a fourth-grade level. Mrs. Bush appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the situation. She also appeared regularly on Mrs. Bush's Story Time, a national radio program that stressed the importance of reading aloud to children.[1] Through her influence, Virginia's former First Lady Jeannie Baliles was inspired to form the Virginia Literacy Foundation, which supported Virginia's grass roots adult literacy programs. Through her support and the publicity she generated as First Lady, grass roots adult literacy programs began to spring up around the country.[8]
She was also active with the White House Historical Association and worked to revitalize the White House Preservation Fund, which she renamed the White House Endowment Trust. The trust raises funds for the ongoing refurbishment and restoration of the White House. She met her goal of raising $25 million towards the endowment.
Bush was known for her affection for her pet English Springer Spaniel Millie and wrote a child's book about Millie's new litter of puppies. Barbara Bush became the first U.S. First Lady to become a recipient of the Henry G. Freeman Jr. Pin Money Fund, receiving $36,000, most of which she gave to favorite charities.
During her husband's 1992 presidential campaign, Barbara Bush stated that abortion and homosexuality are personal matters and argued that the Republican Party platform should not take a stand on it, saying that "The personal things should be left out of, in my opinion, platforms and conventions." Her personal views on abortion were not known, although her friends reported at that time that she "privately supported abortion rights".[9] She explained, "I hate abortions, but I just could not make that choice for someone else." [10]
Bush disclosed she was suffering from an overactive thyroid ailment known as Graves' disease when she lived at the White House. George H.W. Bush came down with the same malady not long after his wife. It is rare for two biologically unrelated people in the same household to develop Graves disease within two years of each other.[11] The Bush dog, Millie, came down with Graves' disease, too, although there are reports that she had a different auto-immune disease, lupus.
Because of the remarkable coincidence of three cases of auto-immune disease in one household, the Secret Service tested the water in the White House, at Camp David, at the Vice President's residence, and at Walker's Point (Bush's home in Maine) for lithium and iodine, two substances "known to cause thyroid problems".[citation needed]
Life after the White House[link]
Since leaving the White House, she and her husband reside in River Oaks, section of Houston, Texas and at the Bush Compound in Kennebunkport, Maine.
Several schools have been named for her: three primary schools and two middle schools in Texas and an elementary school in Mesa, Arizona. Also named for her is the Barbara Bush Library in Harris County, Texas[12] and the Barbara Bush Children's Hospital at Maine Medical Center in Portland, Maine. She serves on the Boards of AmeriCares and the Mayo Clinic, and heads the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy.
On March 18, 2003, two days before the beginning of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, ABC's Good Morning America asked her about her family's television viewing habits; she replied:
I watch none. He [former President George H.W. Bush] sits and listens and I read books, because I know perfectly well that, don't take offense, that 90 percent of what I hear on television is supposition, when we're talking about the news. And he's not, not as understanding of my pettiness about that. But why should we hear about body bags and deaths, and how many, what day it's gonna happen, and how many this or that or what do you suppose? Or, I mean, it's not relevant. So, why should I waste my beautiful mind on something like that, and watch him suffer.[13]
_christening.jpg)
While visiting a Houston relief center for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina, Bush told the radio program Marketplace,
Almost everyone I've talked to says, 'We're gonna move to Houston.' What I'm hearing, which is sort of scary, is they all want to stay in Texas... Everybody is so overwhelmed by the hospitality, and so many of the people in the arenas here, you know, were underprivileged anyway, so this (as she chuckles slightly) is working very well for them.[14][15]
The remarks generated controversy.[16] In 2006, it was revealed that Barbara Bush donated an undisclosed amount of money to the Bush–Clinton Katrina Fund on the condition that the charity do business with an educational software company owned by her son Neil Bush.[17]
In November 2008 Bush was hospitalized for abdominal pains. On November 25, a dime-sized hole in her small intestine, that was caused by an ulcer, was closed by surgeons. She was released December 2, 2008 and was reported to be doing well.[18]
Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery on March 4, 2009; she was released from the hospital on March 13, 2009.[19]
In a November 2010 interview with Larry King, Bush was asked about former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Bush remarked, "I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think she's very happy in Alaska, and I hope she'll stay there."[20] Palin responded, "I don't want to, sort of, concede that we have to get used to this kind of thing, because I think the majority of Americans don't want to put up with the blue-bloods — and I say it with all due respect, because I love the Bushes — but, the blue-bloods, who want to pick and choose their winners, instead of allowing competition to pick and choose the winners."[21]
Barbara Bush was portrayed by Ellen Burstyn in the 2008 film W.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". National First Ladies Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=42. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ "Correction Barbara Pierce Bush Genealogy". Merrill.org. http://www.merrill.org/genealogy/newsletters/200001/6-1barbaracx.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Bush, Barbara (1994), p. 16
- ^ a b c "Barbara Bush Biography". A&E Television Networks, LLC. http://www.biography.com/people/barbara-bush-9232727. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James B. Simpson. 1988.. Bartleby
- ^ "White House biography of Barbara Bush". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/bb41.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Lamar Brantley. "Barbara Bush as a Role Model". Rolemodel.net. http://www.rolemodel.net/barbarabush.cfm. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "Virginia's Not so Hidden Secret: The Adult Literacy Crisis" (PDF). http://www.via.vt.edu/summer08/feature2.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ John M. Broder (August 14, 1992). "Barbara Bush Calls Abortion `Personal Choice". Los Angeles Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19920814&slug=1507390.
- ^ Harnden, Toby (November 8, 2010). "George W Bush became opposed to abortion when mother showed him dead foetus in jar". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/us-politics/8118079/George-W-Bush-became-opposed-to-abortion-when-mother-showed-him-dead-foetus-in-jar.html.
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. (1991-05-29). "Clue to Bushes' Disease Sought in Water". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DB113BF93AA15756C0A967958260. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Barbara Bush Branch Library @ Cypress Creek. hcpl.lib.tx.us
- ^ "Barbara Bush 'Beautiful Mind' Quote". snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/barbara.asp. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "Barbara Bush: Things Working Out 'Very Well' for Poor Evacuees from New Orleans". Editor and Publisher. September 5, 2005. http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001054719. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
- ^ "Marketplace". American Public Media. September 5, 2005. http://www.publicradio.org/tools/media/player/marketplace/2005/09/05_mpp?start=00:00:02:02.5&end=00:00:02:11.8. Audio clip.
- ^ "Barbara Bush comments on survivors spark outrage". Sydney Morning Herald. September 7, 2005. http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/barbara-bush-comments-on-survivors-spark-outrage/2005/09/07/1125772563296.html. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
- ^ CYNTHIA LEONOR GARZA, Copyright 2006 Houston Chronicle (2006-03-23). "Katrina funds earmarked to pay for Neil Bush's software program – Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. http://chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/metro/3742329.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "Former First Lady Barbara Bush In Hospital". Fox News. 2010-04-07. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/11/25/lady-barbara-bush-taken-hospital-tests/. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Former first lady Barbara Bush released from hospital. CNN (2009-03-13)
- ^ Snyder, Whitney (November 20, 2010). "Barbara Bush Jabs Sarah Palin: 'I Hope She Stays' In Alaska (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/20/barbara-bush-sarah-palin_n_786454.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "44 – Palin fires back at 'blue-blood' Barbara Bush". Voices.washingtonpost.com. 2010-11-24. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/11/barbara-bush-i-hope-palin-stay.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
References[link]
- Bush, Barbara. Barbara Bush: A Memoir, New York:Scribner, 1994. ISBN 978-0-02-519635-3
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barbara Bush |
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Joan Mondale |
Second Lady of the United States 1981–1989 |
Succeeded by Marilyn Quayle |
| Preceded by Nancy Reagan |
First Lady of the United States 1989–1993 |
Succeeded by Hillary Clinton |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bush, Barbara |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | First Lady of the United States |
| Date of birth | June 8, 1925 |
| Place of birth | Flushing, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Laura Bush | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Hillary Rodham Clinton |
| Succeeded by | Michelle Obama |
| First Lady of Texas | |
| In office January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000 |
|
| Preceded by | Rita Crocker Clements |
| Succeeded by | Anita Thigpen Perry |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Laura Lane Welch (1946-11-04) November 4, 1946 (age 65) Midland, Texas |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | George W. Bush (1977–present) |
| Relations | Harold Welch (father) and Jenna Hawkins (mother) |
| Children | Barbara Pierce Bush (b. 1981) Jenna Bush Hager (b. 1981) |
| Alma mater | Southern Methodist University (SMU) University of Texas at Austin |
| Occupation | Author, Teacher, Librarian, First Lady |
| Religion | United Methodist |
| Signature |  |
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 election.
Polled by Gallup as one of the most popular first ladies,[1] Laura Bush was involved in both national and global concerns during her tenure. She continued to advance her trademark interests of education and literacy by establishing the semi-annual National Book Festival in 2001 and encouraged education on a worldwide scale. She also advanced women's causes through The Heart Truth and Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She represented the United States during her foreign trips, which tended to focus on HIV/AIDS and malaria awareness. In May 2010, Bush released her memoir, Spoken from the Heart, in conjunction with a national tour.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Laura Lane Welch was born in Midland, Texas, the only child of Harold Welch (1912–1995) and Jenna Louise Hawkins Welch (born 1919).[2] Her father was a home builder and later successful real estate developer[3] while her mother worked as the bookkeeper for her father's business.[2] Early on, her parents encouraged her to read, leading to what would become her love of reading.[2] She said, "I learned [how important reading is] at home from my mother. When I was a little girl, my mother would read stories to me. I have loved books and going to the library ever since. In the summer, I liked to spend afternoons reading in the library. I enjoyed the Little House on the Prairie books and Little Women, and many others... Reading gives you enjoyment throughout your life."[4]
She attended James Bowie Elementary School, San Jacinto Junior High School, and Robert E. Lee High School in Midland.[5] She graduated from Lee in 1964[6] and went on to attend Southern Methodist University in Dallas where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta.[7] She graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in education.
On the night of November 6, 1963, Laura Welch ran a stop sign, causing a fatal car accident that killed her friend in another car.[8][9] The driver of the other car was her close friend and classmate Michael Dutton Douglas. By some accounts, he had been Welch's boyfriend at one time.[10] Welch and her passenger, both 17, were treated for minor injuries.[11] According to the accident report released by the city of Midland in 2000, in response to an open-records request, she was not charged in the incident.[11][12] Bush's spokesman said, "It was a very tragic accident that deeply affected the families and was very painful for all involved, including the community at large."[11] In her book Spoken from the Heart, she says that the accident caused her to lose her faith "for many, many years".[13]
After graduating from SMU, she began her career as a second grade school teacher at Longfellow Elementary School in the Dallas Independent School District.[7] She then taught for three years at John F. Kennedy Elementary School, a Houston Independent School District school in Houston, until 1972.
In 1973, Welch attained a Master of Science degree in Library Science from the University of Texas at Austin.[7] She was soon employed as a librarian at the Kashmere Gardens Branch at the Houston Public Library. The following year, she moved back to Austin and took another job as a librarian in the Austin Independent School District school Dawson Elementary until 1977. She reflected on her employment experiences to a group of children in 2003, saying, "I worked as a teacher and librarian and I learned how important reading is in school and in life."[4]
Marriage and family[link]
She met George W. Bush in July 1977 when mutual friends John and Jan O'Neill invited her and Bush to a backyard barbecue at their home. He proposed to her at the end of September and they were married on November 5 of that year[14][15] at the First United Methodist Church in Midland, the same church in which she had been baptized.[16] Laura bought a tan, two-toned dress off the rack for the wedding.[17] The couple honeymooned in Cozumel, Mexico.[14]
The year after their marriage, the couple began campaigning for George W. Bush's 1978 Congressional candidacy. According to George Bush, when he asked her to marry him, she had said, "Yes. But only if you promise me that I'll never have to make a campaign speech."[18] She soon relented, and gave her first stump speech for him in 1978 on the courthouse steps in Muleshoe, Texas.[19] After narrowly winning the primary, he lost the general election.[15]
The Bushes had tried to conceive for three years, but pregnancy did not happen easily. On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna.[16] The twins were born five weeks early by an emergency Caesarean section, as Laura had developed life-threatening pre-eclampsia (toxemia).[15] The twins graduated from high school in 2000 and attended Yale University and the University of Texas at Austin, respectively, in 2004. To date, Bush is the only First Lady to have given birth to twins.
George W. Bush credited his wife with his decision to stop drinking in 1986.[7][20] She is also credited with having a stabilizing effect on his private life.[15] According to People magazine reporter Jane Simms Podesta, "She is the steel in his back. She is a civilizing influence on him. I think she built him, in many ways, into the person he is today."[15]
Several times a year, Bush and her husband travel to their sprawling family estate, the Bush compound, better known as Walker's Point. Located in Kennebunkport, Maine, the compound is where Bush family gatherings have been held for nearly 100 years.
First Lady of Texas[link]
Bush became the First Lady of Texas when her husband was elected as the Governor of Texas and served as first lady of that state from January 17, 1995, to December 21, 2000.[21] When asked about her interest in politics, she responded, "It doesn't drive me."[22]
Though during her years in the Governor's Mansion, she did not hold a single formal event,[23] Laura worked for women's and children's causes including health, education, and literacy.[21] She implemented four major initiatives: Take Time For Kids, an awareness campaign to educate parents and caregivers on parenting; family literacy, through cooperation with the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, she urged Texas communities to establish family literacy programs; Reach Out and Read, a pediatric reading program; and Ready to Read, an early childhood educational program.[21]
She raised money for public libraries through her establishment of the Texas Book Festival,[21] and established the First Lady's Family Literacy Initiative, which encouraged families to read together.[24] Bush further established "Rainbow Rooms" across the state, in an effort to provide emergency services for neglected or abused children.[21] Through this, she promoted the Adopt-a-Caseworker Program to provide support for Child Protective Services.[21] She used her position to advocate Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer awareness as well.[21]
Her husband announced his campaign for President of the United States in mid-1999, something that she agreed to. She did say, however, that she had never dreamed that he would run for office.[22] In July, she delivered a keynote address to the delegates at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which put her on the national stage.[18][25] In December 2000, her husband resigned as Governor of Texas to prepare for his inauguration as President of the United States in January 2001.
First Lady of the United States[link]
As First Lady, Bush was involved in issues of concern to children and women, both nationally and internationally.[26] Her major initiatives included education and women's health.[26]
Education and children[link]
Early into the administration, Bush made it known that she would focus much of her attention on education. This included recruiting highly qualified teachers to ensure that young children would be taught well.[27] She also focused on early child development.[27] In 2001, to promote reading and education, she partnered with the Library of Congress to launch the annual National Book Festival. To promote American patriotic heritage in schools, she helped launch the National Anthem Project.
Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks; Bush spoke regarding America's children:
"[W]e need to reassure our children that they are safe in their homes and schools. We need to reassure them that many people love them and care for them, and that while there are some bad people in the world, there are many more good people."[28]
The following day, she composed open letters to America's families, focusing on elementary and middle school students, which she distributed through state education officials.[29][30] She took an interest in mitigating the emotional effects of the attacks on children, particularly the disturbing images repeatedly replayed on television.[31] On the one-year anniversary, she encouraged parents to instead read to their children, and perhaps light a candle in memoriam, saying, "Don't let your children see the images, especially on September 11, when you know it'll probably be on television again and again — the plane hitting the building or the buildings falling."[31]
Later in her tenure, she was honored by the United Nations, as the body named her honorary ambassador for the United Nations' Decade of Literacy. In this position, she announced that she would host a Conference on Global Literacy.[32] The conference, held in September 2006, encouraged a constant effort to promote literacy and highlighted many successful literacy programs.[33] She coordinated this as a result of her many trips abroad where she witnessed how literacy benefited children in poorer nations.[33]
Women's health[link]
Another of her signature issues were those relating to the health and well being of women. She established the Women's Health and Wellness Initiative and became involved with two major campaigns.
Bush first became involved with The Heart Truth awareness campaign in 2003.[34] It is an organization established by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to raise awareness about heart disease in women, and how to prevent the condition.[35] She serves in the honorary position of ambassador for the program[34] leading the federal government's effort to give women a "wake up call" about the risk of heart disease.[34] She commented on the disease: "Like many women, I assumed heart disease was a man's disease and cancer was what we would fear the most. Yet heart disease kills more women in our country than all forms of cancer combined. When it comes to heart disease, education, prevention, and even a little red dress can save lives."[34] She has undertaken a signature personal element of traveling around the country and talking to women at hospital and community events featuring the experiences of women who live, or had lived, with the condition.[34] This outreach was credited with saving the life of one woman who went to the hospital after experiencing symptoms of a heart attack.[34]
With her predecessor, former First Lady Nancy Reagan, Bush dedicated the First Ladies Red Dress Collection at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in May 2005. It is an exhibit containing red suits worn by former First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, and Laura Bush meant to raise awareness by highlighting America's first ladies.[36] She has participated in fashion shows displaying red dresses worn on celebrities as well.[37]
Bush's mother, Jenna Welch, was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 78. She endured surgery and currently has no further signs of cancer. Laura Bush has become a breast cancer activist on her mother's behalf[38] through her involvement in the Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She applauded the foundation's efforts in eliminating cancer and said, "A few short years ago, a diagnosis of breast cancer left little hope of recovery. But thanks to the work of the Komen Foundation... more women and men are beating breast cancer and beating the odds."[38] She used her position to gain international support for the foundation through the Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research of the Americas, an initiative that unites experts from the United States, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico.[39]
In November 2001, she became the first person other than a president to deliver the weekly presidential radio address. She used the opportunity to discuss the plight of women in Afghanistan during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, saying, "The brutal oppression of women is a central goal of the terrorists."[40] In May 2002, she made a speech to the people of Afghanistan through Radio Liberty, a radio station in Prague, Czech Republic.
Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health[link]
File:Jwwcdedication.jpg
Mrs. Bush and her mother, Jenna Welch, at the dedication of the Jenna Welch Women's Center, 2010
In August 2007, the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health (LWBIWH) was founded at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. This institute aims to integrate research, education and community outreach in a multidisciplinary approach to women’s health and has begun efforts to establish a multi-campus women's health institute in Amarillo, El Paso, Lubbock and the Permian Basin.[41]
A subsidiary of the center, the Jenna Welch Women’s Center, opened in Midland, Texas, on August 10, 2010, to deliver expert medical care to women and their families. Operating in partnership with the Laura Bush Institute, the Jenna Welch Center, named for Bush's mother, strives for excellence in research, education and community outreach.[42]
Popularity and style[link]
Laura Bush's approval ratings have consistently ranked very high.[43] In January 2006, a USA Today/CBS/Gallup poll recorded her approval rating at 82 percent and disapproval at 13 percent.[1][44][45] That places Bush as one of the most popular first ladies.[1] Former White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer said, "She is more popular, and more welcome, in many parts of the country than the president... In races where the moderates are in the most trouble, Laura Bush is the one who can do the most good."[44]
She disagreed with Fox News' Chris Wallace in 2006 when Wallace asked why the American people were beginning to lose confidence in President Bush, saying, "Well, I don't think they are. And I don't really believe those polls. I travel around the country, I see people, I see their response to my husband, I see their response to me. There are a lot of difficult challenges right now in the United States... All of those decisions that the President has to make surrounding each one of these very difficult challenges are hard. They're hard decisions to make. And of course some people are unhappy about what some of those decisions are. But I think people know that he is doing what he thinks is right for the United States, that he's doing what he — especially in the war on terror, what he thinks he is obligated to do for the people in the United States, and that is to protect them... When his polls were really high they weren't on the front page."[46]
During the January 2005 second inauguration ceremonies for her husband, Laura Bush was looked highly upon by People magazine, The Washington Post, and others for her elegance and fashion sense.[47] At the inauguration she wore a winter white cashmere dress and matching coat designed by Oscar de la Renta.[48] Following the inauguration were the inaugural galas, to which Bush wore a pale, aqua lace gown, sprinkled with crystals, with long sleeves in a silver blue mist.[48] The tulle gown was also designed for her by de la Renta. According to The Washington Post, "[I]t made her look radiant and glamorous."[48]
Foreign trips[link]
During her husband's second term, Bush was more involved in foreign matters. She traveled to numerous countries as a representative of the United States.
As First Lady, she took five goodwill trips to Africa.[49] The purpose of these has mostly been to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and malaria, but Bush has also stressed the need for education and greater opportunities for women.[50] She has taken many other trips to other countries to promote and gain support for President Bush's Emergency Plan for AIDS relief;[51] these countries include Zambia (2007),[52] Mozambique (2007),[53] Mali (2007),[54] Senegal (2007),[55] and Haiti (2008).[51]
In mid-2007, she took a trip to Burma where she spoke out in support of the pro-democracy movement, and urged Burmese soldiers and militias to refrain from violence.[56] Later that October, she ventured to the Middle East. Bush said she was in the region in an attempt to improve America's image by highlighting concern for women's health, specifically promoting her breast cancer awareness work with the US-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research.[56][57] She defined the trip as successful, saying that stereotypes were broken on both sides.[56]
Views on policy[link]
Bush is a Republican and has identified herself with the GOP since her marriage.
When asked about abortion in 2000, Bush said she doesn't believe that Roe v. Wade should be overturned. She did not comment on whether women had the right to an abortion.[58] She did say, however, that the country should do "what we can to limit the number of abortions, to try to reduce the number of abortions in a lot of ways, and that is, by talking about responsibility with girls and boys, by teaching abstinence, having abstinence classes everywhere in schools and in churches and in Sunday school."[58]
Bush responded to a question during a 2006 interview concerning the Federal Marriage Amendment by calling for elected leaders not to politicize same-sex marriage: "I don't think it should be used as a campaign tool, obviously. It requires a lot of sensitivity to just talk about the issue... a lot of sensitivity."[59]
On July 12, 2005, while in South Africa, Bush suggested her husband replace retiring Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor with another woman. On October 2, during a private dinner at the White House with his wife, President Bush nominated Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor.[60] Later that month, after Miers had faced intense criticism, Laura Bush questioned whether the charges were sexist in nature.[61]
On May 11, 2010, during an interview on Larry King Live, Bush was asked about same-sex marriage. She said she views it as a generational issue and said she believes it will be made legal in the future. Bush offered support for the issue by saying, "...when couples are committed to each other and love each other...they ought to have the same sort of rights that everyone has." Bush referred to her 2000 interview, reaffirming her support for Roe v. Wade: "I think it's important that [abortion] remain legal. Because I think it's important for people - that for medical reasons and, and other reasons."[62]
Awards and honors[link]
During her tenure as the First Lady, Laura Bush received a number of awards and honors. In October 2002, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity honored her in recognition of her efforts on behalf of education[63] and the American Library Association honored her for her years of support to America's libraries and librarians in April 2005.[64] The Progressive Librarians Guild opposed her being honored, because of her support of the USA PATRIOT Act and her cancellation of a poetry forum due to concern that some of the poets would express opposition to the war in Iraq.[65]
She received an award in honor of her dedication to help improve the living conditions and education of children around the world, from the Kuwait-American Foundation in March 2006.[66] She accepted The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal on behalf of disaster relief workers around the world in May 2006 from Vanderbilt University.
Four learning facilities have been named for her: the Laura Welch Bush Elementary School in Houston, Texas,[67] the Laura W. Bush Elementary School in the Leander ISD just outside Austin, Texas,[68] and the Laura Bush Education Center at Camp Bondsteel, a U.S. military base in Kosovo and the Laura Bush Middle School in Lubbock, Texas.[69] She was awarded the 2008 Christian Freedom International Freedom Award.[70]
She is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Oliver Stone's film W.[71]
Curtis Sittenfeld's bestseller novel "American Wife" is based on much of Laura Bush's life.[72]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Jones, Jeffery M (February 9, 2006). "Laura Bush Approval Ratings Among Best for First Ladies". Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/21370/Laura-Bush-Approval-Ratings-Among-Best-First-Ladies.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ a b c "Laura Bush Biography". Advameg, Inc. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bush-Laura.html. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ "Laura Bush: A supportive but behind-the-scenes spouse". CNN. 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080514064711/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/bush/stories/laura/. Retrieved 2008-05-25. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Mrs. Bush's Remarks at Laura Bush Foundation for America's Libraries Grant Awards". The White House. May 20, 2003. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030520-17.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ "History and research". George W. Bush Childhood Home, Inc. http://www.bushchildhoodhome.org/family_history. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ "Laura Welch Bush." Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b c d "Laura Welch Bush" (PDF). CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/politics/inauguration/family.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ ’The Perfect Wife’: The Un-Hillary February 15, 2004, New York Times.
- ^ Inside (the) private world of Laura Bush, April 5, 2006, BBC News.
- ^ "Claim: While a teenager, future First Lady Laura Bush caused the death of a classmate in a car accident. Status: True.", Snopes.com
- ^ a b c "Mrs. Bush ran stop sign in fatal crash". USA Today. May 3, 2000. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e1698.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-24. [dead link]
- ^ Midland police report
- ^ O'Connor, Anahad (April 27, 2010). "Laura Bush Opens Up About Crash". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/books/28laura.html. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ a b Bush, Laura (2010). Spoken from the Heart. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4391-5520-2. excerpt available at Oprah.com.
- ^ a b c d e "Read her lips: Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda". CNN. April 8, 2001. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/bush/profile.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ a b Stritof, Sheri and Bob. "George and Laura Bush". About.com. The New York Times Company. http://marriage.about.com/od/celebritymarriages/p/georgewbush.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Winik, Lyric Wallwork (January 16, 2005). "'We Need To Pay More Attention To Boys' (First Lady Laura Bush)". Parade. http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2005/edition_01-16-2005/featured_0. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ^ a b Reaves, Jessica (August 1, 2000). "Now making her bow: The un-Hillary". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/01/laura8_1.a.tm/. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Hanchette, John (Juse 23, 2000). "Laura Welch Bush: Shy no more". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e2147.htm. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ^ Leonard, Mary (January 23, 2000). "Turning Point: George W. Bush, A Legacy Reclaimed". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20040507200414/www.boston.com/news/politics/president/bush/articles/2000/01/23/george_w_bush/. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Texas Governor George W. Bush: An Inventory of First Lady Laura Bush's Files (Part I) at the Texas State Archives, about 1994–1999, bulk 1995–1999". University of Texas. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/80001/tsl-80001.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ a b Berke, Richard L (August 3, 1999). "First Lady of Texas Plays a Firm Second Fiddle". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F07E2DF1E31F930A3575BC0A96F958260. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/bush/profile.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Kolsti, Nancy (August 5, 1997). "First lady of Texas Laura Bush to speak at UNT September 4". University of North Texas. http://web2.unt.edu/news/story.cfm?story=7095. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "The Republicans; Excerpts From Laura Bush's Speech to the G.O.P. Convention". The New York Times. August 1, 2000. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E5DF113DF932A3575BC0A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ a b "Biography". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/firstlady/flbio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ a b "First Lady Laura Bush Launches Education Initiatives". U.S. Department of Education. February 26, 2001. http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2001/02/wh-0226.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "Mrs. Laura Bush Speaks at the National Press Club". The White House. November 8, 2001. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011108-7.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ "Mrs. Bush's Letter to Middle and High School Students Following Terrorist Attacks". The White House. September 12, 2001. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/letter1.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Mrs. Bush's Letter to Elementary School Students Following Terrorist Attacks". The White House. September 12, 2001. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/letter2.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ a b "First lady: Turn off TVs on 9/11". CNN. September 11, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/08/ar911.first.lady/. Retrieved 2008-05-25. [dead link]
- ^ "Secretary Spellings Spoke at UNESCO's 'Education for All' Event". U.S. Department of Education. April 26, 2006. http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2006/04/04242006a.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ a b "Mrs. Laura Bush Hosts White House Conference on Global Literacy". The White House. September 18, 2006. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060918-1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Heart Truth Ambassador". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/ambassador/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ "What is The Heart Truth?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/whatis/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ "First Ladies Red Dress Collection". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/events/first_ladies.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week: The Red Dress Collection 2008". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/hearttruth/events/mbfw2008.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ a b "Remarks by Mrs. Bush at Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation "Embrace the Race" Event". The White House. March 12, 2003. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030312-8.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Mrs. Laura Bush Welcome Mexico to the Breast Cancer Awareness, Research Partnership". Susan G. Komen for the Cure. March 14, 2008. http://cms.komen.org/komen/NewsEvents/080314_MexicoCityLaunch. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Laura Bush (2001-11-17). "Radio Address by Mrs. Bush". Office of the First Lady. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011117.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center :: LWBIWH : History and More About Us
- ^ Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center :: About the Jenna Welch Women's Center
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 15, 2007). "First Lady Raising Her Profile Without Changing Her Image". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/15/washington/15bush.html. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ a b Keil, Richard (October 19, 2006). "Laura Bush, Unlike George, a Hit on Republican Campaign Trail". Bloomberg.com. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aqK_ZndZKGFs&refer=us. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ Benedetto, Richard (May 21, 2006). "Laura Bush travels without 'all the political baggage'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-21-laura-bush_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Interview of Mrs. Laura Bush by Fox News". The White House. May 12, 2006. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060512-11.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "Laura Bush: Belle Of The Balls". CBS. January 21, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/21/earlyshow/living/beauty/main668371.shtml. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ a b c Givhan, Robin (January 21, 2005). "Laura Bush, Stepping Out". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24999-2005Jan20.html. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "President and Mrs. Bush Discuss Africa Policy, Trip to Africa". The White House. February 14, 2008. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080214.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "HIV/AIDS, Malaria Focus of Laura Bush's Africa Trip". America.gov. June 22, 2007. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/June/20070622165008mlenuhret0.4878351.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ a b "First Lady Laura Bush Tours Haiti To Highlight U.S. HIV/AIDS Programs". Medical News Today. March 14, 2008. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/100788.php. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "African Health, Education Emphasis of Laura Bush Trip". America.gov. http://photos.state.gov/galleries/usinfo-photo/39/First_Lady_Africa_07/7.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "Laura Bush presses AIDS fight in Africa". USA Today. Associated Press. July 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-26-laura-bush-africa_N.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Goss, Addie (July 1, 2007). "Ahead of First Lady's Visit, A School's Facelift". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11643606. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Terhune, Lea (June 22, 2007). "Africa: HIV/Aids, Malaria Focus of Laura Bush's Africa Trip". United States Department of State. AllAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/200706230037.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ a b c Wolfson, Paula (October 28, 2007). "Laura Bush Defines Her Policy Role". VOA News. http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-10-28-voa11.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Mrs. Bush's Remarks on the U.S.-Saudi Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research
- ^ a b "Laura Bush's abortion comments 'personal views,' Fleischer says". CNN. January 19, 2001. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/19/laurabush.abortion.02/. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (May 14, 2006). "Mrs. Bush: Don't Campaign on Marriage Ban". Associated Press. The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/14/politics/p131514D67.DTL&feed=rss.news. Retrieved 2006-12-13. [dead link]
- ^ Fletcher, Michael (October 4, 2005). "White House Counsel Miers Chosen for Court". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/03/AR2005100300252.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ VandeHei, Jim (October 12, 2005). "Laura Bush Echoes Sexism Charge in Miers Debate". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/11/AR2005101100456.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Laura Bush For Gay Marriage & Pro-Choice! - YouTube
- ^ "Laura Bush Honored at the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity Award Dinner". The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. October 8, 2002. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061003143952/http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/HumanitarianAward/bush.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ Murphy, Bernadette (April 12, 2005). "ALA honors Mrs. Laura Bush for service to libraries". ALA Washington Office. http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=News&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=91719. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Progressive Librarians Guild OpposesALA "Award" to Laura Bush". Progressive Librarians Guild. November 4, 2007. http://libr.org/plg/LauraNo.php. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ Craighead, Shealah (March 8, 2005). "News & Policies > March 2006 Images". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/images/20060308-9_p030806sc-0005-1-515h.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Laura Welch Bush Elementary". http://pasadena.tx.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetailid=12466&pagecat=738. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ "Laura Welch Bush Elementary School". http://nse.leanderisd.org/default.aspx?name=lwb.history. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
- ^ "Camp Bondsteel". GlobalSecurity.com. October 20, 2006. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/camp-bondsteel.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "First Lady Laura Bush Receives the 2008 Christian Freedom International Freedom Award". Christian Freedom International. Archived from the original on 2008-12-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20081225015002/http://www.christianfreedom.org/multimedia/video.html?task=videodirectlink&id=11. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ W. (2008) - IMDb
- ^ "Curtis Sittenfeld's American Wife Provides Fictionalized Portrait Of Laura Bush". Huffingtonpost.com. July 7, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/07/07/curtis-sittenfelds-emamer_n_111267.html/. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Further reading[link]
- Felix, Antonia. Laura: America's First Lady, First Mother. The first biography on Laura Bush. ISBN 1-58062-659-9
- Gerhart, Ann. The Perfect Wife: The Life and Choices of Laura Bush. A biography. ISBN 0-7432-4383-8
- Gormley, Beatrice. Laura Bush: America's First Lady. A biography. ISBN 0-689-85366-1
- Kelley, Kitty. The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty. ISBN 0-385-50324-5
- Kessler, Ronald. Laura Bush: An Intimate Portrait of the First Lady. A biography. ISBN 0-385-51621-5
- Montgomery, Leslie. Were It Not For Grace: Stories From Women After God's Own Heart; Featuring Condoleezza Rice, First Lady Laura Bush, Beth Moore & Others. Laura Bush shares her story about how God has had his hand on her life. ISBN 0-8054-3178-0
External links[link]
| Find more about Laura Bush on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Laura Bush
- First Lady biography at Whitehouse.gov
- "The book on Laura Bush" by Dennis B. Roddy, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
- "A Laura Bush we don't know" by Eugene Robinson, San Francisco Chronicle
- Laura Bush at the Internet Movie Database
- Appearances on C-SPAN
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Hillary Rodham Clinton |
First Lady of the United States January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
Succeeded by Michelle Robinson Obama |
| Honorary Chair of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities Serving with Chairwoman Adair Wakefield Margo 2001–2009 |
||
| Preceded by Rita Crocker Clements |
First Lady of Texas 1995–2000 |
Succeeded by Anita Thigpen Perry |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bush, Laura Lane Welch |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | First Lady of the United States; librarian |
| Date of birth | November 4, 1946 |
| Place of birth | Midland, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sarah Palin | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Palin speaking at the 2012 CPAC in Washington, D.C. | |
| 9th Governor of Alaska | |
| In office December 4, 2006 – July 26, 2009 |
|
| Lieutenant | Sean Parnell |
| Preceded by | Frank Murkowski |
| Succeeded by | Sean Parnell |
| Chairperson of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission | |
| In office February 19, 2003 – January 23, 2004 |
|
| Governor | Frank Murkowski |
| Preceded by | Camille Oechsli Taylor[1] |
| Succeeded by | John K. Norman[1] |
| Mayor of Wasilla, Alaska | |
| In office October 14, 1996 – October 14, 2002 |
|
| Preceded by | John Stein |
| Succeeded by | Dianne M. Keller |
| Member of the Wasilla City Council from Seat E |
|
| In office October 19, 1992 – October 14, 1996 |
|
| Preceded by | Dorothy Smith |
| Succeeded by | Colleen Cottle |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sarah Louise Heath (1964-02-11) February 11, 1964 (age 48)[2] Sandpoint, Idaho, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Todd Palin (m. August 29, 1988) |
| Children | Track (b. 1989) Bristol (b. 1990) Willow (b. 1994) Piper (b. 2001) Trig (b. 2008)[3] |
| Residence | Wasilla, Alaska |
| Alma mater | University of Idaho - (B.S., 1987)[4] |
| Occupation | Local news sportscaster Commercial fisherman Politician Author Political commentator[5] |
| Religion | Non-denominational Christian[6][7] |
| Signature |  |
 |
This article is part of a series about Sarah Palin |
Sarah Palin
 |
|---|---|---|
| McCain–Palin campaign, 2008 Governorship of Alaska, 2006–2009 Early political career of Sarah Palin, 1992–2005 Political positions · Electoral history |
||
Sarah Louise Palin i/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
Contents
|
Early life and family[link]
Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho. She is the third of four children (three daughters, one son) born to Charles R. "Chuck" Heath, a science teacher and track and field coach, and Sarah "Sally" (née Sheeran), a school secretary. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly.[8][9][10][11][12] Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry.[13]
When Palin was a few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska,[14] where her father received his teaching job.[15] They relocated to Eagle River in 1969, and finally settled to Wasilla in 1972.[16][17]
Palin played flute in the junior high band, then attended Wasilla High School where she was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes,[7] and a member of the girls' basketball and cross country running teams.[18] During her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname "Sarah Barracuda" for her competitive streak.[19][20][21]
College[link]
After graduating from high school, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.[22] Shortly after arriving in Hawaii, Palin transferred to Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu for a semester in the fall of 1982, and then to North Idaho College, a community college in Coeur d'Alene, for the spring and fall semesters of 1983.[23] (In June 2008, the Alumni Association of NIC gave her its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award.)[23][24]
In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant.[25][26] She finished third in the Miss Alaska pageant,[27][28] playing flute in the talent portion of the contest,[29] and receiving both the Miss Congeniality award and a college scholarship.[19]
She attended the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho, in late 1984 and early 1985, and Matanuska-Susitna College in Alaska in late 1985. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in the spring of 1986, and received her bachelor's degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in 1987.[23][30][31][32]
Early career and marriage[link]
After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage,[33][34] and as a sports reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman,[35][36] fulfilling an early ambition.[37]
On August 29, 1988, she eloped at age 24 with her high school sweetheart, Todd Palin. Following the birth of their first child, she helped in her husband's commercial fishing business.[38]
Early political career[link]
Main articles: Early political career of Sarah Palin and Electoral history of Sarah Palin
City council[link]
Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992 winning 530 votes to 310.[39][40] Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, Palin has been a Republican since registering in 1982.[41]
Mayor of Wasilla[link]
Concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely,[42] Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein[43] 651 to 440 votes.[44] Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes;[19] her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, and term limits as campaign issues.[45] The election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin.[45] Palin ran for re-election against Stein in 1999 and won, 909 votes to 292.[46] In 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter.[47] She was elected president of the Alaska Conference of Mayors[48] in 1999.[49]
First term[link]
Palin had a contretemps with the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman, a local newspaper, and became involved in personnel challenges and "a thwarted attempt to pack the City Council" during her first year in office.[50] Using income generated by a 2% sales tax that had been approved by Wasilla voters in October 1992,[51] Palin cut property taxes by 75% and eliminated personal property and business inventory taxes.[43][52] Using municipal bonds, she made improvements to the roads and sewers, and increased funding to the Police Department.[45] She also oversaw new bike paths and procured funding for storm-water treatment to protect freshwater resources.[43] At the same time, she shrank the local museum's budget and deterred talk of a new library and city hall.[43]
Soon after taking office in October 1996, Palin eliminated the position of museum director[53] and asked for updated resumes and resignation letters from "city department heads who had been loyal to Stein,"[54] including the police chief, public works director, finance director, and librarian.[55] Palin stated this request was to find out their intentions and whether they supported her.[55] She temporarily required department heads to get her approval before talking to reporters, saying that they first needed to become acquainted with her administration's policies.[55] She created the position of city administrator,[45] and reduced her own $68,000 salary by 10%, although by mid-1998 this was reversed by the city council.[56]
In October 1996, Palin asked library director Mary Ellen Emmons if she would object to the removal of a book from the library if people were picketing to have the book removed.[57] Emmons responded that she would, and others as well.[57] Palin explained that she not been proposing censorship but had been discussing many issues with her staff that were "both rhetorical and realistic in nature."[57] No attempt was made to remove books from the library during Palin's tenure as mayor.[58]
Palin said she fired Police Chief Irl Stambaugh because he did not fully support her efforts to govern the city.[59] Stambaugh filed a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination and violation of his free speech rights.[60] The judge dismissed Stambaugh's lawsuit, holding that the police chief served at the discretion of the mayor, and could be terminated for nearly any reason, even a political one,[61][62] and ordered Stambaugh to pay Palin's legal fees.[61]
Wasilla City Hall
Location of Wasilla, Alaska
Second term[link]
During her second term as mayor, Palin proposed and promoted the construction of a municipal sports center to be financed by a 0.5%[45] sales tax increase and $14.7 million bond issue.[63] Voters approved the measure by a 20 vote margin and the Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex (later named the Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center) was built on time and under budget. However, the city spent an additional $1.3 million because of an eminent domain lawsuit caused by the failure to obtain clear title to the property before beginning construction.[63] The city's long-term debt grew from about $1 million to $25 million due to $15 million for the sports complex, $5.5 million for street projects, and $3 million for water improvement projects. The Wall Street Journal characterized the project as a "financial mess."[63] A city council member defended the spending increases as being caused by the city's growth during that time.[64]
Palin also joined with nearby communities in hiring the Anchorage-based lobbying firm of Robertson, Monagle & Eastaugh to lobby for federal funds. The firm secured nearly $8 million in earmarks for the Wasilla city government,[65] including $500,000 for a youth shelter, $1.9 million for a transportation hub, and $900,000 for sewer repairs.[66]
In 2008, Wasilla's current mayor credited Palin's 75 percent property tax cuts and infrastructure improvements with bringing "big-box stores" and 50,000 shoppers per day to Wasilla.[39]
State-level politics[link]
In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary.[67] Following her defeat, she campaigned throughout the state for the nominated Republican governor-lieutenant governor ticket of Frank Murkowski and Leman.[68] Murkowski and Leman won, Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to assume the governorship. Palin was said to be on the "short list" of possible appointees to Murkowski's U.S. Senate seat,[68] but Murkowski ultimately appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski, as his successor in the Senate.[69]
Governor Murkowski offered other jobs to Palin, and in February 2003, she accepted an appointment to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which oversees Alaska's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency.[68] While she had little background in the area, she said she wanted to learn more about the oil industry, and was named chair of the commission and ethics supervisor.[1][68][70] By November 2003 she was filing non-public ethics complaints with the state attorney general and the governor against a fellow commission member, Randy Ruedrich, a former petroleum engineer and at the time the chair of the state Republican Party.[68] He was forced to resign in November 2003.[68] Palin resigned in January 2004 and put her protests against Ruedrich's "lack of ethics" into the public arena[19][68] by filing a public complaint against Ruedrich,[71] who was then fined $12,000. She also joined with Democratic legislator Eric Croft[72] in complaining that Gregg Renkes, then the attorney general of Alaska,[73] had a financial conflict of interest in negotiating a coal exporting trade agreement.[74][75] Renkes also resigned his post.[19][70]
From 2003 to June 2005, Palin served as one of three directors of "Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.," a 527 group designed to provide political training for Republican women in Alaska.[76] In 2004, Palin told the Anchorage Daily News that she had decided not to run for the U.S. Senate that year against the Republican incumbent Lisa Murkowski because her teenage son opposed it. Palin said, "How could I be the team mom if I was a U.S. Senator?"[77]
Governor of Alaska[link]
Main article: Governorship of Sarah Palin
In 2006, running on a clean-government platform, Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary.[78][79] Her running mate was Sean Parnell, who since leaving the state senate in 2001 had worked as a corporate lobbyist.[citation needed]
In the November election, Palin was outspent but victorious, defeating former Democratic governor Tony Knowles by a margin of 48.3% to 40.9%.[19] She became Alaska's first female governor, and, at the age of 42, the youngest governor in Alaskan history, the state's first governor to have been born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood, and the first not to be inaugurated in Juneau (she chose to have the ceremony held in Fairbanks instead). She took office on December 4, 2006, and for most of her term was very popular with Alaska voters. Polls taken in 2007 showed her with 93% and 89% popularity among all voters,[80] which led some media outlets to call her "the most popular governor in America."[72][80] A poll taken in late September 2008 after Palin was named to the national Republican ticket showed her popularity in Alaska at 68%.[81] A poll taken in May 2009 showed Palin's popularity among Alaskans was at 54% positive and 41.6% negative.[82]
Palin declared that top priorities of her administration would be resource development, education and workforce development, public health and safety, and transportation and infrastructure development. She had championed ethics reform throughout her election campaign. Her first legislative action after taking office was to push for a bipartisan ethics reform bill. She signed the resulting legislation in July 2007, calling it a "first step", and declaring that she remained determined to clean up Alaska politics.[83]
Palin frequently broke with the Alaskan Republican establishment.[84][85] For example, she endorsed Parnell's bid to unseat the state's longtime at-large U.S. Representative, Don Young,[86] and she publicly challenged then-U.S. Senator Ted Stevens to come clean about the federal investigation into his financial dealings. Shortly before his July 2008 indictment, she held a joint news conference with Stevens, described by The Washington Post as intended to "make clear she had not abandoned him politically."[76]
Palin promoted the development of oil and natural-gas resources in Alaska, including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proposals to drill for oil in ANWR have occasioned national debate.[87]
In 2006, Palin obtained a passport[88] and in 2007 traveled for the first time outside of North America on a trip to Kuwait. There she visited the Khabari Alawazem Crossing at the Kuwait–Iraq border and met with members of the Alaska National Guard at several bases.[89] On her return journey she visited injured soldiers in Germany.[90]
Budget, spending, and federal funds[link]
In June 2007, Palin signed a record $6.6 billion operating budget into law.[91] At the same time, she used her veto power to make the second-largest cuts of the capital budget in state history. The $237 million in cuts represented over 300 local projects, and reduced the capital budget to $1.6 billion.[92]
In 2008, Palin vetoed $286 million, cutting or reducing funding for 350 projects from the FY09 capital budget.[93]
Palin followed through on a campaign promise to sell the Westwind II jet, a purchase made by the Murkowski administration for $2.7 million in 2005 against the wishes of the legislature.[94] In August 2007, the jet was listed on eBay, but the sale fell through, and the plane later sold for $2.1 million through a private brokerage firm.[95]
Gubernatorial expenditures[link]
Palin lived in Juneau during the legislative session and lived in Wasilla and worked out of offices in Anchorage the rest of the year. Since the office in Anchorage is 565 miles from Juneau, while she worked there, state officials said she was permitted to claim a $58 per diem travel allowance, which she took (a total of $16,951), and to reimbursement for hotels, which she did not, choosing instead to drive about 50 miles to her home in Wasilla.[96] She also chose not to use the former governor's private chef.[97] Republicans and Democrats have criticized Palin for taking the per diem and $43,490 in travel expenses for the times her family accompanied her on state business.[98][99] In response, Palin's staffers said that these practices were in line with state policy, that her gubernatorial expenses are 80% below those of Murkowski, her predecessor,[98] and that "many of the hundreds of invitations Palin receives include requests for her to bring her family, placing the definition of 'state business' with the party extending the invitation."[96] In February 2009, the State of Alaska, reversing a policy that had treated the payments as legitimate business expenses under the Internal Revenue Code, decided that per diems paid to state employees for stays in their own homes will be treated as taxable income and will be included in employees' gross income on their W-2 forms.[100] Palin herself had ordered the review of the tax policy.[101]
In December 2008, an Alaska state commission recommended increasing the Governor's annual salary from $125,000 to $150,000. Palin stated that she would not accept the pay raise.[102] In response, the commission dropped the recommendation.[103]
Federal funding[link]
In her State of the State address on January 17, 2008, Palin declared that the people of Alaska "can and must continue to develop our economy, because we cannot and must not rely so heavily on federal government [funding]."[104] Alaska's federal congressional representatives cut back on pork-barrel project requests during Palin's time as governor; despite this, in 2008 Alaska was still the largest per-capita recipient of federal earmarks, requesting nearly $750 million in special federal spending over a period of two years.[105]
While there is no state sales tax or income tax in Alaska, royalty revenues from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (consisting mostly of state-owned lands) have funded large state budgets since 1980, with the exact amounts largely dependent upon the prevailing price of petroleum. As a result, state revenues doubled to $10 billion in 2008. For the 2009 budget, Palin gave a list of 31 proposed federal earmarks or requests for funding, totaling $197 million, to Alaska's senior U.S. Senator Ted Stevens.[106][107] Palin has stated that her decreasing support for federal funding was a source of friction between her and the state's congressional delegation; Palin requested less in federal funding each year than her predecessor Frank Murkowski requested in his last year.[108]
Bridge to Nowhere[link]
Main article: Gravina Island Bridge
In 2005, before Palin was elected governor, Congress passed an omnibus spending bill that contained a $442-million earmark for constructing two Alaska bridges. The Gravina Island Bridge, intended to provide a link between the Ketchikan airport on Gravina Island and the city of Ketchikan at a cost of $233 million in Federal grant money, received nationwide attention as a symbol of pork-barrel spending. As the island only has a population of 50, the bridge became known as the "Bridge to Nowhere." The public furor led to Congress removing the earmarks, but retaining the allotted funds to Alaska as part of its general transportation fund.[109]
In 2006, Palin ran for governor with a "build-the-bridge" plank in her platform,[110] saying she would "not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project ... into something that's so negative."[111] Palin criticized the use of the word "nowhere" as insulting to local residents[110][112] and urged speedy work on building the infrastructure "while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."[112]
As governor, Palin canceled the Gravina Island Bridge in September 2007, saying that Congress had "little interest in spending any more money" due to "inaccurate portrayals of the projects."[113] Alaska did not return the $442 million in federal transportation funds.[114]
In 2008, as a vice-presidential candidate, Palin characterized her position as having told Congress "thanks, but no thanks, on that bridge to nowhere." A number of Ketchikan residents said that the claim was false and a betrayal of Palin's previous support for their community.[114] Some critics said that her statement was misleading, as she had expressed support for the spending project and kept the federal money after the project was canceled.[115] Palin was criticized for allowing construction of a 3-mile access road, built with $25 million in federal transportation funds set aside as part of the original bridge project, to continue. A spokesman for Alaska's Department of Transportation said that it was within Palin's power to cancel the road project, but noted that the state was still considering cheaper designs to complete the bridge project, and that in any case, the road would open up the surrounding lands for development.[116][117]
Gas pipeline[link]
See also: Alaska gas pipeline
In August 2008, Palin signed a bill authorizing the State of Alaska to award TransCanada Pipelines — the sole bidder to meet the state's requirements — a license to build and operate a pipeline to transport natural gas from the Alaska North Slope to the continental United States through Canada.[118] The governor also pledged $500 million in seed money to support the project.[119] It is estimated that the project will cost $26 billion.[118] Newsweek described the project as "the principal achievement of Sarah Palin's term as Alaska's governor."[120] The pipeline faces legal challenges from Canadian First Nations.[120]
Predator control[link]
See also: Governorship of Sarah Palin#Environment
In 2007, Palin supported a 2003 Alaska Department of Fish and Game policy allowing the hunting of wolves from the air as part of a predator control program intended to increase moose and caribou populations for subsistence-food gatherers and other hunters.[121][122] In March 2007, Palin's office announced that a bounty of $150 per wolf would be paid to the 180 volunteer pilots and gunners, to offset fuel costs, in five areas of Alaska. 607 wolves had been killed in the prior four years. State biologists wanted 382 to 664 wolves to be killed by the end of the predator-control season in April 2007. Wildlife activists sued the state, and a state judge declared the bounty illegal on the basis that a bounty would have to be offered by the Board of Game and not by the Department of Fish and Game.[121][123] On August 26, 2008, Alaskans voted against ending the state's predator control program.[124]
Public Safety Commissioner dismissal[link]
Main article: Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal
Palin dismissed Public Safety Commissioner Walt Monegan on July 11, 2008, citing performance-related issues, such as not being "a team player on budgeting issues"[125] and "egregious rogue behavior."[126] Palin attorney Thomas Van Flein said that the "last straw" was Monegan's planned trip to Washington, D.C., to seek funding for a new, multimillion-dollar sexual assault initiative the governor hadn't yet approved.[127] Monegan said that he had resisted persistent pressure from Palin, her husband, and her staff, including state Attorney General Talis J. Colberg, to fire Palin’s ex-brother-in-law, Alaska State Trooper Mike Wooten; Wooten was involved in a child custody battle with Palin’s sister after a bitter divorce that included an alleged death threat against Palin's father.[128][129] At one point Sarah and Todd Palin hired a private investigator to gather information, seeking to have Wooten officially disciplined.[130] Monegan stated that he learned an internal investigation had found all but two of the allegations to be unsubstantiated, and Wooten had been disciplined for the others — an illegal moose killing and the tasering of his 11-year-old stepson, who had reportedly asked to be tasered.[129] He told the Palins that there was nothing he could do because the matter was closed.[131] When contacted by the press for comment, Monegan first acknowledged pressure to fire Wooten but said that he could not be certain that his own firing was connected to that issue;[129] he later asserted that the dispute over Wooten was a major reason for his firing.[132] Palin stated on July 17 that Monegan was not pressured to fire Wooten, nor dismissed for not doing so.[125][131]
Monegan said the subject of Wooten came up when he invited Palin to a birthday party for his cousin, state senator Lyman Hoffman, in February 2007 during the legislative session in Juneau. "As we were walking down the stairs in the capitol building she wanted to talk to me about her former brother-in-law," Monegan said. "I said, 'Ma'am, I need to keep you at arm's length with this. I can't deal about him with you.[133] She said, 'OK, that's a good idea.'"[129]
Palin said there was "absolutely no pressure ever put on Commissioner Monegan to hire or fire anybody, at any time. I did not abuse my office powers. And I don't know how to be more blunt and candid and honest, but to tell you that truth. To tell you that no pressure was ever put on anybody to fire anybody." Todd Palin gave a similar account.[134]
On August 13 she acknowledged that a half dozen members of her administration had made more than two dozen calls on the matter to various state officials. "I do now have to tell Alaskans that such pressure could have been perceived to exist, although I have only now become aware of it," she said.[131][133][135] Palin said, "Many of these inquiries were completely appropriate. However, the serial nature of the contacts could be perceived as some kind of pressure, presumably at my direction."[125][136]
Chuck Kopp, whom Palin had appointed to replace Monegan as public safety commissioner, received a $10,000 state severance package after he resigned following just two weeks on the job. Kopp, the former Kenai chief of police, resigned July 25 following disclosure of a 2005 sexual harassment complaint and letter of reprimand against him. Monegan said that he did not receive a severance package from the state.[125]
Legislative investigation[link]
On August 1, 2008, the Alaska Legislature hired an investigator, Stephen Branchflower, to review the Monegan dismissal. Legislators stated that Palin had the legal authority to fire Monegan, but they wanted to know whether her action had been motivated by anger at Monegan for not firing Wooten.[137][138] The atmosphere was bipartisan and Palin pledged to cooperate.[137][138][139] Wooten remained employed as a state trooper.[130] She placed an aide on paid leave due to a tape-recorded phone conversation that she deemed improper, in which the aide, appearing to act on her behalf, complained to a trooper that Wooten had not been fired.[140]
Several weeks after the start of what the media referred to as "troopergate", Palin was chosen as John McCain's running mate.[138] On September 1, Palin asked the legislature to drop its investigation, saying that the state Personnel Board had jurisdiction over ethics issues.[141] The Personnel Board's three members were first appointed by Palin’s predecessor, and Palin reappointed one member in 2008.[142] On September 19, Todd Palin and several state employees refused to honor subpoenas, the validity of which were disputed by Talis Colberg, Palin's appointee as Alaska's Attorney General.[143] On October 2, a court rejected Colberg's challenge to the subpoenas,[144] and seven of the witnesses, not including Todd Palin, eventually testified.[145]
Branchflower Report[link]
On October 10, 2008, the Alaska Legislative Council unanimously voted to release, without endorsing,[146] the Branchflower Report, in which investigator Stephen Branchflower found that firing Monegan "was a proper and lawful exercise of her constitutional and statutory authority," but that Palin abused her power as governor and violated the state's Executive Branch Ethics Act when her office pressured Monegan to fire Wooten.[147] The report stated that "Governor Palin knowingly permitted a situation to continue where impermissible pressure was placed on several subordinates to advance a personal agenda, to wit: to get Trooper Michael Wooten fired."[148] The report also said that Palin "permitted Todd Palin to use the Governor's office [...] to continue to contact subordinate state employees in an effort to find some way to get Trooper Wooten fired."[148][149]
On October 11, Palin's attorneys responded, condemning the Branchflower Report as "misleading and wrong on the law."[150] One of Palin's attorneys, Thomas Van Flein, said that it was an attempt to "smear the governor by innuendo."[151] Later that day, Palin did a conference call interview with various Alaskan reporters, where she stated, "Well, I’m very, very pleased to be cleared of any legal wrongdoing... Any hint of any kind of unethical activity there. Very pleased to be cleared of any of that."[152]
Alaska Personnel Board investigation and report[link]
The bipartisan State of Alaska Personnel Board reviewed the matter at Palin's request.[153] On September 15, the Anchorage law firm of Clapp, Peterson, Van Flein, Tiemessen & Thorsness filed arguments of "no probable cause" with the Personnel Board on behalf of Palin.[154][155] The Personnel Board retained independent counsel Timothy Petumenos, a Democrat, as an investigator. On October 24, Palin gave three hours of depositions with the Personnel Board in St. Louis, Missouri.[156] On November 3, 2008, the State of Alaska Personnel Board reported that there was no probable cause to believe Palin or any other state official had violated state ethical standards.[157][158][159][160][161] The report further stated that the Branchflower Report used the wrong statute in reaching its conclusions, misconstrued the available evidence and did not consider or obtain all of the material evidence required to properly reach findings in the matter.[157]
Job approval ratings, with comparisons[link]
As governor of Alaska, Palin's job approval rating ranged from a high of 93% in May 2007 to 54% in May 2009. In November 2006, the month before Palin took office, Alaska Governor Frank Murkowski’s job approval rating was 19%.[162]
| Date | Approval | Disapproval | Pollster |
|---|---|---|---|
| May 15, 2007[163] | 93% | Not reported | Dittman Research |
| May 30, 2007[164] | 89% | Not reported | Ivan Moore Research |
| October 19–21, 2007[165] | 83% | 11% | Ivan Moore Research |
| April 10, 2008[166] | 73% | 7% | Rasmussen Reports |
| May 17, 2008[167] | 69% | 9% | Rasmussen Reports |
| July 24–25, 2008[168] | 80% | Not reported | Hays Research Group |
| July 30, 2008[168] | 64% | 14% | Rasmussen Reports |
| September 20–22, 2008[169] | 68% | Not reported | Ivan Moore Research |
| October 7, 2008[170] | 63% | 37% | Rasmussen Reports |
| March 24–25, 2009[171] | 59.8% | 34.9% | Hays Research |
| May 4–5, 2009[171] | 54% | 41.6% | Hays Research |
| June 14–18, 2009[172] | 56% | 35% | Global Strategy Group |
In April 2009, SurveyUSA reported job approval ratings for the following U.S. governors: Bob Riley (AL) 54%, Arnold Schwarzenegger (CA) 25%, Chet Culver (IA) 42%, Kathleen Sebelius (KS) 46%, Steve Beshear (KY) 47%, Tim Pawlenty (MN) 46%, Jay Nixon (MO) 56%, Bill Richardson (NM) 46%, David Paterson (NY) 25%, Ted Kulongoski (OR) 40%, Tim Kaine (VA) 50%, Christine Gregoire (WA) 40%, and Jim Doyle (WI) 35%. (Polls taken April 24–26, 2009).[173]
Resignation[link]
Main article: Resignation of Sarah Palin
On July 3, 2009, Palin announced that she would not run for re-election in the 2010 Alaska gubernatorial election and would resign before the end of July. In her announcement,[174] Palin stated that both she and the state had been expending an "insane" amount of time and money ($2.5 million)[175] to address "frivolous" ethics complaints filed against her,[175][176][177][174] and that her decision not to seek reelection would make her a lame duck governor.[174] A Palin aide said Palin was "no longer able to do the job she had been elected to do. Essentially, the taxpayers were paying for Sarah to go to work every day and defend herself."[178] Palin and her husband Todd had personally incurred more than $500,000 in legal fees defending against ethics charges brought against her as governor.[175] Palin transferred the office of governor to Sean Parnell in Fairbanks on July 26, 2009.[179]
In December 2010, new rules governing Alaska executive branch ethics, stemming from Sarah Palin's tenure as governor, took effect.[181] "These include allowing for the state to pay legal costs for officials cleared of ethics violations; (and) allowing for a family member of the governor or lieutenant governor to travel at state cost in certain circumstances . . ."[181]
2008 vice-presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2008
Several conservative commentators met Palin in the summer of 2007.[182] Some of them, such as Bill Kristol, later urged McCain to pick Palin as his vice presidential running mate, arguing that her presence on the ticket would provide a boost in enthusiasm among the Religious Right wing of the Republican party, while her status as an unknown on the national scene would also be a positive factor.[183]
On August 24, 2008, during a general strategy meeting, Steve Schmidt, and a few other senior advisers to the McCain Campaign, discussed potential vice presidential picks with the consensus settling around Palin. The following day, the strategists advised McCain of their conclusions and he personally called Palin, who was at the Alaska State Fair.[184]
On August 27, she visited McCain's vacation home near Sedona, Arizona, where she was offered the position of vice-presidential candidate.[185] According to Jill Hazelbaker, a spokeswoman for McCain, he had previously met Palin at the National Governors Association meeting in Washington in February 2008 and had come away "extraordinarily impressed."[186] Palin was the only prospective running mate who had a face-to-face interview with McCain to discuss joining the ticket that week.[187] Nonetheless, Palin's selection was a surprise to many because a main criticism he had of Obama was his lack of experience, and speculation had centered on other candidates, such as Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, and former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.[188] On August 29, in Dayton, Ohio, McCain announced that he had chosen Palin as his running mate.[188]
Palin was the first Alaskan and the second woman to run on a major U.S. party ticket.[188]
Since Palin was largely unknown outside Alaska before her selection by McCain, her personal life, policy positions, and political record drew intense media scrutiny.[189] On September 1, 2008, Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was pregnant and that she would marry the father, Levi Johnston.[190] During this period, some Republicans felt that Palin was being unfairly attacked by the media.[191] Timothy Noah of Slate magazine predicted that Palin's acceptance speech would be "wildly overpraised" and might end speculation that she was unqualified for the job of vice president because the press had been beating her up for "various trivial shortcomings" and had lowered the expectations for her speech.[192] On September 3, 2008, Palin delivered a 40-minute acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention that was well received and watched by more than 40 million people.[193] A Rasmussen poll taken immediately after the Convention found that 51% of Americans believed that the media was "trying to hurt" Palin with negative coverage, and 40% believed Palin to be ready for the Presidency.[194]
During the campaign, controversy erupted over alleged differences between Palin's positions as a gubernatorial candidate and her position as a vice-presidential candidate. After McCain announced Palin as his running mate, Newsweek and Time put Palin on their magazine covers,[195] as some of the media alleged that McCain's campaign was restricting press access to Palin by allowing only three one-on-one interviews and no press conferences with her.[196] Palin's first major interview, with Charles Gibson of ABC News, met with mixed reviews.[197] Her interview five days later with Fox News Channel's Sean Hannity went more smoothly and focused on many of the same questions from Gibson's interview.[198] Palin's performance in her third interview with Katie Couric, of CBS News, was widely criticized; her poll numbers declined, Republicans expressed concern that she was becoming a political liability, and some conservative commentators called for Palin to resign from the Presidential ticket.[199][200] Other conservatives remained ardent in their support for Palin, accusing the columnists of elitism.[201] Following this interview, some Republicans, including Mitt Romney and Bill Kristol, questioned the McCain campaign's strategy of sheltering Palin from unscripted encounters with the press.[202]
Palin reportedly prepared intensively for the October 2 vice-presidential debate with Democratic vice-presidential nominee Joe Biden at Washington University in St. Louis. Some Republicans suggested that Palin's performance in the interviews would improve public perceptions of her debate performance by lowering expectations.[199][203][204] Polling from CNN, Fox and CBS found that while Palin exceeded most voters' expectations, they felt that Biden had won the debate.[205][206]
Upon returning to the campaign trail after her debate preparation, Palin stepped up her attacks on the Democratic candidate for President, Illinois Senator Barack Obama. At a fundraising event, Palin explained her new aggressiveness, saying, "There does come a time when you have to take the gloves off and that time is right now."[207] Palin said that her first amendment right to "call Obama out on his associations" was threatened by "attacks by the mainstream media."[208]
Palin appeared on Saturday Night Live's "Weekend Update" segment on October 18. Prior to her appearance, she had been parodied several times by Tina Fey, who was noted for her physical resemblance to the candidate.[209] In the weeks leading up to the election, Palin was also the subject of amateur parodies posted on YouTube.[210]
Controversy arose after it was reported that the Republican National Committee (RNC) spent $150,000 of campaign contributions on clothing, hair styling, and makeup for Palin and her family in September 2008. Campaign spokespersons stated the clothing would be going to charity after the election.[211] Palin and some media outlets blamed gender bias for the controversy.[212][213] At the end of the campaign, Palin returned the clothes to the RNC.[214]
The election took place on November 4, and Obama was projected as the winner at 11:00 PM EST.[215] In his concession speech McCain thanked Palin, calling her "one of the best campaigners I've ever seen, and an impressive new voice in our party for reform and the principles that have always been our greatest strength."[215] While aides were preparing the teleprompter for McCain's speech, they found a concession speech written for Palin by George W. Bush speechwriter Matthew Scully. Two members of McCain's staff, Steve Schmidt and Mark Salter, told Palin that there was no tradition of Election Night speeches by running mates, and that she would not be speaking. Palin appealed to McCain, who agreed with his staff.[216]
After the 2008 election[link]
Palin was the first guest on commentator Glenn Beck's Fox News television show on January 19, 2009, commenting on Barack Obama that he would be her president and that she would assist in any way to bring progress to the nation without abandoning her conservative views.[217]
On January 27, 2009, Palin formed the political action committee, SarahPAC.[218] The organization, which describes itself as an advocate of energy independence,[219] supports candidates for federal and state office.[220] Following her resignation as Governor, Palin announced her intention to campaign "on behalf of candidates who believe in the right things, regardless of their party label or affiliation."[221] It was reported that SarahPAC had raised nearly $1,000,000.[222] A legal defense fund was set up to help Palin challenge ethics complaints, and it had collected approximately $250,000 by mid-July 2009.[222][223] In June 2010, Palin's defense fund was ruled illegal and will have to pay back $386,856 it collected in donations because it used Palin's position as governor to raise money for her personal gain. Palin subsequently set up a new defense fund.[224]
In March 2010, Palin started a show to be aired on TLC called Sarah Palin's Alaska.[225] The show was produced by Mark Bennett.[226] Five million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode, a record for TLC.[227] Palin also has secured a segment on Fox News.[226] Two guests that she was shown to have interviewed claimed to have never met her. Guests LL Cool J and Toby Keith stated that footage shown on the segment was actually taken from another interview with someone else, but was used in Palin's segment.[228]
On December 8, 2010, it was reported that SarahPAC and Palin's personal credit card information were compromised through cyber attacks. Palin's team believed the attack was executed by Anonymous during Operation Payback.[229] The report was met with skepticism in the blogosphere.[230] Palin's email had been hacked once before in 2008.[231]
In August 2009, she coined the phrase "death panel", to describe health care reform. She stated that it would require Americans such as her parents or her child with Down syndrome, "to stand in front of Obama's 'death panel' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care."[232] The phrase was criticized by many on both sides of the political aisle and Politifact named it the "Lie of the Year of 2009"[233]
[edit] Going Rogue and America by Heart
Main article: Going Rogue: An American Life
In November 2009, Palin released her memoir, Going Rogue: An American Life, in which she details her private and political career, including her resignation as Governor of Alaska. Palin said she took the title from the phrase 'gone rogue' used by McCain staffers to describe her behavior when she spoke her mind on the issues during the campaign.[234] The subtitle, "An American Life," mirrors the title of President Ronald Reagan's 1990 autobiography.[235] Less than two weeks after its release, sales of the book exceeded the one million mark, with 300,000 copies sold the first day. Its bestseller rankings were comparable to memoirs by Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama.[236][237][238]
Palin traveled to 11 states in a bus, with her family accompanying her, to promote the book. She made a number of media appearances as well, including a widely publicized interview on November 16, 2009, with Oprah Winfrey.[239] In November 2010 HarperCollins released Palin's second book, titled America by Heart.[240][241][242] The book contains excerpts from Palin's favorite speeches, sermons and literature as well as portraits of people Palin admires, including some she met in rural America on her first book tour.[240]
Tea Party movement[link]
Main article: Tea Party movement
On February 6, 2010, Palin appeared as the keynote speaker at the inaugural Tea Party convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Palin said the Tea Party movement is "the future of politics in America."[243] She criticized Obama for rising deficits, and for "apologizing for America” in speeches in other countries. Palin said Obama was weak on the War on Terror for allowing the so-called Christmas bomber to board a plane headed for the United States.[244] Palin’s speaking fee was reported to be $100,000. Judson Phillips, the founder of Tea Party Nation, the social networking site that sponsored the convention, did not confirm the amount paid to Palin saying he was contractually obligated not to speak about it.[citation needed]
On Labor Day, September 5, 2011, Palin was the featured speaker at a Tea Party Express rally in Manchester, New Hampshire's Victory Park. New Hampshire is traditionally the host of the nation's first Presidential primary. She addressed an enthusiastic crowd that the Los Angeles Times estimated to number 1,000 but which the local New Hampshire Union-Leader newspaper reported as "at least 500". Many in the crowd chanted "Run, Sarah, run!" during her speech.[citation needed]
Palin told the rally attendees that it was time to grow the Tea Party movement and it was important for them to avoid internal bickering with Establishment Republicans.[245] She told the crowd, “The Tea Party movement is bigger than any one person and is not about any one candidate.”[246]
"Pink Elephant" movement and 2010 endorsements[link]
In the middle of 2010, Palin flagged the launch of a new "Pink Elephant Movement."[247] She set about endorsing a number of female GOP candidates.[248] Her endorsement helped Georgia Gubernatorial candidate Karen Handel to take the lead in the campaign for the Republican nomination,[249] though ultimately Handel lost the primary. Palin has endorsed several female candidates nationally. Ryan Rudominer, a spokesman for the House Democratic campaign operation has called her involvement in various U.S. House campaigns a "great thing across the board."[250] She spoke at a May 2010 fundraiser for the Susan B. Anthony List, a pro-life political advocacy group and political action committee that supports pro-life women in politics, in which she coined the term "mama grizzly."[251][252]
In the months ahead of the November 2010 elections, Palin selectively endorsed Republican candidates, and was a significant fundraising asset to those she campaigned for during the primary season.[253] According to Politico, Palin's criteria for endorsing candidates was whether they had the support of the Tea Party movement and the support of the Susan B. Anthony List.[254] In terms of success, Palin was 7-2 for Senate endorsements; 7-6 for House endorsements; and 6-3 in endorsements of gubernatorial candidates[255] Palin's endorsement of Joe Miller in the August 24 Alaska primary election for U.S. Senator was identified as a possible pivotal moment in Miller's upset of the incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski.[256][257] According to Daily Beast reporter Shushannah Walshe, Christine O'Donnell's prospects of upsetting establishment Republican candidate Mike Castle "changed overnight" due to Palin's endorsement. O'Donnell defeated Castle in the September 14 primary for Joe Biden's former Senate seat in Delaware.[258] Her O'Donnell endorsement further increased tensions between Palin and the Republican establishment: leading conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer described the endorsement as "reckless and irresponsible";[259] party strategist Karl Rove argued that her endorsement may have cost the GOP the Delaware Senate seat;[260] and commentators including Politico's Ben Smith posited that Palin's support of O'Donnell contributed to dashing Republican hopes of regaining control of the U.S. Senate.[261] Palin's influence over the primaries nonetheless further increased speculation that she would seek to be the party's nominee for President in 2012,[262] with political pundits Paul Mirengoff, David Frum, and Jonathan Chait identifying Palin as the front-runner.[263][264][265]
Possible 2012 presidential and Senate campaign[link]
Beginning in November 2008, following Palin's high profile in the presidential campaign, there was an active "Draft Palin" movement.[266] On February 6, 2010, when Fox News asked her if she would be running for president in 2012, she replied, "I would be willing to if I believe that it's right for the country."[267] She added, "I won't close the door that perhaps could be open for me in the future."[268]
In November 2010, Palin confirmed that she was considering running for the Presidency, and was "having that discussion with my family." She stated she realised her level of experience could cause problems with winning the nomination, and criticized the "lamestream media" for focusing attention on her personal life.[269]
During March 2011, Palin and her husband toured India at the invitation of Indian newsmagazine India Today,[270] subsequently visiting Israel.[271] During the tour she was asked about her future candidacy; she said, "I don't think there needs to be a rush to get out there as a declared candidate. It's a life-changing decision".[272] In response to another question, she said "It’s time that a woman is president of the United States of America."[273]
Palin has since denied that she is running for Senate and said that her recent purchase of a home in Scottsdale was not a full-time residence.[274]
On October 5, 2011, Palin stated that she had decided not to seek the Republican nomination for President.[275]
Personal life[link]
Sarah and Todd Palin have five children: sons Track (born 1989)[276][277] and Trig Paxson Van (born 2008), and daughters Bristol Sheeran Marie[278] (born 1990), Willow (born 1994), and Piper (born 2001).[3][279] Palin's youngest child, Trig, was prenatally diagnosed with Down syndrome.[280]
Palin has two grandchildren, a boy named Tripp Easton Mitchell Johnston, who was born to her eldest daughter, Bristol, and her then-fiancee, Levi Johnston, in 2008,[281] and a girl named Kyla Grace Palin, who was born to son Track and his wife, Britta, in 2011.[282] Her husband Todd worked for the British oil company BP as an oil-field production operator, retiring in 2009, and owns a commercial fishing business.[42][283]
Palin was born into a Roman Catholic family.[6] Later, her family joined the Wasilla Assembly of God, a Pentecostal church,[284] which she attended until 2002. Palin then switched to the Wasilla Bible Church.[285] When in Juneau, she attends the Juneau Christian Center.[286] Palin described herself in an interview as a "Bible-believing Christian."[6]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Sarah Palin
- Palin has been a registered Republican since 1982.[287]
Health care[link]
- Palin opposed the 2010 health care reform package, saying it would lead to rationing of health care by a bureaucracy, which she described using the term "death panels". This legislation is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[288] Palin characterizes the act as an "unfunded mandate" and supports defunding it,[289] as well as repealing portions of the act.[290]
Social Issues[link]
- Palin opposes same-sex marriage,[291] abortion including in cases of rape and incest, and embryonic stem cell research.[292] She supports capital punishment,[293] and parental consent for female minors seeking an abortion.[294] She has called marijuana use a "minimal issue" and suggested that arresting pot-smokers should be a low priority for local police, though she opposes legalizing the substance.[295]
Education[link]
- Palin supports sex education in public schools that encourage abstinence along with teaching about contraception.[296]
- She supports discussion of creationism during lessons on evolution in public schools.[297] Palin believes evolution "should be taught as an accepted principle" and said that her belief in God's role in Earth's creation "is not part of the state policy or a local curriculum in a school district. Science should be taught in science class."[298]
Guns[link]
- A Life Member of the National Rifle Association (NRA), Palin interprets the Second Amendment as including the right to handgun possession and opposes bans on semi-automatic assault weapons.[299] She supports gun safety education for youth.[300]
Environment[link]
- Palin supports off-shore drilling, and land-based drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[87][301] When commenting on the Gulf Coast oil disaster Palin said, "I repeat the slogan 'drill here, drill now.'"[302] She said, "I want our country to be able to trust the oil industry."[303] Palin asked supporters to read an article by Thomas Sowell that criticized Obama for having BP pay to an escrow fund.[304]
- Palin has expressed skepticism about the causes of global warming,[305] but agrees that "man's activities certainly can be contributing to the issue" and that action should be taken.[306] She is opposed to cap-and-trade proposals, such as the defunct American Clean Energy and Security Act. Palin has acknowledged that "Simply waiting for low-carbon-emitting renewable capacity to be large enough will mean that it will be too late to meet the mitigation goals..that will be required [for carbon dioxide] under most credible climate-change models."[307]
Foreign policy[link]
- Palin is a strong supporter of Israel.[308][309] Referring to Iran's threat to Israel, Palin said Obama would be reelected if "he played the war card. Say he decided to declare war on Iran or decided really come out and do whatever he could to support Israel, which I would like him to do."[310]
- On foreign policy, Palin supported the Bush Administration's policies in Iraq, but is concerned that "dependence on foreign energy" may be obstructing efforts to "have an exit plan in place."[311][312] Palin supports preemptive military action in the face of an imminent threat, and supports U.S. military operations in Pakistan. Palin supports NATO membership for Ukraine and Georgia,[313] and affirms that if Russia invaded a NATO member, the United States should meet its treaty obligations.[314]
- On foreign policy, Palin supported the surge strategy in Iraq, the use of additional ground forces in Afghanistan, and, in general, maintaining a strong defensive posture by increasing the defense budget. She believes Islam and democracy can co-exist. She supports strengthening America's alliance with Japan. She supports the de-nuclearization of North Korea. She supports working with China to reduce American debt and improve the human rights and political freedom of Chinese citizens.[315]
Public image[link]
Main article: Public image of Sarah Palin
Prior to the 2008 Republican National Convention, a Gallup poll found that most voters were unfamiliar with Sarah Palin. During her campaign to become vice president, 39% said Palin was ready to serve as president if needed, 33% said Palin was not, and 29% had no opinion. This was "the lowest vote of confidence in a running mate since the elder George Bush chose then-Indiana senator Dan Quayle to join his ticket in 1988."[316] Following the Convention, her image came under close media scrutiny,[189][317] particularly with regard to her religious perspective on public life, her socially conservative views, and her perceived lack of experience. Palin's experience in foreign and domestic politics came under criticism among conservatives as well as liberals following her nomination.[318][319][320][321] At the same time, Palin became more popular than John McCain among Republicans.[194]
One month after McCain announced Palin as his running mate, she was viewed both more favorably and unfavorably among voters than her opponent, Delaware Senator Joe Biden.[322] A plurality of the television audience rated Biden's performance higher at the 2008 vice-presidential debate.[322][323] Media outlets repeated Palin's statement that she "stood up to Big Oil" when she resigned after 11 months as the head of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, due to abuses she witnessed involving other Republican commissioners and their ties to energy companies and energy lobbyists, and again when she raised taxes on oil companies as governor.[168][324] In turn, others have said that Palin is a "friend of Big Oil" due to her advocacy of oil exploration and development including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the de-listing of the polar bear as an endangered species.[168][324] The National Organization for Women did not endorse McCain/Palin, endorsing Barack Obama instead.[318][325]
Palin was selected as one of America’s "10 Most Fascinating People of 2008" by Barbara Walters for an ABC special on December 4, 2008.[326] In April 2010, she was selected as one of the world's 100 most influential people by TIME Magazine.[327]
In the wake of the January 8, 2011 shooting of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, Palin faced criticism for her SarahPAC website's inclusion of a graphic that included a crosshair over Giffords's district. Palin responded to the criticism of the graphic, saying that "Acts of monstrous criminality stand on their own. They begin and end with the criminals who commit them," controversially equating the accusations of her role in the shooting to a "blood libel".[328][329] Following her response, an ABC News-Washington Post poll found that 46% of respondents viewed Palin's actions after the shooting unfavorably, while 30% approved and 24% had no opinion.[330]
Bibliography[link]
- Going Rogue: An American Life (2009)
- America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag (2010)
References[link]
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- ^ a b c Komarnitsky, S.J. (October 26, 1996). "New Wasilla mayor asks city's managers to resign in loyalty test" (Archives, fee required). Alaska Daily News: p. D4.
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- ^ a b c Stuart, Paul (December 18, 1996). "Palin: Library censorship inquiries 'Rhetorical'". Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2008/09/06/breaking_news/doc48c1c8a60d6d9379155484.txt. Retrieved September 6, 2008. [dead link]
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- ^ a b c Phillips, Michael M. (September 6, 2008). "Palin's Hockey Rink Leads To Legal Trouble in Town She Led". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122065537792905483.html. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
- ^ Truth-O-Meter (August 31, 2008). "Palin "inherited a city with zero debt, but left it with indebtedness of over $22-million : Numbers right, context missing". Politifact.com. St. Petersburg Times. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/705/.
- ^ Schwartz, Emma (September 10, 2008). "Palin's Record on Pork: Less Sizzle than Reported". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=5765926&page=1. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
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- ^ Walshe, Shushannah (June 2, 2010). "The Palin-Murkowski rivalry, explained". Salon. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/06/02/palin_murkowski. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Mauer, Richard (August 29, 2008). "Palin explains her actions in Ruedrich case". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60oWMSoaT. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
- ^ Zaki, Taufen; Dennis, Stephen (March 14, 2008). "Randy Ruedrich defiant, still employed". Alaska Report. http://alaskareport.com/news31/z49193_randy_ruedrich.htm. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Barnes, Fred (July 16, 2007). "The Most Popular Governor". The Weekly Standard. http://weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/851orcjq.asp?pg=1. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ "Attorney General Gregg Renkes Resigns". Stories in the News. SitNews.US. February 6, 2005. http://www.sitnews.us/0205news/020605/020605_resignation.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ "Personnel board drops complaint against Renkes". Associated Press. Juneau Daily News. March 8, 2005. http://www.kinyradio.com/juneaunews/archives/week_of_03-07-05/juneau_news_03-08-05.html. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ Dobbyn, Paula (December 5, 2004). "Renkes Mixed Personal, State Business". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090106125951/http://www.adn.com/news/government/renkes/story/42104.html. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Mosk, Matthew (September 1, 2008). "Palin Was a Director of Embattled Sen. Stevens's 527 Group". The Trail (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/09/01/palin_was_a_director_of_embatt.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ Abcarian, Robin (September 4, 2008). "Insiders see 'new feminism' Outside the GOP convention, however, questions are raised about Palin's family responsibilities". Article collections, Republican National Convention (Los Angeles Times). http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-motherhood4-2008sep04,0,1284515.story. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ Sands, David R. (August 30, 2008). "Palin's rise a model for maverick politicians". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/30/palins-rise-shows-willingness-buck-establishment/. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Yardley, William (August 23, 2006). "Alaska Governor Concedes Defeat in Primary". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/23/washington/24alaskacnd.html. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Ayres, Sabra (May 30, 2007). "Alaska's governor tops the approval rating charts" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-164232650/alaska-governor-tops-approval.html. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ From an Ivan Moore press release (September 24, 2008). "Palin approval rating takes huge dive". Alaska Report. http://alaskareport.com/news98/x61643_approval_rating.htm. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (May 6, 2009). "New poll shows slump in Palin's popularity among Alaskans". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.miamiherald.com/515/story/1035915.html. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ Halpin, James (July 10, 2007). "Palin signs ethics reforms". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/324/story/150137.html. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "How Palin turned on her own party and became governor". Alaska Dispatch. August 29, 2006. http://alaskadispatch.com/blogs/palin-watch/74-how-palin-turned-on-her-own-party-and-became-governor.
- ^ Berman, Russell (August 29, 2008). "McCain Picks Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as Running Mate". The New York Sunl. http://www.nysun.com/national/mccain-picks-alaska-governor-sarah-palin-as/84934/. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Carlton, Jim (2008-07-31). "Alaska's Palin Faces Probe". Wall Street Journal: p. A4. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121746477267499109.html. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ a b "Alaska State of the State Address 2007". January 17, 2007. http://www.stateline.org/live/details/speech?contentId=172665. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ Bender, Bryan; Issenberg, Sasha (September 3, 2008). "Palin not well traveled outside US". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/09/03/palin_not_well_traveled_outside_us/. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Bender, Bryan (September 13, 2008). "Palin camp clarifies extent of Iraq trip: Says she never ventured beyond Kuwait border". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/13/palin_camp_clarifies_extent_of_iraq_trip/. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
- ^ "Excerpts: Charlie Gibson Interviews Sarah Palin". ABC News. September 11, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5782924. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Shinohara, Rosemary (July 16, 2007). "No vetoes here". Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ Bradner, Tim (July 8, 2007). "Lawmakers cringe over governor's deep budget cuts". Alaska Journal of Commerce. http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/070807/hom_20070708005.shtml. Retrieved September 1, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (May 24, 2008). "Palin's veto ax lops $268 million from budget". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080527181734/http://www.adn.com/legislature/story/415749.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ Yardley, William (August 25, 2007). "Jet that Helped Defeat an Alaska Governor is Sold.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/25/us/25jet.html. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne Elise (September 6, 2008). "Governor's Plane Wasn't Sold on Ebay". Washington Post: p. A7. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/05/AR2008090503722.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ a b Grimaldi, James V.; Vick, Karl (September 9, 2008). "Palin Billed State for Nights Spent at Home - Taxpayers Also Funded Family's Travel". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/08/AR2008090803088.html. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
- ^ The Anchorage Daily News, January 20, 2008: Palin does not use the governor's private chef, whom Palin transferred to the Lounge of the State Legislature.
- ^ a b Luo, Michael; Wayne, Leslie (September 9, 2008). "Palin Aides Defend Billing State for Time at Home". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/us/politics/10billing.html.
- ^ Walsh, Joan (July 9, 2009). "Why is Palin lying about state ethics probes?". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/walsh/politics/2009/07/09/palin_lying/. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V. (February 19, 2009). "Palin Now Owes Taxes on Payments for Nights at Home, State Rules". The Washington Post: p. A04. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/18/AR2009021803177.html?nav=hcmoduletmv. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (February 17, 2008). "Palin owes tax on per diem, state says". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/693695.html. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "'At the Governor's request, we reviewed the situation to determine whether we were in full compliance with the pertinent Internal Revenue Service regulations,' Kreitzer wrote."
- ^ Hopkins, Kyle (December 17, 2008). "Palin won't accept raise". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/626781.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009. "But if the commission pushes ahead with a pay raise, Palin won't accept the money, said spokesman Bill McAllister."
- ^ Associated Press staff (January 11, 2009). "State commission nixes Palin pay increase". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/news/government/legislature/story/650524.html. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ^ Paige, Leslie K. (January 29, 2008). "Alaska Begins to Grow Up". Wastewatcher, January 2008. Citizens Against Government Waste. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090113165553/http://www.cagw.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=11244. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press staff (September 8, 2008). "McCain, Palin criticize Obama on earmarks". Decision '08 archive- John McCain News. MSNBC.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26611103/. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ Bernton, Hal; Heath, David (September 2, 2008). "Palin's earmark requests: more per person than any other state". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008154532_webpalin02m.html. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Taylor, Andrew (September 2, 2008). "Palin's pork requests confound reformer image". Associated Press. http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2008/09/02/1817859-palins-pork-requests-confound-reformer-image. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
- ^ Bolstad, Erika (September 8, 2008). "Palin's Take On Earmarks Evolving". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/politics/story/516743.html.
- ^ Associated Press staff (September 23, 2007). "Alaska Seeks Alternative to Bridge Plan". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/us/23bridge.html. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Kizzia, Tom (August 31, 2008). "Palin touts stance on 'Bridge to Nowhere,' doesn't note flip-flop" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken (August 31, 2008). "Palin backed ‘bridge to nowhere’ in 2006". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-08-31-palin-bridge_N.htm. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "'We need to come to the defense of Southeast Alaska when proposals are on the table like the bridge, and not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project or any other into something that’s so negative,' Palin said in August 2006, according to the Ketchikan (Alaska) Daily News."
- ^ a b Staff (October 22, 2006). "Where they stand" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A12. "5. Would you continue state funding for the proposed Knik Arm and Gravina Island bridges? Yes. I would like to see Alaska's infrastructure projects built sooner rather than later. The window is now - while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."
- ^ Governor's Office (September 21, 2007). "Gravina Access Project Redirected" (Press release). Governor's Office–State of Alaska. http://www.dot.state.ak.us/comm/pressbox/arch_2007/PR_0921_GravinaAccessProjRed.pdf. Retrieved February 9, 2010. "Governor Sarah Palin today directed the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities to look for the most fiscally responsible alternative for access to the Ketchikan airport and Gravina Island rather than the proposed $398-million bridge."
- ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (September 1, 2008). "Palin 'bridge to nowhere' line angers many Alaskans". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed7/idUSN3125537020080901. Retrieved September 1, 2008. "In the city Ketchikan, the planned site of the so-called 'Bridge to Nowhere,' political leaders of both parties said the claim was false and a betrayal of their community...."
- ^ "Fact Check: Did Palin say 'no thanks' to the Bridge to Nowhere?". CNN Politics, Political Ticker (CNN). September 18, 2008. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/18/fact-check-did-palin-say-no-thanks-to-the-bridge-to-nowhere/. Retrieved June 21, 2009. "The Facts: Palin voiced support for the plan while running for governor...She rejected the bridge after she was elected and the project became a famous symbol of government waste."
- ^ Kizzia, Tom (August 31, 2008). "Palin touts stance on 'Bridge to Nowhere,' doesn't note flip-flop". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/511471.html.
- ^ Quinn, Steve (September 20, 2008). "Alaska town opens 'road to nowhere'". Associated Press. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-09-20-2839100226_x.htm. Retrieved April 28, 2009. ""Roger Wetherell, speaking for the state Transportation Department, said the road opened several days ago might someday get people to and from Gravina Island after all, if cheaper designs for a bridge become a reality. Meantime, it opens access to land development, he said.""
- ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (August 27, 2008). "Alaska governor signs natgas pipeline license bill". Calgary Herald. http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=2e84b1e8-9a4a-4558-ad05-21b517c50fae. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
- ^ "Governor Palin Unveils the AGIA". News & Announcements. State of Alaska. March 2, 2007. http://wayback.archive-it.org/1200/20090726180436/http://gov.state.ak.us/print_news.php?id=170. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b Hosenball, Mark (September 20, 2008). "Periscope: Palin's Pipeline to Nowhere" (From the magazine issue dated September 29, 2008). Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/160088. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- ^ a b Associated Press staff (March 22, 2007). "State puts bounty on wolves to boost predator control". Juneau Empire Story Archive. http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/032207/sta_20070322019.shtml. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Governor Palin Introduces Bill to Streamline Predator Management Laws" (Press release). Alaska Department of Game and Fish. May 11, 2007. http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/news/2007/5-11-07_nr.php. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ deMarban, Alex (March 31, 2007). "Judge orders state to stop wolf bounties: Option: The ruling says Game Board has authority to offer cash incentives". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/204937.html. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska voters shoot down predator control initiative". newsminer.com (Fairbanks Daily News-Miner). August 27, 2008. http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/26/alaska-voters-shoot-down-predator-control-initiati/. Retrieved September 1, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d Cockerham, Sean (August 14, 2008). "Palin staff pushed to have trooper fired". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/492964.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Fagan, Dan (September 16, 2008). "No one is above the truth, even Palin". Opinion (Anchorage Daily News). http://www.adn.com/opinion/story/528420.html.
- ^ Loy, Wesley (September 16, 2008). "Palin accuses Monegan of insubordination, Troopergate: Governor's lawyer attempts to clear her of misconduct in the firing". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/troopergate/story/527346.html.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (August 30, 2008). "'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign: 'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/510080.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. "For the record, no one ever said fire Wooten. Not the governor. Not Todd. Not any of the other staff. What they said directly was more along the lines of 'This isn't a person that we would want to be representing our state troopers.'"
- ^ a b c d Holland, Megan (July 19, 2008). "Monegan says he was pressured to fire cop" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
- ^ a b Demer, Lisa (July 27, 2008). "Is Wooten a good trooper?" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
- ^ a b c "Long-Standing Feud in Alaska Embroils Palin". The Washington Post. August 31, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083002366.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (August 30, 2008). "'Troopergate' inquiry hangs over campaign". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/510080.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. "Monegan said he believes his firing was directly related to the fact Wooten stayed on the job."
- ^ a b The Editors (August 30, 2008). "Monegan to Palin: 'Ma'am, I Need to Keep You at Arm's Length'". The Washington Post Investigations (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2008/08/monegan_to_palin_maam_i_need_t.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ Simon, Matt (November 7, 2008). "Monegan Says Palin Administration, Husband Used Governor's Office to Pressure Firing First Family's Former Brother-in-Law". KTVA, CBS News 11. http://www.ktva.com/news/local/Monegan-Says-Palin-Administration-Husband-Used-Governors-Office-to-Pressure-Firing-First-Familys-Former-Brother-in-Law-116778328.html. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V.; Vick, Karl (September 4, 2008). "Palin E-Mails Show Intense Interest in Trooper's Penalty". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303210_pf.html. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
- ^ Sean Cockerham (August 14, 2008). "Alaska's governor admits her staff tried to have trooper fired". Anchorage Daily News. McClatchy. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/48172.html. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ a b Quinn, Steve (July 28, 2008). "Lawmakers formally call for investigation into Palin's Public Safety firing". Associated Press. Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. http://beta.newsminer.com/news/2008/jul/28/lawmakers-formally-call-investigation-palins-publi/. Retrieved 2010-02-09. [dead link]
- ^ a b c Espo, David (September 19, 2008). "Palin probe has parallels to 2000 recount fight". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/19/palin_probe_has_parallels_to_2000_recount_fight/. Retrieved 2009-06-21. [dead link]
- ^ Loy, Wesley (July 29, 2008). "Hired help will probe Monegan dismissal". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/478090.html. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ Hulen, David (August 13, 2008). "Namely, specifically, most disturbing, is a telephone recording apparently made and preserved by the troopers...". Anchorage Daily News. http://community.adn.com/adn/node/128981. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (September 3, 2008). "Palin seeks review of Monegan firing case: Board: Governor makes ethics complaint against herself to force action". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/514163.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- ^ "Palin wants quick state board ruling in trooper probe". ElectionCenter2008 (CNN). September 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/03/palin.investigation/.
- ^ Associated Press Staff (September 16, 2008). "Alaska AG: Palin subpoenas won't be honored and five Alaska lawmakers file suit to end ‘Troopergate’ probe". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26742379/. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ Cockerham, Sean (October 2, 2008). "Judge refuses to halt Troopergate probe". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/palin/story/543892.html. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt (October 5, 2008). "7 Palin aides to testify in abuse-of-power probe". Associated Press. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-10-05-1503106214_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
- ^ Spence, Hal (October 12, 2008). "Branchflower report draws mixed reactions". Peninsula Clarion (Kenai, Alaska). "The council voted unanimously to make the report public, but did not vote to endorse its findings."
- ^ Branchflower, Stephen (October 10, 2008). "Report to the Legislative Council, Public Report" (PDF). State of Alaska Legislature. http://download2.legis.state.ak.us/DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-10. [dead link] Report consists of 268 pages, see page 8 for the findings.
- ^ a b Branchflower 2008, p. 66
- ^ Rood, Justin; Rutherford, Jessica and Delawala, Imtiyaz (October 10, 2008). "Troopergate Report: Palin Abused Power: Palin Says She Did 'Nothing Unlawful or Unethical' in Firing of Safety Commissioner". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6004368&page=1. Retrieved 2008-10-10. The report further found that Colberg had failed to cooperate fully with the investigation.
- ^ The Governor's Attorney Condemns the Branchflower Report as Misleading and Wrong on the Law scribd.com, statement from Clapp, Peterson, Van Flein, Tiemessen, Thorsness LLC, October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (October 13, 2008). "Four Pinocchios for Palin". The Fact Checker, Candidate Watch (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/10/four_pinocchios_for_palin.html.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (October 11, 2008). "Palin: 'Very much appreciating being cleared of any legal wrongdoing or unethical activity at all' (Updated with audio)". Alaska Politics Blog. Anchorage Daily News. http://community.adn.com/adn/node/132625. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Demer, Lisa (September 2, 2008). "Attorney challenges Monegan firing inquiry". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/513137.html. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ Van Flein, Thomas (September 15, 2008). "Before The State Of Alaska Personnel Board, In The Matter of Sarah Palin, Governor, Motion For Determination Of No Probable Cause" (PDF). p. 54. http://sayanythingblog.s3.amazonaws.com/09-08/palin-response.pdf.
- ^ Loy, Wesley (September 16, 2008). "'Rogue' Monegan accused of insubordination" (Archives, fee required). Anchorage Daily News. p. A1.
- ^ CNN staff (October 25, 2008). "Palin gives deposition in trooper case". ElectionCenter200 (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/24/palin.deposition. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ a b State of Alaska Personnel Board Report of Findings and Recommendations Nov. 3, 2008. pdf file of Independent Counsel Timothy Petumenos' report. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V. (November 3, 2008). "2nd Alaska Probe Finds Palin Did Not Violate Ethics Rules". The Trail (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/11/03/2nd_alaska_probe_finds_palin_d.html?hpid=topnews.
- ^ "2nd probe clears Palin in trooper case". The CNN Wire (CNN). October 3, 2008. http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/11/03/2nd-probe-clears-palin-in-trooper-case/. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
- ^ Yardley, William; Serge F. Kovaleski (November 3, 2008). "Report Backs Palin in Firing of Commissioner". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/us/politics/04palin.html.
- ^ D'Oro, Rachel (November 3, 2008). "Report clears Palin in Troopergate probe". Associated Press. Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2008346215_appalintroopergate.html. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
- ^ SurveyUSA website, "APPROVAL RATINGS FOR ALL 50 GOVERNORS (Released 11/20/06)". Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Cauchon, Dennis (June 21, 2007). "At state level, GOP, Dems learn to get along". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-06-21-state-bipartisanship_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Ayres, Sabra (May 30, 2007). "Alaska's governor tops the approval rating charts". Archived at AccessMyLibrary (Anchorage Daily News). http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30905072_ITM. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
- ^ Horton, Carly (November 4, 2007). "Palin ranks among nation's most popular governors". The Alaska Journal of Commerce. http://www.alaskajournal.com/stories/110407/hom_20071104035.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-13. [dead link]
- ^ "Alaska: McCain 48% Obama 43%". Rasmussen Reports. April 10, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/alaska/alaska_mccain_48_obama_43. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
- ^ "Alaska: McCain 50% Obama 41%". Rasmussen Reports. May 17, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/alaska/alaska_mccain_50_obama_41. Retrieved 2009-10-24. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d "Governor Palin is the most popular governor in the country.". PolitiFact.com Truth-o-Meter (St. Petersburg Times, FL). September 3, 2008. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2008/sep/03/john-mccain/she-wins-popularity-contest/. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
- ^ "Palin approval rating drops in Alaska". Anchorage Daily News. October 1, 2008. http://www.adn.com/2008/09/30/542179/palin-approval-rating-drops-in.html. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
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- ^ Miller, Lisa; Coyne, Amanda (September 2, 2008). "A Visit to Palin’s Church: Scripture and discretion on the program in Wasilla". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2008/09/01/a-visit-to-palin-s-church.html. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ "Statement Concerning Sarah Palin". Juneau Christian Center. September 3, 2008. http://www.jccalaska.com/images/10000/3000/582JU/user/palin.htm. Retrieved May 29, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ FactCheck.org staff (September 8, 2008). "Sliming Palin: False Internet claims and rumors fly about McCain's running mate". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/sliming_palin.html. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Palin, Sarah (December 22, 2009). "Midnight Votes, Backroom Deals, and a Death Panel". Sarah's Notes. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=213042303434. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Palin, Sarah (November 13, 2010). "An Open Letter to Republican Freshmen Members of Congress". Sarah Palin's Notes. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/notes/sarah-palin/an-open-letter-to-republican-freshmen-members-of-congress/455904738434. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (March 22, 2010). "Palin: Health Care Vote a 'Clarion Call' to Action". Political Hotsheet (CBS News). http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20000912-503544.html. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ "Sarah Palin on Civil Rights". OnTheIssues.org. updated November 25, 2009. http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Sarah_Palin_Civil_Rights.htm. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Gibson, Charles (September 13, 2008). "Full Excerpts: Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=5795641&page=7. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (August 30, 2008). "Meet the Barracuda: anti-abortion, pro-death penalty and gun-lover". London: Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/30/johnmccain.palin2. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ New York Times staff. "Running Mates on the Issues". New York Times. http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/issues/vice-presidents/index.html. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Montopoli, Brian. Sarah Palin Calls Marijuana "Minimal Problem". CBS News. 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ Mehta, Seema (September 6, 2008). "GOP ticket split over condom use: While running for state office, Palin said their use ought to be discussed in schools. McCain disagrees.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/06/nation/na-sexed6. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Kizzia, Tom (October 27, 2006). "'Creation science' enters the race: Governor: Palin is only candidate to suggest it should be discussed in schools". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/sarah-palin/background/story/217111.html. Retrieved May 29, 2010. "the discussion of alternative views should be allowed to arise in Alaska classrooms: 'I don't think there should be a prohibition against debate if it comes up in class. It doesn't have to be part of the curriculum. Palin added that, if elected, she would not push the state Board of Education to add such creation-based alternatives to the state's required curriculum."
- ^ Couric, Katie (September 30, 2008). "Palin Opens Up On Controversial Issues: VP Candidate Speaks Frankly With Katie Couric About Feminism, Homosexuality, Abortion And The Environment". CBSNews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/30/eveningnews/main4490618.shtml. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Gibson, Charles (September 13, 2008). "Full Excerpts: Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=5795641. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Braiker, Brian (August 29, 2008). "On the Hunt: Sarah Palin, a moose-hunting, lifetime NRA member guns for D.C.". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/156276. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Kudlow, Larry (June 26, 2008). "Drill, Drill, Drill: My Interview with Alaska Governor Sarah Palin". Money & Politics (CNBC). http://www.cnbc.com/id/25394468/Drill_Drill_Drill_My_Interview_with_Alaska_Governor_Sarah_Palin. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Weigel, David (April 30, 2010). "Palin on oil spill: 'No human endeavor is ever without risk'". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/right-now/2010/04/palin_on_oil_spill_no_human_en.html. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Kraske, Steve (May 1, 2010). "Key to U.S. prosperity is energy security, Palin says during speech in Independence". The Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/2010/05/01/1916939/key-to-us-prosperity-is-energy.html. Retrieved May 28, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Politico, June 26, 2010, Sarah Palin praises column linking Obama, Hitler
- ^ Coppock, Mike (August 29, 2008). "Palin Speaks to Newsmax About McCain, Abortion, Climate Change". Newsmax. http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/sarah-palin-vp/2008/08/29/id/325086. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Goldman, Russell (September 11, 2008). "Palin Takes Hard Line on National Security, Softens Stance on Global Warming publisher = ABC News". http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5778018. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Murphy, Kim (2009-04-15). "Palin sees gas drilling as step to curb global warming". Articles.latimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/15/nation/na-palin15. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ "Sarah Palin tells AIPAC she's pro-Israel". Jewish Journal. September 2, 2008. http://www.jewishjournal.com/articles/item/sarah_palin_tells_aipac_shes_pro_israel_20080902/+. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ Palin expresses support for Israel by Yitzhak Benhorin, Ynetnews.com, September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
- ^ Transcript (February 7, 2010). "Sarah Palin on Fox News Sunday". PoliticsDaily.com. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/07/sarah-palin-on-fox-news-sunday/. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ Sullivan, Andrew (August 29, 2008). "Palin on Iraq". The Daily Dish (The Atlantic). http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/08/palin-on-iraq.html. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Gourevitch, Philip (September 8, 2008). "Palin on Obama". Butting Heads (The New Yorker). http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/09/08/080908ta_talk_gourevitch. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim (September 11, 2008). "In First Big Interview, Palin Says, ‘I’m Ready’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/us/politics/12palin.html. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (September 11, 2008). "War with Russia? Palin Talks Foreign Policy with ABC". TheTrail: A Daily Diary of Campaign 2008 (The Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/09/11/war_with_russia_palin_talks_fo.html. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ Palin, Sarah (September 24, 2009). "Thoughts from Hong Kong". http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=139069028434.
- ^ Page, Susan (August 30, 2008). "Poll: Voters uncertain on Palin". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-08-30-palin-poll_N.htm. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Weiss, Joanna (September 5, 2008). "McCain takes stage, turns down heat". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/09/05/mccain_takes_stage_turns_down_heat/. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ a b Harris, John F.; Frerking, Beth (September 3, 2008). "Clinton aides: Palin treatment sexist". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0908/13129.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Frum, David (August 29, 2008). "Palin". National Review Online. http://frum.nationalreview.com/post/?q=M2VhOWE0N2VkOWI3MDdlODRlZWE4ODljMDc2NjliZDk=. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Will, George (November 3, 2008). "Impulse, Meet Experience". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/02/AR2008090202441.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Collins, Britt (September 17, 2008). "Sarah Palin: The ice queen; Sarah Palin, the Republican party's vice-president nominee, governs an oil-rich area that has seen some of the most dramatic effects of climate change. So what's her record on environmental concerns?". The Guardian (UK) (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/17/poles.wildlife. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Palin Still Viewed More Favorably – And Unfavorably – Than Biden". Rasmussen Reports. September 24, 2008. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections/election_2008/2008_presidential_election/palin_still_viewed_more_favorably_and_unfavorably_than_biden.
- ^ "45% Say Biden Won Debate, 37% Say Palin". Rasmussen Reports. 2008-10-04. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/45_say_biden_won_debate_37_say_palin. Retrieved 2008-12-25. [dead link]
- ^ a b Stoddard, Ed; Yereth Rosen (September 12, 2008). "Is Palin foe of big oil or a new Cheney?". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSN1150293420080912. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Nichols, Jon (August 30, 2008). "Clinton Praises Palin Pick". Blogs, The Beat. The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blog/clinton-praises-palin-pick. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Dimond, Anna (December 1, 2008). "Barbara Walters Gets Up Close with 2008's Most Fascinating People". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Barbara-Walters-Special-1000398.aspx. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Nugent, Ted (April 29, 2010). "Leaders: Sarah Palin". The 2010 TIME 100 (Time Magazine). http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984864_1984871,00.html/. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Oliphant, James. "Sarah Palin video on Giffords aftermath stays true to who Palin is," Los Angeles Times (2011-01-13).
- ^ Kurtz, Howard (2011-01-12). "Palin Goes Nuclear With 'Blood Libel' Speech". TheDailyBeast.com. RTST, Inc. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-01-12/sarah-palin-says-media-guilty-of-blood-libel-why-her-speech-was-wrong. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ Balz, Dan; Cohen, Jon (2011-01-18). "Poll shows high marks for Obama on Tucson, low regard for political dialogue". PostPolitics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/17/AR2011011703262_2.html?sid=ST2011011702561. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
External links[link]
| Find more about Sarah Palin on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Look up Palinista, Palinism, or refudiate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- SarahPAC (Sarah Palin Political Action Committee) (Official)
- Sarah Palin on Facebook (Official)
- Sarah Palin on Twitter (Official)
- Sarah Palin's channel on YouTube
- Biography at the National Governors Association
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Sarah Palin in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile at Notable Names Database
- Ongoing news and commentary from the Anchorage Daily News
- Favorable Rating: Sarah Palin at Pollster
- Sarah Palin rumor control at Snopes.com
- Sarah Palin at FactCheck.org
- Sarah Palin at the Open Directory Project
- NOW: Meet Sarah Palin video from PBS
- Sarah Palin : Sarah Palin News and Photos Search ChicagoTribune.com
- Charlie Gibson Interviews GOP Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin from ABC News, September 2008
- One-On-One with Sarah Palin transcripts and videos from CBS News with Katie Couric, September 2008
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Palin, Sarah Heath |
| Alternative names | Heath, Sarah Louise; Palin, Sarah Louise |
| Short description | Governor of Alaska |
| Date of birth | February 11, 1964 |
| Place of birth | Sandpoint, Idaho |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.
The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.
|
Church[link]
Main article: Church Fathers
Games[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature wargaming | H.G. Wells[1] | |
| The modern video game industry | Nolan Bushnell | Creator of Pong and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's |
| Modern video game | Shigeru Miyamoto[2] | Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises |
| Role-playing game | Gary Gygax[3] | Creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| Stealth game | Hideo Kojima[4] | Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games |
| Video game | Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. | Inventor of the First video game |
| Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts[5] |
Humanities[link]
Military[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerial warfare | Oswald Boelcke[6] | The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft. |
| Atomic bomb | Robert Oppenheimer[7] Leó Szilárd[8] Enrico Fermi[9] |
|
| Blitzkrieg | Heinz Guderian[10][11] | |
| The West's Hydrogen bomb | Edward Teller[12] | |
| Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" | Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15] | |
| Fourth Generation Warfare | William S. Lind[citation needed] | |
| French sailing navy | Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] | Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu. |
| Naval Special Warfare | Phil H. Bucklew[17] | US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One |
| Naval tactical studies | Paul Hoste[18] | Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697) |
| Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte | Oswald Boelcke[19] | |
| The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb | Andrei Sakharov[20] | |
| United States Airborne | William C. Lee[21] | First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia. |
| United States Cavalry | Kazimierz Pułaski[22] | Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s). |
| United States Navy | Commodore John Barry[23] Captain John Paul Jones[24] |
Nations[link]
Natural and social sciences[link]
Sports[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| American football | Walter Camp[25] | |
| American motocross | Edison Dye[26] | Introduced motorcross to American riders. |
| American road racing | Cameron Argetsinger[27] | Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen. |
| American soccer | Steve Ross[28] | Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US. |
| Angling | Izaak Walton[29] | Author of The Compleat Angler. |
| Argentine football | Alexander Watson Hutton[30] | |
| Argentine professional golf | José Jurado[31] | |
| Argentine winter sports | Otto Meiling[32] | |
| Association football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[33] | |
| Baseball | Henry Chadwick[34][35][36][37] | |
| Basketball | James Naismith | Left many diaries and interviews that explain how and when he created basketball. |
| BMX | Scot Breithaupt[38] | |
| Brazilian football | Charles William Miller[39] | |
| Camel Lights | Jim Downing | Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in |
| Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight[41] | Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. |
| Drag racing | Wally Parks[42] | Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race. |
| Don Garlits[43] | Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. | |
| Eddie Hill[44] | Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. | |
| Drifting | Kunimitsu Takahashi[45] | Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport. |
| East Coast skateboarding | Vinny Raffa (godfather)[46] | |
| Florida skateboarding | Bruce Walker (godfather)[47] | |
| Modern football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[48] | |
| Freestyle BMX | Bob Haro[49][50] | |
| Freestyle Motocross | Mike Metzger[51] | Godfather. |
| Funny Car | Dick Landy[52] | |
| Ice Hockey | James Creighton (ice hockey) | Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. |
| Import drag racing | Frank Choi[53] | Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. |
| Italian football | James Richardson Spensley[54] | Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy. |
| William Garbutt[55] | Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. | |
| Japanese baseball | Horace Wilson[56] | Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. |
| Hiroshi Hiraoka[57] | Credited for establishing the first baseball team. | |
| Jogging | Jim Fixx[58] | Founding father. |
| Kart racing | Art Ingels[59] | Developed the world's first kart (1956). |
| Lacrosse | William George Beers[60][61][62][63] | Codified the sport. |
| Mixed martial arts | Bruce Lee[64] | Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. |
| Modern bodybuilding | Eugen Sandow[65] | |
| Harold Zinkin[66] | Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines. | |
| Modern boxing | James Figg[67] | |
| James J. Corbett[citation needed] | ||
| Modern figure skating | Jackson Haines[68] | "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey |
| Modern football in Japan | Dettmar Cramer[69] | |
| Modern rodeo | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916. |
| Modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli[71] | |
| Modern surfing | Duke Kahanamoku[72] | |
| Rodeo bareback bronc riding | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924. |
| Rugby union | A. G. Guillemard[73] | |
| William Webb Ellis[74] | "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". | |
| Scuba diving | Jacques Cousteau[75] | Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. |
| Skateboarding | Skip Engblom (godfather)[76] | |
| Tony Hawk (godfather)[77] | ||
| Snowboarding | Jake Burton Carpenter[78] | |
| Stock car racing | Bill France, Sr.[79][80] | Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing |
| Supercross | Mike Goodwin[81] | Organized the first supercross race. |
| Televised golf | Frank Chirkinian[82][83] | Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting. |
Technology[link]
Fields[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodynamics (modern) | Sir George Cayley [84][85] | Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries. |
| Architecture | Imhotep[86] | Built the first pyramid |
| Astronautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[87] |
|
| Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[90] | Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. |
| British watchmaking | Thomas Tompion[91] | |
| Clinical trials | James Lind[92] | Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 |
| Computing | Charles Babbage[93] | Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. |
| Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener[94][95] | |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Founder of the Genetics[96] |
| Modern Bladesmithing | William F. Moran | Founder of the American Bladesmith Society |
| Modern Kinematics | Ferdinand Freudenstein | Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[97] |
| Modern Knifemaking | Bob Loveless | Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild |
| Photography | Louis Daguerre[98] Nicéphore Niépce[99] William Henry Fox Talbot[100] Thomas Wedgwood[101] |
Inventions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Air conditioning | Willis Carrier | [102] |
| C (programming language) | Dennis Ritchie | |
| Chronograph | George Graham[91][103] | Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism |
| Compact Disc | Kees Immink[104] | |
| Compiler | Grace Hopper | |
| Computer | Konrad Zuse[105] | Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. |
| Alan Turing[106][107] | Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). | |
| John von Neumann[108] | Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. | |
| John V. Atanasoff[109] | Invented the digital computer in the 1930s | |
| John W. Mauchly [110] J.Presper Eckert[111] |
Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. | |
| Computer Program | Ada Lovelace[112] | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. |
| Ekranoplan | Rostislav Alexeev | |
| Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky [113] | Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. |
| Internet | Vint Cerf[114][115] Bob Kahn[116] [117] |
Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[118] |
| Instant noodle | Momofuku Ando[119] | Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. |
| Japanese television | Kenjiro Takayanagi[120][121] | |
| Jet engine | Frank Whittle[122][123] | |
| Karaoke | Daisuke Inoue[124] | Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. |
| Laser | Charles Hard Townes | |
| Lightning prediction system | Alexander Stepanovich Popov | The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. |
| Marine chronometer | John Harrison[125] | |
| Microprocessor | Marcian Hoff[126] Masatoshi Shima[127] |
|
| Mobile phone | Martin Cooper[128] | He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos. |
| Pentium microprocessor | Vinod Dham[129][130] | The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[131] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[132] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[133] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". |
| Personal computer | Chuck Peddle[134] | Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET |
| Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[135] André Truong Trong Thi[136] |
||
| Programmable logic controller | Dick Morley[citation needed] | |
| Radio | Alexander Stepanovich Popov [137] Lee De Forest[138][139][140] Guglielmo Marconi[141] Jagdish Chandra Bose[142] Nikola Tesla[143] |
The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio |
| Radio (Radio broadcasting) | Reginald Fessenden[citation needed] David Sarnoff[citation needed] |
Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. |
| Radio (FM radio) | Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] | Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) |
| Radiotelephony | Reginald Fessenden[144][145] | |
| Search Engine | Alan Emtage[146][147][148] | Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines |
| SGML | Charles Goldfarb[149] | |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell[150] | See Invention of the telephone |
| Television | Philo T. Farnsworth[151] | Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. |
| Tokamak | Lev Artsimovich | |
| Tube structure | Fazlur Khan[156] | Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. |
| World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee[157] | |
| Visual Basic | Alan Cooper[158] | |
| XML | Jon Bosak[159] |
Towns, cities and regions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | James Douglas[160] | Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. |
| Lan Kwai Fong | Allan Zeman[161] | Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong. |
Transport[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| 20th century American car industry | Henry Ford[162] | Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. |
| American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower[163] | |
| High-performance VW industry | Gene Berg[164] | |
| Hot rod | Ed Winfield[165] | |
| Import Car Culture | RJ DeVera[166] | Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s. |
| Kustom Kulture | Von Dutch[167] | |
| Monster truck | Bob Chandler[168] | Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history |
| Mountain bike | Gary Fisher[169] | |
| Rotary engine | Felix Wankel[170][171] | |
| Route 66 | Cyrus Avery[172] | |
| Tailfin | Harley Earl[173][174][175] | |
| Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno[176] | |
| Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr[177] |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
- ^ "Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim". Reuters. 2009-01-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115.
- ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
- ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. March 26, 2009. http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
- ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8194
- ^ J Robert Oppenheimer
- ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
- ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. http://books.google.com/?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&dq=Lichello.
- ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Chris Shimp (March 1, 2001). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
- ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5. , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
- ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
- ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8. , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (October 29, 2002). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. pp. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0.
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm
- ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612100930/http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-877864-30-7, ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. http://books.google.com/?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
- ^ http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=88004
- ^ http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163
- ^ http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos
- ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
- ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football."
- ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history."
- ^ Mirodan, Seamus (February 14, 2004). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth."
- ^ http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html
- ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
- ^
- 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
- ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
- ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
- ^ http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27
- ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-041-2.
- ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 0-87938-582-0.
- ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
- ^ http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm
- ^ http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j
- ^ http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=30337&FS=NHRA
- ^ http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Drifting&id=875478
- ^ http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html
- ^ http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm
- ^ http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf
- ^ http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html
- ^ http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm
- ^ http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders
- ^ http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html
- ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html
- ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829
- ^ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/16820/the_social_impact_of_japanese_baseball_pg2_pg2.html?cat=9
- ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2.
- ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent (London). 2004-02-12. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
- ^ STX Lacrosse
- ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse
- ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse
- ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
- ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
- ^ http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html
- ^ http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/
- ^ http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1
- ^ Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive, accessed December 15, 2011.
- ^ http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer
- ^ a b Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp.77.
- ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
- ^ http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html
- ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWEplaque_700.jpg
- ^ Diving Almanac article.
- ^ http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70
- ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html
- ^ http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1
- ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YscEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270
- ^ http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html
- ^ Dolch, Craig (March 4, 2011). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote."
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 5, 2011). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,” Jim Nantz, CBS’s longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. “He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life."
- ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft."
- ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider."
- ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
- ^ Tsiolkovskiy
- ^ Goddard
- ^ Oberth
- ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- ^ a b . http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/.
- ^ Twyman, Richard (22 September 2004). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X. , p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
- ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
- ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
- ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68g683357756307/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
- ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6. , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
- ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
- ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning
- ^ http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
- ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine"
- ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
- ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Ada Lovelace
- ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
- ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
- ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
- ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January
- ^ Louis Pouzin
- ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm.
- ^ http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Aircraft Engine
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html
- ^ . http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.rpi.edu/about/hof/hoff.html
- ^ "Kosaku Inagaki’s Home Page". Kyoto University. http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
- ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
- ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
- ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
- ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
- ^ Commodore History: Chuck Peddle
- ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
- ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing, Wired Magazine
- ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" website poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett. (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
- ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
- ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5. , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
- ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), pp. 557-560.
- ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[2]
- ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0. p. 160
- ^ [3] from the Eweek website
- ^ [4] History of the Internet
- ^ [5] History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?
- ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I
- ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3. , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
- ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm
. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? - ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin""
- ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". ""
- ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system."
- ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
- ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
- ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS
- ^ BC Archives: Sir James Douglas
- ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_429594.html
- ^ http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/
- ^ Federal Highway Administration [6]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
- ^ http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html
- ^ http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html
- ^ http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php
- ^ http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html
- ^ http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
- ^ http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0
- ^ http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm
- ^ http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/
- ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&source=bl&ots=0R7qHrSvev&sig=NllowJaW5UQa_SJB7MZgZOoVbWA&hl=en&ei=xTYaTZ2WKIa4hAeOj_W3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false
- ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm.
- ^ http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/
- ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [7]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
- ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 0-89789-900-8. http://books.google.com/?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30. "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
http://wn.com/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the 43rd U.S. president. For his father, the 41st U.S. president, see George H. W. Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.
| George W. Bush | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 43rd President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Dick Cheney |
| Preceded by | Bill Clinton |
| Succeeded by | Barack Obama |
| 46th Governor of Texas | |
| In office January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000 |
|
| Lieutenant | Bob Bullock Rick Perry |
| Preceded by | Ann Richards |
| Succeeded by | Rick Perry |
| Personal details | |
| Born | George Walker Bush (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 65) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Laura Welch (1977–present) |
| Children | Barbara Jenna |
| Alma mater | Yale University Harvard Business School |
| Profession | Businessman (Oil, baseball) |
| Religion | Episcopal (Before 1977)[1] United Methodism (1977–present)[2][3] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Bush Presidential Library Bush Presidential Center The White House Archived |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | Texas Air National Guard Alabama Air National Guard |
| Years of service | 1968–1974 |
| Rank | First Lieutenant |
| Unit | 147th Reconnaissance Wing 187th Fighter Wing |
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president.[4] He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.[5]
Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum.[6][7][8] In 2005, the Bush Administration dealt with widespread criticism over its handling of Hurricane Katrina.[9][10][11] Following this and other controversies, as well as the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War, Democrats won control of Congress in the 2006 elections. In December 2007, the United States entered its longest post–World War II recession, prompting the Bush Administration to enact multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system. Though Bush was popular in the U.S. for much of his first term,[12] his popularity declined sharply during his second. He was a highly controversial figure internationally, with public protests occurring even during visits to close allies, such as the United Kingdom.[13]
After leaving office, Bush returned to Texas and purchased a home in a suburban area of Dallas. He is currently a public speaker and has written a book about his life entitled Decision Points.[14]
Contents
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Childhood to mid-life[link]
Main article: Early life of George W. Bush
George Walker Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut at Grace-New Haven Hospital (now Yale – New Haven Hospital), on July 6, 1946,[15] the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush (née Pierce). He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953.[16] Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut.[17] Bush's father, George H. W. Bush, was Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and President from 1989 to 1993. Bush is of primarily English descent and also more distant German, Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish ancestry.[18]
Education[link]
Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years.[19]
Bush finished high school at Phillips Academy, a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Massachusetts, where he played baseball and during his senior year was the head cheerleader.[20][21] Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with an A.B. in history.[22] During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternity's president during his senior year.[23][24][25] Bush also became a member of the Skull and Bones society as a senior.[26] Bush was a keen rugby union player and was on Yale's 1st XV.[27] He characterized himself as an average student.[28] His average during his first three years at Yale was 77 and he had a similar average under a nonnumeric rating system in his final year.[29]
Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Master of Business Administration. He is the only U.S. President to have earned an M.B.A.[30]
Texas Air National Guard[link]
In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard.[31] After two years of active-duty service while training,[32] he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s with the 147th Reconnaissance Wing out of Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base.[31][33] Critics, including former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.[34] In June 2005, the United States Department of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.[35]
In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the 187th Fighter Wing of the Alabama Air National Guard, having moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton M. Blount.[36][37] In 1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.[38] He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974.[39]
Marriage, family, and personal life[link]
See also: Bush family
At a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him to Laura Welch, a school teacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after a three-month courtship, and they married on November 5 of that year.[40] The couple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his family's Episcopal Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church.[2] In 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to fraternal twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara;[40] they graduated from high school in 2000 and from the University of Texas at Austin and Yale University, respectively, in 2004.
Prior to his marriage, Bush had multiple episodes of alcohol abuse.[41] In one instance, on September 4, 1976, he was arrested near his family's summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, for driving under the influence of alcohol. He pleaded guilty, was fined $150 and had his Maine driver's license suspended until 1978.[42] Bush's alleged drug usage is less clear; when asked about alleged past illicit drug use, Bush has consistently refused to answer. He defended his refusal to answer in a publicized casual conversation with a friend, saying that he feared setting a bad example for the younger generation.[43][44][45]
Bush says his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,[40] and attributes to her influence his 1986 decision to give up alcohol.[46] While Governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife, "I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."[40]
Bush mostly reads "serious historical nonfiction" for pleasure. During his time as president, Bush read 14 Lincoln biographies and, during the last three years of his presidency, he reportedly read 186 books. A reporter recalls seeing "books by John Fowles, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Gore Vidal lying about, as well as biographies of Willa Cather and Queen Victoria" in his home when Bush was a Texas oilman. Other hobbies include cigar smoking and golf.[47]
Early career[link]
Main article: Professional life of George W. Bush
In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as out of touch with rural Texans; Bush lost by 6,000 votes (6%) of the 103,000 votes cast.[48] He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small, independent oil exploration companies.[49] He created Arbusto Energy,[50] and later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became chairman.[49] The company was hurt by decreased oil prices, and it folded into HKN, Inc.[49][51] Bush served on the board of directors for HKN.[49] Questions of possible insider trading involving HKN arose, but the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.[49][52]
Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his father's campaign for the U.S. presidency.[53][54] He served as a campaign adviser and liaison to the media;[49] he assisted his father by campaigning across the country.[49] Returning to Texas after the successful campaign, he purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where he served as managing general partner for five years.[55] He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with fans.[56] Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000 investment.[57]
In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 Presidential re-election campaign as "campaign advisor".[58] The prior month, his father asked him to tell White House chief of staff John H. Sununu that he should resign.[59]
Governor of Texas[link]
Main article: Governorship of George W. Bush
As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement.[49] Bush's campaign advisers were Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.[60]
After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards.[49][61] In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it after he became governor.[62] According to The Atlantic Monthly, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record – when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs".[63] The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove,[64] but Rove denied being involved.[65] Bush won the general election with 53.5% against Richards' 45.9%.[66]
Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion.[60] He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.[67] Critics contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations, but supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improved educational test scores.[49]
In 1999, Bush also helped make Texas eventually the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.[68][69][70] by signing a state law obliging electric retailers to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources (RPS).[71][72][73]
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record[49] 69% of the vote.[74] He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.[49] For most of Texas history, governors served two-year terms; a constitutional amendment extended those terms to four years starting in 1975.[75] In his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings.[49] He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day on which he "urge[d] all Texans to answer the call to serve those in need".[76]
Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared.[49] Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.
Presidential campaigns[link]
2000 Presidential candidacy[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 2000
Primary[link]
In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush announced his candidacy for President of the United States. With no incumbent running, Bush entered a large field of candidates for the Republican Party presidential nomination consisting of John McCain, Alan Keyes, Steve Forbes, Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch, Elizabeth Dole, Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, John Kasich, and Robert C. Smith.
Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative, implying he was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a platform that included increasing the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.[49] By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.[49]
Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he trailed McCain by 19% and lost that primary. Despite this, Bush regained momentum and, according to political observers, effectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The Boston Globe made history for his campaign's negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.[77][78][79]
General election[link]
On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative, and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Cheney was officially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican National Convention.
Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.[49] Bush's campaign criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.[80]
When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to a recount.[49] The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in courts for a month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.[81] On December 9, in a controversial ruling[82] the Bush v. Gore case the Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[49] The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million cast.[83] Although he received 543,895 fewer individual votes than Gore nationwide, Bush won the election, receiving 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266.[83]
2004 Presidential candidacy[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 2004
In 2004, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Ken Mehlman as campaign manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.[84] Bush and the Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,[85] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,[86] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,[85][87] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,[85] creation of an ownership society,[85] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.[88] Bush also called for the implementation of a guest worker program for immigrants,[85] which was criticized by conservatives.[89]
The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the Iraq War, and accused him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,[49] and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror.
In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an outright majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%).[90] The previous President to win an outright majority of the popular vote was Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in both Houses of Congress. Bush's 2.5% margin of victory was the narrowest ever for a victorious incumbent President, breaking Woodrow Wilson's 3.1% margin of victory against Charles Evans Hughes in the election of 1916.[91][92]
Presidency[link]
Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush's first term as President of the United States, and George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States
Though Bush originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, his priorities were significantly altered following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.[93] Wars were waged in Afghanistan and Iraq with significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings[94] steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly.[95] In 2007, the administration prioritized dealing with the United States having entered into the longest post-World War II recession.[96]
Domestic policy[link]
Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
Economic policy[link]
Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration
During the George W. Bush administration, federal government spending was increased from $1789 billion to $2983 billion (70%) but the revenues were only increased from $2025 billion to $2524 billion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues were increased by 14%, corporate tax revenues by 50%, customs and duties by 40%. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare spending by 131%, social security by 51%, and income security spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35% and spending by 65%.[97]
Also proportionally Bush increased government spending more than any predecessor since Lyndon B. Johnson.[98]
The number of economic regulation governmental workers was increased by 91,196, whereas Bill Clinton had cut down the number by 969.[99]
In a February 28, 2001, message to the Congress, Bush estimated that there would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.[100] Facing congressional opposition, Bush held town hall-style public meetings across the U.S. in 2001 to increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion tax cut program—one of the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.[49] Bush argued that unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government’s money. The surplus is the people’s money."[49] With reports of the threat of recession from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Bush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.[101] Others, including the Treasury Secretary at the time Paul O'Neill, were opposed to some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social Security.[102] O'Neill disputes the claim made in Bush's book "Decision Points" that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts.[103] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.[49] Another tax cut program was passed that year.
Under the Bush Administration, real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.5%,[104] considerably below the average for business cycles from 1949 to 2000.[105][106] Bush entered office with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.[107] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in January 2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5% as of July 2007.[108] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,[109] while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown University has noted that "after-tax median household income increased by 2%"[110] The poverty rate increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004.[111] By October 2008, due to increases in domestic and foreign spending,[112] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,[113] an increase of over 100% from the start of the year 2000 when the debt was $5.6 trillion.[114][115] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "Bush tax cuts" and increased national security spending.[116] By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.[117] The perception of Bush's effect on the economy is significantly affected by partisanship, which makes it difficult to determine who or what caused which problems.[118]
In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post–World War II recession,[119] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar value.[120] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record.[121][122] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,[123] and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector’s risky practices.[124][125] In September 2008, the crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.[126]
Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.[127][128] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.[129] Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.[130] Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the FDIC to look at these issues more closely", and additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".[125]
In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.[131] The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost.[132] By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost a total of 2.6 million jobs.[133]
Education and health[link]
Bush undertook a number of educational priorities, such as increasing the funding for the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of office, and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.[134]
One of the administration's early major initiatives was the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.[135] It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002.[136] Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.[137] Critics argue that it is underfunded[138] and that NCLBA's focus on "high stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.[139]
After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit program that, according to Jan Crawford Greenburg, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's welfare state in forty years;" the bill's costs approached $7 trillion.[140] In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded federally funded health care benefits and plans to children of some low-income families from about six million to ten million children. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.[141] Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward socialized health care, and asserted that the program could benefit families making as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.[142]
Social services and Social Security[link]
Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.[143] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".[144]
Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform Social Security,[145] which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.[145] In his 2005 State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments.[145] Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.[145]
Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the "Conversations on Social Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public.[146] Despite the energetic campaign, public support for the proposal declined[147] and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.[148] The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005.[149] After the Democrats gained control of both houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm elections, the prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of his term in office.
Environmental and energy policies[link]
Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UN Convention on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the treaty exempted 80% of the world's population[150] and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.[151] He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.
In May 2001, Bush signed an executive order to create an inter-agency task force to streamline energy projects,[152] and later signed two other executive orders to tackle environmental issues.[153]
In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of 2003,[154] aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of emissions trading programs. Many experts argued that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal.[155] The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.
Bush has said that he believes that global warming is real[156] and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".[157] The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration[158] misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.[159]
In his 2006 State of the Union Address, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase energy development research.[160]
That same year, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument, creating the largest marine reserve to date. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km2) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.[161] The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".[162]
In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.[163] Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling.[164] However, the move was largely symbolic as there is still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."[164] Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."[165]
In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."[166]
Stem cell research and first use of veto power[link]
Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been forbidden by law since the passage in 1995 of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment by Congress and the signature of President Bill Clinton.[167] Bush has said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem cell research.[168] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,[169] but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on 12 of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.[170] On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have repealed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.[171]
Immigration[link]
In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than 12 million illegal immigrants to work in the United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program". Bush did not support amnesty for illegal immigrants,[172] but argued that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.[173] Nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.[174] Almost half entered illegally.[175]
Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to the Mexico–United States border.[176] In May–June 2007, Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.[177] The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.[178]
A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.[179] The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on a 46–53 vote.[180] Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.[181] The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.[182]
On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said that Bush offered to accept 100,000 Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.[183]
Hurricane Katrina[link]
Main article: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina, which was one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history, struck early in Bush’s second term. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.[184]
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,[185] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day;[186] he authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.[187] The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in Louisiana,[188] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance",[189] triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.[190] The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".[191]
As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics charged that Bush was misrepresenting his administration's role in what they saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D. Brown;[192] it was also argued that the federal response was limited as a result of the Iraq War[193] and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.[194][195][196] Bush responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.[190] It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.[197]
Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys[link]
Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys.[198] The White House maintained that the U.S. attorneys were fired for poor performance.[199] Attorney General Alberto Gonzales would later resign over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.[200][201] The House Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas for advisers Harriet Miers and Josh Bolten to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten to not comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush has maintained that all of his advisers are protected under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department has determined that the President's order was legal.[202]
Although Congressional investigations have focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.[203] On July 31, 2008, a United States district court judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.[204]
In August 2009, Karl Rove and Harriet Miers testified before the House Judiciary Committee. A Justice Department inquiry into the firing of U.S. attorneys concluded that political considerations played a part in as many as four of the dismissals.[205] In July 2010, the Justice Department prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firings were inappropriately political, but not criminal. According to the prosecutors, "Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias. The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias."[206]
Foreign policy[link]
Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
In July 2001 Bush visited the pope at Castel Gandolfo.[207] During his Presidential campaign, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.[208] Bush was an advocate of China's entry into the World Trade Organization.[209] He said free trade was a force for democratization in China.[210]
After the September 11 attacks, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and an international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush launched the invasion of Iraq, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism.[211]
Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq as well as the deaths of many Iraqis, with surveys indicating between four hundred thousand to over one million dead, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians in Afghanistan.[212][213][214]
Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.
In March 2006, a visit to India led to renewed ties between the two countries, reversing decades of U.S. policy.[215] The visit focused particularly on areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism cooperation, discussions that would lead eventually to the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement.[216][217] This is in stark contrast to the stance taken by his predecessor, Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests was that of sanctions and hectoring. The relationship between India and the United States was one that dramatically improved during Bush's tenure.[218]
Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.[219]
In an address before both Houses of Congress on September 20, 2001, Bush thanked the nations of the world for their support following the September 11 attacks. He specifically thanked British Prime Minister Tony Blair for traveling to the Washington to show "unity of purpose with America", and said "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."[220]
September 11, 2001[link]
Main article: September 11 attacks
The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, to much applause: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."[221]
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In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ... share in their fate".[222]
War on Terrorism[link]
Main article: War on Terror
After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terror. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.[223] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union Address, he asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".[224] The Bush Administration proceeded to assert a right and intention to engage in preemptive war, also called preventive war, in response to perceived threats.[225] This would form a basis for what became known as the Bush Doctrine. The broader "War on Terror", allegations of an "axis of evil", and, in particular, the doctrine of preemptive war, began to weaken the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for Bush and United States action against al-Qaeda following the September 11 attacks.[226]
Some national leaders alleged abuse by U.S. troops and called for the U.S. to shut down the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and other such facilities. Dissent from, and criticism of, Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq expanded.[227][228][229] In 2006, a National Intelligence Estimate expressed the combined opinion of the United States' own intelligence agencies, concluding that the Iraq War had become the "cause célèbre for jihadists" and that the jihad movement was growing.[230][231]
Afghanistan[link]
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated,[232] but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.[232] Later that month the UN had installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired by Hamid Karzai.[233][234]
Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.[235] On March 13, 2002, Bush stated that "I truly am not that concerned about him" when asked about bin Laden, brushing him off as "a person who has now been marginalized", despite declaring that he was wanted "Dead or Alive" shortly after 9/11, and statements from U.S. commanders that bin Laden was "still a threat in the new Afghanistan".[236] It was not until May 2011, two years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces. Bin Laden's successor, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.
Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.[237] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.[238][239][240] As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.[241]
Iraq[link]
Main article: Iraq War
Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.[224][242]
In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.[243][244] Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.[245][246]
In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.[247] The U.S. initially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.[248]
More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the "coalition of the willing" joined the United States[249] in invading Iraq. They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.[250] From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that there was a full scale civil war in Iraq.[251] Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted that there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq,[252] he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.[253][254]
In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq for the first time in 50 years.[255] According to Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the history of this country."[255] Bush praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis "have taken rightful control of their country's destiny".[255] This led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October 2005, supported by most Shiites and many Kurds.[256]
On January 10, 2007, Bush addressed the nation regarding the situation in Iraq. In this speech, he announced a surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.[257] On May 1, 2007, Bush used his veto for only the second time in his presidency, rejecting a congressional bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops.[258] Five years after the invasion, Bush called the debate over the conflict "understandable" but insisted that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.[259]
In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".[260] He said he would carefully weigh recommendations from his commanding General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the Iraqi elections.[261]
On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end of July, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number—thirteen—since the war began in 2003.[262] Due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the withdrawal of additional American forces.[262] This reflected an emerging consensus between the White House and the Pentagon that the war has "turned a corner".[262] He also described what he saw as the success of the 2007 troop surge.[262]
Surveillance[link]
Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order authorizing the President's Surveillance Program which included allowing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[263] As of 2009, the other provisions of program remained highly classified.[264]) Once the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.[265] The program proved to be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as organizations such as the American Bar Association, argued that it was illegal.[266] In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the NSA electronic surveillance program was unconstitutional,[267] but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked standing.[268] On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.[269]
Interrogation policies[link]
Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one of several enhanced interrogation techniques.[270][271][272] Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal opinion arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva Conventions' ban on torture.[273] The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the Bybee Memo from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.[274] While not permitted by the U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",[273] the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.[275] Critics, such as former CIA officer Bob Baer, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."[276]
On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006,[277] a law enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006),[278] which allows the U.S. government to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denies them access to habeas corpus and bars the torture of detainees, but allows the president to determine what constitutes torture.[277]
On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,[279] a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the war on terror".[280] In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.[281] One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.[282]
North Korea[link]
Main article: North Korea – United States relations
Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil", and saying that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."[224] Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October 1994."[283] North Korea's October 9, 2006, detonation of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".[224] Bush condemned North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and stated that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.[284] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.[285] On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.[286] By May 2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.[287]
Syria[link]
Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria.[288] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction[289] and being supportive of terrorism.[290] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanon's parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar Karami (2004–2005); Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close adviser to Assad.[291]
Assassination attempt[link]
On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family of ethnic Armenians, threw a live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in January 2006.[292]
Other issues[link]
Bush withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for his support of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death.
Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with a People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003–2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the militia attacks Darfur and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.[293] Bush said that an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring the situation to the International Criminal Court.
-Ukraine.JPG)
In his State of the Union address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort[294] which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children worldwide.[295]
On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became the first president to visit Albania.[296] Bush has voiced his support for the independence of Kosovo.[297]
Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Departing from previous practice, he stood among a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a ceremonial stand or box, saying: "On behalf of a proud, determined, and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."[298] In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the Summer Olympics in Beijing.[299]
Judicial appointments[link]
Supreme Court[link]
Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.
On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position; after facing significant opposition, she asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito for the position and he was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.
Other courts[link]
Main article: List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 39 people nominated to 27 federal appellate judgeships were blocked by the Senate Democrats either in the Senate Judiciary Committee or on the Senate floor using a filibuster.[300]
Public image and perception[link]
Domestic[link]
Main article: Public image of George W. Bush
See also: Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
Image[link]
Bush's upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his vacations on his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.[301][302] "I think people look at him and think John Wayne", says Piers Morgan, editor of the British Daily Mirror.[303] It has been suggested that Bush's accent was an active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself from Northeastern intellectuals and anchoring himself to his Texas roots.[304] Both supporters and detractors have pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.[302]
Bush's intelligence has been satirized by the media,[305] comedians, and other politicians.[306][307] Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially termed as Bushisms.[308] Editorials in Harper's Magazine, Rolling Stone, The Washington Post, Common Dreams NewsCenter, and The Nation have referred to Bush as "the worst president ever".[309][310][311][312][313] In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.[314] Tony Blair wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".[315]
Approval[link]
Bush's popularity was highly variable during his two terms. He began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.[316] After the September 11 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of 90%,[317] maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50% during most of his first term.[12]
In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".[318] In May 2004, Gallup reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.[319] However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.[320]
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Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.[321] While 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% preferred his Democratic rival, John Kerry.[321] According to Peter Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.[321]
Bush's approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling in December 2004.[322] Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance, the Plame affair, and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies.[323]
Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush,[324] the lowest for any second-term president at that point of his term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951, when Truman's approval rating was 28%,[322][325] which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.[326] Throughout 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties,[327] although in an October 17, 2007, Reuters poll, Bush received a lower approval rating of 24%,[328] the lowest point of his presidency.[329]
By April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings were the highest ever recorded in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll for any president, with 69% of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving.[330] In September 2008, in polls performed by various agencies, Bush's approval rating ranged from 19%—the lowest ever[331]—to 34%.[332][333] and his disapproval rating stood at 69%.[94][95][332][334][335] Bush left the White House as one of the most unpopular American presidents, second in unpopularity only to Richard Nixon.[336][337]
In response to his poll numbers and "worst president" accusations,[338][339] Bush said, "I frankly don't give a damn about the polls.... To assume that historians can figure out the effect of the Bush administration before the Bush administration has ended is ... in my mind ... not an accurate reflection upon how history works."[340]
In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by Siena College regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.[341] Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do."[341] Similar outcomes were retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in 2004[342] and 2008.[343]
A March 13, 2008, poll by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press reported that 53% of Americans believe that "the U.S. will ultimately succeed in achieving its goals" in Iraq.[344] That figure was up from 42% in September 2007 and the highest since 2006.[344]
A 2010 Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence.[345]
Calls for Bush's impeachment were made, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans did not support the president's impeachment.[346] The reasoning behind impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,[347] the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq,[348] and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.[349] Representative Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared that impeachment was "off the table".[350]
Foreign perceptions[link]
Bush has been criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns, particularly for his administration's foreign policy.[351][352] Views of him within the international community are more negative than previous American Presidents, with France largely opposed to what he advocated.[353]
Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair and Vicente Fox, although formal relations were sometimes strained.[354][355][356] Other leaders, such as Afghan president Hamid Karzai,[357] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,[358] Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,[359] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez,[360] have openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which has led to a cooling of their relationship.[361]
In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.[362][363] In 2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States and the American people became less favorable around the world.[364]
A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab world.[365]
The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, in only nine countries did most respondents express "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.[366]
During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim[367] Eastern European nation of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 3.6 million, has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.[368] A huge image of the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags while a local street was named after him.[369][370] A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in Fushe-Kruje, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.[371] The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade.[372]
Acknowledgements[link]
On May 7, 2005 at an official state visit in Latvia, George W. Bush was awarded the Order of the Three Stars presented to him by president Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga.[373]
Post-presidency[link]
Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family flew from Andrews Air Force Base to a homecoming celebration in Midland, Texas, following which they returned to their ranch in Crawford, Texas.[374] They bought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they settled down.[375]
Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile[376] though he has made public appearances, most notably after the release of his memoirs in 2010 and for the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2011. He makes regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas/Fort Worth area, most notably when he conducted the opening coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys first game in the team's new stadium in Arlington[377] and an April 2009 visit to a Texas Rangers game, where he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in and was met with a standing ovation.[378]
In 2009, he delivered a speech in Calgary, Alberta,[379][380] appeared via video on The Colbert Report during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history,"[381] and attended the funeral of Senator Ted Kennedy.[382] Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar in Dallas.[383] In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on November 5, 2009 in Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.[384] They spent one to two hours at the base.
Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe amid a real danger," and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of Social Security reform.[385] At President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund to raise contributions for relief and recovery efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake earlier in January.[386] He also made news defending his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying, "I'd do it again to save lives."[387] He also attended every home playoff game for the Texas Rangers 2010 season and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington for Game 4 of the 2010 World Series on October 31, 2010.[388]
In February 2011, Bush scrapped a planned visit to Switzerland amid threats of protest at a speech he intended to give at a dinner in Geneva; human rights groups have claimed the cancellation was due to fears of arrest by Swiss authorities based on his acknowledgement that he ordered the waterboarding of detainees.[389][390] Human rights groups, including the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed papers with Swiss authorities demanding his criminal prosecution pursuant to the Convention on Torture, an international treaty that requires authorities of all countries that have ratified the treaty to open an investigation of people suspected to torturing.[390][391] On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.[392] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.[393]
See also[link]
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- Electoral history of George W. Bush
- Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States
- List of George W. Bush legislation and programs
- List of nicknames for George W. Bush
- List of nicknames used by George W. Bush
- List of multilingual Presidents of the United States
- Political positions of George W. Bush
References[link]
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- ^ "America’s Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project". March 14, 2007. http://pewglobal.org/commentary/display.php?AnalysisID=1019. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ Peter Kiernan (March 1, 2007). "Middle East Opinion: Iran Fears Aren't Hitting the Arab Street". World Politics Review Exclusive. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/594/middle-east-opinion-iran-fears-arent-hitting-the-arab-street.
- ^ "Pew Global Attitudes Project: Spring 2007, Survey of 47 Publics, Final 2007 Comparative Topline" (PDF). Pew Research Center. June 27, 2007. http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/256topline.pdf. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1370/mapping-size-distribution-worlds-muslim-population. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ^ "Bush greeted as hero in Albania". BBC. June 10, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6738055.stm. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Bush Gets Warm Reception in Albania". NPR. June 10, 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10919634. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Albanian Street Named After George W. Bush". Balkan Insight. June 8, 2007. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albanian-street-named-after-george-w-bush. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Albanian town thanks George W. Bush with statue". Reuters. July 6, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/06/us-albania-statue-bush-idUSTRE7655J520110706. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan (December 4, 2008). "Serbian official blames U.S. for recent violence". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/europe/24iht-kosovo.1.10332489.html?_r=1. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
- ^ "State President awards the Three Star Order to the U.S.President". Latvian President's Chancery. May 7, 2005. http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=117. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
- ^ "Ex-President Bush and Wife Leave Washington for Texas". Associated Press. Fox News. January 20, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/20/ex-president-bush-wife-leave-washington-texas/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Brown, Angela K. (January 21, 2009). "Enthusiastic Crowds Welcome Bush Back to Texas". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2009Jan21/0,4670,BushTexasWelcome,00.html. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- ^ Swami, Prerana (July 28, 2009). "Laura Bush Discusses Her Husband's Low Profile". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/06/08/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5072127.shtml. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ^ "Coin toss from George and Laura Bush was a brief taste of luck for Cowboys fans". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 21, 2009. http://startelegram.typepad.com/politex/2009/09/coin-toss-from-george-and-laura-bush-was-a-brief-taste-of-luck-for-cowboys-fans.html. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ Zaleski, Katharine (April 7, 2009). "Bush throws first pitch at Rangers game (Slideshow)". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/07/bush-throws-pitch-at-texa_n_184037.html. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
- ^ "Bush says Obama 'deserves my silence'". Associated Press. msnbc.com. March 17, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29743567/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ Allen, Mike (March 18, 2009). "Bush promises not to attack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20160.html. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
- ^ "Troops in Iraq hailed by Bush on 'Colbert Report'". Associated Press. Google News. June 12, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hL_Z4p4xMek1-baeGd_QsoBHMkBwD98P6CV80. Retrieved June 23, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Weir, Richard (August 30, 2009). "Funeral mass unites pols". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/view/20090830funeral_mass_unites_pols/. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ Jordan, Mary (October 26, 2009). "Bush's first stand on a new podium". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102603185_pf.html. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
- ^ Sammon, Bill (November 7, 2009). "George W. Bush Secretly Visits Fort Hood Victims". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/07/george-w-bush-secretly-visits-fort-hood-victims/. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
- ^ Schlikerman, Becky (October 21, 2010). "Bush promotes book in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-10-21/news/ct-met-bush-visit-20101021_1_decision-points-book-plastic-bag. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival". CNN. January 17, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ Roelofs, Ted (June 2, 2010). "'I'd do it again' former President Bush tells Grand Rapids crowd about waterboarding terrorists". The Grand Rapids Press. http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2010/06/id_do_it_again_former_presiden.html. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Jaynes, Ethan (October 31, 2010). "Video: George W. Bush Throws Out First Pitch Game 4 World Series, Let’s Discuss It". NESW Sports. http://sports.neswblogs.com/2010/10/31/video-george-w-bush-throws-out-first-pitch-game-4-world-series-lets-discuss-it/. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Hirsch, Afua (February 6, 2011). "George Bush calls off trip to Switzerland". The Guardian (London).
- ^ a b "George W. Bush Cancels Visit to Swiss Charity Gala over Fears He Could Be Arrested on Torture Charges". The Daily Mail (London). February 6, 2011.
- ^ Jordans, Frank. (February 6, 2011). "Bush visit to Switzerland Cancelled Over Security Fears". The Independent (London).
- ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (May 13, 2011). "When Bush Got the Bin Laden Call (While Eating a Souffle)". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/when-bush-got-the-bin-laden-call-while-eating-a-souffle/238862/. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ "Presidents Obama and Bush commemorate 9/11 anniversary". CNN. September 11, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/11/presidents-obama-and-bush-commemorate-911-anniversary/.
Further reading[link]
- Academic
- Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections (2007), 324pp excerpt and text search
- Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." Publius 2007 37(3): 304–332. Issn: 0048-5950
- Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage of electoral politics and Congress.
- Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36#4 2006. pp 606+. online edition
- Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. The George W. Bush Legacy Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars excerpts and online search from Amazon.com
- Congressional Quarterly. CQ Almanac Plus highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002–2009)
- Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American Conservatism." Publius 2007 37(3): 279–303. Issn: 0048-5950
- Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations (2001) online edition
- Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush." White House Studies 2007 7(2): 163–179. Issn: 1535-4738
- Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." Foreign Affairs 2007 86(3): 97–108. Issn: 0015-7120 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of Legitimacy." International Politics 2007 44(2–3): 306–324. Issn: 1384-5748
- Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. New Challenges for the American Presidency New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from Presidential Studies Quarterly
- Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; excerpt and online search from Amazon.com
- Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed (2007), 146pp excerpt and online search from Amazon.com
- Graham John D. Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks (Indiana University Press, 2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education, health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory reform.
- Greenstein, Fred I. ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
- Greenstein, Fred I. “The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison” in Presidential Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. online edition
- Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
- Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement." White House Studies. (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. online edition
- Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm SUNY Press 2004
- Jacobson, Gary C. “The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate” Presidential Studies Quarterly v 33 No.4 2003 pp 701+. online edition
- Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." Political Science Quarterly 2007 122(1): 1–24. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." Publius 2007 37(3): 478–503. Issn: 0048-5950
- Moens, Alexander The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.
- Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation." Publius 2007 37(3): 413–431. Issn: 0048-5950
- Sabato, Larry J. ed. The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states
- Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43." White House Studies 2007 7(1): 35–51. Issn: 1535-4738
- Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" White House Studies 2007 7(2): 113–124. Issn: 1535-4738
- Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind and the Bush Presidency." Publius 2007 37(3): 333–350. Issn: 0048-5950
- Reflections on the Bush presidency
- Barnes, Fred. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)
- Bartlett, Bruce. Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy (2006)
- Cheney, Dick. In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (2011)
- Draper, Robert. Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush (2007)
- Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender (2007)
- Gerson, Michael J. Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't) (2007), excerpt and text search
- Greenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2007)
- Hayes, Stephen F. Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President (2007), excerpts and online search
- Hughes, Karen. George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader (2005)
- Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power (2007)
- Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential (2003) online edition
- Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (2011)
- Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir (2011)
- Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (2004), excerpts and online search from Amazon.com
- Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack (2003), excerpt and text search
- Primary sources
- Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President (annual 1947–), complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables
- Bush, George W. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism (2004)
- Bush, George W. Decision Points (2010)
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "George W. Bush" article dated 2012-05-22, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
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- Official White House biography
- Archived White House website – National Archives and Records Administration, maintains content from January 20, 2009
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- George W. Bush Presidential Speech Archive at the Internet Archive
- George W. Bush at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- George W. Bush collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about George W. Bush in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- George W. Bush at the Open Directory Project
- "Republican National Committee biography". Archived from the original on April 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070414215908/http://www.gop.com/About/Bio.aspx?id=1.
- Photographing the President – video slideshow by Time Magazine
- George W. Bush at the Internet Movie Database
- Essays on Bush, each member of his cabinet and First Lady the Miller Center of Public Affairs
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|---|---|
| Name | Bush, George Walker |
| Alternative names | Bush, George, Jr.; Bush Jr. |
| Short description | 43rd President of the United States |
| Date of birth | July 6, 1946 |
| Place of birth | New Haven, Connecticut |
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Wiki Summary
Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of the 43rd President George W. Bush and of the 43rd Governor of Florida Jeb Bush. Previously she had served as Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937, and is an alumna of Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina. She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. They would have six children together. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas; as George Bush entered political life, Barbara raised their children.
As wife of the Vice President and then President, Barbara Bush has supported and worked to advance the cause of universal literacy. She founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy while First Lady. Since leaving the White House, she has continued to advance this cause.
