Irving Babbitt (August 2, 1865 – July 15, 1933) was an
American academic and
literary critic, noted for his founding role in a movement that became known as the
New Humanism, a significant influence on literary discussion and
conservative thought in the period between 1910 to 1930. He was a
cultural critic in the tradition of
Matthew Arnold, and a consistent opponent of
romanticism, as represented by the writings of
Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Politically he can, without serious distortion, be called a follower of
Aristotle and
Edmund Burke. He was an advocate of classical humanism but also offered an ecumenical defense of religion. His
humanism implied a broad knowledge of various moral and religious traditions.
Biography
He was born in
Dayton, Ohio, and moved with his family over much of the USA while a young child. He was brought up from age 11 in
Madisonville, a neighborhood in
Cincinnati, Ohio. He entered
Harvard College in 1885. On graduation in 1889 he took a post teaching
classics at the
College of Montana. After two years, he went to study in France, at the
École Pratique des Hautes-études linked to the
Sorbonne. There he studied
Pali literature and
Buddhism, for a year. Then he took a master's degree at Harvard, including
Sanskrit.
At this point, he moved away from a career as a classical scholar, taking a teaching position at Williams College in romance languages — just for one year, as it turned out. He then was offered in 1894 an instructor's position, again at Harvard, in French. He was to stay at Harvard, rising from the ranks to become a full professor of French literature in 1912. He is credited with introducing the study of comparative literature there.
It was in the early 1890s that he first allied himself with Paul Elmer More in developing the core doctrines that were to constitute New Humanism. In 1895 he gave a lecture What is Humanism?, which announced his attack on Rousseau. At the time Babbitt had switched out of classics; he would later clarify his position on the contemporary textual and philological scholarship demanded in that area, in the Germanic tradition, as a finite task, which he was unhappy to see placed above teaching based on 'eternal' content. His ideas, and More's, were characteristically written as short pieces or essays, and later gathered into books. Babbitt's Literature and the American College (1908) caused a stir, but it was assembled from writings already circulated.
He continued to publish in the same vein, often derogatory of figures from the French literature that was his avowed specialism. He also singled out Francis Bacon, and denounced 'naturalism' and utilitarianism. He met with increasing controversy down the years: those provoked into announcing their opposition included R. P. Blackmur, Oscar Cargill, Ernest Hemingway, Harold Laski, Sinclair Lewis, H. L. Mencken, Joel Elias Spingarn, Allen Tate, and Edmund Wilson. In the case of Mencken, at least, Babbitt gave as good as he got; he branded Mencken's writing as "intellectual vaudeville", a criticism with which posterity has had some sympathy. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1921.
He had an early influence on T. S. Eliot, a student of his at Harvard. Eliot in his 1926 essay The Humanism of Irving Babbitt, a review of Democracy and Leadership, had become equivocal, finding Babbitt's humanism not sufficiently receptive to Christian dogma; his position vis-à-vis religion is still debated.
The identifiable figures of the New Humanist movement, besides Babbitt and More, were mostly influenced by Babbitt on a personal level and included G. R. Elliott (1883-1963), Norman Foerster (1887-1972), Frank Jewett Mather (1868-1953), Robert Shafer (1889-1956) and Stuart Pratt Sherman (1881-1926). Of these, Sherman moved away early, and Foerster, a star figure, later reconsidered and veered towards the New Criticism.
More peripherally, Yvor Winters and the Great Books movement are supposed to have taken something from New Humanism. Scholars influenced by Babbitt include Milton Hindus, Russell Kirk, Nathan Pusey, Peter Viereck, Richard M. Weaver, Claes G. Ryn, and George Will. A relationship has been traced between Babbitt and Gordon Keith Chalmers, Walter Lippmann, Louis Mercier, and Austin Warren; claims in cases where such influence are not acknowledged are not easy to sustain, and Babbitt was known to advise against public tributes.
From a position of high prominence in the 1920s, having the effective but questionable support of The Bookman, New Humanism experienced a drop from fashionable status after Babbitt died in 1933 and modernist and progressive currents became increasingly dominant in American intellectual, cultural and political life. By the 1940s its enemies pronounced it nearly extinct, but Babbitt continued to exercise a partly hidden influence, and a marked revival of interest was seen in the 1980s and ensuing decades. Babbitt is often name-checked in discussions on cultural conservatism. Babitt's influence in China, which was notable in the 1930s and 40s, is again on the rise with the publication of many books by or about Babbitt.
The position of Irving Babbitt Professor of Comparative Literature was endowed by Harvard University in 1960. The National Humanities Institute runs an Irving Babbitt Project.
Works
Literature and the American College (1908)
The New Laokoön (1910)
The Masters of Modern French Criticism (1912)
Rousseau and Romanticism (1919)
Democracy and Leadership (1924)
On Being Creative (1932)
The Dhammapada (1936) translator, with essay
Spanish Character, and other essays (1940) reprinted as Character & Culture: Essays on East and West
Representative Writings (ed. George A. Panichas, 1981),
References
Humanism and America: Essays on the Outlook of Modern Civilization (1930) edited by Norman Foerster
The Humanism of Irving Babbitt (1931) F. E. McMahon
Humanism and Naturalism: A Comparative Study of Ernest Seillière, Irving Babbitt and Paul Elmer More (1937) Folke Leander
Irving Babbitt (1941) edited by F. Manchester and O. Shepard
Irving Babbitt: An Intellectual Study (1984) Thomas R. Nevin
Will, Imagination and Reason: Babbitt, Croce and the Problem of Reality) (1986; 1997) Claes G. Ryn
Introduction to Rousseau and Romanticism (1995), 42 pages, by Claes G. Ryn
Introduction to Rousseau and Romanticism (1991), 59 pages, by Claes G. Ryn
Irving Babbitt in Our Time (1986) edited by George A. Panichas and Claes G. Ryn
Irving Babbitt (1987) Stephen C. Brennan and Stephen R. Yarbrough,
Irving Babbitt, Literature, and the Democratic Culture (1994) Milton Hindus
The Critical Legacy of Irving Babbitt: An Appreciation (1999) George A. Panichas
External links
Papers of Irving Babbitt : an inventory (Harvard University Archives)
Irving Babbitt Project (National Humanities Institute)
Category:1865 births
Category:1933 deaths
Category:American literary critics
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Harvard University faculty
Category:People from Dayton, Ohio
Category:University of Paris alumni
Category:Williams College faculty
