- published: 24 May 2011
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- author: 38TheKayserili38
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- Adana Province
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Adana
Adana (pronounced [aˈda.na]) is a city in southern Turkey and a major agricultural and commercial center. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea, in south-central Anatolia. It is the administrative seat of the Adana Province and has a population of 1.6 million, making it the fifth most populous city in Turkey. Adana-Mersin metropolitan area, with a population of 3 million, stretches over 100 km from east to west and 25 km from north to south; encompassing the cities of Mersin, Tarsus, Adana, and Ceyhan.
Adana lies in the heart of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. Home to approximately six million people, the region is mostly a large stretch of flat, fertile land regarded as one of the most agriculturally productive areas of the world.
According to numerous sources, the name Adana is derived from the Hittite URUAdaniya of Kizzuwatna, while others assert that it is related to the legendary character Danaus, or to the Danaoi, a mythological Greek tribe who came from Egypt[citation needed] and established themselves in the Greek city Argos.The earlier Egyptian texts for a country Danaja are inscriptions from Thutmosis II (1437 BC) and Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC). After the collapse of the Mycenean civilization (1200 BC) some refugeees from the Aegean area went to the coast of Cilicia. The inhabitants Dananayim or Danuna are identified as one group of the sea-peoples who attacked Egypt on 1191 BC during the reign of Ramesses III. Denyen are identified as inhabitants of the city Adana. It is also possible that the name is connected with the PIE da-nu (river) Da-na-vo (people living by the river), Scythian nomad people, water demons in Rigveda (Danavas).
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Adana Province
Adana Province (Turkish: Adana ili) is a province of Turkey located in south-central Anatolia. With a population of 2,085,225, it is the fifth most populous province in Turkey. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 78% of the residents of the province. The province, geographically and as well as economically, is part of the Çukurova region together with the Mersin, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces.
Adana Province has a surface area of 14.030 km².[citation needed] Southern portion of the province is plain, northern section is formed of mountains. The provinces adjacent to it are Mersin to the west, Hatay to the southeast, Osmaniye to the east, Kahramanmaraş to the northeast, Kayseri to the north, and Niğde to the northwest.
Two levels of governments are involved in the administration of the Adana Province; Central and the Provincial. Adana Governorship is the provincial branch of the Central government and Adana Province Special Administration is the provincial governing body. Province is divided into 15 districts and each district is divided into municipalities and villages. Municipalities are further divided into neighborhoods(Turkish: Mahalle).
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Adapazarı
Adapazarı (pronounced [adapaˈzaɾɯ]) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of Sakarya Province. The province itself was originally named Adapazarı as well. Adapazarı is a part of the densely populated region of the country, known as the Marmara Region. As of 2010, the city has a population of 560,876 (metropolitan center)
History of Adapazarı dates back to 378 BC. Ancient settlers included Phrygians, Bithynians, Cimmerians, Lydians and Persians, but Adapazarı got its identity from the Romans and Byzantine rulers. One of the most important remains of historical significance is the Justinianus Bridge (Turkish: Beş Köprü) built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 533 CE. Historically, it was situated on the old military road from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the east, connected in Late Antiquity by the important Sangarius Bridge and, since the end of the 19th century, by a branch line with the Anatolian railway.
In 1868, the Adapazarı Municipality was officially founded on the town called Der Seadet. A sugar factory and agricultural sugar factory attracted many migrants and accelerated the industrialization of the city. A law passed on 17 June 1954 in the Grand National Assembly saw the city separated from Kocaeli Province and made the center of its own province. The 1999 Marmara Earthquake affected Adapazarı and inflicted losses in lives and damage. In the 2000 official census,the population was recorded as 158 474. By official decree, the province was renamed Sakarya after the Sakarya River which runs through it.
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Akkışla
Akkışla is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 9,864 of which 3,265 live in the town of Akkışla.
Coordinates: 39°00′N 36°10′E / 39°N 36.167°E / 39; 36.167
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Aksaray Province
Aksaray Province (Turkish: Aksaray ili) is a province in central Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Konya along the west and south, Niğde to the southeast, Nevşehir to the east, and Kırşehir to the north. It covers an area of 7,626 km². The provincial capital is the city of Aksaray.
This is a region of great natural beauty: Aksaray is one of the four provinces in the much-visited area of Cappadocia, along with Nevşehir, Niğde and Kayseri. Also the 3,000m volcano Mount Hasan stands between Aksaray and Niğde. Summers are hot and dry on the plain, but the area is green and covered in flowers in springtime, when water streams off the mountainside. The 2400 km² salt lake, Tuz Gölü, lies within the boundaries of Aksaray, a large area of swamp with a maximum depth of 1 metre.
Aksaray province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
In antiquity the area was named Archelais Garsaura, which was mutated to Taksara during the Seljuk Turkish era, and then to Aksaray.
The plains of central Anatolia have been settled for 8,000 years. and the area around Aksaray bears monuments to a string of civilisations that have settled on the plain in that time. The mound of Aşıklı Höyük in the town of Kızılkaya indicates a settlement dating back to 5,000BC (and also a skull of a woman who had apparently been trepanned, the earliest known record of brain surgery).
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Amasya Province
Amasya Province (Turkish: Amasya ili) is a province of Turkey, situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country. Area 5,520 km². Population 334,786.
Its provincial capital is Amasya, the antique Amaseia mentioned in documents from the era of Alexander the Great and the birth place of the geographer and historian Strabo. In Ottoman times Amasya was well known for its madrassas, especially as a centre for the Khalwati Sufi order.
Amasya, between the Black Sea and inner Anatolia, lies at the centre of a region of fertile plains crossed by the Yeşilırmak, Çekerek, and Tersakan rivers.Despite being near the Black Sea Amasya is at a high altitude and has a dry climate with hot summers and cold winters. Amasya is an agricultural province known as the best apple growing province in the country, and also producing tobacco, peaches, cherries and okra.{}
Amasya province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 40°41′59″N 35°41′11″E / 40.69972°N 35.68639°E / 40.69972; 35.68639
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Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
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Ankara Province
Ankara Province (Turkish: Ankara ili) in central Turkey is the location of the country's capital, the city of Ankara.
Ankara also gave its name to the Ottoman Empire's Ankara Province (vilayet) which covered a larger area than the current province.
Situated on the large plains of central Anatolia, with mountain forests to the north and the dry plain of Konya to the south. The plain is irrigated by the Kızılırmak and Sakarya River systems, the Sarıyar reservoir and many natural lakes and pools. 50% of the land is used for agriculture, 28% is forest and another 10% is meadow and grazing land. The large salt lake Tuz Golu partly lies in the province. The highest point is the 2,015m Işık Mountain.
The climate is hot and dry in summer, rainy in spring and autumn, cold and snowing in winter, wetter in the north of the province than the drier plains to the south.
See Ankara for the history of this region which has seen the passing of numerous great civilisations including Phrygians, Lydians, Persians and Alexander the Great, Galatians; the city of Ankara becoming a fortified stronghold of the Byzantines; and then falling to the Seljuk Turks, and later the Ottoman Empire; and finally being chosen by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the site of Turkish parliament in 1920 and subsequently in 1923 as the capital city of the Republic of Turkey.
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Antalya
Antalya (Turkish pronunciation: [anˈtalja]; from Ancient Greek: Aττάλεια, "Attalia") is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. It was the world's third most visited city by number of international arrivals in 2011, displacing New York, and had a population of 1,001,318. Antalya is the eighth most populous city in Turkey and country's biggest international sea resort.
It is uncertain when the site of the current city was first inhabited. Attalos II, king of Pergamon, was believed to have founded the city around 150 BC, naming it Attalia and selecting it as a naval base for his powerful fleet. However, excavations in 2008 in the Doğu Garajı district of Antalya have uncovered remains dating to the 3rd century BC, suggesting that the city was founded earlier than previously supposed. Antalya became part of the Roman Republic in 133 BC when King Attalos III of Pergamon willed his kingdom to Rome at his death. The city grew and prospered during the Ancient Roman period.
Christianity started to spread in the region after 2nd century. Antalya was visited by Paul of Tarsus, as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles: "From Perga, Paul and Barnabas went down to Attalia and sailed from there to Antioch after preaching in Pisidia and Pamphylia" (Acts 14:25-26).
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Antalya Province
Antalya Province (Turkish: Antalya ili) is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea.
Antalya Province is the centre of Turkey's tourism industry, attracting 30% of foreign tourists visiting Turkey. The province of Antalya corresponds to the lands of ancient Pamphylia to the east and Lycia to the west. It features a shoreline of 657 km (408 mi) with beaches, ports, and ancient cities scattered throughout, including the World Heritage Site Xanthos. The provincial capital is Antalya city with a population of 1,001,318.
Antalya is the fastest-growing province in Turkey; with a 4.17% yearly population growth rate between years 1990-2000, compared with the national rate of 1.83%. This growth is due to a fast rate of urbanization, particularly driven by tourism and other service sectors on the coast.
The city and thus the province are named after Attalos II, king of Pergamon, who founded the city in the 2nd century BC.
Antalya has been settled since pre-historic times. Evidence of human habitation dating back to the early Paleolithic age (150,000-200,000) years has been discovered in the Karain caves, 30 km (19 mi) of the north of Antalya city. Other finds dating back to the Mesolithic (Beldibi caves), Neolithic (Bademağacı Höyüğü) and more recent periods show that the area has been populated by various civilizations throughout the ages.
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Ardahan Province
Ardahan Province (Turkish: Ardahan ili) is a province in the north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country, where Turkey borders with Georgia. The provincial capital is the city of Ardahan.
This is attractive open countryside which however spends many months of the year under snow. At this altitude temperatures on average reach -20°C and can drop below freezing all year round, including summer months.
The local economy depends on farming and raising livestock. Until 1993 Ardahan was a district of the province of Kars, becoming a province in its own right has meant more investment in infrastructure
There are two crossing points into the Samtskhe-Javakheti district of Georgia, one at Posof and the other (currently closed) at Çıldır. The Turkish military have a strong presence in this border district, another boost to the local economy.
Ardahan is an impoverished area that since the 1950s has seen a large number of its people migrate to other parts of Turkey or abroad. The population declined from 170,000 people in 1990 to 119,000 in 2000. The population is 105,454 as of 2010. Ethnic groups in the region include, Turkish people, Georgians, Kipchak[citation needed], Turkman[citation needed], Karapapaks[citation needed] and Azeris[citation needed].
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Armenia
Armenia
i/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Artvin Province
Artvin Province (Turkish: Artvin ili) is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the north-eastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia.
The provincial capital is the city of Artvin.
Artvin is an attractive area of steep valleys carved by the Çoruh River system, surrounded by high mountains of Kaçkar, Karçal and Yalnızçam(up to 3900 m) and forest with much national parkland including the Karagöl-Sahara, which contains the Şavşat and Borçka lakes. The weather in Artvin is very wet and mild at the coast, and as a result is heavily forested. This greenery runs from the top all the way down to the Black Sea coast. The rain turns to snow at higher altitudes, and the peaks are very cold in winter.
The forests are home to brown bears and wolves. The Çoruh is now being dammed in 11 places for hydro-electric power, including the 249 m Deriner Dam and others at Borçka and Muratlı.
In addition to the vast majority ethnic Turks, the province is home to communities of Laz people and Hemshin peoples. In particular, there is a prominent community of Chveneburi Georgians many of them descendants of Muslim families from Georgia who migrated during the struggles between the Ottoman Turks and Russia during the 19th century. With such diverse peoples, Artvin has a rich variety of folk song and dance (see Arifana and Kochari for examples of folk culture).
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Asia Minor
Asia Minor (from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία, Mikrá Asía, small Asia) is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. It is a peninsula bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the north-east, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the south-east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west.
From the neolithic age Asia Minor was the route of the forward-Asiatic cultural stream which moved from the Near East to the west and spread the agriculture to the east coasts of Greece and Crete during the 5th millennium BC and then to the Balkan region and the whole of Europe. Later the use of bronze-working was transmitted through the Anatolian primary-cultures. The Hittites smelted rather brittle iron from the 15th century BC and the new metal was introduced in Greece. During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century. Greek-speaking populations moved to the west coasts and established cities up to the Black Sea. In the 6th century BC the kingdom of Lydia almost expanded to the whole of Asia Minor, until it became a satrapy of the Persian Empire. After the end of the Greek-Persian wars the cities on the coasts became part of the Delian League, which was, however, later dissolved. In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians. Following his death and the organisational deterioration of his empire, Asia Minor was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms which came under Roman control two hundred years later. The Kingdom of Pontus was independent from the 3rd century BC, until the middle of the 1st century BC.
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Aydın Province
Aydın Province (Turkish: Aydın ili) is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. The provincial capital is the city of Aydın which has a population of approx. 150,000 (2000). Other towns in the province include the summer seaside resorts of Didim and Kuşadası.
Aydın was founded by the ancient Thracians and was once known as Tralles. The area is an earthquake zone and the city was built and rebuilt by a succession of Spartans, Phrygians, Ionians, Lydians, Persians and Ancient Romans. In 1186 the Seljuk Turks took control of the area, followed by the Anatolian beylik of the Aydinids. During this period the town was named Aydın Güzelhisar, and was brought into the Ottoman Empire in 1426.
Neighboring provinces are Manisa to the north east, İzmir to the north, Denizli to the east, Muğla to the south.
The central and western parts of the province are fertile plains watered by the largest river in the Aegean region the Büyük Menderes River, with the Aydın Mountains to the north and the Menteşe Mountains to the south. The western end of the province is the Aegean coast with Lake Bafa a major feature of the Menderes delta area. The climate is typical of the Aegean region, very hot in summer. The Germencik region contains a number of hot springs.
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Ağrı Province
The Ağrı Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Agirî, Turkish: Ağrı ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east, Kars to the North, Erzurum to the Northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the Southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. Area 11,376 km². Population 542,022 (2010 est).
The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a 1,650 m. high plateau.
Ağrı province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Ağrı is named after the nearby majestic Mount Ararat, a 5,137 metres (16,854 ft) high stratovolcano, the highest mountain in Turkey. It can be climbed from here and can be seen from parts of Armenia, Iran, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The nearest town to the mountain is Doğubeyazıt.
46% of the province is mountainous, 29% is plain, 18% is plateau, and 7% high meadow. As well as Ararat there are many other peaks over 3,000m, including Aladağlar and Tendürek. The plains are fertile, being covered in volcanic deposits, and are used for growing grains and grazing. Various tributaries of the Murat River (which later feeds the Euphrates) flow through the area and water these plains. The high meadows are used for grazing.
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Ağırnas
Ağırnas is a township with own municipality in Central Anatolia, Turkey, within the boundaries of Kayseri metropolitan area and administratively depending Kayseri's metropolitan municipality of Melikgazi, although it retains its distinct character. The town lies at a distance of 24 km (15 mi) from Kayseri center. Ağırnas is the birthplace of Mimar Sinan the Architect, and is a site rich in historic buildings. One recently restored house is associated with Sinan himself, and the church of the former Greek community of the town, Agios Prokopis Church, is also fully intact.
Although they remain far from having been explored in full, the town appears to extend for quite a length below the ground as well, which is not uncommon for Cappadocia and Ağırnas may well be sharing the characteristics and become the next in line to neighboring underground localities such as Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı Underground City. Caves and subterranean vaults and passages, complete in chapels, dining rooms, cells and perhaps even dungeons and torture rooms, are for the moment partially open to public with Sinan house's cellar as departure point.
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Balıkesir Province
Balıkesir Province (Turkish: Balıkesir ili) is a province in midwestern Turkey, having coastlines on both the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Its adjacent provinces are Çanakkale to the west, İzmir to the southwest, Manisa to the south, Kütahya to the southeast, and Bursa to the east. The provincial capital is Balıkesir City. Most of the province lies in the Marmara Region except the southern parts of Bigadiç Edremit, Kepsut, İvrindi, Savaştepe and Sındırgı districts and ones of Ayvalık, Burhaniye, Dursunbey, Gömeç and Havran, that bound the Aegean Region.
Kaz Dağı (pronounced [kaz daːɯ]), known also as Mount Ida, is located in this province.
Balıkesir province is famous for its olives, thermal spas, and clean beaches, making it an important tourist destination. The province also hosts immense deposits of kaolinite and borax, with some open-pit mines. The Kaz mountains are also threatened with the expansion of gold mining using cyanide which puts the villagers' lives, the agricultural economy, and tourism at risk.
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Batman Province
Batman Province (Turkish: Batman ili) is a Turkish province southeast of Anatolia. The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010.
The province is important because of its reserves and production of oil which was started in the 1940s. There is a 494-km long oil pipeline from Batman to the Turkish port of İskenderun. Cotton is the main agricultural product. A railway line connects Batman with the nearby provinces of Diyarbakır and Elazığ and with the capital Ankara. The Batman River flows though the area. Batman(Kurdish: Êlih, Arabic: باتمان Bātmān ) with 246,700 inhabitants, is the provincial capital. The province is also of interest from an archeological point of view. Sights include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, Malabadi Bridge and the bridges of Camiü‘r Rızk and Hasankeyf.
The Batman Province contains the strategic Tigris river with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the Neolithic (Paleolithic) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named Elekhan, and had an independent status for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of Alexander the Great in 352 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD and a part of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the Great Seljuq Empire and Artuqids, a part of which was based in the province, in the city of Hasankeyf. The city is a cultural center of the Batman Province and as such was declared as a natural conservation area in 1981.
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Bayburt Province
Bayburt Province (Turkish: Bayburt ili) is a province in the north-east of Turkey. Population of the province is 74,412 and total area is 3,652 km². The capital city is Bayburt.
Bayburt is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Bayburt province is divided into 3 districts (capital district in bold):
The most important places in Bayburt Province are:
Coordinates: 40°14′12″N 40°13′25″E / 40.23667°N 40.22361°E / 40.23667; 40.22361
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Berlin
Berlin (
/bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] (
listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Bilecik Province
Bilecik Province (Turkish: Bilecik ili) is a province in midwest Turkey, neighboring Bursa to the west, Kocaeli and Sakarya to the north, Bolu to the east, Eskişehir to the southeast and Kütahya to the south, spanning an area of 4,307 km². Population is 225,381. Most of the province laid down in Marmara Region but eastern parts of Gölpazarı and Söğüt district and districts of İnhisar and Yenipazar remained in Black Sea Region, smaller southeastern parts of Bozüyük and Söğüt remained in Central Anatolian Region and smaller southwestern part of Bozüyük remained in Aegean Region.
Bilecik province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
The region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such notable civilizations as the Hittites (1400–1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200–676 BC), Lydians (595–546 BC), Persians (546–334 BC), Romans (74–395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between).
The region also contains Söğüt, the small town where the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299, and is the source of important archeological as well as cultural artifacts.
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Bingöl Province
Bingöl Province (Turkish: Bingöl ili) is a province of Turkey in Eastern Anatolia. The province was created in 1946 out of parts of Elazığ and Erzincan. The new province was known as Çapakçur Province until 1950. Its neighbouring provinces are Tunceli, Erzurum, Muş, Diyarbakır, Erzincan and Elazığ. The province covers an area of 8,125 km² and has a population of 255,170. The main spoken languagues are Turkish and Zazaki. The capital is Bingöl.
Bingöl province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°02′28″N 40°40′33″E / 39.04111°N 40.67583°E / 39.04111; 40.67583
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Bitlis Province
Bitlis Province (Turkish: Bitlis ili) is a province of eastern Turkey, located to the west of Lake Van.
Bitlis was formed as an administrative district in the 17th Century.[citation needed] The administrative center was the town of Bitlis (Kurdish: Bidlîs, Armenian: Բիթլիս), which was called Baghesh.[citation needed]
Bitlis Province is divided into 7 districts (the capital district is in bold):
Coordinates: 38°31′33″N 42°23′16″E / 38.52583°N 42.38778°E / 38.52583; 42.38778
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Bursa
Bursa (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbuɾsa]) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. The metropolitan area in the entire Bursa province had a population of 2.6 million as of 2010, making the city the fourth most populous in Turkey. The city is equally one of the most industrialized metropolitan centers in the country.
Bursa was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1326 and 1365. The city was referred to as "Hüdavendigar" (meaning "God's Gift") during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is "Yeşil Bursa" (meaning "Green Bursa") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban tissue, as well as to the vast forests in rich variety that extend in the surrounding region. The city is synonymous with Mount Uludağ which towers behind its core and which is also a famous ski resort. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa and the numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period constitute the city's main landmarks. The surrounding fertile plain, its thermal baths, several interesting museums, notably a rich museum of archaeology, and a rather orderly urban growth are further principal elements that complete Bursa's overall picture.
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Bünyan
Bünyan is a town and a district of Kayseri Province in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The town's former name was "Sarımsaklı", meaning "land of garlic" in reference to the region's considerable production of the Alliaceae plant, and this name is sometimes still used in the region.
As for the origins of the current name of "Bünyan", there are several theories.
The town is notable for its carpets (Bünyan carpet). One of the two Seljuk caravanserais named Sultan Han is located near Bünyan, as well as one of the several Danishmend mausoleums referred to as "Tomb of Melik Gazi", the one in Bünyan in fact having been built at a later period, by a bey of Dulkadirids. The town has a 1333-built Great Mosque, a legacy of the Ilkhanate rule in Anatolia, built by the Ilkhanate governor based here.
Coordinates: 38°50′54″N 35°51′36″E / 38.8483°N 35.86°E / 38.8483; 35.86
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Cappadocia
Cappadocia (
/kæpəˈdoʊʃə/; also Capadocia; Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía, Persian: کاپادوکیه Kāpādōkiyeh) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in Nevşehir Province.
In the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians were reported as occupying the whole region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that separate it from Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates and the Armenian Highland, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia.
The name was traditionally used in Christian sources throughout history and is still widely used as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders, in particular characterized by fairy chimneys and a unique historical and cultural heritage. The term, as used in tourism, roughly corresponds to present-day Nevşehir Province. In pre-Hellenistic times, Persians, Assyrians, Greeks and Hittites all lived in Cappodocia. All of these groups were Hellenised in the era of the Greek city-states. In the Middle Ages, Turkish tribes arrived. These Turks are the majority ethnic group in Cappadocia today.
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Denizli Province
Denizli Province (Turkish: Denizli ili) is a province of Turkey in Western Anatolia, on high ground above the Aegean coast. Neighbouring provinces are Uşak to the north, Burdur, Isparta, Afyon to the east, Aydın, Manisa to the west and Muğla to the south. It is located between the coordinates 28° 30’ and 29° 30’ E and 37° 12’ and 38° 12’ N. It covers an area of 11,868 km², and the population is 931,823. The population was 750,882 in 1990. The provincial capital is the city of Denizli.
Denizli province is divided into 19 districts (capital district in bold):
Approximately 28-30% of the land is plain, 25% is high plateau and tableland, and 47% is mountainous. At 2571m Mount Honaz is the highest in the province, and indeed in Western Anatolia. Babadag in the Mentes range has a height of 2308 meters. The biggest lake in Denizli is Acıgöl, which means bitter lake and indeed industrial salts (sodium sulphate) are extracted from this lake which is highly alkaline. There is a thermal spring to the west of Sarayköy, at the source of the Great Menderes River, which contains bicarbonates and sulfates. There is another hot spring in Kizildere which reaches 200˚C.
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Develi
Develi is a town and district in Kayseri Province in Central Anatolia Region, Turkey.
The town's name is reported to derive from Devle Bey, a Seljuk commander of Alp Arslan, (not to be confused with later Sâhib Ata and Dulkadir Devle Beys), and who was also named Dev Ali ("Ali the Giant"), and leader of an Oghuz Turkish clan of the same or of a similar name (Devleoğlu or Develioğlu). The commander's 1094-built tomb stands near the Byzantine castle that he had captured (called Zengibar Castle today, not to be confused with homonymous castles in Malatya and Bozkır) and which commands the plain of Develi.
Zengibar was used as a name for the town until the first centuries of the Ottoman rule, as was Everek, the name of a town quarter today, through successive displacements of the center. The fact that the neighboring district of Yeşilhisar was historically named Develi Karahisar also sometimes led to confusion among the references relating to the two centers.
The town was once composed of four adjoining parts, the Turkish town center of Develi, Greek quarter of Agiostan (spelled as "Aygösten" in modern Turkish sources which cite the quarter and/or the name as Armenian), and the two Armenian neighborhoods of Evereg and Fenesse (which were separated from each other by the centrally situated Turkish quarter).
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Diyarbakır Province
Diyarbakır Province (Turkish: Diyarbakır ili) is a province in eastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km² and the population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is Diyarbakir
It has been home to many civilisations and the surrounding area including itself is home to many Mesolithic era stone carvings and artifacts. The province has been ruled by Hittites, Assyria, Armenians, Persia, Macedonian and Seleucid Greeks, Rome, Parthia, Byzantium, Sassanid Persia, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongol Empire, Safavid dynasty, Ottoman Empire and finally the Republic of Turkey.
Diyarbakir was an early stronghold of Syriac Christianity, and also of Armenian Christians. Before World War I, Christian ethnic groups made up 30% of the population. Only a few thousand Christians still live in the province, some in the city of Diyarbakir, and others in Assyrian and Armenian villages.
The Kurds are the predominant population. Other groups include Turks, Syriacs, Armenians, Arabs and Yazidis.
Diyarbakır province is divided into 14 districts (capital district in bold):
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Edirne Province
Edirne Province (Turkish: Edirne ili) is a province of Turkey, located in Eastern Thrace along the Greek and Bulgarian border. The city's wealth, population and importance increased after it was declared as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire. Edirne still maintains its importance under the Turkish Government.
It is named for its capital, Edirne.
Edirne province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Edirne Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12°N 26.52056°E / 41.12; 26.52056
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Elâzığ Province
Elâzığ Province (Turkish: Elâzığ ili) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city of Elâzığ. The source of the Euphrates river is located in this province.
The province has a population of 552,646 as of 2010. The population of the province was 569,616 in 2000 and 498,225 in 1990. The total area of the province is 9,153 square kilometres (3,534 sq mi), 826 km2 (319 sq mi) of which is covered by reservoirs and natural lakes.
The current governor of the province is Muammer Erol (since 2006).
On March 8, 2010, the province suffered an earthquake of magnitude 6.0, killing 42 people.
Elâzığ is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Elâzığ province is divided into 11 districts (capital district in bold):
Hazarbaba ski center
A view from the town of Karakoçan
A view from Elâzığ city
Coordinates: 38°40′03″N 39°21′35″E / 38.6675°N 39.35972°E / 38.6675; 39.35972
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Ephesus
Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/);Ancient Greek Ἔφεσος, Ephesos; Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean world.
The city was famed for the Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Emperor Constantine I rebuilt much of the city and erected new public baths. Following the Edict of Thessalonica from emperor Theodosius I, the temple was destroyed in 401 AD by a mob led by St. John Chrysostom. The town was partially destroyed by an earthquake in 614 AD. The city's importance as a commercial center declined as the harbor was slowly silted up by the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes).
Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia that are cited in the Book of Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written here. The city was the site of several 5th century Christian Councils, see Council of Ephesus. It is also the site of a large gladiators' graveyard.
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Erciyes University
Erciyes University is a Turkish institute of higher education located in Kayseri, Turkey. As of 4 April 2006, a total of 28,474 students were studying for their bachelors degree and postgraduate studies.
Erciyes University began as the Gevher Nesibe Medical Faculty, which was opened as an affiliation with Hacettepe University in 1969, and Kayseri Business Administration Faculty, which opened in 1977, constituted an independent university under the name of The University of Kayseri in 1978. In 1982, the other two higher education institutions in Kayseri were incorporated into the same university as Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Theology. Then its name was converted to Erciyes University.
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Erzurum
Erzurum is a city in eastern Turkey. It is the largest city and the eponymous capital of the Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. (by 2010 it increased to 367,250).
Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the Cold War. The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.
Erzurum has some of the finest winter sports facilities in Turkey and hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade.
In ancient times, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of Karin. After the partition of Armenia between the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans. They fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I. As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.
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Erzurum Province
Erzurum Province (Turkish: Erzurum ili ) is a Province of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. The provincial capital is Erzurum.
Erzurum province is divided into 19 districts (capital district in bold):
The surface area of the province of Erzurum is the fourth biggest in Turkey. The majority of the province is elevated. Most plateaus are about 2,000 m (6,500 ft) above sea level, and the mountainous regions beyond the plateaus are 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and higher. Depression plains are located between the mountains and plateaus. The southern mountain ranges are Palandöken Mountains (highest peak Büyük Ejder 3,176 m high) and Şahveled Mountains (highest peak Çakmak Mountain 3,063 m high). The northern mountain ranges are the second row elevations of the North Anatolian Mountains, i.e. Mescit Mountains (highest peak 3,239 m), Kargapazarı Mountains (highest peak 3,169 m) and Allahuekber Mountains. The two depression plains between these mountainous areas are Erzurum Plains and Hasankale Plains.
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Eskişehir
Eskişehir (pronounced [esˈciʃehiɾ]; Turkish: eski "old", şehir "city") (Latin: Dorylaeum; Ancient Greek: Δορύλαιον, Dorýlaion) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. According to the 2009 census, the population of the city is 631,905. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. Known as a university town, both Eskişehir Osmangazi University and Anadolu University (which has one of the largest student enrollments in the world) are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of 2,678 km2 (1,034 sq mi).
The name Eskişehir literally means Old City in Turkish; indeed, the city was founded by the Phrygians in about 1000 BOT. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük.
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Eskişehir Province
Eskişehir Province (Turkish: Eskişehir ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Bilecik to the northwest, Kütahya to the west, Afyon to the southwest, Konya to the south, Ankara to the east, and Bolu to the north. The provincial capital is Eskişehir. Most of the province is laid down in Central Anatolia Region. Northern parts of Mihalıççık district and ones of Mihalgazi and Sarıcakaya of her remained in Black Sea Region and Han one of her remained in Aegean Region.
Eskişehir is an old, culturally developed province of Turkey. It has a population of 755,427. Eskişehir has 2 universities, Eskişehir Osmangazi University ESOGU, and Anadolu Üniversitesi, which is the largest university in Turkey and which has some branch offices in Europe.
Eskişehir province is divided into 14 districts two of which are actually included in the greater municipality of Eskişehir (shown in boldface letters).
Eskişehir's population has a high literacy level for Turkey at about 99%. Many universities and military installations are located in and around the city. Turkish technical students are concentrated in the Eskişehir universities. Infrastructural problems have been partially solved in 2004 with the construction of a tram system.
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Felahiye
Felahiye is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is İsmet Gürsel Kısır (CHP)
Coordinates: 39°05′N 35°34′E / 39.083°N 35.567°E / 39.083; 35.567
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Giresun Province
Giresun Province (Turkish: Giresun ili) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Trabzon to the east, Gümüşhane to the south-west, Erzincan to the south, Sivas to the south-east, and Ordu to the west. The provincial capital is Giresun.
Giresun is an agricultural region of great natural beauty, especially in the highlands. The lower areas near the Black Sea coast are Turkey's largest producer of hazelnuts; a Giresun folk song tells "I will not eat a single hazelnut, unless you are by my side", while another tells of a lover shot dead under a hazelnut tree The higher mountain areas are forest and pasture and in places there is mining of copper, zinc, iron and other metals. The mountain villages are remote, with poor roads and little else in the way of infrastructure. And the hillsides are too steep for agriculture also, so for example cornbread is the traditional meal, as they cannot grow wheat. Life here is hard and in the past many people have left to find jobs in Turkey's larger cities or abroad.
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Gümüşhane Province
Gümüşhane Province (Turkish: Gümüşhane ili ) is a province in northern Turkey, bordering Bayburt to the east, Trabzon to the north, Giresun and Erzincan to the west. It covers an area of 6,575 km² and has a population of 129,618 in 2010. The population was 186,953 in 2000. The name Gümüşhane means silver house. The city has a rich mining (silver and bronze) history and was the source of exports for Trabzon.
Gümüşhane is surrounded by high mountains, Zigana-Trabzon Mountains to the north, Çimen Mountains to the south, Giresun Mountains to the west and Pulur, Soğanlı Mountains to the east. Trekking is popular sport is at these mountains. The Zigana Mountain has a ski center on it and it is a well known touristic place for winter sports. Abdal Musa Peak (3331 m.) is the highest peak within it. The main trees in the forests are Scotch pine and fir, and there are many animals and birds in the area. There are many lakes such as Karanlık Göl, Beş Göller, Artebel Gölü, Kara Göller which are at the peak of Gavurdağı Mountain, and are preserved as natural parks. These all mountains compose 56% of the area of Gümüşhane province.
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Hacılar
Hacılar is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is Ahmet Herdem (AKP).
Coordinates: 38°38′59″N 35°27′01″E / 38.64972°N 35.45028°E / 38.64972; 35.45028
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Hakkâri Province
Hakkâri Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Hekariyê, Turkish: Hakkâri ili, Syriac: ܗܟܐܪܝ) is a province in the south east corner of Turkey. The administrative centre is located in the city of Hakkâri (Kurdish: Colemêrg). The province covers an area of 7,121 km² and has a population of 251,302 (2010 est). The province had a population of 236,581 in 2000.
The province was created in 1936 out of part of Van Province. Its adjacent provinces are Şırnak to the west and Van to the north.
Hakkâri province is divided into 4 districts (capital district in bold):
The area has been ruled by Akkadians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylon, Persians, Greeks, Armenians, Parthians, Rome, Byzantium, the Sassanids, Arabs, Ottomans, and Mongols in its long history.
Coordinates: 37°27′58″N 44°03′52″E / 37.46611°N 44.06444°E / 37.46611; 44.06444
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Hatay Province
Hatay Province (Turkish: Hatay ili , pronounced [ˈhataj]) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast. It is bordered by Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun (Alexandretta). There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı.
Settled since the early Bronze Age, Hatay was once of the Akkadian Empire, then the Amorite Kingdom of Yamhad and Mitannis, then a succession of Hittites, the Neo-Hittite "Hattena" people that later gave the modern province of Hatay its name, then the Assyrians (except a brief occupation by Urartu) and Persians. The region was the center of the Hellenistic Seleucid empire, home to the four Greek cities of the Syrian tetrapolis (Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea, and Laodicea). From 64 BC onwards the city of Antioch became an important regional centre of the Roman Empire.
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Homs
Homs (Arabic: حمص Ḥimṣ), previously known as Emesa (Greek: Ἔμεσα, Emesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is 501 metres (1,644 ft) above sea level and is located 162 kilometres (101 mi) north of Damascus. Located on the Orontes River, Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast.
Homs is a major industrial center, and with a population of at least 652,609 people (2004 census), it is the third largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south. Its population reflects Syria's general religious diversity, composed mostly of Arabic-speaking Sunni Muslims and Alawite and Christian minorities. The city boasts a number of historic mosques and churches and is close to the Krak des Chevaliers, a world heritage site.
Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st-century BCE at the time of the Seleucids. It later became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesani dynasty who gave the city its name. Originally a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal, it later gained importance in Christianity under the Byzantines. Homs was conquered by the Muslims in the 7th-century and made capital of a district that bore its current name. Throughout the Islamic era, Muslim dynasties contending for control of Syria sought after Homs due to the city's strategic position in the area. Homs began to decline under the Ottomans and only in the 19th century did the city regain its economic importance when its cotton industry boomed. During French Mandate rule, the city became a center of insurrection and, after independence in 1946, a center of Baathist resistance to the first Syrian governments. Homs has played a central role in the ongoing Syrian uprising against the Baathist government and since May 2011 has been under siege by the Syrian Army.
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Isparta Province
Isparta Province (Turkish: Isparta ili) is a province in southwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. It has an area of 8,993 km² and a population of 448,298 up from 434,771 (1990). The provincial capital is Isparta.
The province is well known for its apples, sour cherries, grapes, roses and rose products, and carpets. The best fertile lands are in the area named Uluborlu. The province is situated in the Göller Bölgesi (Lakes Area) of Turkey's Mediterranean Region and has many freshwater lakes.
Isparta province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):
Kovada Lake and Kızıldağ National Parks, Isparta Gölcüğü, Çamyol and Kuyucak forest recreation areas, Eğirdir oak and Sütçüler forest conservation areas, Eğirdir, Uluborlu and Yalvaç castles, Antiochia in Pisidia and Apollonia antiquity cities, Ertokuş and Dündar Bey old theological schools (medrese), Isparta Hızır Bey, Kutlu Bey, Firdevs Bey, İplik, Eğirdir Hızır Bey, Barla Çaşnigir, Uluğbey Veli Baba mosques, Firdevs Bey Bazaar, Eğirdir Inn (caravansary), Ertokuş Hanı Inn, Baba Sultan Mousoleum, Isparta and Yalvaç Museums.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Istanbul Province
Istanbul Province (Turkish: İstanbul ili) is a province located in north-west Turkey. It has an area of 5,196 km² and a population of 13,255,685. The population was 10,018,735 in 2000. It is surrounded by the provinces of Tekirdağ to the west, Kocaeli to the east, the Black Sea to the northern part and the Sea of Marmara to the south. The Bosphorus (Boğaziçi) Strait divides the province in two parts: the European side and the Asian side. Roughly 3.85 million people live on the Asian side in 2010 census, and 9.4 million on the European side.
The capital of the province is the city of Istanbul, which, since 2004, has the same boundaries as the province.
The province also includes the Princes' Islands constituted as Adalar District (Island District).
Coordinates: 41°09′27″N 28°52′06″E / 41.1575°N 28.86833°E / 41.1575; 28.86833
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Izmir Province
İzmir Province (Turkish: İzmir ili) is a province of Turkey in western Anatolia on the Aegean coast, whose capital is the city of İzmir. On the west it is surrounded by the Aegean sea, and it encloses the Gulf of İzmir. Its area is 11,973 km.2, population 3.948.848 (2010 tüik census). The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighbouring provinces are Balıkesir on the north, Manisa on the east, and Aydın on the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.
The main rivers of the province are Küçük Menderes river, Koca Çay (with Güzelhisar dam), and Bakır Çay.
İzmir Province is divided into 30 districts (metro districts are bold):
Of these, Balçova, Bayraklı, Bornova, Buca, Çiğli, Gaziemir, Güzelbahçe, Karabağlar, Karşıyaka, Konak, and Narlıdere are core districts, making up the city of İzmir.
The area was first settled by local Anatolians, milleninum later Ionians in about the 11th century BC who established the League of Ionia. It was later conquered by the Persians, retaken by the Greeks, before being subsumed into the Roman Empire. After the split of the Roman Empire, the area became part of what is now called the Byzantine Empire until conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the 14th century. Following the First World War the province was ceded to Greece, but was retaken by the forces of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence. As a result of the Treaty of Lausanne all Greek Orthodox inhabitants of the province had to leave, and İzmir Province was incorporated into the modern republic of Turkey.
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İzmit
İzmit (Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit (the ancient Gulf of Astacus) in the Sea of Marmara, about 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 293,339 (2010 census). The population of the province (including rural areas) is 1,459,772 (Unlike other provinces in Turkey apart from Istanbul, the whole province is now included within the municipality of the metropolitan center.)
Nicomedia was the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire between 286 and 324, during the Tetrarchy introduced by Diocletian. Following Constantine's victory over co-emperor Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324, Nicomedia served as an interim capital city for Constantine the Great between 324 and 330, until the nearby Byzantium was officially declared Nova Roma (later known as Constantinople, present-day Istanbul).
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Iğdır Province
Iğdır Province (Turkish: Iğdır ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the border with Armenia, Azerbaijan (the area of Nakhchivan), and Iran. Its adjacent provinces are Kars to the northwest and Ağrı to the west and south. It occupies an area of 3,587 km² and population of 184,418 (2010 est.), it was 168,634 in 2000 (up from 142,601 in 1990).
Turkey's highest mountain, Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is in Iğdır, but much of the land is a wide plain far below the mountain. The climate is the warmest in this part of Turkey, cotton can be grown in Iğdır. Iğdır is where Noah is said to have thrived following the flood.[citation needed] The border with Armenia follows the Aras River.
The provincial capital is the city of Iğdır.
Iğdır province is divided into 4 districts (capital district in bold):
The area is named after a western Turkish clan Iğdıroğlu belonging to a branch of the Oghuz Turks.[citation needed] They spread throughout Anatolia and there are towns and villages named Iğdır in Malatya and other parts of Turkey today.[citation needed]
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Kadir Has Stadium
Kadir Has Stadium (Turkish: Kadir Has Stadyumu) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kayseri, Turkey. It is part of complex of sports venues that are on the outskirts of the city, as part of the Atatürk Sports Complex. It effectively replaces the ageing Kayseri Atatürk Stadium, which has been in use since the early 1960s.
It was opened with the Kayserispor match against Fenerbahçe on 8 March 2009. It is primary used for football matches and hosts the homes matches of Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor. The stadium has a capacity of 32,864 people (all-seated) and is totally covered.
It is one of the most modern stadiums in Turkey, and offers a number of restaurants, cafes, and VIP areas for fans. Two brand-new shopping centres will also be located nearby, as will a car park with a capacity of 1785 cars.
The light rail system of Kayseri, Kayseray, passes close to the stadium complex, allowing travelling supporters to reach the new site with ease.
The stadium hosted its first international match when Turkey played Estonia in a 2010 World Cup Qualifier on September 5, 2009.
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Karabük Province
Karabük Province (Turkish: Karabük ili ) is a province in northern central Turkey with a total population of 227,610 (as of 2010).
The main city is Karabük which is located about 200 km north of Ankara and about 100 km south of the Black Sea coast. Established in 1995, it comprises Karabük, Eflani, Safranbolu and Yenice districts which were formerly part of Zonguldak Province and Eskipazar and Ovacık districts which were previously part of Çankırı Province.
Karabük is located on the highway between Bartın and Ankara which was in ancient times an important route between Amasra on the coast and central Anatolia. The railway between Ankara and Zonguldak passes through Karabük.
Safranbolu, a historically important city, which is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List - is located in Karabük Province.
Karabük province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Traditional houses of Safranbolu
Historical shoe-maker shops in Safranbolu
Bostancı Pond in Eflani
Eflani countryside
Coordinates: 41°13′25″N 32°38′25″E / 41.22361°N 32.64028°E / 41.22361; 32.64028
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Kars Province
Kars Province (Turkish: Kars ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country. It shares part of its border with the Republic of Armenia.
The provinces of Ardahan and Iğdır were until the 1990s part of Kars Province.
Kars was under the control of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. For a brief period, from 1878 until 1917, it was controlled by Russia. From 1918 to 1920 the province was under the administration of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as the Vanand province (with the city of Kars as its capital). Its territory was ceded to Turkey by the Soviet Union in the Treaty of Kars.
Kars province is divided into 8 districts (ilçe), each named after the administrative center of the district:
There are 383 villages in Kars.
Kars has a wealth of wildlife that is being documented by the Kars-Igdir Biodiversity Project run by the KuzeyDoga Society. The project has recorded 323 of Turkey's 468 bird species in the region. At least 223 of these occur at Kuyucuk Lake, that is the most important wetland in the province. Sarikamis Forests in the south harbor wolves, brown bear, lynx and other animals, and Aras (Araxes) River wetlands comprise a key stop-over site for many migrating birds. Aras River Bird Research and Education Center at Yukari Ciyrikli village has recorded 228 bird species at this single location alone.
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Kastamonu Province
Kastamonu Province (Turkish: Kastamonu ili) is one of the provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea region, to the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop to the east, Bartın and Karabük to the west, Çankırı to the south, Çorum to the south east and the Black Sea to the north.
The province has an area of 13,108 km², and a population of 322,759 people (2006 est). The population was 361,222 people in 2010. The population density is 24.62 inhabitants per km². The province center has a population of 64,606.
Kastamonu province is divided into 20 districts (capital district in bold):
It is not definitely known when Kastamonu was first founded. However, some sources dating back to the Early Middle Ages refer to the province. There are also some archeological findings dating back to about 100,000[citation needed] years that suggest the region was inhabited then.
There are theories that the word Kastamonu derives from Castra Comnenus, the Latin name of the Byzantine castle built by the Comnenus dynasty.
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Kayseri
Kayseri (pronounced [kajˈseɾi]) is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 690,000 in 2000, was over 1,050,000 as of 2010, making it the seventh most populous city in Turkey.
Kayseri is located at the foot of the extinct volcano Mount Erciyes that towers 3916 m over the city. Its inhabitants (Kayserili) are renowned for their alertness, entrepreneurial spirit and a strict understanding regarding the management of economies, the last point having been the subject of more than a few legends in Turkey.wealth of the city itself is a blend of modernity and conservatism. The city is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's cities that fit the definition of Anatolian Tigers.
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Kayseri Province
The Kayseri Province (Turkish: Kayseri ili), in central Turkey, is an area that has been linked with mythological stories as well as important figures in Turkish history. It is located in Anatolia, and surrounded by the Mount Erciyes, the Mount Hasan and the Mount Ali. The Ali mountain is named like that in honor of Ali Baba, who is said to have lived in the area.
Kayseri province is divided into 16 districts (capital district in bold):
Kayseri was first known as the city of Masaka. Later, during the Roman period, the province's name was changed to Kaesarea, then Kayzer before becoming known with its modern name of Kayseri. Danishmend Gazi conquered Kayseri in 1084. The Seljuk Empire then modernised the province, with new buildings and mosques being built around. During this period, the Şifahane, Kayseri's first hospital, and perhaps the first hospital in all of Anatolia, was built. It was built in honor of Princess Gevher Nesibe Hatun, daughter of the Sultan. She died of a disease at a young age. Construction of the hospital was completed in 1206.
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Kilis Province
Kilis Province (Turkish: Kilis ili) is a province in south-central Turkey. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province, the other towns and villages are very small.
There is evidence of human occupation from 4,000 years ago, in the Middle Bronze Age. The region has been ruled by the Hurrians, the Assyrian Empire, the Hittite Empire, the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Roman Empire (including the Byzantine Empire), and finally by Ottoman Empire. Places of historical interest include a number of burial mounds, castles and mosques.
On 9 April 2012, Syrian forces fired across the country's border into a refugee camp in Kilis, injuring at least five people. Unconfirmed reports suggested that at least two people had been killed.
Kilis is located in the southern foothills of the Taurus Mountains west of the Euphrates River on the northern edge of the Syria Plain. The district contains areas of good agricultural land, watered by small rivers and 68% of the land area of Kilis is planted. Almost 4% of Turkey's grape production comes from Kilis. Other important agricultural products are olives, fruit, wheat, barley and tobacco. A Mediterranean climate dominates over the region, which is around 60 to 80 km away from the sea. Winters are cool and rainy, spring and fall months warm, and summers are hot. Average winter temperatures are 4 to 7 degrees Celsius, while in summer the temperatures do not fall under 25 degrees Celsius.
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Kocaeli Province
Kocaeli Province (Turkish: Kocaeli ili , pronounced [kodʒaˈeli]) is a province of Turkey. Its capital is İzmit, which is sometimes referred to as Kocaeli itself. The largest town in the province is now Gebze. The traffic code is 41. The province is located at the easternmost end of the Marmara Sea, especially on the Gulf of İzmit. Because of the size and natural conditions of the Bay of İzmit, the city is a giant natural harbour. There are lots of harbour facilities within Kocaeli, including the primary base of the Turkish Navy.
Kocaeli province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Kocaeli Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 40°51′07″N 29°52′41″E / 40.852°N 29.878°E / 40.852; 29.878
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Konya
Konya (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈkon.ja]) is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city the seventh most populous in Turkey.
Konya, also spelled in some historic English texts as Konia or Koniah, was known in classical antiquity and during the medieval period as Iconium in Latin, and Ἰκόνιον (Ikónion) in Greek. The name Konya is a cognate of icon, as an ancient Greek legend ascribed its name to the "eikon" (image), or the "gorgon's (Medusa's) head", with which Perseus vanquished the native population before founding the city.
Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late Copper Age, around 3000 BC. The city came under the influence of the Hittites around 1500 BC. These were overtaken by the Sea Peoples around 1200 BC. The Phrygians established their kingdom in central Anatolia in the 8th century BC. Xenophon describes Iconium, as the city was called, as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC. It was later part of the Persian Empire, until Darius III was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of Seleucus I Nicator. During the Hellenistic period the town was ruled by the kings of Pergamon. As Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Under the rule of emperor Claudius, the city's name was changed to Claudioconium, and during the rule of emperor Hadrianus to Colonia Aelia Hadriana.
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Konya Province
Konya Province (Turkish: Konya ili) is a province of Turkey located in central Anatolia. The provincial capital is the city of Konya. It is the largest province by area of Turkey.
The Konya province is divided into thirty-one districts three of which are actually included in the municipality of Konya city (shown in boldface letters).
Nalçacı Street
Mevlana Square
Dedeman Konya Hotel
Alaaddin Hill
Obruk Lake end Obruk Caravansary
The traditional food, Etliekmek
The wild sheep on Bozdağ,Konya
Coordinates: 38°00′48″N 32°41′56″E / 38.01333°N 32.69889°E / 38.01333; 32.69889
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Kültepe
Coordinates: 38°51′N 35°38′E / 38.85°N 35.633°E / 38.85; 35.633 Kültepe (Turkish: Ash Hill) is a modern village near the ancient city of Kaneš or Kanesh (Hittite: Neša, occasionally Anisa), located in the Kayseri Province of Turkey's Central Anatolia Region. The nearest modern city to Kültepe is Kayseri, about 20 km southwest.
Kaneš, inhabited continuously from the Chalcolithic period to Roman times, flourished as an important Hattic/Hittite/Hurrian city, which contained a large merchant quarter (kârum) of the Old Assyrian kingdom, from ca. 20th to 16th centuries BC. A late (c 1400 BC) witness to an old tradition includes a king of Kaneš called Zipani among seventeen local city-kings who rose up against the Akkadian Naram-Sin (ruled c.2254-2218 BC). It is the site of discovery of the earliest traces of the Hittite language, and the earliest attestation of any Indo-European language, dated to the 20th century BC. The native term for the Hittite language was nešili "language of Neša".
The king of Zalpuwa, Uhna, raided Kanes, after which the Zalpuwans carried off the city's "Sius" idol. Pithana, the king of Kussara, conquered level Ia Neša "in the night, by force", but "did not do evil to anyone in it." Neša revolted against the rule of Pithana's son, Anitta, but Anitta quashed the revolt and made Neša his capital. Anitta further invaded Zalpuwa, captured its king Huzziya, and recovered the Sius idol for Neša.
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Kütahya Province
Kütahya Province (Turkish: Kütahya ili) is a province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is 11,889 km² in size, and the population is 590,496 (2010 est).[citation needed] In 1990, Kütahya had a population of 578,020.
Kütahya province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°18′17″N 29°35′24″E / 39.30472°N 29.59°E / 39.30472; 29.59
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Kırklareli Province
Kırklareli Province (Turkish: Kırklareli ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a 180 kilometers long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the province of Tekirdağ to the south and province of Istanbul to the southeast. Kırklareli is the capital city of the province. The province's and its central city's name means "the land of the forties" in Turkish and it may refer either to the forty Ottoman ghazis sent by the sultan Murad I to conquer the city for the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century or to the forty churches reported to be situated in the region before the Ottoman conquest. There is a memorial on a hilltop in Kırklareli city, called "Kırklar Anıtı" (the Memorial of the Forties in Turkish) to honor the Ottoman conquerors (For more on the name's origins, see Kırklareli).
The province is bisected by the Yıldız (Istranca) mountain range. The north and northeastern parts of the province are among the least populated and developed parts of Turkey. The districts to the south and west are more populated because the land is better suited for agriculture and industrial development. The north and eastern parts of the province are dominated by forests. Therefore forestry is an important means of living in these areas. Fishing is done along the Black Sea coast.
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Kırıkkale Province
Kırıkkale Province (Turkish: Kırıkkale ili) is a province of Turkey. It is located on the crossroads of major highways east of Ankara leading east to the Black Sea region. With its rapid population growth it has become an industrial center. The provincial capital is Kırıkkale.
Kırıkkale is a rapidly growing town in central Turkey, on the Ankara-Kayseri railway near the Kızılırmak River. Formerly a village, it owes its rapid rise in population mainly to the establishment of steel mills in the 1950s. These works, among the largest in the country, specialize in high-quality alloy steel and machinery. In the 1960s chemical plants were added.
Kırıkkale province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°52′11″N 33°42′58″E / 39.86972°N 33.71611°E / 39.86972; 33.71611
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Kırşehir Province
Kırşehir Province (Turkish: Kırşehir ili) is located in central Turkey, forming part of the central Anatolian region. It stands on the North Anatolian Fault, and is currently in an earthquake warning zone. The average elevation is approximately 985 meters above sea level. The provincial capital is Kırşehir.
It became a province in 1924. On 30 May 1954, it was accepted as a district of Nevşehir. Later, the towns of Kırşehir were divided between Ankara, Yozgat and Nevşehir. In 1957, Kırşehir became a province again.[citation needed]
Kırşehir province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Kırşehir Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 39°19′26″N 34°07′45″E / 39.32389°N 34.12917°E / 39.32389; 34.12917
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Manisa Province
Manisa Province (Turkish: Manisa ili) is a province in western Turkey. Its neighboring provinces are İzmir to the west, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the south east, Uşak to the east, Kütahya to the north east, and Balıkesir to the north. The seat of the province is the city of Manisa.
Manisa province is divided into 16 districts (capital district in bold):
The Mount Sipylus national park (Spil Dağı Milli Parkı) near the city of Manisa covers a richly forested area, hot springs, and the famous "crying rock" of Niobe, and a Hittite carving of the Goddess Cybele (Mother Goddess). The park boasts of having within its boundaries about 120 varieties of native plants, especially wild tulips. The park provides opportunities for mountaineering and camping.
Sardis, in Salihli, was the ancient capital of Lydia, once ruled by King Croesus, who was renowned for his wealth. Due to numerous earthquakes, most of the visible remains date back only to Roman times. There are the remains of the temple of Artemis and a restored gymnasium, exhibiting of the past splendor of this ancient city. The splendid synagogue from the 3rd century is worth visiting, with its elaborate mosaics and artfully carved colored-stone panels.
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Mardin Province
Mardin Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Mêrdînê, Turkish: Mardin ili ) is a province of Turkey with a population of 744,606. The population was 835,173 in 2000. The capital of the Mardin Province is Mardin (Kurdish: Mêrdîn, Classical Syriac: ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ "Mardin" in related Semitic language Arabic: ماردين, Mardīn). Located near the traditional boundary of Anatolia and Mesopotamia, it has a diverse population, composed by Kurdish, Turkish, Arab and Syriac people.
The local Syriacs, while very reduced due to the results of the 1915 massacres, hold on to two of the oldest monasteries in the world, Dayro d-Mor Hananyo (Turkish Deyrülzafaran, English Saffron Monastery) and Deyrulumur Monastery. The Christian community is concentrated on the Tur Abdin plateau and in the town of Midyat, with a smaller community (approximately 100) in the provincial capital.
Politically, the area in the early 2000s has witnessed competition between the governing Justice and Development Party and the mainly Kurdish-based Democratic People's Party, later revamped as Peace and Democracy Party.
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Marmara Region
The Marmara Region (Turkish: Marmara Bölgesi), with a surface area of 67.000 km², is the smallest but most densely populated of the seven geographical regions of Turkey. It represents approximately 8.6% of the Turkish national territory and about 30% of its population.
This region was officially put in existence after the Geography Congress of 1941 in Ankara and is geographically divided into four regional parts.
Its name derives from the Sea of Marmara, which itself is named for the island of Marmara.
The Yıldız Mountains and Uludağ are in the Marmara Region. Islands in the Aegean Sea are Gökçeada and Bozcaada, and in the Sea of Marmara are Marmara Island, Avşa, Paşalimanı, İmralı and the Princes Islands of Istanbul.
The Marmara region has a hybrid mediterranean climate/humid subtropical climate on the Aegean Sea coast and the south Marmara Sea coast, an oceanic climate on the Black Sea coast and a humid continental climate in the interior. Summers are warm to hot, humid and moderately dry whereas winters are cold and wet and sometimes snowy.
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Melikgazi
Melikgazi is a metropolitan district of Kayseri in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Along with the neighboring Kocasinan district, it was historically the core of Kayseri city, until additional districts were joined into the metropolitan area in 2004. The mayor is Memduh Büyükkıliç (AKP).
Melikgazi itself counts eight depending municipalities, some of which retain their semi-rural character, administrative boundaries of Kayseri's metropolitan area sometimes extending faster than the city itself. Melikgazi also has nine depending villages.
Among Melikgazi's municipalities, Ağırnas is particularly notable for being the birthplace of Mimar Sinan the Architect and for having preserved its historical tissue. Yet another municipality, Mimarsinan, was named after the architect.
Coordinates: 38°43′N 36°13′E / 38.717°N 36.217°E / 38.717; 36.217
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Mersin
Mersin (Ancient Greek: Ζεφύριον, Zephyrion) is a large city and a port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Mersin Province had a population of 195,000 (city center) as of 2010, making it Turkey's sixth most populous city. It is also part of an interurban agglomeration – the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area – and lies on the western part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region. According to Evliya Çelebi, the city is named after the Mersinoğullari clan; another theory is that it is made from the myrtle (Greek: μύρτος, μυρσίνη) which grows abundanlty in the region.
Mersin is important for Turkey's economy, and Turkey's largest seaport is located here. Mersin's nickname within Turkey is "Pearl of the Mediterranean" (Turkish: Akdeniz'in İncisi) and the city will host the 2013 Mediterranean Games.
This coast has been inhabited since the 9th millennium BC. Excavations by John Garstang of the hill of Yumuktepe have revealed 23 levels of occupation, the earliest dating from ca. 6300 BC. Fortifications were put up around 4500 BC, but the site appears to have been abandoned between 350 BC and 300 BC.
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Mersin Province
The Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus, birthplace of St Paul. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region, that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
The former name of the province was İçel. In 2002, the province's name was changed to Mersin to match the provincial capital's name, as is the case for all Turkish provinces except three. The province retained the license plate number of 33, İçel having been the 33rd in the alphabetical order of Turkish province names, when there were only 67 provinces in Turkey.
87% of the land area is mountain, leading up to the rocky heights of the central Taurus Mountains, the highest peak is Medetsiz (3,584 m) in the Bolkar range, and there are a number of important passes over to central Anatolia. There are many high meadows and small plains between 700 and 1500m.
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Muğla Province
Muğla Province (Turkish: Muğla ili) is a province of Turkey, at the country's south-western corner, on the Aegean Sea. Its seat is Muğla, about 20 km (12 mi) inland, while some of Turkey's largest holiday resorts, such as Bodrum, Ölüdeniz, Marmaris and Fethiye, are on the coast in Muğla.
The original name of Muğla is open for discussion. Various sources refer to the city as Mogola, Mobella or Mobolia.
At 1,100 km (680 mi), Muğla's coastline is the longest among the Provinces of Turkey and longer than many countries' costlines, (even without taking any small islands into account). Important is the Datça Peninsula. As well as the sea, Muğla has two large lakes, Lake Bafa in the district of Milas and Lake Köyceğiz. The landscape consists of pot-shaped small plains surrounded by mountains, formed by depressions in the Neogene. These include the plain of the city of Muğla itself, Yeşilyurt, Ula, Gülağzı, Yerkesik, Akkaya, Çamköy and Yenice). Until the recent building of highways, transport from these plains to either the coast or inland was quite arduous, and thus each locality remained an isolated culture of its own. Contact with the outside world was through one of the three difficult passes: northwest to Milas, north to the Menderes plain through Gökbel, or northeast to Tavas.
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Muş Province
Muş Province (Turkish: Muş ili) is a province in eastern Turkey. It is 8,196 km² in area, and has a population of 406,886 (2010 est). The population was 453,654 in 2000. The provincial capital is the city of Muş (Armenian: Մուշ, Kurdish: Mûs). Another town in Muş province, Malazgirt (Manzikert), is famous for the Battle of Manzikert of 1071.
Muş province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Among the historical sites of the Mush province are two of the holiest Armenian sites:
Coordinates: 39°00′02″N 41°49′38″E / 39.00056°N 41.82722°E / 39.00056; 41.82722
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Nalchik
Nalchik (Russian: На́льчик; IPA: [ˈnalʲtɕɪk]; Kabardian: Налшык; Balkar: Нальчик) is the capital city of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia, situated at an altitude of 550 meters (1,800 ft) in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains; about 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Beslan in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. It covers an area of 131 square kilometers (51 sq mi). Population: 240,095 (2010 Census preliminary results); 274,974 (2002 Census); 234,547 (1989 Census).
The territory of modern-day Nalchik was inhabited by native Balkars and Kabardians as far back as 1743, but the modern city dates from the early 19th century when the expanding Russian Empire built a fort there in 1818; this date is seen at the top of the city's coat of arms. A military settlement was founded on the site in 1838. Nalchik remained relatively unimportant until after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when it was given the status of a city in 1921. It was promoted to become the administrative center of the Kabardian autonomous oblast.
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Nevşehir Province
Nevşehir Province (Turkish: Nevşehir ili) is a province in central Turkey with its capital in Nevşehir. It adjacent provinces are Kırşehir to the northwest, Aksaray to the southwest, Niğde to the south, Kayseri to the southeast, and Yozgat to the northeast. Nevşehir includes the area called Cappadocia - a very popular tourist attraction in Turkey. The famous town of Göreme is also located in Nevşehir.
Cappadocia once included the area now covered by this province. This province is notable for the fairy chimneys of Göreme, the Ortahisar (middle fortress), a number of old churches from the Byzantine period.
Nevşehir province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Fairy chimneys in Ürgüp
Rock formation in Goreme Open Air Museum
A view from Tatlarin, Nevşehir
A historical church in Derinkuyu
Coordinates: 38°46′54″N 34°41′17″E / 38.78167°N 34.68806°E / 38.78167; 34.68806
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Niğde Province
Niğde Province (Turkish: Niğde ili) is a small rural province in the southern part of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Population is 337.931 (2010 est) of which 100.418 live in the city of Niğde. The population was 348,081 in 2000 and 305.861 in 1990. It covers an area of 7,312 km². Neighbouring provinces are Kayseri, Adana, Mersin, Konya, Aksaray and Nevşehir.
The province is surrounded on three sides by ranges of the Taurus Mountains, including Mount Hasan and the Melendiz mountains. To the west lies the plain of Emen, which opens up into the wide plain of Konya. The plain is covered with nutritious volcanic soil and Niğde is a successful agricultural region, particularly apples and potatoes.
Surrounded by mountains and at a fairly high altitude the area has a dry and chilly climate and is exposed to snows brought by cold north winds in winter. Average rainfall 0.9 mm, 78.5 mm in April, practically zero in July and August. Therefore the hillsides are more or less bare of vegetation, with some forest at the higher altitudes.
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Ordu Province
Ordu Province (Turkish: Ordu ili) is a province of Turkey, located on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest, Tokat to the southwest, Sivas to the south, and Giresun to the east. Its traffic code is 52. The capital of the province is the city of Ordu.
"Ordu" means 'army' in Turkish but there are many speculations about the name's meaning.
Ordu is a strip of Black Sea coast and the hills behind, historically an agricultural and fishing area and in recent years, tourism has seen an increase, mainly visitors from Russia and Georgia, as Ordu boasts some of the best beaches, rivers, and lush, green mountains on the Black Sea coast. Walking in the high pastures is now a popular excusrion for Turkish holidaymakers.
Ordu is famous for hazelnuts. Turkey as a whole produces about 70 percent of the world's hazelnuts, and over 50 percent of those come from Ordu. The recent drop in hazelnut prices however have led farmers to supplement their income with honeybees. The higher altitudes are covered in forest. Melet river, Bolaman river, Fatsa river, Cevizdere stream, Curi stream and Bağdere stream are main rivers of the Ordu province and Gaga lake is the only lake of the city
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Osmaniye Province
Osmaniye Province (Turkish: Osmaniye ili) is a Turkish province located in southern Turkey. It became a province in 1996. The province was part of Adana Province. It covers an area of 3,767 km² and has a population of 479,221 (2010 est). The province is situated in Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region.
The capital of the province is Osmaniye (Population: 194,000). The next largest towns are Kadirli (Population: 81,016) and Düziçi (Population: 42,000).
Osmaniye province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Ancient city of Hierapolis Castabala in Osmaniye
Hittite Storm God in Karatepe-Aslantaş Late Hittite Fortress
A view from the city of Osmaniye
Çukurova
Coordinates: 37°13′41″N 36°12′45″E / 37.22806°N 36.2125°E / 37.22806; 36.2125
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pınarbaşı, Kayseri
Pınarbaşı is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It was founded by Sultan Abdülaziz and was initially named Aziziye. After the formation of the Turkish Republic, Pınarbaşı was renamed with its current name. Pinasbasi is famous as its horses and very clean water springs. The mayor is Dursun Ataş (MHP).
Coordinates: 38°43′19″N 36°23′28″E / 38.722°N 36.391°E / 38.722; 36.391
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Republic of Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Rize Province
Rize Province (Turkish: Rize ili) is a province of north-east Turkey, on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin. Its capital is the city of Rize.
Rize is on the north side of the range of mountains that run along the Black Sea coast. Overlooking the sea this is the wettest corner of Turkey and Rize is the country's largest producer of tea'. The province is mainly rural and very attractive with its mountain valleys and elevated yaylas (meadows). The district of Çamlıhemşin in particular is one of Turkey's most popular venues for trekking holidays. Within remote areas, roads are scarce and electrically powered cable cars are used to transport people and supplies into the mountains. As well as tea, nowadays kiwi fruit are grown here too. Summers are cool (July average 22°C), winters are mild (January average 7°C) and it is wet all year round.
The new Black Sea coast road is making Rize more accessible, while drawing criticism for its effect on the wildlife of the coast, and from the early 2000s, Rize has seen an increase in visitors from outside the province, particularly those seeking to escape into the countryside. This increased tourism has raised concerns among locals that the traditional way of life and the unblemished character of the natural surroundings is under threat. The provincial governor, Enver Salihoglu (as of 2005) has stated his opposition to the expansion of the road network and has advocated a commercial focus on beekeeping, trout farming, and the growing of organic teas.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sakarya Province
Sakarya Province (Turkish: Sakarya ili) is a province in Turkey, located on the coast of Black Sea. The river Sakarya creates a webbing of estuaries in the province.
Sakarya is located in the Marmara Region. Its adjacent provinces are Kocaeli to the west, Bilecik to the south, Bolu to the southeast, and Düzce to the east. The capital of Sakarya is Adapazarı. The climate is oceanic due to its close proximity to the Black Sea.
Sakarya is situated on the Ankara-Istanbul Highway. It is connected through both road and rail. Sakarya is serviced by Istanbul's Sabiha Gökçen International Airport airport.The current mayor of Sakarya is Zeki Tocoglu (AKP).
Sakarya dates back to 378 BC. Ancient settlers included Phrygians, Bithynians, Cimmerians, Lydians and Persians, but Sakarya got its identity from the Romans and Byzantine rulers. One of the most important remains of historical significance is the Justinianus Bridge (Turkish: Beş Köprü) built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 533 CE.
Coordinates: 40°41′50″N 30°27′24″E / 40.69722°N 30.45667°E / 40.69722; 30.45667
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Samsun Province
Samsun Province (Turkish: Samsun ili ) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast with a population of 1,252,693 (2010). Its adjacent provinces are Sinop on the northwest, Çorum on the west, Amasya on the south, Tokat on the southeast, and Ordu on the east. Its traffic code is 55.
The provincial capital is Samsun, one of the most populated cities in Turkey and the largest and busiest port in the Black Sea.[citation needed]
Ladik lake, Akgöl, Dumanlı lake, Semenlik lake
Kızılırmak,Yeşilırmak, Terme river, Aptal Suyu, Mert Irmağı, Kürtün Suyu
Samsun province is divided into 17 districts four of which are actually included in the municipality of Samsun city (shown in boldface letters).
The founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, started the Turkish War of Independence here on May 19, 1919.
Media related to Samsun Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 41°12′16″N 36°00′26″E / 41.20444°N 36.00722°E / 41.20444; 36.00722
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Sardis
Sardis or Sardes (Lydian: Sfard; Greek: Σάρδεις, Sardeis; Persian: سارد, Sārd) was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart (Sartmahmut before 19 October 2005) in Turkey's Manisa Province. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times. As one of the Seven churches of Asia, it was addressed by the author of the Book of Revelation in terms which seem to imply that its population was notoriously soft and fainthearted. Its importance was due, first to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway leading from the interior to the Aegean coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the Hermus.
Sardis was situated in the middle of Hermus valley, at the foot of Mount Tmolus, a steep and lofty spur which formed the citadel. It was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the Hermus. Today, the site is located by the present day village of Sart, near Salihli in the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the Ankara - İzmir highway (approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from İzmir). The part of remains including the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops is open to visitors year-round.
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Sarıoğlan
Sarıoğlan is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is Ali Rıza Başaran (AKP).
Coordinates: 39°05′00″N 35°59′00″E / 39.0833°N 35.9833°E / 39.0833; 35.9833
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Sarız
Sarız is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is Ömer Faruk Eroğlu (CHP).
Coordinates: 38°28′45″N 36°30′2″E / 38.47917°N 36.50056°E / 38.47917; 36.50056
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Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
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Siirt Province
Siirt Province, (Turkish: Siirt ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. The province borders Bitlis to the north, Batman to the west, Mardin to the southwest, Şırnak to the south, and Van to the east. It has an area of 5,406 km² and a total population of 300,695 (as of 2010). The provincial capital is the city of Siirt
Siirt province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 37°55′48″N 42°16′13″E / 37.93°N 42.27028°E / 37.93; 42.27028
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Sinop Province
Sinop Province (Turkish: Sinop ili ; Greek: Σινώπη, Sinopi) is a province of Turkey, along the Black Sea. It is located between 41 and 42 degrees North latitude and between 34 and 35 degrees East longitude. The surface area is 5,862 km², equivalent to 0.8% of Turkey's surface area. The borders total 475 km and consists of 300 km of land and 175 km seaside borders. Its adjacent provinces are Kastamonu on the west, Çorum on the south, and Samsun on the southeast. The provincial capital is the city of Sinop.
Kızılırmak, Gökırmak, Sarsak çay, Karasu, Ayancık Suyu, Tepeçay, Çakıroğlu, Kanlıdere
Sülüklü, Sarıkum
Sinop province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 42°00′N 35°00′E / 42°N 35°E / 42; 35
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Sinop, Turkey
Sinop (Greek: Σινώπη, Sinōpē) is a city with a population of 36,734 on İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), by its Cape Sinop (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey, historically known as Sinope[pronunciation?]. It is the capital of Sinop Province.
Sinop is situated on the Black Sea coast, hence has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).
Sinop has warm and humid summers with an average of 26°C (78.8°F) however temperatures rarely exceed +30°C (86°F). The highest recorded temperature for Sinop was 34.4°C (93.92°F) on 06 July 2000.
The winters are cool and wet. The average for winter ranging around 5°C (41°F). The lowest recorded temperature for Sinop was -7.5°C (18.5°F) on 21 February 1985.
Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two
Long used as a Hittite port which appears in Hittite sources as "Sinuwa" (J. Garstang, The Hittite Empire, p. 74), the city proper was re-founded as a Greek colony from the city of Miletus in the 7th century BC (Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.15; Diodorus Siculus 14.31.2; Strabo 12.545). Sinope flourished as the Black Sea port of a caravan route that led from the upper Euphrates valley (Herodotus 1.72; 2.34), issued its own coinage, founded colonies, and gave its name to a red arsenic sulfate mined in Cappadocia, called "Sinopic red earth" (Miltos Sinôpikê) or sinople.
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Sivas Province
The Sivas Province (Turkish: Sivas ili) is a province of Turkey. It located at the eastern part of the Central Anatolian region of Turkey; it is the second largest province in Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Yozgat to the west, Kayseri to the southwest, Kahramanmaraş to the south, Malatya to the southeast, Erzincan to the east, Giresun to the northeast, and Ordu to the north. Its capital is Sivas.
The majority of Sivas Province shares the climate of the Central Anatolian Region in which the summer seasons are hot and dry while winter seasons are cold and snowy. However, the northern part of the province shares the Black Sea Climate while the eastern portion shares the climate of the Eastern Anatolian higher region.
This province is noted for its thermal springs.
Sivas province is divided into 17 districts (capital district in bold):
The route of the Silk Road and the Persian Royal Road run through Sivas.
According to the written historical sources, the region of Sivas province was first inhabited during the period of the Hittite civilization by the beginning of 2000 BC and became an important settlement. The region then encountered the reign of Phrygian, Lydian, Assyrian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljukian, Danişment, İlhanlı, Eretna and Ottoman civilizations.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Talas, Turkey
Talas is a town in central Anatolia and a district of Kayseri Province in Turkey. The population of Talas city was 40,122 in 2000, while the district of Talas as a whole counted 60,925 people. It is located about 7km from the city of Kayseri.
The history of Talas, which hosted several civilizations, goes back to 1500 BC. The region saw the invasions of ancient Persians, Macedonians, Greeks and Romans. Talas was under the rule of Byzantines until the battle of Manzikert in 1071, when Seljuk Turks defeated Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes and entered Anatolia. From then on the city came first under the rule of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, and from 1467 on, of the Ottoman Empire.
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Tatvan
Tatvan (Armenian: Դատվան Datvan, Kurdish: Têtwan) is a city at the western end of Lake Van, and is the regional center of the identically-named district within Bitlis Province in eastern Turkey. It has about 96,000 inhabitants. The mayor is Abdullah Ok (BDP).
Tatvan is connected by Train ferry across 96 km of Lake Van to Van which avoids 250 km of railway construction in mountainous terrain. This is a low capacity route which will be replaced by a proper railway when traffic increases.
Coordinates: 38°30′08″N 42°16′53″E / 38.50222°N 42.28139°E / 38.50222; 42.28139
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Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)), also known as Thessalonica ( /ˌθɛsəlɵˈnaɪkə/) and historically known as Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévusa), literally "co-capital", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa), "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.
According to the 2011 census the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824; making it the fifth largest and most populated city in the Balkans and the second most populated city that is not a capital. Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,006,730 inhabitants.
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Tokat Province
Tokat Province (Turkish: Tokat ili) is a province in northern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Amasya to the northwest, Yozgat to the southwest, Sivas to the southeast, and Ordu to the northeast. Its capital is Tokat, which lies inland of the middle Black Sea region, 422 kilometers from Ankara.
Tokat province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Two notable monuments in this province are the Hatuniye Medrese of the 15th century, built by Sultan Bayezid II, and a Seljuk bridge spanning the Yeşilırmak River, belonging to the 12th century. The Latifoğlu Mansion is a third, which is an example of the traditional architecture of a Turkish house of the 19th century, restored recently to its original state.
Tokat city center
Gök Medrese in Tokat
Polychrome tiles from Gök Medrese
Maşat Höyük, a Hittite archaeological site
Coordinates: 40°21′10″N 36°33′52″E / 40.35278°N 36.56444°E / 40.35278; 36.56444
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Tomarza
Tomarza is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It seems that Tomarza was the center of an Armenian autonomy, along with Zeytun/Süleymanlı and Göksun in the 17th century.[citation needed] The mayor is Fahrettin Işık (AKP).
Coordinates: 38°27′N 35°48′E / 38.45°N 35.8°E / 38.45; 35.8
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Trabzon Province
Trabzon Province (Turkish: Trabzon ili) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Located in a strategically important region, Trabzon is one of the oldest trade port cities in Anatolia. Neighbouring provinces are Giresun to the west, Gümüşhane to the southwest, Bayburt to the southeast and Rize to the east. The provincial capital is Trabzon city, and the traffic code is 61. The major ethnic groups are Chepni Turks and Lazes. The province is home to a small community of Muslim Romeika-speakers, though younger speakers are not fluent in this language.
Trabzon province is divided into 18 districts (capital district in bold):
Districts along the 114 km coastline (from West to East): Beşikdüzü, Vakfıkebir, Çarşıbaşı, Akçaabat, Yomra, Arsin, Araklı, Sürmene and Of.
Districts inland: Tonya, Düzköy, Şalpazarı, Maçka, Köprübaşı, Dernekpazarı, Hayrat and Çaykara.
Beşikdüzü and Şalpazarı gained district status in 1988, Çarşıbaşı, Düzköy, Köprübaşı, Dernekpazarı and Hayrat in 1990.
Remarkably attractive throughout its history, Trabzon was the subject of hundreds of travel books by western travellers, some of whom had named it "city of tale in the East" The capital city Trabzon was founded, as Trapezus, by Greek colonists from Sinope, modern Sinop, Turkey. Starting from the 9th century BC, the city had also been mentioned by historians such as Homeros, Herodotus, Hesiodos. The first written source regarding Trabzon is Anabasis, authored by Xenophon. An important Roman and Byzantine centre, it was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond from 1204 to 1461. Trabzon was subsequently made part of the Ottoman Empire by Mehmet the Conqueror. It was initially a sanjak before gaining the status of eyalet, and finally became a vilayet in 1868. After the region was conquered in 1461, Fatih Medrese (1462), Hatuniye Medrese (1515), İskenderpaşa Medrese (1529) and Hamzapaşa Medrese (1543) were established as important educational centers of the period.
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Tunceli Province
The Tunceli Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Dêrsimê, Turkish: Tunceli ili ) is a province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The province was named Dersim Province (Dersim vilayeti , Dersim meaning 'silver door'[citation needed] in Zazaki and Kurmanci) and was changed to Tunceli Province on January 4, 1936. with the "Law on Administration of the Tunceli Province" (Tunceli Vilayetinin İdaresi Hakkında Kanun), no. 2884 of 25 December 1935. But some still call the region by this name. The capital city is Tunceli. The name of the provincial capital, Kalan, was then officially changed to match with the province's name.
Its adjacent provinces are Erzincan to the north and west, Elazığ to the south, and Bingöl to the east. The province covers an area of 7,774 km2 (3,002 sq mi) and has a population of 76,699. It has the lowest population density of any province in Turkey, just 9.8 inhabitants/km². Tunceli is the only Turkish province with an Alevi majority.
Tunceli is known for its old buildings such as the Çelebi Ağa Mosque, Sağman Mosque, Elti Hatun Mosque and adjoining Tomb and impressive natural scenery, especially in Munzur Valley National Park, the largest national park of Turkey.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Uşak Province
Uşak (Turkish: Uşak ili ) is a province in western Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Manisa to the west, Denizli to the south, Afyon to the east, and Kütahya to the north. The provincial capital is Uşak, and its traffic code is 64. The province covers an area of 5,341 km² and has a population of 335,860 (2009 est). The population was 322,313 in 2000.(338,019 as of 2010)
Uşak province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
1898-built Dülgeroğlu House in Uşak
Clandıras bridge near Karahallı
Coordinates: 38°31′26″N 29°20′31″E / 38.52389°N 29.34194°E / 38.52389; 29.34194
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Van Province
Van Province (Turkish: Van ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and had a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010.
Its adjacent provinces are Bitlis to the west, Siirt to the southwest, Şırnak and Hakkâri to the south, and Ağrı to the north. The capital is the city of Van.
Van province is divided into 12 districts:
This area was the heartland of Armenians, who lived in these areas from the time of Hayk in the 3rd millennium BCE right up to the late 19th century when the Ottoman Empire seized all the land from the natives. In the 9th century BC the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. The area was a major Armenian population center. The region came under the control of the Armenian Orontids in the 7th century BC and later Persians in the mid 6th century BC. By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia. It became an important center during the reign of the Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC. This region was ruled by the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia before 4th century AD. In 908-1021 was central part of Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan, then joined Byzantine Empire. With the Seljuq victory at the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, just north of Lake Van [1], it became a part of Seljuq Empire and later the Ottoman Empire.
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Yahyalı
Yahyalı is a town and district in Kayseri Province of Turkey. It is the southernmost district of the province and its area is defined by the steep lines of the Taurus Mountains, named Aladağlar in their section through this region, and is crossed by the River Zamantı.
A 300 km2 (120 sq mi) section within the subprovince area corresponds to Aladağlar National Park, mostly covered in forests and which also extends into the neighboring districts of Çamardı (Niğde Province) and Aladağ (Adana Province), although its main part is in Yahyalı.
Yahyalı is increasingly becoming more focused on tourism with Zamantı River's growing popularity across Turkey and from beyond as a rafting center, mostly done within the national park area and already among the top half-dozen favorite destinations in Turkey for this sports activity as the region is. The entire extension of the national park is also a popular trekking and alpinism area, starting with the seven glacier lakes at 3,500 meter altitude near its point of entry. The mountain ranges also possess rich iron, zinc and lead deposits, which are mined more intensively in recent years.
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Yalova Province
Yalova Province (Turkish: Yalova ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey, on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. Its adjacent provinces are Bursa to the south and Kocaeli to the east. The provincial capital is the city of Yalova. The population of the Yalova Province is 203,741 (as of 2010). Prior to 1995, Yalova constituted a district of the Istanbul Province and prior to 1930 constituted the district of the Kocaeli Province.
Yalova Province is divided into 6 districts:
Su Düşen Waterfall, near Termal, Yalova
Ferry port of Armutlu
A market in Yalova
Coordinates: 40°38′39″N 29°11′37″E / 40.64417°N 29.19361°E / 40.64417; 29.19361
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Yeşilhisar
Yeşilhisar is a town and district of Kayseri Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is İhsan Ünal (AKP).
Coordinates: 38°21′0″N 35°5′12″E / 38.35°N 35.08667°E / 38.35; 35.08667
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Yongin
Yongin is a major city in the Seoul National Capital Area, located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. With a population of nearly 1 million, the city has developed abruptly since the 21st century, recording the highest population growth of any city in the country. Yongin is home to Everland and Caribbean Bay, South Korea's most popular amusement and water parks. The city is also home to the Korean Folk Village, the largest of its kind.
Yongin is a city almost as large as Seoul by area, consisting of the highly urbanized district of Suji-gu, the semi-urbanized district of Giheung-gu and the rural district of Cheoin-gu. Yongin's urbanized districts are located close to the capital and many commute to and from downtown Seoul in approximately 30-40 minutes by cars using the Gyeongbu Expressway or Yongin-Seoul Expressway, the Bundang Line subway or metropolitan buses. A new subway called the DX Line with a maximum speed of 110km/h will open in October 2011, which will allow Yongin residents to travel even faster to downtown Seoul. The existing Bundang Line will extend further south to Giheung Station to be opened by December 2011, which will connect to the EverLine Rapid Transit System that extends all the way to Everland.
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Zonguldak Province
Zonguldak Province (Turkish: Zonguldak ili) is a province along the western Black Sea coast region of Turkey. The province is 3.481 km² in size and has a population of 619,703 Its adjacent provinces are Düzce to the southwest, Bolu to the south, Karabük to the southeast, and Bartın to the east. The capital is Zonguldak.
Since the discovery of coal in the province, Zonguldak has become a major coal production center.
Zonguldak province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Ilıksu, Kapuz, Göbü beaches, National Sovereignty Forest, Lake (Göl) Mountain, Plateau, Kocaman, Bostanözü, Çamlık, Baklabostan and Gürleyik forest recreation areas, Cumayanı, Kızılelma, Mencilis caves.
Ereğli Museum
Address: Atatürk Kültür Sitesi Ereğli - Zonguldak
Tel: (372) 312 03 62
Open Daily except Mondays: 08:00 - 16:30
Ereğli was founded during the 6th century B.C. by the Mariandynians, who were the successors of the Phrygians. Ereğli was an important commercial wharf (emperion), which takes its name from the famous mythic hero, Hercules (Heracles). The city preserved its importance during the Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman Empire periods. Important historical ruins in the region include the Acheron Valley ruins, in which the Cehennem Ağzı caverns are located, along with Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman ruins, Ereğli Castle, Heracles Palace, Çeştepe Lighthouse tower, Byzantine water cisterns, Krispos mausoleum, Byzantine church and Halil Paşa Mansion.
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Çanakkale Province
Çanakkale Province (Turkish: Çanakkale ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the northwestern part of the country. It takes its name from the town of Çanakkale.
Like Istanbul, Çanakkale province has a European (Thrace) and an Asian (Anatolia) part. The European part is formed by the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula, while the Asian part is largely coterminous with the historic region of Troad in Anatolia. They are separated by the Dardanelles strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.
The archaeological site of Troy is found in Çanakkale province.
In the early Turkish Republic, Çanakkale became into existence with the abolition of Biga's and Gelibolu's flags and the Canak villages, locating between Biga and Gallipoli, declearatin of province. According to a population census in 1927, Çanakkale had just 8,500 inhabitants, except its neighbouring villages. It is recorded that Çanakkale which was also called as "Hellespontos" and "Dardanelles" in ancient times, has accommodated to a lot of civilizations for about 3000 years. Even the Archaic Troy (Troia) city, where was governed by Lydians and destroyed by the devastating eathquake in 2500 BC, has ruins in today. In 336 BC, Persian Empire which became the crucial power in Anatolia and was conducted by Alexander the Great that aimed to extend ancient Greek all over the world, was defeated. Also with the ruin of the Anatolian beylik of Karesi, the most part territory of Canakkale was conquered in the Ottoman era, with the assistance of the castles in remuneration for helping to Byzantine Empire, locating Gelibolu. Afterwards, the Canakkale strait was given to the Ottoman Empire.
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Çankırı Province
Çankırı Province (Turkish: Çankırı ili) is a province of Turkey, which lies close to the capital, Ankara. The provincial capital is Çankırı.
Çankırı is primarily agricultural with wheat, beans, corn and tomatoes the most common crops.
Summers in Çankırı are very hot with low rain. Winters are very cold with rain and occasional snow.
Çankırı province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 40°44′08″N 33°21′58″E / 40.73556°N 33.36611°E / 40.73556; 33.36611
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Çorum Province
Çorum Province (Turkish: Çorum ili) is a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, but lying inland and having more characteristics of Central Anatolia than the Black Sea coast.
With important archaeological sites going back 5,000 years and a unique natural beauty, Çorum is attractive to visitors.
The province of Çorum is a mixture of mountains and high plateaus, some of it watered by the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak rivers. The province includes much attractive high meadow and mountain for walking and excursions from the city and towns.
Excavations reveal that Çorum area was inhabited during the Paleolithic, Neolithic period and the 4th stage of the Calcolithic Age. Remains of these periods have been found at Büyük Güllüce, Eskiyapar and Kuşsaray.
In later times Çorum and its environs were dominated by Hittites and in the district of Boğazkale is one of the most important Hittite sites in Anatolia, the UNESCO World Heritage listed Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire from 1700 BC to 1200 BC. Other important Hittite site include the open-air temples at Yazılıkaya and Alacahöyük; royal tombs; and the excavations of Boğazköy including tablets proving tradings links between the Hittites and the Ancient Egyptians.
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Şırnak Province
The Şırnak Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Şirnexê,Turkish: Şırnak ili ) is a Turkish province in southeastern Anatolia. It has a population of 430,109 (2010 est). The population was 353,197 in 2000.
Şırnak Province has some mountainous regions in the west and the south, but the majority of the province consists of plateaus, resulting from the many rivers that cross it. These include the Tigris, and its tributaries Hezil and Kızılsu, and also Çağlayan. The most important mountains are the Cudi (2089 m), the Gabar, the Namaz and the Altın. In some sources[who?], Cudi is cited as the site where Noah's Ark finally reached dry land.
Şırnak province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 37°26′58″N 42°34′28″E / 37.44944°N 42.57444°E / 37.44944; 42.57444
[[zh:
Şırnak gerçekte Doğu Anadolu bölegesindedir.
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Alp Arslan
Alp Arslan (Persian: آلپ ارسلان ālp arslān; Arabic: الب ارسلان alb arslān or آلب آرسلان ālb ārslān; 1029 – 15 December 1072) was the third sultan of the Seljuq dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty. His real name was Muhammad bin Da'ud Chaghri, and for his military prowess, personal valour, and fighting skills he obtained the surname آلپ ارسلان Alp Arslan, which means "Heroic Lion" in Turkic.
He succeeded his father Çağrı Bey as governor of Khorasan in 1059. When his uncle Tughril died he was succeeded by Suleiman, Alp Arslan's brother. Alp Arslan and his uncle Kutalmish both contested this succession. Alp Arslan defeated Kutalmish for the throne and succeeded on 27 April 1064 as sultan of Great Seljuq, and thus became sole monarch of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.
In consolidating his empire and subduing contending factions he was ably assisted by Nizam ul-Mulk, his vizier, and one of the most eminent statesmen in early Muslim history. With peace and security established in his dominions, he convoked an assembly of the states and declared his son Malik Shah I his heir and successor. With the hope of capturing Caesarea Mazaca, the capital of Cappadocia, he placed himself at the head of the Turkish cavalry, crossed the Euphrates and entered and invaded the city. He then marched into Armenia and Georgia, which he conquered in 1064.
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Arab people
Arab people, also known as Arabs (Arabic: عرب, ʿarab), are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity.
The word "Arab" has had several different, but overlapping, meanings over the centuries (and sometimes even today). In addition to including all Arabized people of the world (with language tending to be the acid test), it has also at times been used exclusively for bedouin (Arab nomads [although a related word, "`a-RAB," with the Arabic letter "alif" in the second syllable, once was sometimes used when this specific meaning was intended] and their now almost entirely settled descendants). It is sometimes used that way colloquially even today in some places. Townspeople once were sometimes called "sons of the Arabs." As in the case of other ethnicities or nations, people identify themselves (or are identified by others) as "Arabs" to varying degrees. This may not be one's primary identity (it tends to compete with country, religion, sect, etc.), and whether it is emphasized may depend upon one's audience.
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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
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Danishmendids
The Danishmend dynasty was a Turcoman dynasty that ruled in north-central and eastern Anatolia in the 11th and 12th centuries. The dynasty centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, they extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as Malatya, which they captured in 1103. In early 12th century, Danishmends were rivals of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, which controlled much of the territory surrounding the Danishmend lands, and they fought extensively with the Crusaders.
The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical information is rather scarce and was generally written long after his death.
His title or name, Dānishmand or more accurately Dāneshmand, means "learned man" in Persian: دانشمند . As of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title Melik (the King) bestowed in recognition of their military successes by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustarshid, although the Beys (Emirs) of Danishmend prior to 1134 may also be retrospectively referred to as Melik. Danishmend Gazi himself was alternatively called "Danishmend Taylu".
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Emperor Valerian I
Valerian (Latin: Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus; 193/195/200 – 260 or 264), also known as Valerian the Elder, was Roman Emperor from 253 to 260. He was taken captive by Persian king Shapur I after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the only Roman Emperor who was captured as a prisoner of war, resulting in wide-ranging instability across the Empire.
Unlike the majority of the pretenders during the Crisis of the Third Century, Valerian was of a noble and traditional senatorial family. Details of his early life are elusive, but for his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana, who gave him two sons: later emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Valerianus Minor.[citation needed]
He was Consul for the first time either before 238 as a Suffectus or in 238 as an Ordinarius. In 238 he was princeps senatus, and Gordian I negotiated through him for Senatorial acknowledgement for his claim as emperor. In 251, when Decius revived the censorship with legislative and executive powers so extensive that it practically embraced the civil authority of the emperor, Valerian was chosen censor by the Senate, though he declined to accept the post. Under Decius he was nominated governor of the Rhine provinces of Noricum and Raetia and retained the confidence of his predecessor, Trebonianus Gallus, who asked him for reinforcements to quell the rebellion of Aemilianus in 253. Valerian headed south, but was too late: Gallus's own troops had killed him and joined Aemilianus before his arrival. The Raetian soldiers then proclaimed Valerian emperor and continued their march towards Rome. At the time of his arrival in September or October, Aemilianus' legions defected, killing him and proclaiming Valerian emperor. In Rome, the Senate quickly acknowledged him, not only for fear of reprisals, but also because he was one of their own.
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Hittites
The Hittites were a Bronze Age Indo-European speaking people of Anatolia. They established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia c. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height c. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (in present-day Lebanon), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots. By the mid-14th century BC (under king Suppiluliuma I), they had carved out an empire that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. After c. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until the 8th century BC.
Their Hittite language was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. Natively, they referred to their land as Hatti, and to their language as Nesili (the language of Nesa). The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. Despite the use of "Hatti", the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the same region until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and spoke a non-Indo-European language known as Hattic.
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Justinian I
Justinian I ( /dʒʌˈstɪniən/) (Latin: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus, Ancient Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity and the last Roman Emperor to speak Latin as a first language, Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general Belisarius swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control.
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Kayqubad I
Kayqubad I (Arabic and Persian: علا الدين كيقباد بن كيكاوس, 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykā'ūs; Turkish: I. Alâeddin Keykûbad) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237. He expanded the borders of the sultanate at the expense of his neighbors, particularly the Mengujek emirate and the Ayyubids, and established a Seljuq presence on the Mediterranean with his acquisition of the port of Kalon Oros, later renamed Ala'iyya in his honor. He also brought the southern Crimea under Turkish control for a brief period as a result of a raid against the Black Sea port of Sudak. The sultan, sometimes styled "Kayqubad the Great", is remembered today for his rich architectural legacy and the brilliant court culture that flourished under his reign.
Kayqubad's reign represented the apogee of Seljuq power and influence in Anatolia, and Kayqubad himself was considered the most illustrious prince of the dynasty. In the period following the mid-13th century Mongol invasion, inhabitants of Anatolia frequently looked back on his reign as a golden age, while the new rulers of the Anatolian beyliks sought to justify their own authority through pedigrees traced to him.
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Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
wn.com/Mongols -
Muawiyah I
Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية ابن أبي سفيان Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān; 602 – 6 May 680) was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH. Muawiyah became a scribe for Muhammad, and during the first and second caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar, fought with the Muslims against the Byzantines in Syria.
When Uthman ibn Affan, a cousin of Muawiyah, became the third caliph, he appointed Muawiyah Governor of Syria. However when Ali was appointed the fourth and final Rashidun Caliph, he expelled Muawiyah from the Governorship. Muawiyah refused to obey Ali, and had some level of support from the Syrians in his rebelliousness, amongst whom he was a popular leader. Ali called for military action against Muawiyah, but the reaction of the political classes in Medina was not encouraging, and thus Ali deferred. Eventually Ali marched on Damascus and fought Muawiyah's supporters at the inconclusive Battle of Siffin (657 CE).
wn.com/Muawiyah_I -
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Seljuk dynasty
The House of Seljuq (Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqīyān; Turkish Selçuklular) also Seljuq Turks, were a Turco-PersianSunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. They established an empire, the Great Seljuq Empire, which at its height stretched from Anatolia through Persia and which was the target of the First Crusade. The dynasty had its origins in the Turcoman tribal confederations of Central Asia.
Prior to the ninth century, hordes of Turks had crossed the Volga River into the Black Sea steppes. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the Qinik (Kınık) Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral seas in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy, in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan. In the 10th century the Seljuqs migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and language in the following decades.
wn.com/Seljuk_dynasty -
Seljuk Turks
The House of Seljuq (Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqīyān; Turkish Selçuklular) also Seljuq Turks, were a Turco-PersianSunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. They established an empire, the Great Seljuq Empire, which at its height stretched from Anatolia through Persia and which was the target of the First Crusade. The dynasty had its origins in the Turcoman tribal confederations of Central Asia.
Prior to the ninth century, hordes of Turks had crossed the Volga River into the Black Sea steppes. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the Qinik (Kınık) Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral seas in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy, in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan. In the 10th century the Seljuqs migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and language in the following decades.
wn.com/Seljuk_Turks -
Seljuks
The Great Seljuq Empire (Turkish: Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Persian: دولت سلجوقیان) was a medieval Persianate,Turko-PersianSunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
The Seljuq empire was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037 after the efforts by the founder of the Seljuq dynasty, Seljuq Beg, back in the first quarter of the eleventh century. Seljuq Beg's father was in a higher position in the Oghuz Yabgu State, and gave his name both to the state and the dynasty. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the Eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. Highly Persianized in culture and language, the Seljuqs also played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. The Seljuqs conquest gave impetus to the progressive Turkicization of parts of Anatolia, Iran and the Caucasus.
wn.com/Seljuks -
Shapur I of Persia
Shapur I or also known as Shapur I the Great was the second Sassanid King of the Second Persian Empire. The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 – 270/72, but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent (together with his father) prior to his father's death in 242 (more probably than 240).
Shapur was the son of Ardashir I (r. 226–240 [died 242]), the founder of the Sassanid dynasty and whom Shapur succeeded. His mother was Lady Myrōd, who—according to legend—was an Arsacid princess. The Talmud cites a nickname for her, "Ifra Hurmiz", after her bewitching beauty.
Shapur accompanied his father's campaigns against the Parthians, who - at the time - still controlled much of the Iranian plateau through a system of vassal states that the Persian kingdom had itself previously been a part of. Before an assembly of magnates, Ardashir "judged him the gentlest, wisest, bravest and ablest of all his children" and nominated him as his successor. Shapur also appears as heir apparent in Ardashir's investiture inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rajab and Firuzabad. The Cologne Mani-Codex indicates that, by 240, Ardashir and Shapur were already reigning together. In a letter from Gordian III to his senate, dated to 242, the "Persian Kings" are referred to in the plural. Synarchy is also evident in the coins of this period that portray Ardashir facing his youthful son, and which are accompanied by a legend that indicates that Shapur was already referred to as king.
wn.com/Shapur_I_of_Persia -
Tiberius
Tiberius (Latin: Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD), was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder (from his marriage to Scribonia) and even later be adopted by Augustus, by which act he officially became a Julian, bearing the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. The subsequent emperors after Tiberius would continue this blended dynasty of both families for the next forty years; historians have named it the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In relations to the other emperors of this dynasty, Tiberius was the stepson of Augustus, great-uncle of Caligula, paternal uncle of Claudius, and great-great uncle of Nero.
Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men." After the death of Tiberius’ son Drusus Julius Caesar in 23 he became more reclusive and aloof. In 26, against better judgement, Tiberius exiled himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefects Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro. Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor upon his death.
wn.com/Tiberius
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Kayseri 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Kayseri2011 Kayseri 2011 Yolunuz acik olsun !
http://wn.com/Kayseri_2011
KAYSERİ-ABDAL (H.TOLGA İLHAN) KONSERİ-EVRENSEL 18 YAŞINDA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
facebook sayfası: www.facebook.com Evrensel Gazetesi'nin 18. yılında dayanışma amacıyla bir araya geliyoruz. ABDAL- Haluk Tolga İlhan türküleri eşliğinde buluşuyoruz. YER: İL ÖZEL İDARE SALONU (Cezaevi karşısı) TARİH: 22 ARALIK CUMARTESİ SAAT: 18,00 DAVETİYE İÇİN İLETİŞİM: 0507 762 80 98 ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLETİŞİM: 05455040607 PROGRAM: -Mikail Kandöker ve grubu -ABDAL-HALUK TOLGA İLHAN www.evrensel.net http www.gazetekayseri.org http
http://wn.com/KAYSERİ-ABDAL_HTOLGA_İLHAN_KONSERİ-EVRENSEL_18_YAŞINDA
Antioxidan ft Taylan- Kayseri underground
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
daha fazlası için www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Antioxidan_ft_Taylan_Kayseri_underground
Kayseri'yi Sallayan Pastırma Reklamı
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Kayseri'yi_Sallayan_Pastırma_Reklamı
Hacı Murat Reklamı KAYSERİ Versiyonu :)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
kayseri versiyonu hacı murat reklamı
http://wn.com/Hacı_Murat_Reklamı_KAYSERİ_Versiyonu_
Interesting CCTV captures from Kayseri Turkey2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 30 Apr 2012
http://wn.com/Interesting_CCTV_captures_from_Kayseri_Turkey2
KAYSERİ - Anadolunun Avrupası (Anatolian europe)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Güzel memleketimiz, doğunun yada anadolunun avrupası kayseri şehrimizle ilgili, resimlerden oluşan ve kubat'ın sesiyle okunan gesi bağları isimli şarkımızla size sunulmuştur. Teşekkürler...
http://wn.com/KAYSERİ_Anadolunun_Avrupası_Anatolian_europe
Kayseri Tanıtımı
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:10
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
mekan360.com, şehirlerimiz, kayseri, kayseri tanıtımı
http://wn.com/Kayseri_Tanıtımı
www.kayseritv.com KAYSERİ MOBESE KAZALARI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
www.kayseritv.com KAYSERİ MOBESE KAZALARI
http://wn.com/wwwkayseritvcom_KAYSERİ_MOBESE_KAZALARI
yoğun istek üzerine, duygularını pastırma 2 :)) kayseri pastırma reklamı 2. tahsin hasoğlu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
materazzi italyaya döner ama hep birşeyler eksiktir.iştahsızlık nedeniyle hastaneye kaldırılan materazzinin pastırmatik hikayesi. ..:) www.facebook.com/tahsinhasoglu www.twitter.com/tahsinhasoglu
http://wn.com/yoğun_istek_üzerine,_duygularını_pastırma_2_kayseri_pastırma_reklamı_2_tahsin_hasoğlu
Kayseri Hava İndirme Paraşüt Atlayışı
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Kayseri Hava İndirme Paraşüt Atlayışı
http://wn.com/Kayseri_Hava_İndirme_Paraşüt_Atlayışı
IZIN YOLU 2012 KAYSERI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:37
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Cikis:29/06/2012 Saat:21:30 Araclar: 1- BMW 330d 220ps 2- Audi A4 2.7 Tdi 180ps istikamet: Kayseri Rabbim butun gurbetcilermizin yolunu acik etsin insallah.
http://wn.com/IZIN_YOLU_2012_KAYSERI
Kayseri'de Mobeseye Takılanlar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Kayseri de mobese kameralarına takılan ilginç kazalar ve Emniyet Müdürlüğünün caddelerde takip ettikleri ilginç kareler. Detaylı bilgi aşağıda ki linkte; blog.selcukoksuz.com
http://wn.com/Kayseri'de_Mobeseye_Takılanlar
KAYSERİ 78'LİLER,,, 12 EYLÜL 1980 ÖNCESİ KAYSERİ'DE YAŞANANLAR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 04 May 2012
KAYSERİ 78'LİLER,,, 12 EYLÜL 1980 ÖNCESİ KAYSERİ'DE YAŞANANLAR Taç düğün salonunda gösterine sineviyon Gösterisi- Yeni Kayseri Gazetesine Teşekkürler...
http://wn.com/KAYSERİ_78'LİLER,,,_12_EYLÜL_1980_ÖNCESİ_KAYSERİ'DE_YAŞANANLAR
Dedikleriniz 95. Bölüm Kayseri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:48
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
Trt Okul'da Yayınlanan Dedikleriniz Programının Kayseri'de çekilen 95. Bölümü www.facebook.com/dedikleriniz
http://wn.com/Dedikleriniz_95_Bölüm_Kayseri
Kayseri Sivas Caddesi Turu 2012 ( Kayseri Forum & Kayseri Park )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Kayseri'deki turlarimiza bir tur daha ekledik ;) Her yil Kayserimiz daha da gelisiyor, allah kem gozlulerden korusun ;)
http://wn.com/Kayseri_Sivas_Caddesi_Turu_2012_Kayseri_Forum_Kayseri_Park_
FORUM KAYSERI AVM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Forum Kayseri şehrin merkezinde, eski şehir stadyum arsasında yer almaktadır. Şehir merkezinden geçen ana ulaşım ağı ve köprülü kavşaklar ile kesişen konumu itibariyle proje kusursuz bir erişilebilirliğe sahiptir. 75500 m²'lik arsa alanı üzerinde geliştirilecek olan Forum Kayseri konumu ile perakende sektörü için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kayseri, kentsel gelişim itibariyle yoğun konut yapılaşmasına sahiptir. Ulaşım ağının planlı ve kentleşmenin kompakt bir yapıya sahip olması, şehrin her noktasından proje alanına kolaylıkla ulaşımı mümkün kılmaktadır. Projenin hizmet bölgesi 1 milyonu aşan ve hızla artan nüfusa sahip şehrin tamamını kapsamakta ve yakın çevre etki alanı da göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, alışveriş merkezine yaklaşık yılda 9 milyon kişilik düzenli bir ziyaretçi akımı sağlanması beklenmektedir. Forum Kayseri, havaalanı-Erciyes güzergahı ve yeni yapılan raylı sistem güzergahı üzerinde olması, şehrin konut ve ticaret kullanımlarının birleşme noktalarında bulunması nedeni ile yalnızca Kayseri ili için değil aynı zamanda yakın mesafedeki Sivas, Yozgat, Niğde, Kırşehir ve Nevşehir gibi çevre iller için de bir ticaret, sosyal ve kültürel cazibe merkezi haline gelecektir. Yaklaşık 64.000 m² kiralanabilir alana sahip olacak dört katlı projede, hipermarket, ulusal ve uluslararası çeşitli markaların yer aldığı mağazalar, sinemalar, restoranlar ve parkların yanı sıra 2.000 araçlık açık ve kapalı otopark da yer alacaktır. Konut, alışveriş merkezi ve daha birçok ünitenin ...
http://wn.com/FORUM_KAYSERI_AVM
E92 3.20d 184hp stock Vs Scirocco 160hp Man Milltek&İTG Filter @Kayseri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
E92 Stock Scirocco 160 Man: Milltek decat Race exhaust İTG Cai Stock Yazılım
http://wn.com/E92_320d_184hp_stock_Vs_Scirocco_160hp_Man_Milltek&İTG_Filter_@Kayseri
European Championships Hanggliding Kayseri, Turkey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Compilation of different days during the European Hanggliding Championships in Kayseri, Turkey. Music by Mr. Michael "Pelican" Helms Music Production by Mr. Wayne Yentis
http://wn.com/European_Championships_Hanggliding_Kayseri,_Turkey
BURNOUT TEAM KAYSERİ (PARTY-2 Video;©ßy ş€kiL)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/BURNOUT_TEAM_KAYSERİ_PARTY-2_Video;©ßy_ş€kiL
Coca Cola Yeni Yıl Reklamı (Kayseri Version) - Efe Dami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
2011 yılında yapılan bir araştırmaya göre; Ödenemeyen her faturaya karşı, 9 hesabın bakiyesi sıfır. 1 lüks menüye karşılık, 23 tavuk dürüm yeniyor Satılan 1 lüks otomobile karşı, otobüsü kaçıran 632 kişi var Ayda 49 lira ayıramadığı için, derbiyi radyodan dinleyen 5 milyon kişi var Yeni bir film vizyona girerken, gnctrkcll şifresi arayan 3 milyon genç var Her saha kapatma cezasına karşı, dostca biten 60 bin halı saha maçı var Satılan 1 iphone'a karşılık, kalın uçlu şarj aleti arayan 857 kişi var 2.5 litrelik kola ve pet bardakla tasarruf yapan, milyonlarca öğrenci var Daha iyi bir dünyaya inanmak için pek çok nedeniniz var ?!?!!!? Yönetmen Tahsin Hasoğlu Post Production Efe Dami Aslantaş
http://wn.com/Coca_Cola_Yeni_Yıl_Reklamı_Kayseri_Version_Efe_Dami
BURNOUT TEAM KAYSERİ (PARTY-1 Video;©ßY ş€kiL)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 30 May 2012
http://wn.com/BURNOUT_TEAM_KAYSERİ_PARTY-1_Video;©ßY_ş€kiL
Kayseri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
A wonderful city in the centre of Turkey. Ideal for traveling!!! Please vote. Thanks! Lütfen oyunuzu verin. Tesekkürler!
http://wn.com/Kayseri
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
NZ Herald
14 Nov 2012
Gliding over Turkey, Phoebe Falconer resists reaching out to the intriguing rocks sweeping by. It's 5.30am on a clear, pale blue morning. The view from our hotel window in Goreme in central Cappadocia is of quiet streets, sparse traffic and even fewer pedestrians. At least, it should be quiet. But in the distance is a roar, not unlike a jet engine...(size: 4.7Kb)
noodls
04 Nov 2012
04.11.2012 22:02 Galatasaray Women's basketball team lost to Kayseri Kaski by 6 points with a score of 70 points against 64 in the third week of the Turkey Women's Basketball League at the Istanbul Abdi İpekçi Gymnasium on Sunday, November 4. Quarter 1: 21 - 16 Quarter 2: 16 - 22 (37 - 38) Quarter 3: 20 -...(size: 2.0Kb)
Canada Newswire
29 Oct 2012
VANCOUVER, Oct. 29, 2012 /CNW/ - Pasinex Resources Limited (CNSX : PSE) or (the "Company" or "Pasinex") is pleased to announce that the Company, through its wholly owned Turkish subsidiary, Pasinex Arama ve Madencilik AS, has completed the signing of a 50/50 joint venture agreement with Turkish mining company, Akmetal AS. The new joint venture...(size: 6.9Kb)
noodls
22 Oct 2012
LUANDA (FIBA) - His playing career lasted a very long time but as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end. And so it has for Miguel Lutonda, a point guard who helped Angola capture three Afrobasket titles and was a fierce competitor at the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games, and the 2002, 2006 and2010 FIBA World Championships. The veteran...(size: 3.7Kb)
CNBC
19 Oct 2012
(All times are provisional and in GMT. For local time, add three hours. This diary is updated every day, and new listings or amendments are marked "*".) KEY INDICATORS DATE GMT/LOCAL INDICATOR PERIOD PRIOR 22/10 1130/1430 CPI forecast 2 week 7.31% 22/10 1400/1700 Debt stock Sept 528.1b 23/10 1130/1430 Capacity usage Oct 74.0% 23/10 1130/1430...(size: 5.7Kb)
noodls
18 Oct 2012
Attending the activities of the Promotion Days of the Ancient City of Kayseri which were held at Ankara Chamber of Commerce (ATO) Congressium, President Abdullah Gül, during his speech, acclaimed Kayseri with the following words: "Kayseri, which is noted for industry and trade, has recently become a center of education with its four universities...(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
18 Oct 2012
Attending the activities as part of the Promotion Days of the Ancient City of Kayseri held at ATO Congressium, President Gül, when asked a question as to his reception of some of the deputies of the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), said it would be wrong to infer a...(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
12 Oct 2012
First Lady Hayrünnisa Gül, delivering an address during the 5th Talking Book Festival under her patronage, reiterated that a society's education level, cultural richness and bonds with arts and books are the foundation of a country's cultural heritage and stressed that today they need more than ever a generation that reads, produces and constantly...(size: 4.8Kb)
MSNBC
12 Oct 2012
(All times are provisional and in GMT. For local time, add three hours. This diary is updated every day, and new listings or amendments are marked "*".) KEY INDICATORS DATE GMT/LOCAL INDICATOR PERIOD PRIOR 15/10 0700/1000 Unemployment July 8.0% 16/10 0700/1000 Consumer confidence Sept 91.1 18/10 1100/1400 Interest rates Oct 5.75% 22/10 1130/1430...(size: 20.2Kb)
Sun Sentinel
11 Oct 2012
KAYSERI, Turkey (Reuters) - Turkey said on Thursday it had stopped supplying Syria with electricity, but officials said the decision was due to problems with its neighbor's network and not a political decision to cut it off. Turkey, an outspoken critic of the Syrian government's 19-month crackdown of a popular uprising, has said it will not cut...(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
11 Oct 2012
Pegasus Airlines boosts long haul network from the UK as Dubai launches on 18 October 2012 Turkey's best-known low-cost carrier Pegasus Airlines continues to expand its international flight network with the hot new destination of Dubai, making it Pegasus' 58th. Booking is open now for the four-times-a-week flights from London Stansted via...(size: 3.8Kb)
MSNBC
11 Oct 2012
KAYSERI, Turkey (Reuters) - Syria had stopped electricity imports from Turkey while it repairs its power network and there is no political reason for the interruption of the supplies, which last year met a fifth of Syrian needs, Turkish officials said. Turkey, a strong critic of the Syrian government's 19-month-old crackdown on a popular uprising,...(size: 16.0Kb)
MSNBC
11 Oct 2012
(Adds company quote) KAYSERI, Turkey, Oct 11 (Reuters) - Syria had stopped electricity imports from Turkey while it repairs its power network and there is no political reason for the interruption of the supplies, which last year met a fifth of Syrian needs, Turkish officials said. Turkey, a strong critic of the Syrian government's 19-month-old...(size: 16.6Kb)
"Caesarea Mazaca" redirects here. For other locations with similar names, see Caesarea (disambiguation).
| Kayseri | |
|---|---|
| — City — | |
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|
 Kayseri
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| Coordinates: 38°44′N 35°29′E / 38.733°N 35.483°E / 38.733; 35.483Coordinates: 38°44′N 35°29′E / 38.733°N 35.483°E / 38.733; 35.483 | |
| Country |  Turkey |
| Region | Central Anatolia |
| Province | Kayseri |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mehmet Özhaseki (AKP) |
| Elevation | 1,050 m (3,440 ft) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • Metro | 1.064.164 |
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) |
| • Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) |
| Postal code | 38x xx |
| Area code(s) | (+90) 352 |
| Licence plate | 38 |
| Website | www.kayseri.bel.tr www.kayseri.gov.tr |
Kayseri (pronounced [kajˈseɾi]) is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. In conjunction with the addition of new districts and first stage municipalities into the metropolitan area, the city's population, which was 690,000 in 2000, was over 1,050,000 as of 2010,[1] making it the seventh most populous city in Turkey.
Kayseri is located at the foot of the extinct volcano Mount Erciyes that towers 3916 m over the city. Its inhabitants (Kayserili) are renowned for their alertness, entrepreneurial spirit and a strict understanding regarding the management of economies, the last point having been the subject of more than a few legends in Turkey.wealth of the city itself is a blend of modernity and conservatism. The city is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's cities that fit the definition of Anatolian Tigers.[2]
Renowned for its culinary specialties such as mantı, pastirma and sucuk, the city is also rich in historical monuments (dating especially from the Seljuk period). While it is generally visited en-route to the international tourist attractions of Cappadocia, Kayseri has many visitor's attractions by its own right; Seljuk and Ottoman era monuments in and around the center, Mount Erciyes as trekking and alpinism center, Zamantı River as rafting center, the historic sites of Kültepe, Ağırnas, Talas and Develi to name a few. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Kayseri was originally called Mazaka or Mazaca by the Hattians. It was changed to Eusebia after Ariarathes V Eusebes, King of Cappadocia (163–130 BCE). It was changed again by Archelaus (d. 17 CE), last King of Cappadocia (36 BCE–14 CE) and a Roman vassal, to "Caesarea in Cappadocia" (to distinguish it from other cities with the name Caesarea in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus, upon his death in 14 CE. When the Muslim Arabs arrived, they slightly modified the name into Kaisariyah, and this eventually became Kayseri when the Seljuk Turks took control of the city in circa 1080 CE, remaining as such ever since.[3]
History[link]
Kayseri has been a continuous settlement since 3000 BCE with the establishment of the ancient trading colony of Kultepe (Ash Mountain) which associated with Hittites. The city has always been a vital trade center since it is located on major trade routes, particularly along what was called the Great Silk Road. Kültepe, one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor, lies nearby.
As Mazaca, the city served as the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city.
The city's name was changed to Elimtesaria in honor of the Cappadocian king Ariathes V (163–130 BCE). The name was changed again to Caesarea by the last Cappadocian King Archelaus[3] or perhaps by Tiberius.[4]
Caesarea stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes (Mons Argaeus in ancient times). The site, now called the old town, diplays only a few traces from the old town. It was destroyed by the Sassanid king Shapur I after his victory over the Emperor Valerian I in 260. At the time it was recorded to have around 400,000 inhabitants. In the 4th century, bishop Basil established an ecclesiastical centre on the plain, about one mile to the northeast, which gradually supplanted the old town. A portion of Basil's new city was surrounded with strong walls and turned into a fortress by Justinian.
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The Arab general (and later the first Umayyad Caliph) Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from the Byzantines temporarily in 647.[5] The city was called Kaisariyah by the Arabs and later Kayseri[3] when it was captured shortly by the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan in 1064. It became one of the most prominent centers of initially the Danishmendids (1074–1178), and later the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (1178–1243), until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city became Ottoman in the 15th century.
Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating back to 2000 BCE, was when the city was a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (200 - 300). The third golden age was during the reign of Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state.
The 1500-year-old castle, built initially by the Byzantines and expanded by the Seljuks and Ottomans, is still standing in good condition in the central square of the city. The short-lived Seljuk rule left large number of historical landmarks; historical buildings such as the Hunad Hatun Mosque complex, Kilij Arslan[disambiguation needed ] Mosque, The Grand Mosque[disambiguation needed ] and Gevher Nesibe Hospital. The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai (where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan) dates from around 1500. The town's older districts (which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries) were subjected to wholesale demolitions starting in the 1970s.[6] The city is famous for its carpet sellers, and a range of carpets and rugs can be purchased reasonably ranging from new to 50 or more years old.
In the 4th century the city became central to early Christianity when St. Basil the Great established an ecclesiastical centre here.[2]. It is a Roman Catholic titular see[7] and was the seat of an Armenian diocese.[8]
The building that hosts the Kayseri lyceum was arranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army had advanced very close to Ankara, the base of the Turkish National Movement.
Climate[link]
Kayseri has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa) featuring a semi-arid climate (according to the Köppen climate classification BSk), consisting of very cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers with cool nights due to Kayseri's high elevation. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn, yet precipitation is generally low throughout the year.
| Climate data for Kayseri | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
40.7 (105.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
17.82 (64.07) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1 (30.2) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.04 (37.48) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.1 (−18.6) |
−28.4 (−19.1) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−28.4 (−19.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33.6 (1.323) |
33.6 (1.323) |
42.5 (1.673) |
57.2 (2.252) |
56.6 (2.228) |
35.9 (1.413) |
14.3 (0.563) |
8.5 (0.335) |
12.9 (0.508) |
34.8 (1.37) |
37.2 (1.465) |
39.0 (1.535) |
406.1 (15.988) |
| % humidity | 76 | 72 | 62 | 58 | 56 | 50 | 44 | 44 | 47 | 58 | 69 | 77 | 59.4 |
| Avg. rainy days | 11.6 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 8.4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 11.6 | 109.1 |
| Avg. snowy days | 9 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 36 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 89.9 | 112 | 151.9 | 183 | 254.2 | 309 | 362.7 | 350.3 | 270 | 201.5 | 138 | 80.6 | 2,503.1 |
| Source no. 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Weather2[10] | |||||||||||||
Political structure[link]
The city of Kayseri consists of the following metropolitan districts:
| Name |
|---|
| Akkışla |
| Bünyan |
| Develi |
| Felâhiye |
| Hacılar |
| İncesu |
| Kocasinan |
| Melikgâzi |
| Özvatan |
| Pınarbaşı |
| Sarıoğlan |
| Sarız |
| Talas |
| Tomarza |
| Yahyâlı |
| Yeşilhisar |
Economy[link]
Kayseri received notable public investments in the 1920s and 1930s. Sumer Textile and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasi (airplane manufacturer) were set up here during the post Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft "made in Turkey" in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants became transformed into countrywide capitalists. Families such as Sabancı, Has, Dedeman, Hattat, Kurmel, Özyeğin, Karamanlargil and Ozilhan who started out as small-scale merchants in the city of Kayseri became prominent actors in the Turkish economy. These families set up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana, nevertheless often coming back to Kayseri to invest.
Thanks to the economic liberalization policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructures, the city achieved a remarkable industrial growth since 2000 and is one of the key cities that characterizes the class of Anatolian Tigers, with a favorable environment present especially for small and medium enterprises. Some social scientists trace this economic success to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism" which they say is taking root in Kayseri.[11]
Transport[link]
The city is served by Erkilet International Airport and the International Air Transport Association symbol for the airport is ASR. The airport is at a short distance from Kayseri center. There are several flights per day to Istanbul, Turkey's premium air transportation hub. Since the air transportation industry in Turkey is presently registering a fast growth rate, new flights from Kayseri to several other localities in Turkey and outside Turkey are soon to be expected.
Kayseri is connected to the rest of country with railroad service. There are four trains per day to Ankara. To the east there are two branches: one to Kars and Doğukapi toward Armenia, and another to Tatvan on the west shore of Lake Van.
Since the city is located in central Turkey, transportation via cars and buses are highly efficient. It takes approximately 3 hours to reach Ankara, approximately 3 hours to Mediterranean shores and 45 minutes to Cappadocia. The symbol of the city, Mount Erciyes, which is a notable ski center in winters and a trekker's paradise in summers, is at only 30 minutes' drive from the city centre.
The transportation within the city relies mainly on buses, and personal vehicles. A light rail transit system called Kayseray has constructed end of the 2009.[specify]
Sports[link]
The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Turkish football: Kayserispor, playing in the Turkcell Super League. It is the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2007. Another team from the region, Kayseri Erciyesspor, was relegated to the second league last year.
The Erciyes Ski Centre at Mount Erciyes is one of the largest in Turkey.
Sports venues[link]
- Kadir Has Stadium is a new generation post-modern stadium and as part of the Atatürk Sports Complex; it is located in the outskirts of the city. It will hold at least 33,000 people and it is totally covered. It is shared by the two Kayserian football clubs, as before, and the Kadir Has Stadium is the new home for both teams. The stadium and surrounding sports complex are served by the Light-rail system, Kayseray, making access to the complex easier for traveling locals. It was completed in early 2009. The inauguration of stadium was made with a Kayserispor – Fenerbahce league match.
- Kadir Has Sports Arena is an indoor arena complex, which was opened in 2008. It has an seating capacity of 7,200 people. The arena was one of the venues of the 2010 FIBA World Championship.
Education[link]
Kayseri High School (Kayseri Lisesi), established in 1893, is one of the oldest high schools in Turkey. Küçükçalık Anatolian High School (Kayseri Anadolu Lisesi), established in 1984, which is providing education in English, is among the first ones in Turkey. In 2000, the private Kılıçarslan High School in Kayseri and Anatoli College in Thessaloniki became sister schools.
The city's largest university, Erciyes University, was founded in 1978 and is a continuation of a number of schools founded in 1206 and 1956.[12] The city also has a newly established state university, Abdullah Gül University; and two private universities, Melikşah University and Nuh Naci Yazgan University.
Notable Kayserians[link]
See List of people from Kayseri
International relations[link]
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
Twin towns — Sister cities[link]
Kayseri is twinned with: (in alphabetical order)
Homs, Syria
Sialkot, Pakistan[13]
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Krefeld, Germany
Nalchik, Russia- Saarbrücken, Germany
Yongin, South Korea
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnks = &report = turkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF&p_kod = 1&desformat = html&ENVID = adnksEnv (TÜİK)
- ^ ESI. Full text "Islamic Calvinists: Change and Conservatism in Central Anatolia". European Stability Initiative, Berlin. http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_69.pdf Full text. Retrieved 2005-09-19.
- ^ a b c Everett-Heath, John (2005). = Main&entry = t209.e3530 "Kayseri". Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview = Main&entry = t209.e3530. Retrieved 12 1 1 2007.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116.
- ^ [1] Traditional houses in Kayseri
- ^ "Caesarea in Cappadocia". Catholic Hierarchy. http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d3c20.html.
- ^ "Caesarea". Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm.
- ^ http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=KAYSERI
- ^ http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Turkey/Kayseri/climate-profile.aspx?month=12
- ^ http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=69
- ^ http://i-cias.com/e.o/kayseri.htm
- ^ http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/15-Jan-2010/Punjab-Turkey-sign-four-MoUs
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
