Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a doctoral degree in law. The application of the term varies from country to country, and includes degrees such as the J.D., LL.D., Ph.D., S.J.D, and Dr. iur.

By country[link]

Argentina[link]

In Argentina the Doctor of Laws or Doctor of Juridical Sciences is the highest academic qualification in the field of Jurisprudence.^[1] To obtain the doctoral degree the applicant must have previously achieved, at least the undergraduate degree of Attorney.^[2] (Título de Abogado). The doctorates in Jurisprudence in Argentina might have different denominations as is described as follow:

• Doctorate in Law (Offered by the U of BA, NU of the L, and NU of R)
• Doctorate in Criminal Law
• Doctorate in Criminal Law and Criminal Sciences
• Doctorate in Juridical Sciences
• Doctorate in Juridical and Social Sciences (Offered by the NU of C)
• Doctorate in Private Law (Offered by the NU of T)
• Doctorate in Public Law and Government Economics (Offered by the NU of T)

Brazil[link]

In Brazil, the Doctor of Laws degree, known in Portuguese as Doutor em Direito or Doutor em Ciências Jurídicas, is the highest academic degree in law available.

In some of the country's most important universities there is a higher title known as Livre docência, like the habilitation in some European countries. However, this higher title is not a degree in the strict sense, because "livre docência" nowadays is an internal title, that applies solely within the institution granting it.

In the past, "livre docência" was a degree in the fullness of the term, and a professor bearing the title would enjoy the privileges of "livre docência" if he transferred from one institution to another; there are still living professors who hold the "old" livre docência degrees; but all new titles of that name only confer privileges within the institution granting it.

The doctoral degree is awarded upon the completion and the successful defense of a thesis prepared by the doctoral candidate under the supervision of a tutor. The thesis must be examined by a board of five professors, holders of the title of doctor or of a "livre docência". Two of the members of the board must be professors from another institution. In most Brazilian Law Schools, the candidates are also required to earn a minimum number of credits.

Unlike the rules of other countries, the Brazilian norms governing the grant of doctoral titles do not require the publication of the thesis as a precondition for the award of the degree. Nevertheless, copies of the thesis must be delivered to the institution's library. Usually, doctoral thesis are published by specialized editors after the grant of the doctoral title.

If one obtains a doctoral title in a foreign country, one cannot enjoy the academic privileges of the title in Brazil unless the title be first validated by a Brazilian University. In that case, the doctor asking for the validation of the title will present his thesis and other documents relating to his foreign doctoral course to a board examiners of the Brazilian University and the examiners will then pass judgement on whether the work done by the candidate adheres to the minimum standards of quality that are usually required by a Brazilian university when granting doctoral degrees.

Admission to doctoral courses is almost universally reserved to holders of a Master's degree (the Master's in Brazil is a graduate degree and is not the first professional degree). Therefore, a bachelor of Laws (a bearer of the first professional degree), seeking the degree of doctor must usually complete a postgraduate course to attain the degree of Master of Laws (to attain that degree one must write and defend a dissertation before a panel of three professors, bearing the title of master, doctor or a "livre docência, and also complete credits), and only then, after being a Master of Laws, one will apply for admission to a doctoral course.

There are, however, a few universities that allow "direct" admission to the doctoral course without previous completion of the Master's course in exceptional circumstances. Thus, in rare cases, a bachelor of Laws (i.e., a holder of the first professional degree), can be admitted directly to a doctoral course.

Usually, one is allowed three years time to complete a Master of Laws degree, and four years time to complete the doctoral course. So, if one were to graduate from Law School and immediately enter a Master of Laws course and a Doctor of Laws course in immediate succession, that person would become a doctor about seven years after graduating from the Law School. On the other hand, in the rare cases in which a bachelor of Laws is allowed to pursue a "direct" doctorate, he is usually allowed five years time to complete the doctoral course.

Unlike the Master of Laws dissertation, the Doctoral Thesys must contain an original contribution to the field of Law under study.

Canada[link]

In Canada, there are two law-related doctorates: the Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), the academic doctorate degree, and the Doctor of Jurisprudence (Juris Doctor or J.D.), the professional degree.

The first law degree was known until recently as the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.). However, since law schools in Canada generally insist on a prior degree or some equivalent in order to grant admission, it was a more advanced degree than the LL.B. degrees awarded by programs abroad, which would accept high school graduates.^[3] The majority of Canadian universities now grant that degree rather than the LL.B.;^[4] the University of Saskatchewan replaced its LL.B. with a J.D. in 2010, because the Canadian LL.B. is exactly equivalent to the J.D.^[5]

All Canadian J.D. programs are three years, and all (except those in Quebec) have similar mandatory first-year courses: In "public," "constitutional," or "state" law; tort law; contract law; criminal law, and some sort of "professional practice" course. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective, with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, and Aboriginal law.

After the first law degree, one may pursue a second, the Masters of Laws (LL.M.) and after that, the Doctor of Law (LL.D.), at some Canadian universities. (The LL.D. is awarded by several universities only as an honorary degree, but when awarded by a law school is an earned degree). Of the universities in Canada that offer earned academic doctorates in law, four (University of Ottawa,^[6] University of Montreal,^[7] Laval University,^[8] and University of Quebec at Montreal^[9]) offer LL.Ds, three (University of British Columbia,^[10] Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, and University of Victoria^[11]) offer Ph.Ds, two (University of Toronto,^[12] and Dalhousie University^[13]) offer J.S.D./S.J.D degrees (Doctor of Laws), and one (McGill University^[14]) offers a D.C.L (Doctor of Civil Law). The differences largely reflect the divide between Canada's two legal systems (the common law and the civil law). Faculties that teach in the civil law tradition grant LL.D degrees, whereas those in the common law tradition grant either Ph.Ds or J.S.Ds.

Czech Republic and Slovakia (former Czechoslovakia)[link]

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the Doctor is a postgraduate degree in two types - as a traditional so-called small doctorate (JUDr) and much important PhD doctorate.

JUDr (Juris Utrisque Doctor) is a degree with tradition of few centuries, originally the highest possible degree. Nowadays, its scholar importancy is quite limited but it serves as traditional and popular badge degree especially useful for attorneys. In older times with no Master degree, JUDr. served as only law degree, somehow similar to master+special exam. Nowadays, it is disputable, if JUDr. is longer a law degree or only a law title, since it is not bounded with any special studies at the university. Requirements for obtaining JUDr degree are Master (Mgr.) degree in law, to write a thesis and to pass an oral exam called rigorosum. Also the thesis is sometimes called rigorosum. JUDr is nowadays basically degree (title) of legal professionals and has no scholar value, especially not in comparison with PhD. Many JUDr. theses are just slightly changed or extended Master theses.

Doctoral studies leading to PhD degree are quite different from JUDr exam. PhD studies are internal (PhD student is at the same time teacher at the University) which lasts 3 years and external up to 8 years long. PhD. students are obliged to pass some exams during the studies and before all to work on their dissertation. The PhD is intended basically for candidates interested in an academic career.

Czech system is in many way similar to German and Austrian. Therefore, PhD. degree is necessary for habilitation procedure. Through habilitation, to doctor of law who submits his Habilitation work (similar to German Habilitationsschrift) can be given a capacity and title of Docent (Doc.), similar to German Dozent, Privatdozent or US Assistant Professor. Docent is not a degree, but a scholar title.

Only Docent can be appointed Professor through another special procedure. Unlike Germany (and unlike own Czech tradition), Professor is not a function (a seat, Cathedra) at the University, but just a scholar title. This leads to many problems, especially to the phenomenon of so-called flying professors, who are teaching at two or three universities at the same time and to the decline of academic life.

European and Commonwealth usage[link]

In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, the degree is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. Some universities, such as the University of Oxford, award a Doctor of Civil Law degree instead. In South Africa, the LL.D. is awarded by many university law faculties as the highest degree in law, also based upon research and completion of a Ph.D. equivalent dissertation like in most European countries. The LL.D. may also be awarded as an honorary degree based upon a person's contributions to society.

Finland[link]

In Finland, the Doctor of Laws (Finnish: Oikeustieteen tohtori, OTT) is the highest academic degree in law, based on 60 credits of course studies and, most importantly, successful completion of a doctoral dissertation. The dissertation usually takes the form of a monograph at least of 250 pages in length, or of a series of published articles. A successful oral disputation is also required. It usually takes at least four years to complete the degree.

The degree of the Doctor of Laws does not qualify its holder for judicial offices. Instead, the degree of the Master of Laws (Finnish: Oikeustieteen maisteri) is the requirement for the membership of the Finnish Bar Association and for judicial offices. As the doctoral programs for the doctoral degree are, in principle, open for the holders of all master's degrees, the possession of the degree of the Doctor of Laws is not a guarantee for the possession of the Master of Laws -degree. However, it is very seldom that someone who has not graduated in law graduates for a doctor of law.

France[link]

In France the Doctor of Law degree (doctorat en droit also called doctorat d'État) was an higher doctorate in the fields of law supersed in 1984 by the habilitation. The reseach degree in law is now a PhD, followed in many case by an agrégation exam. Only the master of law is necessary to pass the bar exam.

Germany[link]

The Doctor of Laws (Doktor der Rechte) is the terminal degree in law, abbreviated as Dr. iur. (Doctor iuris) or Dr. jur. (Doctor juris). The terminology varies: while most universities refer to the degree as Doctor of Laws (Doktor der Rechte (pl.), e.g. Munich, Münster, Berlin (HU), Cologne, Tübingen, Göttingen), some others refer to it either as Doctor of Jurisprudence (Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft, e.g. Heidelberg) or Doctor of Law (Doktor des Rechts (sg.), e.g. Berlin (FU)). It is conferred based on a thesis consisting of a suitable body of original academic research, and an oral examination (rigorosum or disputation). The thesis must have been published as a book or - less common - as a series of articles in a peer reviewed law journal before the degree can be formally conferred. Admission usually requires the grade of "Fully Satisfactory" (approximately top quintile of class) in the student's first Staatsexamen (the Master's level first professional degree). Having successfully passed the second Staatsexamen (the German equivalent to the bar exam) is not required.

The Doctor of Both Laws (Doktor beider Rechte), awarded as Dr. iur. utr. (Doctor iuris utriusque, conferred e.g. in Würzburg) is rare, since it means considering both Civil Law and Canonical Law. A doctorate solely in the latter area is the degree of Dr. iur. can. (Doctor iuris canonici).

Approximately ten percent of German law graduates hold a doctoral degree. However, the Doctor of Laws is still only the first step to tenure at German law schools. Despite the initiative to establish a junior professorship with tenure option after five to seven years, and special professorships specializing in teaching (Lehrprofessur), to become a university professor of law a habilitation (de iure not an academic degree) is still mandatory at most German law schools.

Italy[link]

In Italy, the title of "Master Doctor of Law" (Dottore magistrale in Giurisprudenza) is the title given to students who complete the five-year Laurea magistrale degree.

Despite the adoption of the Bologna process, in Italy law remains a field that retains the traditional Italian system.

Once a prospective lawyer has been awarded the Master Doctor of Law and worked two years as a trainee lawyer, he or she is required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an attorney at law (Avvocato). Previously, dottore in giurisprudenza was the title given to the students that completed the old (four-year) course of studies in law.

Malta[link]

In Malta, the European Union's smallest member state, the LL.D. is a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least three years of post-graduate full-time study at the University of Malta,^[15] Malta's national university. At least three years of previous law study are required for entry. Students are required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein".^[16] It confers the title of Doctor, which in Malta is rigorously used to address a holder of the degree. The LL.D. is one of the requirements for admission to the profession of advocate in Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts).

In Malta, practising lawyers are of three designations – notaries, legal procurators and advocates. The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. A one-year full time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N.P.) is required after the LL.B. for admission to the profession of notary public, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L.P.) is required for admission to the profession of legal procurator. A legal procurator is a lawyer in Malta that has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553.^[17] All three professions also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the President of Malta, obtainable after a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession, and examination. It is not possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time.

Notable holders of the LL.D. degree include Dr. Ugo Mifsud Bonnici (former President of Malta), Prof. Guido de Marco (former President of the United Nations General Assembly and former President of Malta), Dr. George Borg Olivier (first post-independence Prime Minister of Malta), and Dr. Lawrence Gonzi (current Prime Minister of Malta).

South Africa[link]

See: Legal education in South Africa; List of law schools in South Africa; Bachelor of Laws#South Africa; Master of Laws#South Africa.

In South Africa the Doctorate in Law is offered as a research doctorate of at least two years duration,[6] in various specialised areas of law.[7] South African universities offer either the PhD [8][9] or the LLD, [10] [11] [12] with no significant difference between these. (At UKZN and Wits, the PhD is the research doctorate, while the LLD is the higher doctorate;[13][14] UWC offers the LLD to law graduates, and the PhD to other graduates wishing to undertake research on a legal-related topic.[15]) In order to obtain the degree, the student will complete a thesis under the guidance of a supervisor, after completion of a module in research methodology, the submission of a research proposal and an oral examination. The thesis will demonstrate evidence of in-depth independent research and understanding of the topic, and constitute an original scientific contribution. Admission is usually on the basis of an LLM, and in some cases an LLB.

Sweden[link]

In Sweden, the Doctor of Laws (LLD) is the highest academic degree in law. It is a research degree, which combines 240 credit hours (or equivalent of four full-time years of work). Candidates have the option to complete a dissertation or a monograph of a series of published articles. Although not required to practice law, the LLD is a pre-requisite for an academic career.

United Kingdom[link]

In the UK, the degree of Doctor of Laws is a higher doctorate, ranking above the Ph. D., awarded upon submission of a portfolio of advanced research. It is also often awarded honoris causa to public figures (typically those associated with politics or the law) whom the university wishes to honour. In most British universities, the degree is styled "Doctor of Laws" and abbreviated LL. D., however some universities award instead the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, abbreviated DCL.

In former years, Doctors of Law were a distinct form of Attorney-at-Law who were empowered to act as advocates in civil law courts. The Doctors had their own Inns of Court, which was called Doctors' Commons. In 1953, a case was brought under long-dormant law in the High Court of Chivalry. The opening arguments in that case were by George Drewry Squibb, who was simultaneously distinguished as a barrister, a doctor of laws, and a historian. Squibb argued, to the satisfaction of the court, that since the modern class of Doctors of Laws were no longer trained as advocates, their role must necessarily be performed by barristers.^[18] This was because Victorian reforms, which had unified the other classes of court attorney into the single profession of Barrister, had overlooked the Doctors of Law.

United States[link]

Legal education in the United States
Stages
Pre-law Law school Trial practice Legal clinic Juris Doctor Master of Laws Doctor of Laws
Exams
LSAT Bar examination Continuing legal education
Organizations
Law School Admission Council American Bar Association Practising Law Institute
v t e

The term "Doctor of Law" refers to the degree of Juris Doctor (JD), which, in the U.S., is the primary professional law degree,^{[19][20][21][22]}, and to the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor or J.S.D., the degree name in English or Doctor of Juridical Science).^[21][23] The S.J.D. is the research doctorate in law, and as such it is generally accepted as comparable to the more commonly awarded research doctorate, the Ph.D.^[24] The S.J.D. is described as the "highest degree in law" by the University of Virginia,^[25] the "terminal degree in law" by Indiana University^[26] and Harvard Law School ^[27] and as the "most advanced law degree" by Yale Law School,^[28] Georgetown Law,^[29] New York University ^[30] and Stanford University.^[31] The National Association of Legal Professionals states that the J.S.D./S.J.D. is "typically the most advanced (or terminal) law degree that would follow the earning of the LL.M. and J.D. degrees."^[32] However, while the degree may be the highest research doctorate in law, the J.D. is also a doctorate (the highest professional doctorate in law),^[33] as evinced by universities' description of the S.J.D. as a a "postdoctoral degree."^[31][34] The American Bar Association has issued a Council Statement^[35] stating that the J.D. be considered as being equivalent to the Ph.D. for educational employment purposes.^[36] The S.J.D. typically requires three to five years to complete, and requires an advanced study in law as a scientific discipline and a dissertation, which serves as an original contribution to the scholarly field of law.^[37] Notable recipients of the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science include: Harvey L. Strelzin (New York U., 1906);^[38] Charles Hamilton Houston (Harvard, 1923);^[39] Lowell Turrentine (Harvard, 1929);^[40] Judge William Henry Hastie (Harvard, 1932);^[41] Justice Bernard Jefferson (Harvard, 1934);^[42] Pauli Murray (Yale, 1965);^[43] Ma Ying-jeou (Harvard, 1981)^[44] and Ayala Procaccia (University of Pennsylvania, 1972).

See also[link]

• Legum Doctor (LL.D.)
• Juris Doctor (J.D.)
• Doctor of Canon Law (J.C.D.)
• Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D.)
• Doctor Juris Utriusque (D.J.U.)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.)

Notes and references[link]

Om Prakash (19 December 1919 – 21 February 1998) was an Indian character actor. He was born in Jammu as Om Prakash Chibber. He used to play the role of Kamla in the stage play by the famous Dewan Mandir Natak Samaj Koliwada. Starting his career in 1942, he was a popular supporting actor from the 1950s until the 1980s. He was one of the elite of the film industry. Some of his performances were so memorable that the lead actor in the film attributed the success of the film to him.

Om Prakash played the leading man in films like Dus Lakh, Annadata and Charandas 'Sadhu aur Shaitan'. His pivotal roles in the films Dil Daulat Duniya, Chupke Chupke, Julie, Joroo Ka Ghulam, Aa Gale Lag Jaa, Pyar Kiye Jaa and Buddha Mil Gaya are considered to be among his best along with Daddu in Namak Halaal and De Silva in Zanjeer. His roles in 'Sharabi', 'Bharosa', 'Tere Ghar Ke Samne', 'Mere Humdum Mere Dost', 'Loafar', 'Dil Tera Diwana' were also appreciated.

He is known for his roles in comedy films. One of his best performances in his later years were Naukar Biwi Ka, Sharaabi (1984) and Chameli Ki Shaadi, where he played a role that was pivotal for the movie.

Early life and education[link]

Om Prakash Chibber was born in Jammu on 19 December 1919? He was fascinated by theatre, music and films. He started taking lessons in classical music when he was just twelve and was recognised as a master in no time.

Career[link]

He joined All India Radio in 1937 on a monthly salary of Rs 25. He was known as “Fateh Din”, a radio personality and his programmes made him popular all over Lahore and Punjab.

He was regaling people at a wedding one day when the well-known film-maker Dalsukh Pancholi spotted him and asked to see him in his Lahore office. Pancholi gave Prakash his first break as an actor in a film called Daasi. He was paid only Rs 80 but the film earned him the kind of recognition that would give him a means of livelihood for a lifetime. It was his first major role; he had played a bit role in Sharif Badmash, a silent film. He followed his good work in Daasi with Pancholi’s Dhamki and Aayee Bahar and became a force to reckon with.

Soon after the Partition he came to Delhi and then to Bombay (now Mumbai). Baldev Raj Chopra noticed his talent when he was a film journalist and critic; he urged Prakash to carry on with his acting career. He was sure Om Prakash had the talent to prove himself as a versatile actor. The actor had to face some struggle initially. He got his first big break in Bombay as a villain in a film called Lakhpati. It won him acclaim and got him more “meaty” roles in films like Lahore, Char Din and Raat Ki Rani. It was during this phase in his career that he did Azaad with Dilip Kumar, Sargam with Raj Kapoor and Miss Mary, Bahar, Pehli Jhalak, Asha and Manmauji with Kishore Kumar followed by Howrah Bridge with Ashok Kumar and then Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Dev Anand. He was marked out for his performance in both films in spite of the presence of powerful star personas like Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Ashok Kumar, Kishore Kumar and Dev Anand. He had developed a style of his own, a style which was going to take him places, make him a big name in the world of film entertainment for the next forty years.

Om Prakash soon became a household name. He was good in almost every character he played. He was the comedian, the family man burdened with problems, the munshi, the alcoholic fallen on bad days because of the evil designs of the villain, the nagged husband, the old man in love, the wily politician and the big brother with a heart of gold. He played an assortment of characters with the same ease and had some of the best directors opting for him every time they had a role which they felt only he could play.

Om Prakash was versatile actor with 307 films to his credit. One can never forget his comic performances in Howrah Bridge, Dus Lakh (he won his first major award for this performance), Pyar Kiye Jaa, Padosan, Sadhu Aur Shaitaan, Dil Daulat Duniya, Chupke Chupke, Namak Halaal, Gol Maal and Chameli Ki Shaadi. His performance as Dilip Kumar’s elder brother in Gopi gave his career a new impetus. He proved that he could play mature roles with the same ease, the same depth: Films like Chacha Zindabad, Khandan, Haryali Aur Raasta, Dil Apna Aur Preet Paraayi, Pati Patni, Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare, Mere Hamdam Mere Dost, Annadata, Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati, Doli, Chirag, Amar Prem, Aankh Micholi, Ek Hasina Do Diwane, Anuraag, Zanjeer, Sagina, Aa Gale Lag Jaa, Loafer, Roti, Julie, Khushboo, Laawaris, Bandish, Sharaabi and Chameli Ki Shaadi.

Om Prakash was one of the most loved and respected father figures in the industry. His ready wit, his earthy humour, his lack of airs, his disdain for hypocrites and hypocrisy, his benevolent nature in helping others to make the best of life and his eternal optimism and romantic nature made him a man in a class by himself, a cut above the rest.

Later years[link]

He lived in Union Park, Chembur, a suburb of Mumbai. The actor who was always so full of life was still full of life till just two days before his death. He knew he was not well. He knew he was suffering from complications but he never gave up his zest for life till his heart betrayed him. He kept calling friends to play a game of rummy or just chat. He had an office at the Roop Tara Studios which was only used for “rummy sessions” and “chat sessions”. Then, some years ago, he shifted his office to the suburbs to make it more convenient for his friends.

Family[link]

His wife Prabha predeceased him. He had no biological children. He lived with his younger brother Bakshi Ram Prakash Chibber who had five children, and he treated them as his children.

Illness and death[link]

He attended this office regularly till his health started failing him. He was confined to his bungalow (next to Ashok Kumar’s bungalow). He suffered his first heart attack in his own bedroom. He was rushed to the Lilavati Hospital where he suffered a second heart attack and went into a coma from which he never came out. He was declared dead at 1.30 pm on February 21. He died at age 78 in Mumbai, India of a heart attack. The news spread fast and the industry was shocked and stunned because he was the kind of man who could not be easily associated with something so sombre and solemn like death.

Filmography[link]

• Ghar Ki Izzat (1994) .... Mona's poor dad
• Pratikar (1991) .... Shankar Prasad
• Pati Patni Aur Tawaif (1990) .... Tarachand
• Ghar Ho To Aisa (1990)
• Halaal Ki Kamai (1988)
• Bees Saal Baad (1988) .... Nisha's Father
• Mohabbat Ke Dushman (1988) .... Pandit
• Hawalaat (1987) .... Raghu (old man, drug addict prisoner)
• Rahi (1987)
• Insaniyat Ke Dushman (1987) .... Saxena
• Imandar (1987)
• Kalyug Aur Ramayan (1987) .... Dashrath
• Muqaddar Ka Faisla (1987)
• Karamdaata (1986) .... Khan (doctor)
• Bhagwan Dada (1986) .... Drunken husband
• Chameli Ki Shaadi (1986) .... Mastram Pehalwan
• Kaanch Ki Deewar (1986)
• Alag Alag (1985) .... Khan
• Meetha Zehar (1985)
• Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985) .... Mr. Saxena
• Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasan (1984) .... Nawab
• Raaj Tilak (1984) .... Sardar Zuberi
• Raja Aur Rana (1984) .... Imran Khan
• Sharaabi (1984) .... Munshi Phoolchand
• Rang Birangi (1983) .... Retired Judge Ajit Bannerjee
• Naukar Biwi Ka (1983) .... Jagirdar Bishamber Nath
• Pyaasi Aankhen (1983)
• Shubh Kaamna (1983) .... Vithalbhai.
• Prem Rog (1982) .... Panditji
• Dharam Kanta (1982) .... Fakira
• Badle Ki Aag (1982) (uncredited)
• Dil-E-Nadan (1982) .... Asha's dad
• Johnny I Love You (1982)
• Namak Halaal (1982) .... Dasrath Singh (Daddu)
• Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (1981)
• Itni Si Baat (1981) .... Kandilal
• Biwi-O-Biwi (1981) (uncredited) .... Chander's Father
• Naram Garam (1981) .... Swamiji (Special appearance)
• Aas Paas (1981) .... Seema's Father
• Dhanwan (1981)
• Laawaris (1981) .... Dr. Goel
• Sharada (1981)
• Do Aur Do Paanch (1980) .... Ustad, Prisoner #203 (Guest Appearance)
• Do Premee (1980) .... Retd. Col. Bhagwant Singh
• Abdullah (1980) .... Pandit
• Bandish (1980/I) .... Kishan's dad
• Gol Maal (1979) .... Senior Police Officer
• Naya Daur (1978)
• Parmatma (1978) (voice) (uncredited) .... Hotel Clerk
• Aakhri Goli (1977)
• Aashiq Hoon Baharon Ka (1977) .... Mr. Jamunadas
• Alaap (1977) .... Triloki Prasad
• Saheb Bahadur (1977)
• Maa (1976) .... Gopaldas (Nimmi's dad)
• Julie (1975) .... Maurice (Julie's Father)
• Aandhi (1975) .... Lallu Lal (Campaign Manager)
• Chupke Chupke (1975) .... Raghavendra Sharma (Raghav)
• Dhoti Lota Aur Chowpatty (1975)
• Khushboo (1975)
• Sunehra Sansar (1975)
• Roti (1974) .... Lalaji
• International Crook (1974) .... Havaldar Rao
• Do Chattane (1974)
• Chowkidar (1974) .... Shambhu
• Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam (1974)
• Sagina (1974)
• Zanjeer (1973) .... De Silva
• Loafer (1973) .... Gopinath
• Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1973) .... Preeti's father
• Phagun (1973)
• Joroo Ka Ghulam (1972) .... Shyamlal
• Annadata (1972) .... Ambarprasad
• Apna Desh (1972) .... Dharamdas
• Dil Daulat Duniya (1972)
• Ek Hasina Do Diwane (1972)
• Mom Ki Gudiya (1972)
• Amar Prem (1971) .... Natwarlal
• Buddha Mil Gaya (1971) .... Girdharilal Sharma
• Paraya Dhan (1971) .... Gangaram
• Parwana (1971) .... Ashok Varma
• Aansoo Aur Muskan (1970) .... Anwar
• Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970)
• Gopi (1970) .... Girdharilal
• Mera Naam Joker (1970) .... Dr. Om Prakash (Gemini Circus) (Guest Appearance)
• Purab Aur Pachhim (1970) .... (Guest Appearance)
• Pushpanjali (1970) .... Major Bharti
• Suhana Safar (1970)
• Badi Didi (1969)
• Chirag (1969) .... Dr. O.P. Chibber
• Doli (1969) (as Om Parkash) .... Dwarka (Prem's dad)
• Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati (1969) .... Mama Ji/Choudhry Sahab
• Kanyadaan (1969) .... Bansi
• Pyaasi Sham (1969)
• Sajan (1969)
• Do Kaliyaan (1968) .... Kiran's Father
• Ek Kali Muskai (1968)
• Gauri (1968) .... Maniram
• Man Ka Meet (1968)
• Mere Hamdam Mere Dost (1968) .... Dhand Melaram
• Padosan (1968) .... Kunverji - friendly appearance
• Parivaar (1968)
• Sadhu Aur Shaitaan (1968) .... Sadhuram
• Aman (1967) .... Hurato
• Around the World (1967)
• Laat Saheb (1967)
• Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1966)
• Dus Lakh (1966)
• Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare (1966)
• Pati Patni (1966) .... Dhanprasad
• Pyaar Kiye Jaa (1966) .... Ramlal
• Khandaan (1965) .... Jeevandas Lal
• Naya Kanoon (1965) .... Om Prakash Munshi
• Aap Ki Parchhaiyan (1964) .... Asha's dad
• Door Ki Awaaz (1964)
• Jahan Ara (1964)
• Kaise Kahoon (1964)
• Mera Qasoor Kya Hai (1964)
• Raj Kumar (1964) .... Bimasal
• Suhagan (1964) .... Dukhiram
• Bharosa (1963) .... Laxmiprasad
• Nartakee (1963) .... Seth. Jamna Das
• Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963) .... Lala Jagannath, Rakesh's Father
• Dil Tera Diwana (1962) .... Captain Dayaram
• Half Ticket (1962)
• Hariyali Aur Raasta (1962) .... Joseph
• Manmauji (1962)
• Bhabhi Ki Chudiyan (1961) .... Prabha's dad
• Sanjog (1961)
• Bindya (1960)
• Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) .... Girdhari
• Mehlon Ke Khwab (1960)
• Chacha Zindabad (1959)
• Kanhaiya (movie) (1959) .... Vedji
• Pyar Ki Rahen (1959)
• Baghi Sipahi (1958)
• Howrah Bridge (1958) .... Shyamu, Tangewala
• Police (1958)
• Sohni Mahiwal (1958)
• Aasha (1957) .... Hasmukhlal
• Bhabhi (1957) .... Lata's father in law
• Ek Jhalak (1957)
• Gateway of India (1957)
• Miss Mary (1957) .... Nakdau
• Sharada (1957) .... Mohan (Guest Appearance)
• Sheroo (1957)
• Basant Bahar (1956) .... Narsin
• Bhai Bhai (1956/II)
• Dhake Ki Malmal (1956)
• Shrimati 420 (1956)
• Albeli (1955)
• Azaad (1955) .... Cop
• Bhagwat Mahima (1955)
• Kundan (1955) (as Om Parkash) .... Uma's foster father
• Lagan (1955)
• Marine Drive (1955)
• Musafirkhana (1955)
• Pehli Jhalak (1955)
• Chor Bazar (1954)
• Danka (1954)
• Dost (1954)
• Kavi (1954)
• Pooja (1954)
• Aas (1953)
• Chalis Baba Ek Chor (1953)
• Ladki (1953) .... Hazurdas
• Rail Ka Dibba (1953) .... Nirogi
• Shikast (1953)
• Anhonee (1952)
• Ghungroo (1952)
• Hamari Duniya (1952)
• Poonam (1952)
• Bahar (1951)
• Khazana (1951)
• Nazneen (1951)
• Sargam (1950)
• Bansaria (1949)
• Char Din (1949)
• Lahore (1949)
• Naach (1949)
• Raat Ki Rani (1949)
• Sawan Bhadon (1949)
• Zameen Aasmaan (1946)

External links[link]

• Om Prakash at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Bollywood (Hindi cinema) Directors · Actors · Playback singers · Music Directors · Songs · Bibliography Hindi films A–Z—Highest-grossing Films by year: 1930s · 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 · 1945 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949 · 1950 · 1951 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959 · 1960 · 1961 · 1962 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 1968 · 1969 · 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 · 1978 · 1979 · 1980 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1984 · 1985 · 1986 · 1987 · 1988 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000 · 2001 · 2002 · 2003 · 2004 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007 · 2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011 · 2012

Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi (ياسر قاضي), formerly known as Yasir Kazi, is an American Muslim writer and Islamic instructor for the Al-Maghrib Institute. He has written a number of books and has lectured on Islam and contemporary Muslim issues.^[2][3]

Biography[link]

Qadhi was born in Houston, Texas, to parents of Pakistani origin,^[2][4] but Qadhi has also stated that he hails from Lucknow, India.^{[citation needed]} He completed his primary and secondary education in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, graduating as valedictorian of his class. He returned to Houston to complete a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Houston. When asked why he chose a secular degree instead of an Islamic one first, he remarked:

"As a Muslim child growing up in America, you are expected to become an engineer or a doctor. It is just understood."^[4]

After a short stint at Dow Chemical, he went to the Islamic University of Madinah in Madinah, Saudi Arabia to attain a bachelor's degree in Arabic from the university's College of Hadith and Islamic Sciences and a master's degree in Islamic Theology from the College of Dawah.^[4][3][2]

He returned to the United States in 2005 after nearly ten years in Saudi Arabia.^[4] As of April 2012, he teaches in the Religious Studies Department of Rhodes College, in Memphis, TN. Additionally, he is completing a doctoral in theology at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.^[2][3]

Qadhi describes himself as a "revivalist" in the Islamic sense, and likens some of the practices he endorses similar to those practiced by conservative Christian groups and Orthodox Jews in America, particularly with regard to dietary laws, family values, and modest dress for women.^[4]

Activities[link]

Qadhi was recently featured in a front-page NY Times Magazine article by Pulitzer Prize winner Andrea Elliott^[5] shedding light on Qadhi's activities and biography.

He is the Dean of Academic Affairs and an instructor for the AlMaghrib Institute,^[3] a double weekend-based seminar that he and other American Muslims instructors run. The instructors travel to designated locations in the US, UK and Canada (and more recently, Malaysia) to teach Islamic studies in English.^[4] He gives regular sermons and lectures, and also appears on a number of Islamic satellite channels: (Islam Channel in England; Huda TV in Egypt; Al-Fajr Channel in Egypt; and Peace TV in India, the UK, and the U.S), where he teaches theology, Seerah, Tajweed and other topics. He is also one of the founding members and Islamic specialists at MuslimMatters.org, a blogzine for American Muslims. Qadhi appeared on PBS' TV series "Finding Your Roots" in an episode that premiered on April 15, 2012. The episode highlighted his family's migration to America, his geneological history, and the presence of Muslims in America. During the episode, it was revealed to Qadhi that he shares a common ancestor with Barbara Walters and that he is related to Ashkenazi Jews.^[1]

Holocaust remarks and subsequent revisionism[link]

The Daily Telegraph reported that, in 2001, Qadhi (whom the newspaper characterized as a "hard-line conservative preacher") described the Holocaust as a hoax, and claimed that "Hitler never intended to mass-destroy the Jews", and "All this [the Holocaust] is false propaganda".^[6] The telegraph also reported that Qadhi later retracted his statements, stating that he had been misled.^[6] Faced with the charges, Qadhi, acknowledging that he had briefly held mistaken beliefs about the Holocaust, wrote that even in the 2001 lecture he did not deny "the actual occurrence of the Holocaust, or express any support or admiration for Hitler, or claim that all Jews were worthy of being despised or hated". He called it a "one-time mistake", stating that "I firmly believe that the Holocaust was one of the worst crimes against humanity that the 20th century has witnessed."^[7]

In July 2010, he was selected to participate in an official delegation of US imams and religious leaders to visit the concentration camps at Auschwitz and Dachau. The Imams subsequently released a joint statement condemning anti-Semitism and labelling Holocaust denial as against the ethics of Islam.^[8]

Controversy[link]

Qadhi attempted to unite various Muslim groups in North America via a document entitled Pledge of Mutual Respect and Cooperation. This was met with censure by erstwhile professors at the Islamic University of Madinah, who criticized his methodology.^[9] He faced criticism for collaborating with the members of mystical sufi sects, though Qadhi considered the collaboration to be for the greater good of Muslims in North America. Qadhi has promulgated the notion of re-interpreting aspects of Islamic law to fit the current times.^[10] Qadhi has been criticized by conservative Muslim scholars such as Muhammad al Madkhalee for taking a pluralistic and accommodating stance.^[11] In an apparent nod to liberal Islam, Qadhi has allegedly shaken CNN journalist Mona Eltahawy's hand.^[12]

Views on Jihad[link]

Yasir Qadhi has presented papers on jihad movements. In 2006, at a conference at Harvard Law School, Qadhi presented a 15-minute analysis of the theological underpinnings of an early militant movement in modern Saudi Arabia headed by Juhayman al-Otaibi. The movement had gained international attention when it held the Grand Mosque of Mecca hostage in 1979.^[13] In another paper, presented in September 2009 at an international conference at University of Edinburgh on understanding jihad in the modern world, he discussed how a specific legal ruling (fatwā) of the medieval theologian Ibn Taymiyya was used both by jihadist and pacifist groups to justify their positions.^[14] The paper has been critiqued, however, by Salafi commentators.^[15] Qadhi has been involved in de-radicalization efforts in the US, and was a participant in the U.S. Counter-Radicalization Strategy conference organized by the National Counterterrorism Center in the summer of 2008.^[16]

Umar Abdulmutallab, the al-Qaeda member who attempted to bomb Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on Christmas Day 2009, was a student at "Ilm Summit", a 16-day AlMaghrib Institute Islamic education conference in August 2008 at which Qadhi was an instructor.^[17] Qadhi said of Abdulmutallab, who attended some of the classes that he taught, "He was a very quiet individual, tight-lipped and shy, and he did not ask a single question during the discussions. He barely interacted with the other students at the conference.".^[16] Qadhi recalled speaking to Abdulmutallab, and remembered that he was "very reserved in his responses."^[16] Abdulmutallab also attended two seminars organized by the AlMaghrib Institute in London in the months before the event in Houston. After the Houston event, Qadhi added, Abdulmutallab did not sign up for further AlMaghrib events, perhaps an indication that extremist ideas were beginning to influence him.^[16]

In 2006, Qadhi, noting that Muslims are routinely detained and questioned at airports and other ports of entry, said that the main problem the Muslim community has "is the presumption of guilt. It is the singling out of people just because of their looks or their identity." Qadhi said he himself was on a secret watch list, but had no idea how he got on the list.^[18] His name has since been cleared from that list.

Works[link]

Books authored or co-authored[link]

• Riyaa: Hidden Shirk, 103 pages, Abu Ammaar Yasir Al-Qathi, Dar-al-Fatah, 1996, ISBN 8172317530
• An introduction to the sciences of the Qura̓an, Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al-Hidaayah Pub., 1999, ISBN 1-898649-32-4
• An Explanation of the Four Principles of Shirk, 60 pages, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Yasir Qadhi, Al-Hidaayah, 2000, ISBN 1-898649-52-9
• Du’a : The Weapon of the Believer, Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al Hidaayah Publishing & Distribution, 2001, ISBN 1-898649-51-0
• 15 Ways to Increase Your Earnings from the Quran and Sunnah, Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Al Hidaayah Publishing & Distribution, 2002, ISBN 1-898649-56-1
• An explanation of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Kashf al-Shubuhat: a critical analysis of shirk, Abū Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Al-Hidaayah, 2003, ISBN 1-898649-62-6

See also[link]

• Islam in the United States
• List of Da'ees
• Dawah

References[link]

External links[link]

• MuslimMatters bio (where Qadhi blogs)
• Qadhi Audio and Books
• Qadhi Video and Audio Lectures from Halal Tube
• Qadhi on the Deen Show
• Qadhi on the Doha Debates
• Doha Debates participant
• Video of Qadhi's talk "Perfect Justice: Debunking the Male Bias Myth", April 22, 2006
• Video of Qadhi's talk at Global Peace and Unity Conference, 2006
• Video of Qadhi's talk at Global Peace and Unity Conference, 2008
• Kilday, Anne Marie, "'For the benefit of all mankind'; Local conference highlights Quran's teachings about the importance of honoring animals", Houston Chronicle, December 23, 2006

Tamzin Maria Outhwaite ( /ˈaʊθweɪt/; born 5 November 1970) is an award-winning English actress. She became known for her role as Melanie Owen in the British soap opera EastEnders, whom she portrayed from 1998 until 2002.

Early career[link]

The daughter of Anna (née Santi) and Colin Frank Outhwaite, Tamzin has two younger brothers, Kes and Jake Outhwaite. Outhwaite attended the Stagestruck Theatre Company as a teenager, taking part in several productions during the mid-1980s. On leaving school in 1987, she studied at Sylvia Young Theatre School and she joined the London Studio Centre to study drama and dance, where one of her friends was television presenter Lucy Alexander.^[1] She went on to many stage roles including Grease, Oliver! and work at the Stephen Joseph Theatre before landing bit parts in The Bill and Men Behaving Badly.

Mainstream success[link]

She found fame in 1998 when she was cast as Melanie Healy in the popular BBC soap opera EastEnders. Her first appearance was aired in October 1998 and her final one was in March 2002. During nearly four years in Walford, Outhwaite's feisty character was central to many explosive storylines. Outhwaite left EastEnders in 2002, shortly after the departure from the soap of co-star Martin Kemp, who had played her on-screen husband Steve Owen. She stated in 2006 that she wouldn't rule out returning to EastEnders.^[2]