- published: 19 Jan 2010
- views: 5589
- author: Bryant5493
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Home
Menu
Playlist
Videos
open all
add
add longest videos
Loading...
![Jefferson County, Alabama [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131104213107im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dkxJcSCxisw/default.jpg "This video follows I-20 from I-459 in Irondale to I-459 south of Bessemer, proceeding through Alabama's largest city, in terms of population -- Birmingham. I...")
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
Radio Stations - Jefferson County, Alabama
SEARCH FOR RADIOS
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Adger, Alabama
- African American
- Alabama
- Alabama Legislature
- AMTRAK
- Annexation
- Anniston, Alabama
- Argo, Alabama
- Asian American
- Auburn, Alabama
- Bail
- Barack Obama
- BBC News
- BBC World Service
- Bessemer, Alabama
- Bibb County, Alabama
- Birmingham District
- Birmingham, Alabama
- BNSF Railway
- Brighton, Alabama
- British American
- Brookside, Alabama
- Cardiff, Alabama
- Census
- Central Alabama
- Chalkville, Alabama
- City
- Civil service
- Clay County, Alabama
- Clay, Alabama
- Coal
- Concord, Alabama
- Corner, Alabama
- County Line, Alabama
- County seat
- Crescent (train)
- CSX Transportation
- Cumberland Plateau
- Dale County, Alabama
- Daylight saving time
- Decatur, Alabama
- Deputy sheriff
- Dolomite, Alabama
- Dothan, Alabama
- Edgewater, Alabama
- English American
- English people
- Ensley (Birmingham)
- Fairfield, Alabama
- Florence, Alabama
- Forestdale, Alabama
- Fultondale, Alabama
- Gadsden, Alabama
- Garbage disposal
- Gardendale, Alabama
- Geography of Alabama
- German people
- Graysville, Alabama
- Great Britain
- Gulf Coastal Plain
- Hale County, Alabama
- Helena, Alabama
- Highway
- History of Alabama
- Home rule
- Homewood, Alabama
- Hoover, Alabama
- Hueytown, Alabama
- Huffman, Albama
- Huntsville, Alabama
- Interstate 20
- Interstate 22
- Interstate 459
- Interstate 59
- Interstate 65
- Irish people
- Iron
- Irondale, Alabama
- Jail
- John McCain
- JP Morgan
- Kimberly, Alabama
- Larry Langford
- Lee County, Alabama
- Leeds, Alabama
- Limestone
- Lipscomb, Alabama
- Lower Alabama
- Lozenge
- Madison, Alabama
- Marriage
- Maytown, Alabama
- McCalla, Alabama
- Metropolitan area
- Midfield, Alabama
- Mining
- Minor, Alabama
- Mobile Bay
- Mobile, Alabama
- Montgomery, Alabama
- Montreal, Quebec
- Morris, Alabama
- Mulga, Alabama
- Multiracial American
- Native Hawaiian
- North Alabama
- North Birmingham
- North Johns, Alabama
- Northeast Alabama
- Northwest Alabama
- Outline of Alabama
- Per capita income
- Pike County, Alabama
- Pinson, Alabama
- Police department
- Population density
- Poverty line
- Rock Creek, Alabama
- Sanitary sewer
- Scots-Irish American
- Sewerage
- Shannon, Alabama
- Shelby County, AL
- South Alabama
- St. Clair County, AL
- Standard & Poor's
- Sumiton, Alabama
- Swap (finance)
- Tarrant, Alabama
- Taxation
- Template Alabama
- Tennessee Valley
- Thomas Jefferson
- Town
- Trafford, Alabama
- Trussville, Alabama
- Tuscaloosa County
- Tuscaloosa, Alabama
- U.S. Highway 11
- U.S. Highway 280
- U.S. Highway 31
- U.S. Highway 411
- U.S. Highway 78
- U.S. state
- Unincorporated area
- United States
- Village
- Warrior, Alabama
- Warwickshire
- Watson, Alabama
- Wenonah, Alabama
- White American
- Wiregrass Region
- Alabama
- Alabama River
- Alabama Senate
- Alabama Territory
- Alaska
- American Samoa
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- Auburn University
- Birmingham District
- California
- Central Alabama
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Cumberland Plateau
- Delaware
- Florida
- Guam
- Gulf of Mexico
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Insular area
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Lower Alabama
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Mobile Bay
- Montana
- NASA
- Natchez Trace Trail
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New England
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Alabama
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- Port of Mobile
- Puerto Rico
- Redstone Arsenal
- Regions Park
- Rhode Island
- Samford University
- South Alabama
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Spring Hill College
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Thirteen Colonies
- Tombigbee River
- Troy University
- UAB Hospital
- United States
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Wall Street
- West Florida
- West Virginia
- Wetumpka crater
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Yazoo lands
- Americans
- Andrew Jackson
- Bob Riley
- Choctaw
- Chuck Malone
- English American
- George Wallace
- German American
- Hernando de Soto
- Indigenous peoples
- Irish American
- Jeff Sessions
- Jo Bonner
- Kay Ivey
- Korean War
- Martha Roby
- Mesoamerica
- Richard Shelby
- Robert Aderholt
- Spencer Bachus
- Terri Sewell
- Tommy Battle
- Yazoo tribe
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Pass It on Down
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Southern Star
- Down Home
- The Closer You Get
- Hats Off
- When It All Goes South
- My Home's in Alabama
- Tar Top
- Gonna Have a Party
- Say I
- Small Stuff
- Mountain Music
- Song of the South
- Love in the First Degreee
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Born Country
- Feels So Right
- The Closer You Get
- She and I
- Fallin' Again
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Down Home
- I'm in a Hurry (and Don't Know Why)
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Southern Star
- High Cotton
- I Am a Pilgrim
- Church in the Wildwood
- Will the Circle Be Unbroken
- If I Could Hear My Mother Pray Again
- Suppertime
- Down by the Riverside
- Precious Memories
- Lonesome Valley
- The Refrain of John Dillon James
- Love Lifted Me
- When It Comes My Time
- One Life
- The Star Spangled Banner
- His Eye Is on the Sparrow
- In the Garden
- Amazing Grace
- How Great Thou Art
- I Need Thee
- Old Shep
- Jesus Loves Me
- Silent Night
- I Am the Man Thomas
- Rock of Ages
- In the Sweet by and By
- The Old Rugged Cross
- What Will I Leave Behind
- One Big Heaven
- Rain
select all
add to playlist
Livin' Lovin' Rockin' Rollin': The 25th Anniversary Collection
Released 2006
Released 2006
- My Home's in Alabama (live)
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Medley: That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine / Suppertime / Teach Your Children / Don't It Make You Want to Go Home
- High Cotton
- Mountain Music
- Dixieland Delight (live)
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band) (live)
- Christmas in Dixie
- I Write a Little
- Song of the South
- Pass It on Down
- Five O'Clock 500
- Tar Top (live)
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Born Country
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Reckless
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Song of the South
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Lady Down on Love
- She and I
- Down Home
- Why Lady Why
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- You've Got the Touch
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Southern Star
- When It All Goes South
- Love in the First Degree
- The Closer You Get
- High Cotton
- Sad Lookin' Moon
- Feels So Right
- Lady Down on Love
- Down Home
- Christmas in Dixie
- Give Me One More Shot
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Song of the South
- The Fans
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Tennessee River
- Old Flame
- Dixieland Delight
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Mountain Music
- My Home's in Alabama
- When It All Goes South
- The Woman He Loves
- Clear Across America Tonight
- Will You Marry Me (duet with Jann Arden)
- I Can't Hide My Heart
- I Can't Love You any Less
- Reinvent the Wheel
- I Write a Little (dedicated to U.S.Military personel)
- Down this Road
- Love Remains (feat. Christopher Cross)
- Start Living
- Simple as That
- You Only Paint the Picture Once
- Wonderful Waste of Time
- Right Where I Am
- Tennesse River
- Old Flame
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Feels So Right
- When We Make Love
- Mountain Music
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Fallin' Again
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- She and I
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Song of the South
- High Cotton
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Pass It on Down
- Down Home
- I'm in a Hurry (and Don't Know Why)
- Reckless
- My Home's in Alabama
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Song of the South
- Take a Little Trip
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Born Country
- She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- Here We Are
- Reckless
- Born Country
- Dixieland Delight
- Tennessee River
- Alabama Sky
- Country Side of Life
- Green River
- Louisiana Moon
- If You're Gonna to Play in Texas
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- You Can't Take the Country Out of Me
- Old Flame
- My Home's In Alabama (Single Edit)
- Close Enough To Perfect
- Mountain Music
- Lady Down On Love
- (There's A) Fire In The Night
- Very Special Love
- Can't Keep A Good Man Down
- She And I
- As Right Now
- You've Got The Touch
- The Fans (Original Version)
- Tar Top
- I Showed Her
- High Cotton
- If I Had You
- Five O'Clock 500
- Keepin' Up
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's A) Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Santa Claus (I Still Believe in You)
- Joseph and Mary's Boy
- Happy Holidays
- Christmas Memories
- Tonight Is Christmas
- Thisltlehair the Christmas Bear
- Tennessee Christmas
- A Candle in the Window
- Homecoming Christmas
- Christmas in Dixie
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Sad Lookin' Moon
- Anytime (I'm Your Man)
- She's Got That Look in Her Eyes
- My Girl
- Of Course I'm Alright
- I Just Couldn't Say No
- Is the Magic Still There
- Calling All Angels
- Hey Baby
- One More Time Around
- Sunday Drive
- She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl
- My Love Belongs to You
- I've Loved a Lot More Than I've Hurt
- Spin the Wheel
- Nothing Comes Close
- Say I
- It Works
- The Maker Said Take Her
- In Pictures
- Heartbreak Express
- Give Me One More Shot
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Tennessee River
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- There's No Way
- Face to Face
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Angels Among Us (vocal remix version)
- My Home's in Alabama
- Green River
- You Turn Me On
- The Closer You Get
- A Very Special Love
- There's a Fire in the Sky
- What in the Name of Love
- Louisiana Moon
- When We Make Love
- Alabama Sky
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- Down on Longboat Key
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Never Be One
- Lovin' Man
- Roll on Eighteen Wheeler
- If I Had You
- Carolina Mountain Dew
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Country Side of Life
- Still Goin' Strong
- T.L.C.A.S.A.P.
- Katy Brought My Guitar Back Today
- On This Side of the Moon
- The Cheap Seats
- Reckless
- That Feeling
- This Love's on Me
- Clear Water Blues
- A Better Word for Love
- Angels Among Us
- Take a Little Trip
- Hometown Honeymoon
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- You Can't Take the Country out of Me
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Richard Petty Fans
- Homesick Fever
- Between the Two of Them
- American Pride
- Sometimes out of Touch
- Pictures and Memories
- Born Country
- Then Again
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- The Closer You Get
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Fallin' Again
- Song of the South
- High Cotton
- Take Me Down
- Hats Off
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- The End of the Lyin'
- I'm Not That Way Anymore
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's A) Fire in the Night
- When We Make Love
- Country Side of Life
- The Boy
- Food on the Table
- Mountain Music
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Words at Twenty Paces
- Changes Comin' On
- Green River
- Take Me Down
- You Turn Me On
- Never Be One
- Lovin' You Is Killin' Me
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Red River
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- Fireworks
- There's No Way / When We Make Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't You See
- My Home's in Alabama
- She and I
- Mountain Music
- Feels So Right
- Old Flame
- Tennessee River (live)
- Love in the First Degree
- 40 Hour Week (For a Living)
- Why Lady Why
- The Fans
- My Home's in Alabama (live)
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- She Put the Sad in All His Songs
- Red River
- What in the Name of Love
- Dixieland Delight
- Very Special Love
- Dixie Boy
- Alabama Sky
- Lovin' Man
- Here We Are
- Old Flame
- High Cotton
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- The Cheap Seats
- Pass It on Down
- The Closer You Get
- Give Me One More Shot
- Feels So Right
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- The Fans
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- She Put the Sad in All His Songs
- Red River
- What in the Name of Love
- Dixieland Delight
- Very Special Love
- Dixie Boy
- Alabama Sky
- Lovin' Man
- Five O'Clock 500
- Keepin' Up
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's a) Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Red River
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Fire Works
- Medley: There's No Way / When We Make Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't You See
- My Home's in Alabama
- Mountain Music
- Down Home
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Southern Star
- Tar Top
- Pass It on Down
- My Home's in Alabama
- Say I
- Small Stuff
- We Made Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- When It All Goes South
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Take Me Down
- Old Flame
- Mountain Music
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- 40 Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Song of the South
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Lady Down on Love
- When We Make Love
- The Closer You Get
- Twentieth Century
- God Must Have Spent a Little More Time on You
- I'm in That Kind of Mood
- We Made Love
- Life's Too Short to Love This Fast
- Then We Remember
- Little Things
- Mist of Desire
- Small Stuff
- Too Much Love
- Write It Down in Blue
- I Love You Enough to Let You Go
- Alabama Jam (A Medley of #1 Hits)
- Tennessee River
- Food on the Table
- I Want to Know You Before We Make Love
- (She Won't Have a Thing to do With) Nobody but Me
- You Turn Me On
- The Borderline
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- There's No Way
- Down on the River
- If I Had You
- Hangin' Up My Travelin' Shoes
- My Home's in Alabama
- Gonna Have a Party
- Red River
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- She and I
- Lady Down on Love
- Tennessee River
- Green River
- My Home's in Alabama
- Takin' Care of Business
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Take Me Down
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- You've Got the Touch
- Face to Face
- Born Country
- Here We Are
- There's No Way
- Then Again
- Down Home
- If I Had You
- Take a Little Trip
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- Pass It on Down
- I'm in the Mood
- The Living Years
- When We Make Love
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Feels So Right
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Fallin' Again
- Lady Down on Love
- The Closer You Get
- If I Had You
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Then Again
- My Home's in Alabama
- Feels So Right
- Love In The First Degree
- Dixieland Delight
- Roll On
- There's No Way
- The Closer You Get
- Forever's As Far As I'll Go
- Give Me One More Shot
- In Pictures
- Fantasy
- Why Lady Why
- As Right Now
- Food on the Table
- Lovin' You Is Killin' Me
- Hanging Up My Travelin' Shoes
- Can't Forget About You
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- There's a Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- You've Got The Touch
- Vacation
- True, True Housewife
- Is This How Love Begins
- Cruisin'
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Let's Hear It For The Girl
- It's All Comin' Back To Me Now
- I Taught her Everything She Knows
- Pony Express
- High Cotton
- Old Flame
- The Closer You Get
- Fallin' Again
- Why Lady Why
- If I Had You
- 'You've Got' the Touch
- (There's a) Fire in the Night
- Love in the First Degree
- There's No Way
- When We Make Love
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- There's No Way
- Down on Longboat Key
- Louisiana Moon
- I Want to Know You Before We Make Love
- Fireworks
- (She Won't Have a Thing to Do With) Nobody but Me
- As Right Now
- If It Ain't Dixie (It Won't Do)
- My Home's in Alabama
- Hanging Up My Travelin' Shoes
- Why Lady Why
- Getting Over You
- I Wanna Come Over
- Tennessee River
- Some Other Place, Some Other Time
- Can't Forget About You
- Get It While It's Hot
- Keep On Dreamin'
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Burn Georgia Burn
- Ride the Train
- Fantasy
- Hollywood
- Old Flame
- Woman Back Home
- See the Embers, Feel the Flame
- I'm Stoned
- Pass It On Down
- Here We Are
- Down Home
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Moonlight Lounge
- Goodbye (Kelly's Song)
- Fire on Fire
- Until It Happens to You
- Gulf of Mexico
- Starting Tonight
- I Ain't Got No Business Doin' Business Today
- Song of the South
- Down on the River
- High Cotton
- "Ole" Baugh Road
- The Borderline
- I'm Still Dreamin'
- Pete's Music City
- Southern Star
- If I Had You
- She Can
- I Showed Her
- Barefootin'
- Dixie Fire
- The Blessings
- Christmas in Your Arms
- Christmas Is Love
- When It Comes to Christmas
- I Was Young Once Too
- The Night Before Christmas
- O Little Town of Bethlehem
- Happy Birthday Jesus
- The Christmas Spirit
- Hangin' Round the Mistletoe
- Little Drummer Boy
- Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree
- New Year's Eve 1999
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Love In The First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- If You're Gonna Play In Texas
- Fire In The Night
- She And I
- Tar Top
- My Homes In Alabama
- Hanging Up My Travelling Shoes
- Getting Over You
- I Wanna Come Over
- Some Other Place, Some Other Time
- Can't Forget About You
- Get It While It's Hot
- Keep On Dreamin'
- Feels So Right
- Tar Top
- I Can't Stop
- I Saw The Time
- You're My Explanation For Living
- Face To Face
- (I Wish It Could Always Be) '55
- Old Man
- If I Could Just See You Now
- Fallin' Again
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_Alabama_on_the_Brink_of_Bankruptcy_08_09_2011
http://wn.com/POLICE_STATE_2009_Jefferson_County,_Alabama_Sheriff_Wants_National_Guard_to_Patrol_the_Streets
Jefferson County, Alabama [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
This video follows I-20 from I-459 in Irondale to I-459 south of Bessemer, proceeding through Alabama's largest city, in terms of population -- Birmingham. I...
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_Alabama_HD_
This video follows I-20 from I-459 in Irondale to I-459 south of Bessemer, proceeding through Alabama's largest city, in terms of population -- Birmingham. I...
Jefferson County, Alabama, at crossroads of bankruptcy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
Aug. 12 - Jefferson County, Alabama, will decide today whether to accept a deal on $3.2 billion of sewer bonds or choose to file for the largest U.S. municip...
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_Alabama,_at_crossroads_of_bankruptcy
Aug. 12 - Jefferson County, Alabama, will decide today whether to accept a deal on $3.2 billion of sewer bonds or choose to file for the largest U.S. municip...
- published: 12 Aug 2011
- views: 353
- author: ReutersVideo
Mesothelioma Lawyer Jefferson County, AL (800) 859-6164 Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 06 Aug 2013
Mesothelioma Lawyer Jefferson County, AL (800) 859-6164 Alabama Call us toll free: (800) 859-6164 Hi, My name is Chris Placitella. My office and myself have ...
http://wn.com/Mesothelioma_Lawyer_Jefferson_County,_AL_800_859-6164_Alabama
Mesothelioma Lawyer Jefferson County, AL (800) 859-6164 Alabama Call us toll free: (800) 859-6164 Hi, My name is Chris Placitella. My office and myself have ...
- published: 06 Aug 2013
- author: MesotheliomaAttorneyUSA
JEFFERSON COUNTY ALABAMA TO FILE BANKRUPTCY!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
This is what happens when you use the County sewer system to create OTC Derivatives. If you want to know what life in the Third World is like, just ask Lisa ...
http://wn.com/JEFFERSON_COUNTY_ALABAMA_TO_FILE_BANKRUPTCY!!!
This is what happens when you use the County sewer system to create OTC Derivatives. If you want to know what life in the Third World is like, just ask Lisa ...
- published: 02 Apr 2010
- views: 838
- author: traynickel
Jefferson County, Alabama on the Brink of Bankruptcy (08/09/2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_Alabama_on_the_Brink_of_Bankruptcy_08_09_2011
Testimonial From Consumer Sued By Debt Buyer In Jefferson County, Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 19 Jul 2013
In this video Terry Morgan, a consumer in Jefferson County, Alabama, discusses his experience with consumer attorneys John Watts and Stan Herring. Terry Morg...
http://wn.com/Testimonial_From_Consumer_Sued_By_Debt_Buyer_In_Jefferson_County,_Alabama
In this video Terry Morgan, a consumer in Jefferson County, Alabama, discusses his experience with consumer attorneys John Watts and Stan Herring. Terry Morg...
- published: 01 Jun 2009
- views: 2417
- author: Alabama Consumer Protection Lawyers
JEFFERSON COUNTY ALABAMA IS BANKRUPT! 9-7-2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 18 Jul 2011
http://www.newzzcafe.com/ The Bank of New York Mellon, trustee for the county's creditor banks, won its request for the appointment of a receiver empowered t...
http://wn.com/JEFFERSON_COUNTY_ALABAMA_IS_BANKRUPT!_9-7-2010
http://www.newzzcafe.com/ The Bank of New York Mellon, trustee for the county's creditor banks, won its request for the appointment of a receiver empowered t...
- published: 07 Sep 2010
- views: 304
- author: traynickel
Commercial hard money loans in Jefferson County Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 12 Mar 2012
http://www.lendinguniverse.com/BorrowersHardMoneyLoans.asp Commercial hard money loans in Jefferson County Alabama, trust deed lender, acting through the Off...
http://wn.com/Commercial_hard_money_loans_in_Jefferson_County_Alabama
http://www.lendinguniverse.com/BorrowersHardMoneyLoans.asp Commercial hard money loans in Jefferson County Alabama, trust deed lender, acting through the Off...
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 29
- author: lender2045
POLICE STATE 2009: Jefferson County, Alabama Sheriff Wants National Guard to Patrol the Streets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 30 May 2011
http://wn.com/POLICE_STATE_2009_Jefferson_County,_Alabama_Sheriff_Wants_National_Guard_to_Patrol_the_Streets
Sherri Friday Probate Judge Jefferson County Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:29
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Candidate for Probate Judge Place #2 in Jefferson County, Alabama.
http://wn.com/Sherri_Friday_Probate_Judge_Jefferson_County_Alabama
Candidate for Probate Judge Place #2 in Jefferson County, Alabama.
- published: 23 Oct 2006
- views: 2181
- author: FridayProbate
Judge Alan Summers Jefferson County Family Court Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Before going to the polls on March 13, 2012, please take a minute to listen to this informative clip about Jefferson County's current District Court Judge in...
http://wn.com/Judge_Alan_Summers_Jefferson_County_Family_Court_Alabama
Before going to the polls on March 13, 2012, please take a minute to listen to this informative clip about Jefferson County's current District Court Judge in...
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 192
- author: gbaldwin58
The History of Jefferson County Alabama with narration by Sam Rumore of the Jefferson County Histori
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:12
- Updated: 31 Jul 2013
The History of Jefferson County Alabama with narration by Sam Rumore of the Jefferson County Historical Society.
http://wn.com/The_History_of_Jefferson_County_Alabama_with_narration_by_Sam_Rumore_of_the_Jefferson_County_Histori
The History of Jefferson County Alabama with narration by Sam Rumore of the Jefferson County Historical Society.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 402
- author: Bill Levey
Walker-Jefferson County, AL Thunderstorm - 5/28/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 11 Jul 2013
This video was made near the intersection of Alabama Highway 269 and Walker County Road 61 on the Walker-Jefferson line, south of Gorgas and east of Oakman. ...
http://wn.com/Walker-Jefferson_County,_AL_Thunderstorm_5_28_10
This video was made near the intersection of Alabama Highway 269 and Walker County Road 61 on the Walker-Jefferson line, south of Gorgas and east of Oakman. ...
- published: 29 May 2010
- views: 476
- author: Bamawxcom
Do Not Use Jefferson County AL Tax Appraisals to Find Your Homes True Value
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 31 May 2012
Collier Swecker video blogs about how homeowners in the Birmingham AL area do not need to use Jefferson County property tax appraisals as an indication of th...
http://wn.com/Do_Not_Use_Jefferson_County_AL_Tax_Appraisals_to_Find_Your_Homes_True_Value
Collier Swecker video blogs about how homeowners in the Birmingham AL area do not need to use Jefferson County property tax appraisals as an indication of th...
- published: 30 Jun 2010
- views: 251
- author: MegaAgentRealEstate
Jefferson County Courthouse -- Birmingham, Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 02 Aug 2013
The line to get car tags -- Friday, August 1, 2013 at 4:50 PM
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County_Courthouse_-_Birmingham,_Alabama
The line to get car tags -- Friday, August 1, 2013 at 4:50 PM
- published: 02 Aug 2013
- views: 24
Jefferson County Republican Straw Poll - Birmingham, AL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Jefferson County Republican Straw Poll Birmingham, AL October 13, 2007 John Sophocleus is interviewed, followed by Rev John Killian's speech and a reading of...
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County_Republican_Straw_Poll_Birmingham,_AL
Jefferson County Republican Straw Poll Birmingham, AL October 13, 2007 John Sophocleus is interviewed, followed by Rev John Killian's speech and a reading of...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 5180
- author: GinsingSullivan
North Jefferson County, AL Thunderstorm - 5/6/03
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 10 Jul 2013
My son David and I watched this storm roll across Jefferson County. No tornado was confirmed with the storm but it certainly put on a good lightning show.
http://wn.com/North_Jefferson_County,_AL_Thunderstorm_5_6_03
My son David and I watched this storm roll across Jefferson County. No tornado was confirmed with the storm but it certainly put on a good lightning show.
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 301
- author: Bamawxcom
Jefferson County muni bankruptcy triggers Alabama worries
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
Nov. 10 - Atlanta Bureau Chief Matthew Bigg says the Jefferson County, Alabama, bankruptcy filing has led residents to fear job and service cuts and could af...
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County_muni_bankruptcy_triggers_Alabama_worries
Nov. 10 - Atlanta Bureau Chief Matthew Bigg says the Jefferson County, Alabama, bankruptcy filing has led residents to fear job and service cuts and could af...
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 701
- author: ReutersVideo
Tornado Alabama @ Pleasant Grove & North Hueytown Jefferson County 27th April 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 10 Jun 2013
"Watch This"On the same day of the Tornado we took some footage after the Pleasant Grove and North Hueytown Tornado, more so the emergency action going on. 2...
http://wn.com/Tornado_Alabama_@_Pleasant_Grove_North_Hueytown_Jefferson_County_27th_April_2011
"Watch This"On the same day of the Tornado we took some footage after the Pleasant Grove and North Hueytown Tornado, more so the emergency action going on. 2...
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 21675
- author: MensHelpTv
My take on the debt problem in jefferson county alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Update on the John Young hearing. Please read one of the comments on the controversial EPA "improvements" to the Jefferson County sewer system: http://blog.a...
http://wn.com/My_take_on_the_debt_problem_in_jefferson_county_alabama
Update on the John Young hearing. Please read one of the comments on the controversial EPA "improvements" to the Jefferson County sewer system: http://blog.a...
- published: 29 Oct 2011
- views: 117
- author: binayt
VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 15 Oct 2013
https://plus.google.com/100875256993749347968/about?hl=en
http://www.mcdonaldmortgage.com
VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA. Know about VA Jumbo. In order to take advantage of the zero down payment available with a VA loan, you must purchase a home that is below the county loan limit, which in VA Jefferson County is $417,000. However, you can still benefit from a VA loan if your purchase prices is greater than the county loan limit. There VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA that allows you to have a down payment equal to 25% of the purchase price that is greater than the county loan limit. If you VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA to purchase a $517,000, you would need a down payment equal to 25% of the $100,000 that is over the county loan limit of $417,000 or $25,000. This is less than 5% AND you do not have to pay mortgage insurance.
Department of Veterans Affairs home loans, or VA loans for short, re a popular loan program with veteran home buyers. In the past fiscal year alone, the government has guaranteed 489,418 VA loans at a total in excess of $63 billion. There is a good reason for this, VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA require no down payment and are available from most lenders. In addition, the government limits the amount of closing costs and origination fees lenders can charge, as well as the appraisal fees. In general, the loans are available to some veterans, active service members, reservists and members of the Public Health Service.
Another big benefit to VA home loans -- no private mortgage insurance. Not only does the VA not require PMI, it also prohibits lenders from requiring it.
If you are interested in learning more about VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA give me a call today, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. Bill McDonald 866 435 6553
http://wn.com/VA_Jumbo_in_Jefferson_County_ALABAMA
https://plus.google.com/100875256993749347968/about?hl=en
http://www.mcdonaldmortgage.com
VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA. Know about VA Jumbo. In order to take advantage of the zero down payment available with a VA loan, you must purchase a home that is below the county loan limit, which in VA Jefferson County is $417,000. However, you can still benefit from a VA loan if your purchase prices is greater than the county loan limit. There VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA that allows you to have a down payment equal to 25% of the purchase price that is greater than the county loan limit. If you VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA to purchase a $517,000, you would need a down payment equal to 25% of the $100,000 that is over the county loan limit of $417,000 or $25,000. This is less than 5% AND you do not have to pay mortgage insurance.
Department of Veterans Affairs home loans, or VA loans for short, re a popular loan program with veteran home buyers. In the past fiscal year alone, the government has guaranteed 489,418 VA loans at a total in excess of $63 billion. There is a good reason for this, VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA require no down payment and are available from most lenders. In addition, the government limits the amount of closing costs and origination fees lenders can charge, as well as the appraisal fees. In general, the loans are available to some veterans, active service members, reservists and members of the Public Health Service.
Another big benefit to VA home loans -- no private mortgage insurance. Not only does the VA not require PMI, it also prohibits lenders from requiring it.
If you are interested in learning more about VA Jumbo in Jefferson County ALABAMA give me a call today, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. Bill McDonald 866 435 6553
- published: 15 Oct 2013
- views: 0
File A Judgment With The Probate Court In Jefferson County, Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 22 Sep 2013
Legal Help.
Like and Subscribe!
http://wn.com/File_A_Judgment_With_The_Probate_Court_In_Jefferson_County,_Alabama
Legal Help.
Like and Subscribe!
- published: 22 Sep 2013
- views: 1
Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 15 Oct 2013
https://plus.google.com/100875256993749347968/about?hl=en
http://www.mcdonaldmortgage.com
Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo. Learn the VA Jumbo. In order to take advantage of the zero down payment available with a VA loan, you must purchase a home that is below the county loan limit, which in Jefferson County is $417,000. However, you can still benefit from a VA loan if your purchase prices is greater than the county loan limit. There is a Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo that allows you to have a down payment equal to 25% of the purchase price that is greater than the county loan limit. If you used Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo to purchase a $517,000, you would need a down payment equal to 25% of the $100,000 that is over the county loan limit of $417,000 or $25,000. This is less than 5% AND you do not have to pay mortgage insurance.
Department of Veterans Affairs home loans, or VA loans for short, re a popular loan program with veteran home buyers. In the past fiscal year alone, the government has guaranteed 489,418 VA loans at a total in excess of $63 billion. There is a good reason for this, Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo require no down payment and are available from most lenders. In addition, the government limits the amount of closing costs and origination fees lenders can charge, as well as the appraisal fees. In general, the loans are available to some veterans, active service members, reservists and members of the Public Health Service.
Another big benefit to VA home loans -- no private mortgage insurance. Not only does the VA not require PMI, it also prohibits lenders from requiring it.
If you are interested in learning more about Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo give me a call today, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. Bill McDonald 866 435 6553
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County_AL_VA_Jumbo
https://plus.google.com/100875256993749347968/about?hl=en
http://www.mcdonaldmortgage.com
Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo. Learn the VA Jumbo. In order to take advantage of the zero down payment available with a VA loan, you must purchase a home that is below the county loan limit, which in Jefferson County is $417,000. However, you can still benefit from a VA loan if your purchase prices is greater than the county loan limit. There is a Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo that allows you to have a down payment equal to 25% of the purchase price that is greater than the county loan limit. If you used Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo to purchase a $517,000, you would need a down payment equal to 25% of the $100,000 that is over the county loan limit of $417,000 or $25,000. This is less than 5% AND you do not have to pay mortgage insurance.
Department of Veterans Affairs home loans, or VA loans for short, re a popular loan program with veteran home buyers. In the past fiscal year alone, the government has guaranteed 489,418 VA loans at a total in excess of $63 billion. There is a good reason for this, Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo require no down payment and are available from most lenders. In addition, the government limits the amount of closing costs and origination fees lenders can charge, as well as the appraisal fees. In general, the loans are available to some veterans, active service members, reservists and members of the Public Health Service.
Another big benefit to VA home loans -- no private mortgage insurance. Not only does the VA not require PMI, it also prohibits lenders from requiring it.
If you are interested in learning more about Jefferson County AL VA Jumbo give me a call today, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. Bill McDonald 866 435 6553
- published: 15 Oct 2013
- views: 0
photo: US Army / Specialist Michelle C. Lawrence
02 Nov 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling ... our country, right or wrong!" -Stephen Decatur, U.S ... U.S ... After three long decades of President Thomas Jefferson and his successors dispatching a series of small naval forces to engage the Barbary corsairs, the U.S ... While fighting so-called savages and barbarians in north Africa, President Jefferson imposed "settlement, manufacturing, and civilization"(2) onto the Native Americans ... 93 ... 125....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ishtiaq Mehsud
02 Nov 2013
The Pakistan Taliban is expected to announce a new chief after its leader for the past four years was killed in a CIA drone strike – a move that will likely complicate efforts to hold peace between Pakistan’s government and the militant outfit ... Mr Mehsud’s cousin, uncle and one of his guards were among those said to have also been killed ... Mr Mehsud was widely reported to have been killed in 2010, only for him to later emerge alive ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP
02 Nov 2013
TAMI ABDOLLAH. Associated Press= LOS ANGELES (AP) â A man carrying a note that said he wanted to "kill TSA" pulled a semi-automatic rifle from a bag and shot his way past a security checkpoint at Los Angeles International Airport on Friday, killing one Transportation Security Administration officer and wounding two others, authorities said ... His condition was not disclosed ... He had apparently been living in Los Angeles ... --- ... World news....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
03 Nov 2013
Obama adviser and heads of House and Senate intelligence signal hard line despite European support for whistleblower. Edward Snowden with Hans-Christian Stroebele. Photo. Irina Oho/HO/EPA. The White House and leading lawmakers have rejected Edward Snowden's plea for clemency and said he should return to the United States to face trial ... He also asked for international help to lobby the US to drop the charges against him ... Photo ... He added ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
« back to news headlines
Edit
The Charlotte Observer
04 Nov 2013
Jefferson County is selling $1.7 billion in refinanced sewer warrants as it tries to replace bad debt with good and emerge from a more than $4 billion bankruptcy. Jefferson County Commissioner Jimmie Stephens said the sales, which begin this week with presentations in Birmingham and New York, mean Alabama's most populous county "is alive and well and beginning to kick again."....(size: 2.5Kb)
Edit
The Business Review
04 Nov 2013
4 - Jefferson County Commission President David Carrington talks with the press Friday after the county struck a deal with creditors to stay on track for its plan to exit bankruptcy by the end of the year ... via @ (premium content) Could Alabama's ......(size: 1.5Kb)
Edit
Business Journal
04 Nov 2013
The latest rankings from Site Selection magazine give economic development initiatives in Alabama one more thing to brag about for the state. Alabama has the No ... The state's highest ranking in the study came from the survey of executives, which pegged Alabama at the No ... In 2012, Alabama ranked No ... Here is a breakdown of Alabama's ranking ... What does exit deal mean for Jefferson County residents?....(size: 6.6Kb)
Edit
Business Journal
04 Nov 2013
University of Alabama Head Football Coach Nick Saban was the subject of another extensive profile on Sunday ... As 60 Minutes noted, athletic department revenue has skyrocketed, allowing Alabama to be one of the select few athletic programs that actually run a surplus ... What does exit deal mean for Jefferson County residents?....(size: 7.4Kb)
Edit
The Charlotte Observer
04 Nov 2013
Declining revenues caused by a shrinking tax base means Jefferson County's next budget likely also has to shrink, officials said ... Census put Jefferson County's population at about 77,000 residents — down from more than 84,000 people in 2000 ... The 2013 budget has been operating at about a $2 million shortfall this year, according to Jefferson County Treasurer Elizabeth Rinchuso....(size: 2.2Kb)
Edit
MSNBC
04 Nov 2013
CLASS AAA BOYS - XC RESULTS. Team Results. 1. University - 64 pts. 2. Cabell Midland - 77 pts. 3. Morgantown - 141 pts. 4. Jefferson - 146 pts. 5. Parkersburg - 158 pts. Advertise. Advertise. Advertise. 6 ... Andrew Milliron (Jefferson) 16.11.46 ... Jefferson - 158 pts ... Abby Colbert (Jefferson) 18.22.53 ... Ritchie County - 139 pts ... Webster County - 185 pts ... Brettley Harris (Webster County) 16.27.72 ... Johnny Hogue (Ritchie County) 16.44.67 ... Braxton County - 224 pts....(size: 3.0Kb)
Edit
Business Journal
04 Nov 2013
What does exit deal mean for Jefferson County residents? ... Darla Mann Pair commented on Alabama Congressional race has business flavor on Thursday, October 31st Like the Birmingham Business Journal ... via @BhamHealthTech (premium content) http.//t.co/cEpMPyRq7J Could Alabama's Mercedes facility add more models to its production line? Daimler CFO says it's possible http.//t.co/aUVwi6KkHB....(size: 7.0Kb)
Edit
Denver Post
04 Nov 2013
Colorado Springs real estate developer Steve Schuck has not directly donated to school board races this year but served as a host for a fundraiser to elect a slate of candidates in Jefferson County ... The three candidates opposing the Republicans have been endorsed by the Jefferson County Democrats and have the support of the teachers union....(size: 6.2Kb)
Edit
noodls
04 Nov 2013
This week's Rising Republican Star is Madison County Young Republican David Pinkleton ... in Public Affairs from the University of Alabama in Huntsville ... He was responsible for organizing last week's successful Madison County Young Republican Chairman's Dinner featuring Oliver North. David serves in many leadership roles in Madison County ... In 2012, David interned in the State Senate for the Alabama Law Institute....(size: 3.1Kb)
Edit
The Examiner
04 Nov 2013
On August 23, Alabama Gun Rights member Clay Winguard and his family were attending a football game as law abiding Alabama citizens ... WBPD Chief Keith Whatley ordered Clay Winguard's weapon to be confiscated along with his Alabama Concealed Weapons Permit. Clay Winguard wasted no time and contacted Alabama Gun Rights for help against the WBPD's blatant abuse of power ... How long stand ye idle, Alabama? ....(size: 5.7Kb)
Edit
The Business Review
04 Nov 2013
The move will also see some of API's white-collar workers move to Western New York from Alabama ... Smouse said API’s parent company, Wellspring Capital Partners V L.P., brought together the company with its Alabama counterpart, ThermaSys. Initially, Wellspring wanted the company to be headquartered in Alabama but a strong and aggressive local pitch made Cheektowaga the frontrunner ... Erie County, NY Connors & Ferris, LLP ....(size: 4.2Kb)
Edit
Lexington Herald-Leader
04 Nov 2013
FRANKFORT — Louisville businessman Phil Moffett, who lost the 2011 Republican nomination for governor, is running for the Kentucky House of Representatives. Moffett said Monday in a news release that he will run for the 32nd House District in Jefferson County next year ... Moffett will face former Jefferson County Republican Party Chair Shellie May in next spring's GOP primary election ... State Rep ... Jack Brammer. (502) 227-1198. Twitter....(size: 2.4Kb)
Edit
The Roanoke Times
04 Nov 2013
3 team in Division I, as well as public schools Rockbridge County (twice), Christiansburg, William Byrd, Floyd County, and Eastern Montgomery ... 3 Cave Spring (18-5), the 2011 AA champ, plays host to six-seed Christiansburg, the winner to visit second-seed Patrick County (22-2) Tuesday ... Patrick County is 42-3 the past two seasons and has four players led by T’Keyah Hines (202 kills) who have 150 or more slams ... 6 Craig County is at No....(size: 6.7Kb)
| Jefferson County, Alabama | |
 Downtown Birmingham
|
|
 Location in the state of Alabama |
|
 Alabama's location in the U.S. |
|
| Founded | December 13, 1819[1] |
|---|---|
| Seat | Birmingham |
| Largest city | Birmingham |
| Area - Total - Land - Water |
1,123.80 sq mi (2,911 km²) 1,112.61 sq mi (2,882 km²) 11.20 sq mi (29 km²), 1.00% |
| PopulationEst. - (2011) - Density |
658,931 592/sq mi (228/km²) |
| Time zone | Central: UTC-6/-5 |
| Website | jeffconline.jccal.org/ |
Jefferson County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Alabama, with its county seat being located in Birmingham.[1] As of the 2010 census, the population of Jefferson County was 658,466.[2] Jefferson County is the principal and most populous county in the Birmingham metropolitan area.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Birmingham, Alabama, National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama, and Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage by county (Jefferson–Macon)
Jefferson County was established on December 13, 1819, by the Alabama Legislature.[1] It was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.[1] The county is located in the north-central portion of the state, on the southmost edge of the Appalachian Mountains, in the center of the (former) iron, coal, and limestone mining belt of the Southern United States. Jefferson County is bordered by Blount County, Bibb County, St. Clair County, Shelby County, Tuscaloosa County, and Walker County, in Alabama. Jefferson County has a land area of about 1,119 square miles (2,900 km2). Well-before Birmingham was even founded (in 1871), the county seat of Jefferson County was located at Carrollsville (1819 – 21) and Elyton (1821 – 73), and since 1873 it has been located in Birmingham, which was named for the English city of the same name in Warwickshire. That city had long been a center of iron and steel production in Great Britain. Note that Elyton has long been a part of Birmingham itself, since Birmingham was established by the merger of three towns, and the city has a long history of annexing its neighboring towns and villages, including North Birmingham.
2011 Bankruptcy filing[link]
On November 9, 2011, Jefferson County filed for bankruptcy, the most expensive municipal bankruptcy ever in the US, at $4.1 billion, with debts of $3.14 billion relating to sewer work.[3] It requested Chapter 9 relief under federal statute 11 USC §921. The case was filed in the Northern District of Alabama Bankruptcy Court as case number 11-05736. The county is represented by Kenneth N. Klee, a partner in the firm Klee, Tuchin, Bogdanoff & Stern.
As of May 2012[update], Jefferson County has slashed expenses and reduced employment of county government workers by more than 700.[4]
Government[link]
Jefferson County is one of the eight counties in Alabama with a limited-form of home rule government. It allows the county to be able to set up a zoning system for land use, maintain the sanitary sewer, sewerage systems and highways, provide for garbage and trash disposal, and to enforce taxation (except for property taxes). The county is governed by a five-member commission that combines the legislative and executive duties for the county. The Commissioners are elected by a vote of the districts which they represent, rather than by an "at large" election as has been done sometimes[citation needed] in the past. Each county commissioner represents one of the five individual districts in the county. By votes in the commission, the commissioners are given executive responsibilities for the various county departments, which fall under the categories of "Roads and Transportation", "Community Development", "Environmental Services", "Health and Human Services", "Technlogy and Land Development", and "Finance and General Services". The County Commission elects its own President, who is the chairman of all County Commission meetings, and who has additional executive duties.
Taxation[link]
Sales tax on many items within the county can be as high as 10%. In January 2005, a controversial addition 1% educational sales tax for the funding of construction of education facilities came into effect. This tax was approved by a 3–2 vote by the County Commission in October 2004. Commissioners Gary White and Bettye Fine Collins voted against the tax, while Larry Langford, Sheila Smoot, and Mary Buckelew voted in favor.[citation needed] This additional 1¢ has led county municipalities such as Fairfield to have sales tax rates as high as 10%, while other municipalities and incorporated communities saw an increase in their total sales tax rate from 8% to 9%. The educational sales tax as well as the county's limited ability to self-govern has been the subject of an attempted repeal by the Alabama State Legislature during the 2005 regular legislative session though the repeal of either (particularly self-government) is highly unlikely.[original research?] It should be noted that the state of Alabama sales tax is 4% and Jefferson County's is 2% in total. Municipal sales taxes go as high as 4%.
On March 16, 2011, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that Jefferson County's 2009 occupational tax law was passed unconstitutionally, in a decision that dealt a devastating financial blow to a county considering bankruptcy.[1][5]
Sewer construction and bond swap controversy[link]
Two extremely controversial undertakings by the county account for the majority of this debt. First was a massive overhaul of the county-owned sewer system, and second was a series of risky bond-swap agreements. Both have been scrutinized by federal prosecutors, with several former county officials convicted of bribery and corruption.[6][3]
A series of controversial interest rate swaps, initiated in 2002 and 2003 by former Commission President Larry Langford (removed as the mayor of Birmingham after his conviction[7]), were intended to lower interest payments, but have, in fact, had the opposite effect, increasing the county's indebtedness to the point that officials have issued formal statements doubting the county's ability to meet its financial obligations. The bond swaps are at the center of an investigation by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.[8]
In late February 2008 Standard & Poor's lowered their rating of Jefferson County bonds to "junk" status. The likelihood of the county filing for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection has been debated in the press.[9] In early March 2008, Moody's followed suit and indicated that it would also review the county's ability to meet other bond obligations.[10]
On March 7, 2008, Jefferson County failed to post $184 million collateral as required under its sewer bond agreements, thereby moving into technical default.[11]
In February 2011, Lesley Curwen of the BBC World Service, interviewed David Carrington, the newly appointed president of the commission, about the risk of defaulting on bonds issued to finance “what could be the most expensive sewage system in history.” Carrington said there was “no doubt that people from Wall Street offered bribes” and “have to take a huge responsibility for what happened.” The system was repaired and upgraded a few years ago because of environmental problems. Wall Street investment banks including JP Morgan and others arranged complex financial deals using swaps. The fees and penalty charges increased the cost so the county now has $3.2 billion outstanding. Some county officials have been prosecuted for accepting bribes from bankers and are now in prison or awaiting sentence. Carrington said one of the problems was that elected officials had welcomed scheduling with very low early payments so long as peak payments occurred after they left office. The debt structure now was such that there was no way that 700,000 people could pay it back over 30 years. The job could have been done for somewhere between $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion but shouldn't have cost $3.2 billion. Those selling the bonds weren't interested in whether they could be repaid as they would have moved on. The county was not able to pay its bills and now needed to restructure its debts to avoid bankruptcy. Investors would lose out but hopefully innocent small investors would get 100%. The SEC has awarded the county $75 million in compensation relation to “unlawful payments” against JP Morgan and in addition the company will forfeit $647 million of future fees. Carrington said citizens had to elect the right people to avoid a repeat disaster. Officials must identify those responsible, including local investment bankers, and root them out. A characteristic symptom of wrongdoing is unaudited books, the county was three years behind with its auditing, new debts cannot be issued until auditing is complete and this could take 1– 2 years.[12]
Law[link]
Jefferson County is served by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Department. The County Sheriff is chosen by the eligible voters in an "at large" election, rather than being hired as a civil service professional, and sheriffs are selected in many other places. The current County Sheriff is Mike Hale. The Sheriff's Department fields about 175 deputy sheriffs who patrol the unincorporated areas of the county, and also all municipalities that do not have their own police departments. The Sheriff's Department has two county jails, one in Birmingham and one in Bessemer that detain suspects awaiting trial (who cannot afford to post bail) and other ones who are serving sentences less than one year in length.
There are two judicial courthouses in Jefferson County, a situation dating back to when the state legislature was making preparations to split off a portion of Jefferson County to create a new county, centered around Bessemer. The split never happened because there was no way for the proposed new county to have enough area—a minimum of 500 square miles—to meet the requirement of the Alabama State Constitution. The additional county courthouse and some parallel functions remain in service. The main courthouse is in Birmingham and the second one is located in Bessemer. There are elected officials who maintain offices in the Bessemer annex, such as the county's Assistant Tax Collector, the Assistant Tax Assessor, and the Assistant District Attorney.
Education[link]
Except for cities such as Birmingham that have established their own local school districts, all parts of Jefferson County are served by Jefferson County Board of Education. Parts within Birmingham are served by Birmingham City Schools. Other cities in the county that have established their own school systems are Bessemer, Fairfield, Midfield, Trussville, Homewood, Leeds, Hoover, Vestavia Hills, Tarrant, and Mountain Brook.
Geography and transportation[link]
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 1,123.80 square miles (2,910.6 km2), of which 1,112.61 square miles (2,881.6 km2) (or 99.00%) is land and 11.20 square miles (29.0 km2) (or 1.00%) is water.[13] The county is home to the Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge.
The Alabama Department of Corrections operates the William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility, a prison for men, in unincorporated Jefferson County, Alabama, near Bessemer. The prison includes one of the two Alabama death rows for men.[14]
Major highways[link]
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Railroads[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
AMTRAK passenger service is provided by the Crescent, which stops in Birmingham. Freight service is provided by BNSF Railway, CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, Alabama & Tennessee River Railway, and Birmingham Southern Railroad. There is also one switching and terminal railroad, Alabama Warrior Railway. The county was formerly served by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, and the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad.[citation needed]
File:KBHM Route Map.png
Destinations served by Birmingham-Shuttlesworth as of 2008.
Air travel[link]
Birmingham is the location of the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, which provides service, either direct or connecting, to most of the rest of the United States. In spite of its name, it offers no direct international flight, although it used to offer a nonstop flight to Montreal, Quebec.
Cities and towns[link]
- Adamsville
- Adger
- Argo (part of Argo is in St. Clair County)
- Avondale
- Bessemer
- Birmingham (part of Birmingham is in Shelby County)
- Brighton
- Brookside
- Cahaba Heights
- Cardiff
- Center Point
- Chalkville
- Clay
- Concord
- County Line (part of County Line is in Blount County)
- Dolomite
- Edgewater
- Ensley
- Fairfield
- Forestdale
- Fultondale
- Gardendale
- Grayson Valley
- Graysville
- Helena (part of Helena is in Shelby County)
- Homewood
- Hoover (part of Hoover is in Shelby County)
- Hueytown
- Huffman
- Irondale
- Kimberly
- Leeds (part of Leeds is in Shelby County and St. Clair County)
- Lipscomb
- Maytown
- McCalla (part of McCalla is in Tuscaloosa County)
- McDonald Chapel
- Midfield
- Minor
- Morris
- Mount Olive
- Mountain Brook
- Mulga
- North Birmingham
- North Johns
- Pinson
- Pleasant Grove
- Rock Creek
- Shannon
- Sumiton (part of Sumiton is in Walker County)
- Sylvan Springs
- Tarrant
- Trafford
- Trussville (part of Trussville is in St. Clair County)
- Vestavia Hills (part of Vestavia Hills is in Shelby County)
- Warrior (part of Warrior is in Blount County)
- Wenonah
- West Jefferson
- Woodlawn
- Wylam (northwest of Fairfield)
Adjacent counties[link]
Jefferson County is diamond-shaped, with irregular boundaries. Its neighboring counties are mostly on its northwestern, northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern sides, with two neighbors on its north, two neighbors on its east, two neighbors on its south, and two neighbors on its west. One of Jefferson County's neighbors has only a short boundary with it.
 |
Walker County | Walker County and Blount County | St. Clair County | |
| Tuscaloosa County |  |
St. Clair County | ||
 Jefferson County, Alabama East |
||||
 |
||||
| Tuscaloosa County and (a very short boundary with) Bibb County | Shelby County | Shelby County |
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1830 | 6,855 |
|
|
| 1840 | 7,131 | 4.0% | |
| 1850 | 8,989 | 26.1% | |
| 1860 | 11,746 | 30.7% | |
| 1870 | 12,345 | 5.1% | |
| 1880 | 23,272 | 88.5% | |
| 1890 | 88,501 | 280.3% | |
| 1900 | 140,420 | 58.7% | |
| 1910 | 226,476 | 61.3% | |
| 1920 | 310,054 | 36.9% | |
| 1930 | 431,493 | 39.2% | |
| 1940 | 459,930 | 6.6% | |
| 1950 | 558,928 | 21.5% | |
| 1960 | 634,864 | 13.6% | |
| 1970 | 644,991 | 1.6% | |
| 1980 | 671,371 | 4.1% | |
| 1990 | 651,525 | −3.0% | |
| 2000 | 662,047 | 1.6% | |
| 2010 | 658,466 | −0.5% | |
| Est. 2011 | 658,931 | 0.1% | |
|
2011 estimate through 1960 |
|||
2010[link]
Whereas according to the 2010 United States Census Bureau:
- 53.0% White
- 42.0% Black
- 0.3% Native American
- 1.4% Asian
- 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
- 1.1% Two or more races
- 3.9% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
2000[link]
As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 662,047 people, 263,265 households, and 175,861 families residing in the county. The population density was 595 people per square mile (230/km2). There were 288,162 housing units at an average density of 259 per square mile (100/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 58.10% White, 39.36% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.59% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Nearly 1.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The largest self-reported European ancestries in Jefferson County, Alabama are English 9.7%(64,016), "American" 9.6%(63,015), Irish 8.6%(56,695), German 7.2%(47,690).[16] Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early sixteen hundreds. Demographers estimate that roughly 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry.[17][18][19][20] There are also many more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than are self-reported.[21]
There were 263,265 households, out of which 30.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.10% were married couples living together, 17.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.20% were non-families. Nearly 28.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45, and the average family size was 3.04.
In the county, the population was spread out with 24.80% under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.50 males.
In 2007 Jefferson County had the highest rate of syphilis cases per 100,000 in the US, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[22]
The median income for a household in the county was $36,868, and the median income for a family was $45,951. Males had a median income of $35,954 versus $26,631 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,892. About 11.60% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.20% of those under age 18 and 12.70% of those age 65 or over.
National elections[link]
| Year | GOP | DEM | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 47.2% 149,921 | 52.3% 166,121 | 0.5% 1,768 |
| 2004 | 54.2% 158,680 | 45.2% 132,286 | 0.7% 2,001 |
| 2000 | 50.6% 138,491 | 47.4% 129,889 | 2.0% 5,383 |
| 1996 | 50.2% 130,980 | 46.1% 120,028 | 3.7% 9,718 |
| 1992 | 50.1% 149,832 | 42.1% 125,889 | 7.7% 23,163 |
Although Alabama as a whole voted for John McCain by double digits, Barack Obama carried Jefferson County with 166,121 votes (52%) John McCain received 149,921 votes (47%).[23]
References[link]
Specific references:
- ^ a b c d "Jefferson County Extension Office". Alabama Cooperative Extension System (ACES). http://www.aces.edu/counties/Jefferson/.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "2010 Census Data". United States Census Bureau. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ a b Brian Wheeler (14 December 2011). "The scandal of the Alabama poor cut off from water". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16037798. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
- ^ "Bankrupt Jefferson County, Alabama Lays Off 75 More Government Workers". Reuters. 2012-05-02. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/02/bankrupt-jefferson-county-alabama-lays-off_n_1472652.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Mountain Law's Birmingham Business Law Blog: Is Jefferson County’s Continued Collection of Its Occupational Tax Valid? from dewaynepope.typepad.com
- ^ Former Jefferson County Commissioner Gary White sentenced to 10 years in prison. al.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-12.
- ^ Larry Langford Impact – Page 3 – - Larry Langford trial | Latest Larry Langford News. al.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-02.
- ^ Wright, Barnett (December 18, 2007). SEC wants to force Larry Langford, Bill Blount to testify in Jefferson County bond swap deals. Birmingham News.
- ^ Hubbard, Russell (March 2, 2008) "Jefferson County finance options likely to be expensive." Birmingham News
- ^ Hubbard, Russell (March 4, 2008). "Update: Jefferson County finances take another hit". Birmingham News. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/03/update_jefferson_county_financ.html.
- ^ Wright, Barnett (March 8, 2008) "Jefferson County, Alabama sewer debt swap agreement deadline passes." Birmingham News
- ^ "Business Daily Alabama's sewerdebt". BBC World Service. 28 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p00dy3z5/Business_Daily_Alabamas_sewer_debts. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/county2k.txt. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ "Donaldson Correctional Facility." Alabama Department of Corrections. Retrieved on October 8, 2010.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Jefferson County, Alabama: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States, 2006–2008 from the U.S. Census
- ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
- ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
- ^ Alabama: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States, 2006–2008 from the U.S. Census
- ^ Birmingham Business Journal,"Jefferson County tops country for number of syphilis cases" November 15, 2007.
- ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-02.
General references:
- "Looting Main Street: How the nation's biggest banks are ripping off American cities with the same predatory deals that brought down Greece", Rolling Stone March 31, 2010
- The Sewer of Gold and other famous crooks from frtillman.net
External links[link]
- Official website
- Jefferson County Historical Commission
- West Jefferson County Historical Society
- Jefferson County Historical Association
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: 33°35′N 86°52′W / 33.583°N 86.867°W / 33.583; -86.867
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_Alabama
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Alabama. For other uses, see Alabama (disambiguation).
| State of Alabama | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): Yellowhammer State; Heart of Dixie; Cotton State | |||||
| Motto(s): Audemus jura nostra defendere (Latin) | |||||
 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English (96.17%) Spanish (2.12%) |
||||
| Demonym | Alabamian[1] | ||||
| Capital | Montgomery | ||||
| Largest city | Birmingham 212,237 (2010 census) |
||||
| Largest metro area | Greater Birmingham Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 30th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 190 miles (305 km) | ||||
| - Length | 330 miles (531 km) | ||||
| - % water | 3.20 | ||||
| - Latitude | 30° 11′ N to 35° N | ||||
| - Longitude | 84° 53′ W to 88° 28′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 23rd in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 4,802,740 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 94.6/sq mi (36.5/km2) Ranked 27th in the U.S. |
||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Cheaha[3][4][5] 2,413 ft (735.5 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 500 ft (150 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Gulf of Mexico[4] sea level |
||||
| Before statehood | Alabama Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | December 14, 1819 (22nd) | ||||
| Governor | Robert J. Bentley (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Kay Ivey (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Alabama Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | 6 Republicans, 1 Democrat (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - most of state | Central: UTC -6/-5 | ||||
| - Phenix City, Alabama area | Eastern: UTC −5/−4 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AL Ala. US-AL | ||||
| Website | alabama.gov | ||||
|
|
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| The Flag of Alabama. | |
|
|
|
| Animate insignia | |
| Amphibian | Red Hills salamander |
| Bird(s) | Yellowhammer, Wild Turkey |
| Butterfly | Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |
| Fish | Largemouth bass, Fighting tarpon |
| Flower(s) | Camellia, Oak-leaf Hydrangea |
| Insect | Monarch Butterfly |
| Mammal(s) | American Black Bear, Racking horse |
| Reptile | Alabama red-bellied turtle |
| Tree | Longleaf Pine |
|
|
|
| Inanimate insignia | |
| Beverage | Conecuh Ridge Whiskey |
| Colors | Red, White |
| Dance | Square Dance |
| Food | Pecan, Blackberry, Peach |
| Fossil | Basilosaurus |
| Gemstone | Star Blue Quartz |
| Mineral | Hematite |
| Rock | Marble |
| Shell | Johnstone's Junonia |
| Slogan(s) | Share The Wonder, Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama |
| Soil | Bama |
| Song(s) | Alabama (song) |
|
|
|
| Route marker(s) | |
 |
|
|
|
|
| State Quarter | |
 |
|
| Released in 2003 | |
|
|
|
| Lists of United States state insignia | |
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented.[6] Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie." The state tree is the Longleaf Pine, the state flower is the Camellia. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham. The largest city by total land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Alabama
Etymology[link]
The Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers on the upper reaches of the Alabama River,[7] served as the etymological source of the names of the river and state. In the Alabama language, the word for an Alabama person is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form "Alabama persons" is Albaamaha).[8] The word Alabama is believed to have originated from the Choctaw language[9] and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.[10] The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.[10] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 with Garcilasso de la Vega using Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively.[10] As early as 1702, the tribe was known to the French as Alibamon with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons.[7] Other spellings of the appellation have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, and Allibamou.[10][11][12][13]
Although the origin of Alabama could be discerned, sources disagree on its meaning. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."[10] This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek.[10] Experts in the Muskogean languages have been unable to find any evidence to support such a translation.[7][10] Scholars believe the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").[9][10][14] The meaning may have been "clearers of the thicket"[9] or "herb gatherers"[14][15] which may refer to clearing of land for cultivation[11] or to collecting medicinal plants.[15]
Indigenous peoples, early history[link]
Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before European colonization. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC–AD 700) and continued until European contact.[16] The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from AD 1000 to 1600, with one of its major centers being at the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama.[17][18] Analysis of artifacts recovered from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC).[19] Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.[20]
Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in the area of present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee, and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile.[21]
European settlement[link]
The French founded the first European settlement in the region at Old Mobile, in 1702.[22] The area was French from 1702 to 1763; part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780. Thomas Bassett was the first British settler in the state. He settled near what is now Tombigbee River in Washington County.[23] Alabama became part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1810; part of the independent Republic of West Florida for a short time (90 days); annexed by the U.S. and added to the Territory of Orleans (1810); and, finally, added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Throughout these later developments, however, the Spanish had kept a nominal (although largely ignored) governmental presence in the region, based out of Mobile. When Andrew Jackson's forces occupied Mobile in 1814 —while preparing for the Battle of New Orleans —he demonstrated the United States' de facto authority over the region, effectively ending Spanish governance (though not its claim), while gaining an unencumbered passage to the gulf.[24]
The area making up today's northern and central Alabama, known as the Yazoo lands, had been claimed by the Province of Georgia after 1767. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of the state of Georgia —although heavily disputed. Conflicting claims to the area were held, first by several Native American tribes (most notably the Chickamauga-Cherokee and Yazoo), by other states (e.g. South Carolina); and by the US federal government; Britain and Spain. In 1802, the region was joined to the Mississippi Territory. Individual statehood was delayed, however, by the territory's lack of a coastline.[citation needed]
Statehood, Civil War, and Reconstruction[link]
Alabama was admitted to the Union in 1819 as the 22nd state. Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. Settlers rapidly arrived to take advantage of the fertile soil. Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations expanded. The economy of the central "Black Belt" (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew largely from slave labor.[25] The area also drew many poor, disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. The 1860 census records show that enslaved Africans comprised 45% of the state's total population of 964,201. There were only 2,690 free persons of color living in Alabama at the time.
From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as the capital of Alabama. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced that it had voted to remove the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847. In time, a Capitol building was erected under the direction of a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania architect. The original structure burnt down in 1849 but was rebuilt in 1851 following the original plans.[26]
On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. While few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the American Civil War. Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.[27] During Reconstruction, the new state legislators created a public school system for the first time, as well as establishing some welfare institutions to help its people. Alabama was officially restored to the Union in 1868.
After the Civil War, the state was still chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor during Reconstruction and sought to re-establish controls over freedmen. In the early years the Ku Klux Klan had numerous independent chapters in Alabama that attacked freedmen and other Republicans. After it was suppressed, insurgent whites organized paramilitary groups, such as the Red Shirts and White League, that acted more openly to suppress black voting. Regaining power by the late 1870s, in the last decade of the 19th century, white Democrats passed electoral laws disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites.[28] Having regained power in the state legislature, Democrats passed Jim Crow laws, including racial segregation in public facilities, to restore white supremacy in the society.
In 1875, the state passed the Blaine Amendment, to prohibit public money from being used to finance Catholic schools.[29]
1900–1960[link]
The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama effectively disfranchised African Americans and many poor whites through voting restrictions, including literacy requirements. While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to support these legislative efforts, the new restrictions resulted in disfranchising poor whites as well, due mostly to imposition of a cumulative poll tax.
In 1900, 14 Black Belt counties had more than 79,000 voters on the rolls.[clarification needed] By June 1, 1903, the number of[clarification needed] registered voters had dropped to 1,081. In 1900, Alabama had more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote. By 1903, only 2,980 had qualified to register, although at least 74,000 black voters were literate.[30]
By 1941, a total of more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 whites to 520,000 blacks.[30] Nearly all African Americans lost the ability to vote.
The disfranchisement was ended by African Americans' leading the Civil Rights Movement and gaining Federal legislation in the mid-1960s to protect their voting and civil rights. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 also protected the suffrage of poor whites.
The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disfranchised African Americans in the segregated state, but did not relieve them of paying taxes.[25] Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the Great Migration to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities. The population growth rate in Alabama (see "Historical Populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920, reflecting the effect of emigration.
At the same time, many rural whites and blacks migrated to the city of Birmingham for work in new industrial jobs. It experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City." By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy.[31]
Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought prosperity.[25] Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. In the 1960s under Governor George Wallace, many whites in the state opposed federal integration efforts in schools and public facilities.
1960–present[link]
Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham.
One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "A minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."[6]
African Americans were presumed partial to Republicans for historical reasons, but they were disfranchised. White Alabamans felt bitter towards the Republican Party in the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction. These factors created a longstanding tradition that any candidate who wanted to be viable with white voters had to run as a Democrat regardless of political beliefs.
During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans achieved a protection of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national Civil Rights Act of 1964,[32] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. De jure segregation ended in the states as Jim Crow laws were invalidated or repealed.[33]
Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, cases were filed in Federal courts to force Alabama to redistrict by population both the House and Senate of the state legislature. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature implemented the Alabama constitution's provision for periodic redistricting based on population. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.[6]
After 1972, the state's white voters shifted much of their support to Republican candidates in presidential elections (as also occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the majority of whites in the state have voted increasingly Republican in state elections. In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.[34]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Alabama
See also: List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama
Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.[35] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[36]
The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[36] Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level[37] at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha,[36] at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m).[38] Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.[39] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[40]
Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.[41] Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.[42] Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville.
A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster." A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[43] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[44] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.[45]
Urban areas[link]
Main article: List of Metropolitan areas of Alabama
See also: List of cities in Alabama
| Rank | Metropolitan Area | Population (2010 Census) |
Counties |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birmingham-Hoover | 1,128,047 | Bibb, Blount, Chilton, Jefferson, St. Clair, Shelby, Walker |
| 2 | Huntsville | 417,593 | Limestone, Madison |
| 3 | Mobile | 412,992 | Mobile |
| 4 | Montgomery | 374,536 | Autauga, Elmore, Lowndes, Montgomery |
| 5 | Tuscaloosa | 219,461 | Greene, Hale, Tuscaloosa |
| 6 | Decatur | 153,829 | Lawrence, Morgan |
| 7 | Florence-Muscle Shoals | 147,137 | Colbert, Lauderdale |
| 8 | Dothan | 145,639 | Geneva, Henry, Houston |
| 9 | Auburn-Opelika | 140,247 | Lee |
| 10 | Anniston-Oxford | 112,249 | Calhoun |
| 11 | Gadsden | 104,430 | Etowah |
| Total | 3,362,483 |
| Rank | City | Population (2010 Census) |
County |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birmingham | 212,237 | Jefferson |
| 2 | Montgomery | 205,764 | Montgomery |
| 3 | Mobile | 195,111 | Mobile |
| 4 | Huntsville | 180,105 | Madison Limestone |
| 5 | Tuscaloosa | 90,468 | Tuscaloosa |
| 6 | Hoover | 81,619 | Jefferson Shelby |
| 7 | Dothan | 65,496 | Houston |
| 8 | Decatur | 55,683 | Morgan Limestone |
| 9 | Auburn | 53,380 | Lee |
| 10 | Madison | 42,938 | Madison Limestone |
| 11 | Florence | 39,319 | Lauderdale |
| 12 | Gadsden | 36,856 | Etowah |
| 13 | Vestavia Hills | 34,033 | Jefferson |
| 14 | Prattville | 33,960 | Autauga |
| 15 | Phenix City | 32,822 | Russell |
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Alabama
The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification.[46] The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[47] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[47]
Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.
South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail – the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.[48]
Alabama, along with Kansas, has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state – according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to October 31, 2006.[49] Several long – tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state, even surpassing Texas which has a much larger area within Tornado Alley. The state suffered damage in the Super Outbreak of April 1974, and the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak. The outbreak in April 2011 produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.[50]
The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December, along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state – along the Tennessee Valley – is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains.
Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.
Alabama's highest recorded temperature of 114 °F (46 °C) was recorded on September 5, 1925 in the unincorporated community of Centerville. −27 °F (−33 °C) was the state's record low recorded in 1966 in New Market.[citation needed]
| Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities [°F (°C)] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | ||
| Huntsville | Average high | 48.9 (9.4) |
54.6 (12.6) |
63.4 (17.4) |
72.3 (22.4) |
79.6 (26.4) |
86.5 (30.3) |
89.4 (31.9) |
89.0 (31.7) |
83.0 (28.3) |
72.9 (22.7) |
61.6 (16.4) |
52.4 (11.3) |
71.1 (21.7) |
|
| Average low | 30.7 (−0.7) |
34.0 (1.1) |
41.2 (5.1) |
48.4 (9.1) |
57.5 (14.2) |
65.4 (18.6) |
69.5 (20.8) |
68.1 (20.1) |
61.7 (16.5) |
49.6 (9.8) |
40.7 (4.8) |
33.8 (1.0) |
50.1 (10.1) |
||
| Birmingham | Average high | 52.8 (11.6) |
58.3 (14.6) |
66.5 (19.2) |
74.1 (23.4) |
81.0 (27.2) |
87.5 (30.8) |
90.6 (32.6) |
90.2 (32.3) |
84.6 (29.2) |
74.9 (23.8) |
64.5 (18.1) |
56.0 (13.3) |
73.4 (23.0) |
|
| Average low | 32.3 (0.2) |
35.4 (1.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
48.4 (9.1) |
57.6 (14.2) |
65.4 (18.6) |
69.7 (20.9) |
68.9 (20.5) |
63.0 (17.2) |
50.9 (10.5) |
41.8 (5.4) |
35.2 (1.8) |
50.9 (10.5) |
||
| Montgomery | Average high | 57.6 (14.2) |
62.4 (16.9) |
70.5 (21.4) |
77.5 (25.3) |
84.6 (29.2) |
90.6 (32.6) |
92.7 (33.7) |
92.2 (33.4) |
87.7 (30.9) |
78.7 (25.9) |
68.7 (20.4) |
60.3 (15.7) |
77.0 (25.0) |
|
| Average low | 35.5 (1.9) |
38.6 (3.7) |
45.4 (7.4) |
52.1 (11.2) |
60.1 (15.6) |
67.3 (19.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
70.1 (21.2) |
64.9 (18.3) |
52.2 (11.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
37.6 (3.1) |
53.2 (11.8) |
||
| Mobile | Average high | 60.7 (15.9) |
64.5 (18.1) |
71.2 (21.8) |
77.4 (25.2) |
84.2 (29.0) |
89.4 (31.9) |
91.2 (32.9) |
90.8 (32.7) |
86.8 (30.4) |
79.2 (26.2) |
70.1 (21.2) |
62.9 (17.2) |
77.4 (25.2) |
|
| Average low | 39.5 (4.2) |
42.4 (5.8) |
49.2 (9.6) |
54.8 (12.7) |
62.8 (17.1) |
69.2 (20.7) |
71.8 (22.1) |
71.7 (22.0) |
67.6 (19.8) |
56.3 (13.5) |
47.8 (8.8) |
41.6 (5.3) |
56.2 (13.4) |
||
| Source: NOAA[51][52][53][54] | |||||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Alabama
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1800 | 1,250 |
|
|
| 1810 | 9,046 | 623.7% | |
| 1820 | 127,901 | 1,313.9% | |
| 1830 | 309,527 | 142.0% | |
| 1840 | 590,756 | 90.9% | |
| 1850 | 771,623 | 30.6% | |
| 1860 | 964,201 | 25.0% | |
| 1870 | 996,992 | 3.4% | |
| 1880 | 1,262,505 | 26.6% | |
| 1890 | 1,513,401 | 19.9% | |
| 1900 | 1,828,697 | 20.8% | |
| 1910 | 2,138,093 | 16.9% | |
| 1920 | 2,348,174 | 9.8% | |
| 1930 | 2,646,248 | 12.7% | |
| 1940 | 2,832,961 | 7.1% | |
| 1950 | 3,061,743 | 8.1% | |
| 1960 | 3,266,740 | 6.7% | |
| 1970 | 3,444,165 | 5.4% | |
| 1980 | 3,893,888 | 13.1% | |
| 1990 | 4,040,587 | 3.8% | |
| 2000 | 4,447,100 | 10.1% | |
| 2010 | 4,779,736 | 7.5% | |
| Sources: 1910–2010[55] | |||
|
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,802,740 on July 1, 2011, a 0.48% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900,[56] which represents an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the last census in 2000.[57] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state.[57] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.[57] The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).
The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside of the town of Jemison.[58]
Race and ancestry[link]
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 68.5% White (67.0% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 26.2% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.0% from Some Other Race, and 1.5% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 3.9% of the population.[59]
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are: African American (26.2%), English (23.6%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%).[60][61][62] Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census, 41% of the people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group at the time.[63][64][65][66][67] There are also many more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than are self-reported.[68] Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish, but most of the time in Alabama this term is used for those with Scottish roots, rather than Irish.[69]
In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, Alabama established a state Indian Commission and officially recognized seven American Indian tribes, including the Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, which is a 501 (c)(3) group. It is made up of descendants of the Chickamauga Cherokee and others who managed to evade Indian Removal in the 1830s. Working with Auburn University, the tribe has begun a revival of the Cherokee language.
Religion[link]
Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of high Christian followers. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the US, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.[70] A majority of people in the state identify as Protestant. As of 2000, the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are Evangelical Protestant, Mainline Protestant, and Catholic. The Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents in Alabama with 1,380,121, followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 members, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents.[71]
In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.[72] In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.[73][74] In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 80% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian (other than Catholic,) 6% as Catholic, and 11% as having no religion at all.[75]
Health[link]
A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study showed that Alabama was one of the worst in the country for obesity with most counties having over 29% of adults obese, except for ten which exceeded 26%.[76] Residents were least likely of any state in the nation to exercise.[77] Alabama has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.[78][79]
Economy[link]
The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication.
According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.[80] In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.[81]
As of September 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 8.9%.[82]
Largest employers[link]
According to the Birmingham Business Journal, the five employers which employ the most employees in Alabama as of 2011 were:[83]
| Employer | Number of employees |
|---|---|
| Redstone Arsenal | 25,373 |
| University of Alabama at Birmingham (includes UAB Hospital) | 18,750 |
| Maxwell Air Force Base | 12,280 |
| State of Alabama | 9,500 |
| Mobile County Public School System | 8,100 |
Agriculture[link]
Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports,[84][85] with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three.
Industry[link]
Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.
Most of Alabama's economic growth is due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation in automobile output.[86]
Steel producers Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Alabama for a $3.7 billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.[87] When ThyssenKrupp's new facilities reach full production capacity, Alabama is expected to become the third largest steel producing state in the country behind Indiana and Pennsylvania.[88]
The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville.[89] JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.[90]
Michelin North America operated a 1,000,000 square feet (9.3 ha) BFGoodrich Tire manufacturing plant in Opelika from 1963 to 2009, when it shut down.[91] GAF Materials Corporation formerly operated a plant in Mobile, but ceased production operations in 2010. The plant had previously been idled in 2007 before resuming in 2008 and may reopen in the future once demand recovers.[92]
Tourism[link]
An estimated 100,000 tourists annually from other countries visit the state, including from Canada, England, Germany and Japan. In 2006, 22.3 million tourists spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.[93][94][95]
Health[link]
UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama.[96][97] UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000.[98]
Banking[link]
Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation, BBVA Compass and Superior Bancorp. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA in September 2007, although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation, another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo, which includes a regional headquarters, an operations center campus and a $400 million dollar data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham, such as Superior Bancorp, ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation.
Electronics[link]
Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, also has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees.
Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as the network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph, design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent, and telecommunications provider Deltacom. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant.
Construction[link]
Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International, which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007.)
Transportation[link]
The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The Port of Mobile is currently the 9th-largest by tonnage in the United States.[99]
Barge transportation in and out of the Port of Tuscaloosa and other commercial navigation make the Black Warrior River useful in the state of Alabama.
Law and government[link]
State government[link]
Main article: Government of Alabama
The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the U.S. Constitution.[100][101] There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.[102] This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism.
Alabama is divided into three equal branches: The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).
The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the State Auditor of Alabama. The current governor of the state is Republican Robert Bentley. The lieutenant governor is Republican Kay Ivey.
The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Chuck Malone. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party.
The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. The statewide officials, such as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and other constitutional offices take office in the following January.[103]
Taxes[link]
Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, and can do so even if taking the standard deduction. Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct federal Social Security and Medicare taxes.
The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.[104] The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay a 11% tax on a meal. Sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36% nationwide. Alabama is also one of the few remaining states that levies a tax on food and medicine. Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the nation's very highest.[105] Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line.[105] Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.[105]
The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.[106] Property taxes are the lowest in the United States. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes.
Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003 Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million.
Local and county government[link]
Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the County Commission, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Because of the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
On November 9, 2011 Jefferson County declared bankruptcy.[107][108]
Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.
| Rank | County | Population (2010 Census) |
Seat | Largest city |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jefferson | 658,466 | Birmingham | Birmingham |
| 2 | Mobile | 412,992 | Mobile | Mobile |
| 3 | Madison | 334,811 | Huntsville | Huntsville |
| 4 | Montgomery | 229,363 | Montgomery | Montgomery |
| 5 | Shelby | 195,085 | Columbiana | Hoover (part) Alabaster |
| 6 | Tuscaloosa | 194,656 | Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa |
| 7 | Baldwin | 182,265 | Bay Minette | Daphne |
| 8 | Lee | 140,247 | Opelika | Auburn |
| 9 | Morgan | 119,490 | Decatur | Decatur |
| 10 | Calhoun | 118,572 | Anniston | Anniston |
Politics[link]
During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the African American vote.
After 1890, a coalition of whites passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disfranchised African Americans also disfranchised poor whites, however. By 1941 more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000, although the impact was greater on the African-American community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised.
From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state. The result was a rural minority that dominated state politics until a series of court cases required redistricting in 1972.
Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the American Civil Rights Movement, when majority whites bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Democrat George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure. Only with the passage of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964[32] and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African-Americans regain suffrage and other civil rights.
In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed, a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.[109]
Elections[link]
Main article: Elections in Alabama
State elections[link]
With the disfranchisement of African Americans, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.
Republicans hold all nine seats on the Alabama Supreme Court[110] and all ten seats on the state appellate courts. Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats. This change also began, likely in part, due to the same perception by voters of Democratic party efforts to disenfranchise voters again in 1994. In that general election, the then-incumbent Chief Justice of Alabama, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper, Sr.. Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles. The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.
Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. Democrats hold one of the three seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission.[111][112][113]
Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since Reconstruction, one is Kay Ivey, the current Lieutenant Governor.
Local elections[link]
Many local offices (County Commissioners, Boards of Education, Tax Assessors, Tax Collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Local elections in most rural counties are generally decided in the Democratic primary and local elections in metropolitan and suburban counties are generally decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.[114][115]
Alabama's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan races and Democrats still retain the majority of those posts. The current split is 42 Democrats, 24 Republicans, and one Independent (Choctaw).[116][Full citation needed] However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties and the majority of Republican sheriffs preside over more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.[117] Two Alabama counties (Montgomery and Calhoun) with a population of over 100,000 have Democratic sheriffs and five Alabama counties with a population of under 75,000 have Republican sheriffs (Autauga, Coffee, Dale, Coosa, and Blount).[118] The state has one female sheriff (Morgan) and nine African-American sheriffs.[119][Full citation needed]
Federal elections[link]
The state's two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby, both Republicans.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Jo Bonner, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Spencer Bachus) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell).
Further information: United States presidential election in Alabama, 2004
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Alabama
Primary and secondary education[link]
Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.[120]
Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.[120] In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the State of Alabama. In 2004, 23 percent of schools met AYP.[121]
While Alabama's public education system has improved, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data, Alabama's high school graduation rate – 75% – is the fourth lowest in the United States (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).[122] The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.[123]
Colleges and universities[link]
Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are two medical schools (University of Alabama School of Medicine and University of South Alabama), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University), a dental school (University of Alabama School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.[124][125]
The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 31,747 enrolled for fall 2011.[126] Troy University is the largest institution in the state, enrolling 29,689 students (as of 2010) across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.[127][128]
Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE),[129] the Council on Occupational Education (COE),[130] and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).[131]
According to the 2011 U.S. News and World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).[132]
Sports[link]
Professional sports teams[link]
Main article: List of professional sports teams in Alabama
Alabama has several minor league professional teams including four minor league baseball teams.
| Team name | Location | Sport | League | Venue | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama Hammers | Huntsville | Arena football | Southern Indoor Football League | Von Braun Center | |
| Birmingham Barons | Birmingham | Baseball | Southern League | Regions Park | |
| Huntsville Havoc | Huntsville | Ice Hockey | Southern Professional Hockey League | Von Braun Center | |
| Dixie Derby Girls | Huntsville | Roller derby | Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) | Von Braun Center | |
| Huntsville Stars | Huntsville | Baseball | Southern League | Joe W. Davis Stadium | |
| Mobile BayBears | Mobile | Baseball | Southern League | Hank Aaron Stadium | |
| Montgomery Biscuits | Montgomery | Baseball | Southern League | Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium | |
| Rocket City United | Huntsville | Soccer | National Premier Soccer League | Madison City Schools Stadium | |
| Tennessee Valley Tigers | Huntsville | Football | Independent Women's Football League | Milton Frank Stadium | replaced the Alabama Renegades |
Venues[link]
Alabama has four of the world's largest stadiums by seating capacity: Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Bryant-Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Jordan-Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham.
The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Bryant-Denny Stadium serves as the home of the University of Alabama football team has a seating capacity of 101,821. It is the fifth largest stadium in America and the eighth largest non-racing stadium in the world. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn University football team and has a seating capacity of 87,451. It is the twelfth largest college football stadium in America. Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Papajohns.com Bowl. It seats 71,594.[133][134]
Ladd-Peebles Stadium in Mobile serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic and home of the University of South Alabama football team. Ladd-Peebles Stadium opened in 1948 and seats 40,646.[135]
In 2009, Bryant-Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, known as the Super Six. Bryant-Denny hosts the Super Six in odd-numbered years, with Jordan-Hare taking the games in even-numbered years. Previously, the Super Six was held at Legion Field in Birmingham.[136]
Transportation[link]
Air transportation[link]
Main article: Aviation in Alabama
Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Muscle Shoals – Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL), Tuscaloosa Regional Airport (TCL), and Pryor Field Regional Airport (DCU).
Rail[link]
For rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.
Roads[link]
File:I-565 at Space and Rocket Center.jpg
Interstate 565 passing by the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville.
Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross the state: I-65 runs north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and runs east-northeast to the Georgia border, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, I-22, is currently under construction. When completed around 2014 it will connect Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-685, will be created when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will designated as I-422.
Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as US 11, US 29, US 31, US 43, US 45, US 72, US 78, US 80, US 82, US 84, US 90, US 98, US 231, US 278, US 280, US 331, US 411, and US 431.
There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.
In March 2011, Alabama ranked among the top five "Worst" states on the American State Litter Scorecard, for overall poor effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanliness—primarily roadway and adjacent litter removals—from state and related efforts.[137]
Ports[link]
Alabama has one seaport, in Mobile on the Gulf of Mexico. The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf.
Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south:
| Port name | Location | Connected to |
|---|---|---|
| Port of Florence | Florence/Muscle Shoals, on Pickwick Lake | Tennessee River |
| Port of Decatur | Decatur, on Wheeler Lake | Tennessee River |
| Port of Guntersville | Guntersville, on Lake Guntersville | Tennessee River |
| Port of Birmingham | Birmingham, on Black Warrior River | Tenn-Tom Waterway |
| Port of Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa, on Black Warrior River | Tenn-Tom Waterway |
| Port of Montgomery | Montgomery, on Woodruff Lake | Alabama River |
| Port of Mobile | Mobile, on Mobile Bay | Gulf of Mexico |
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of people from Alabama
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama
References[link]
- ^ The Alabama monument south of Gettysburg
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Cheehahaw". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DG3595. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ a b c "George Mason University, United States Election Project: Alabama Redistricting Summary, accessed March 10, 2008". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071017192719/http://elections.gmu.edu/Redistricting/AL.htm. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ a b c Read, William A. (1984). Indian Place Names in Alabama. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0231-X. OCLC 10724679.
- ^ Sylestine, Cora; Hardy; Heather; and Montler, Timothy (1993). Dictionary of the Alabama Language. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73077-2. OCLC 26590560. http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/.
- ^ a b c Rogers, William W.; Robert D. Ward, Leah R. Atkins, Wayne Flynt (1994). Alabama: the History of a Deep South State. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0712-5. OCLC 28634588.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Alabama: The State Name". All About Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. http://www.archives.alabama.gov/statenam.html. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
- ^ a b Wills, Charles A. (1995). A Historical Album of Alabama. The Millbrook Press. ISBN 1-56294-591-2. OCLC 32242468.
- ^ Griffith, Lucille (1972). Alabama: A Documentary History to 1900. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0371-5. OCLC 17530914.
- ^ The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common; an estimated 27 states have names of Native American origin. Weiss, Sonia (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names. Mcmillan USA. ISBN 0-02-863367-9. OCLC 222611214.
- ^ a b Swanton, John R. (1953). "The Indian Tribes of North America". Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145: 153–174. http://www.hiddenhistory.com/PAGE3/swsts/alabam-1.htm. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
- ^ a b Swanton, John R. (1937). "Review of Read, Indian Place Names of Alabama". American Speech 12 (12): 212–215. DOI:10.2307/452431. JSTOR 452431.
- ^ "Alabama". The New York Times. August 11, 2006. http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/NYT_ALMANAC_US_ALABAMA.html. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ Welch, Paul D. (1991). Moundville's Economy. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0512-2. OCLC 21330955.
- ^ Walthall, John A. (1990). Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast-Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0552-1. OCLC 26656858.
- ^ Townsend, Richard F. (2004). Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10601-7. OCLC 56633574.
- ^ edited by F. Kent Reilly III and James F. Garber ; foreword by Vincas P. Steponaitis. (2004). F. Kent Reilly and James Garber. ed. Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71347-5. OCLC 70335213.
- ^ "Alabama Indian Tribes". Indian Tribal Records. AccessGenealogy.com. Updated 2006. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Alabama State History". theUS50.com. http://www.theus50.com/alabama/. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Alabama Historical Association Marker Program: Washington County". Archives.state.al.us. http://www.archives.state.al.us/aha/markers/washington.html. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "AL-Alabama". Landscapes and History by state. StateMaster.com. http://www.statemaster.com/graph-T/bac_sum. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ a b c "The Black Belt". Southern Spaces Internet Journal. Emory University. April 19, 2004. http://southernspaces.org/2004/black-belt. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ Montgomery: History – Early Days in Montgomery, Lafayette's Visit a Local Highlight
- ^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)". Historical Documents. HistoricalDocuments.com. 2005. http://www.historicaldocuments.com/13thAmendment.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ J. Morgan Kousser.The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974
- ^ "A Blaine Amendment Update (July 00)". Schoolreport.com. http://www.schoolreport.com/schoolreport/articles/blaine_7_00.htm. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Glenn Feldman. The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, p. 136.
- ^ "Birmingham". Bhamwiki. http://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Birmingham. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ a b "Civil Rights Act of 1964". Finduslaw.com. http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Voting Rights". Civil Rights: Law and History. U.S.Department of Justice. January 9, 2002. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070221054512/http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/voting.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "The New South Rises, Again". Civil Rights: Law and History. Southerner.net. Spring 1999. http://www.southerner.net/v1n1_99/coverstory1.html. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (areas ranked by population): 2000". Geographic Comparison Table. U.S.Census Bureau. Census Year 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S&format=US-9S&_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1-R&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ a b c "The Geography of Alabama". Geography of the States. NetState.com. August 11, 2006. http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/al_geography.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
- ^ "NGS Data Sheet for Cheaha Mountain". U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DG3595. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
- ^ Alabama Forest Owner's Guide to Information Resources, Introduction, Alabamaforests.org
- ^ "Alabama County (geographies ranked by total population)". Geographic Comparison Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Census year 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_ST2S&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=04000US01&-format=ST-2. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
- ^ "National Park Guide". Geographic Search. Washington, D.C: National Park Service – U.S. Department of the Interior. http://home.nps.gov/applications/parksearch/state.cfm?st=al. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "National Forests in Alabama". USDA Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/alabama/forests/. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ "Wetumpka". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/wetumpka.html. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ "The Wetumpka Astrobleme" by John C. Hall, Alabama Heritage, Fall 1996, Number 42.
- ^ King, David T., Jr. (April 23, 2010). "Wetumpka Crater". Encyclopedia of Alabama. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1035. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ Christopher M. Godfrey (November 4, 2008). "Greenhouse effect and climate". Atmospheric Sciences. University of North Carolina, Asheville. http://facstaff.unca.edu/cgodfrey/courses/atms179/ppt/greenhouse.pdf.
- ^ a b "Alabama Climate". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-78303/Alabama. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ Lightning Fatalities, Injuries and Damages in the United States, 1990–2003. NLSI. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ^ Fujita scale. Tornadoproject.com. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ Oliver, Mike. "April 27's record tally: 62 tornadoes in Alabama". al.com. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/08/april_27s_record_tally_62_torn.html. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5zy9c24Md. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5zy9gazEr. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5zy9hg7e3. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5zy9j4S0w. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
- ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved February 1, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b c U.S. Census Bureau (December 15, 2008). "Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04)" (CSV). http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv. Retrieved January 16, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State – 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
- ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Data on selected ancestry groups". Google. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:WJGw9z2RkkYJ:www.uen.org/Lessonplan/downloadFile.cgi%3Ffile%3D1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf%26filename%3DAF_Census_Data.pdf+49,598,035&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgyigzsjZP7yBWdThzodFWP_t7GiFtOGi5W12qTf5nLj_yFzQ0YIKJn2pSyS1TIT-ZjvBx0s057h5mpwrf39HOZmlg3VzoOdaoPrNTdS6x-0SbHnwGXfzVLkDYTyIg7k4E_Zsn8&sig=AHIEtbTzro9GQY6LB1-9ZG9n2r46Epyyaw. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "1980 United States Census" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "Alabama – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
- ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
- ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
- ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US01&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ Census 2000 Map – Top U.S. Ancestries by County
- ^ US Church attendance
- ^ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/01_2000.asp. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ^ Campbell, Kirsten (March 25, 2007). "Alabama rates well in biblical literacy". Mobile Register (Advance Publications, Inc): p. A1.
- ^ "Confidence in State and Local Institutions Survey" (PDF). Capital Survey Research Center. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070809021852/http://www.myaea.org/PDFfile/Confidence+in+State+Institutions07.pdf. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
- ^ White, David (April 1, 2007). "Poll says we feel good about state Trust in government, unlike some institutions, hasn't fallen". Birmingham News (Birmingham News): p. 13A.
- ^ Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Trinity College. p. 20. http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ "County Level Estimates of Obesity – State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?StateId=1&mode=OBS.
- ^ "Highest Rates of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Appalachia and South". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0216_physicalinactivity.html.
- ^ "County Level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes – State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?mode=DBT.
- ^ "CDC national chart on diabetes". Apps.nccd.cdc.gov. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/NationalDiabetesPrevalenceEstimates.aspx?mode=DBT. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "GDP by State (2008)". Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts. June 2, 2009. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm. Retrieved October 9, 2009. full release with tables
- ^ "United States Census Bureau". State and County Quick Facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ Aneesa McMillan. "Top of the List: Alabama's largest employers" (April 22, 2011). Birmingham Business Journal.
- ^ "Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change" (PDF). Alabama Business. Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama. Q4 2005. http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "State Highlights for 2004–2005" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office. 2005. http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #539: October 6, 2008 Light Vehicle Production by State". .eere.energy.gov. October 6, 2008. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2008_fotw539.html. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million". Press-Register. May 11, 2007. http://blog.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ http://www.alalabor.state.al.us/PDFs/SteelCouncilNewsletter.pdf
- ^ "Hunt Refining Company." Linkedin.
- ^ "Company Overview." JVC America, Inc.
- ^ Kathryn Kroll. "BFGoodrich closing Alabama plant that employs 1,000." (April 13, 2009). The Plain Dealer.
- ^ Jeff Amy. "GAF Materials to close Mobile shingle plant by year's end" (November 9, 2010). Press-Register.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Alabama: Alabama Tourism Department (ATD)
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Sweet Home Alabama". 800alabama.com. July 1, 2004. http://www.800alabama.com/about-alabama/alabama-news-facts/frequently-asked-questions/. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (May 2, 2010). "Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf". Washington, DC: Washington Pose. pp. A6.
- ^ "Verified Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons, Verified Trauma Centers. December 30, 2010. http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ "College Research Data". University of Texas. https://webspace.utexas.edu/jas5349/Research_Data.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Waterborne Commerce Statistics. p. 90. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (November 28, 2004). "Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A16443-2004Nov27?language=printer. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ "Constitution of Alabama – 1901". The Alabama Legislative Information System. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ "Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform". Constitutionalreform.org. http://www.constitutionalreform.org/. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ Lee, McDowell (2009). "Alabama's Legislative Process". State of Alabama. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/legislativeprocess/legislativeprocess_ml.html.
- ^ Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes, July 2004 Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Reducing Alabama's Income Tax on Working-Poor Families: Two Options – 4/14/99". Cbpp.org. http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1812. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (1970–2007)" (PDF). Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/sl_burden_alabama-2007-04-04.pdf. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ http://jeffconline.jccal.org/home/news/photo/1517060216/
- ^ "Jefferson County, Ala., Falls Off the Bankruptcy Cliff". The New York Times. February 18, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/business/jefferson-county-ala-falls-off-the-bankruptcy-cliff.html.
- ^ Rawls, Phillip (June 1, 2007). "Alabama offers an apology for slavery". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications).
- ^ "Sue Bell Cobb considering running for governor - Breaking News from The Birmingham News". Blog.al.com. May 2, 2009. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2009/05/sue_bell_cobb_considering_runn.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Commissioners". Psc.state.al.us. http://www.psc.state.al.us/commissioners.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Special (November 5, 2008). "Lucy Baxley wins Alabama Public Service Commission presidency, but recount possible". Birmingham News via al.com. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/lucy_baxley_wins_alabama_publi.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Jeff Amy, Press-Register. "Public Service Commission: Twinkle Cavanaugh, Terry Dunn join GOP sweep". al.com. http://blog.al.com/live/2010/11/public_service_commission.html. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "2006 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=1. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Gubernatorial Republican Primary Election Results – Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. February 15, 2007. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=2. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Alabama Sheriff's Association
- ^ "Association". Alabama Sheriffs. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/?PageID=131&IsNav=true. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "2007–2011 Alabama Sheriffs". Alabamasheriffs.com. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/Image.aspx?ImageID=11481&Title=2007-2011+Alabama+Sheriffs. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Alabama Sheriffs Association
- ^ a b "Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/general/quick_facts.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ "Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/Accountability/2007Reports/Press/2007AYPNewsRelease.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf
- ^ Education Statistics. CensusScope.org
- ^ "Degree titles and abbreviations". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. http://www.ache.state.al.us/Acadaffr/ProInv/Degreeabbr.htm. Retrieved September 3, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Education Programs | CCHS". Cchs.ua.edu. http://cchs.ua.edu/edu/. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "University of Alabama Reaches Record Enrollment this Fall". Wtvy.com. September 15, 2011. http://www.wtvy.com/home/headlines/University_of_Alabama_Reaches_Record_Enrollment_this_Fall_129916513.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "History in the making". University of North Alabama. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://www.una.edu/makinghistory/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Mission Statement of Spring Hill College: History". Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://www.shc.edu/about-shc/employment/hiring/the-mission-statement-of-spring-hill-college/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "Members". Association for Biblical Higher Education. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://directory.abhe.org/default.aspx?status=Member. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ^ "Membership Directory" (PDF). Council on Operational Education. November 2010. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. http://www.council.org/forms/acc_membership.pdf. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "ACICS Website Directory" (PDF). Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. http://www.acics.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/7_20_09.pdf. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "Top Public Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/61mTinjiN. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Stadium List :: 100 000+ Stadiums". World Stadiums. http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium". Laddpeeblesstadium.com. January 23, 2012. http://www.laddpeeblesstadium.com/. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant-Denny, Jordan-Hare stadiums | al.com". Blog.al.com. http://blog.al.com/sentell/2009/04/super_6_byebye_birmingham.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace.
Further reading[link]
- For a detailed bibliography, see the History of Alabama.
- Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994)
- Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004)
- Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921.
- Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004)
- Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243–274. ISSN 0002-4341
- Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
- Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979.
- WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939)
External links[link]
| Find more about Alabama on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Alabama.gov – official site
- Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Alabama Association of Regional Councils
- Energy Data & Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy
- TourAlabama.org – Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
- All About Alabama, at the Alabama Department of Archives and History
- AlabamaMosaic, a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history, culture, places, and people
- Code of Alabama 1975 – at the Alabama Legislature site
- Alabama at the Open Directory Project
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama
- Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau
- Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Geographic data related to Alabama at OpenStreetMap
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
 Tennessee |
|
||
 Mississippi |
|
 Georgia (U.S. state) |
||
| Alabama: Outline • Index East |
||||
|
||||
| Gulf of Mexico |  Florida |
| Preceded by Illinois |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 14, 1819 (22nd) |
Succeeded by Maine |
Coordinates: 33°0′N 86°40′W / 33°N 86.667°W / 33; -86.667
http://wn.com/Alabama
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jefferson County, New York | |
 Location in the state of New York |
|
 New York's location in the U.S. |
|
| Founded | 1805 |
|---|---|
| Seat | Watertown |
| Area - Total - Land - Water |
1,857 sq mi (4,810 km²) 1,272 sq mi (3,294 km²) 585 sq mi (1,515 km²), 31.49% |
| Population - (2010) - Density |
116,229 91/sq mi (35.2/km²) |
| Website | www.co.jefferson.ny.us |
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,229. It is named after Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States of America, and president at the time the county was created in 1805. Its county seat is Watertown.
Contents |
History[link]
When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Jefferson County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770 by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.
On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.
In the years subsequent to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.
In 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne Counties.
Jefferson County is part of Macomb's Purchase of 1791.
In 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery (the other two being Otsego, and Tioga County). This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits. The first one of these, in 1794, produced Onondaga County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, and part of Oswego Counties.
Oneida County (as well as a part of Chenango County), was split off from Herkimer County in 1798.
Jefferson County was split off from Oneida County in 1805. In 1817, Carleton Island, captured from the British in the War of 1812, was annexed to the county.
Geography[link]
Jefferson County is in northeastern New York State, adjacent to the area where the Saint Lawrence River exits Lake Ontario. It is northeast of Syracuse, and northwest of Utica. The county is at the international border with Canada.
The Black River, which empties into Lake Ontario, is an important waterway in the county. Part of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the southern part of the county.
The county also includes nearby islands in the St. Lawrence River, including such large islands as Carleton Island, Grindstone Island, and Wellesley Island.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,857 square miles (4,809.6 km2), of which 1,272 square miles (3,294.5 km2) is land and 585 square miles (1,515.1 km2) (31.49%) is water.
Adjacent counties[link]
- St. Lawrence County, New York - northeast
- Lewis County, New York - southeast
- Oswego County, New York - southwest
- Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario - north
- Frontenac County, Ontario - northwest
Major highways[link]
Interstate 81
U.S. Route 11
New York State Route 3
New York State Route 3A
New York State Route 12
New York State Route 12E
New York State Route 26
New York State Route 37
New York State Route 180
Government[link]
Legislative authority is vested in the county Board of Legislators which consists of 15 members each elected from single member districts. Legislative District Maps Currently, there are 13 Republicans and 2 Democrats.
County Board of Legislators
- 01 - Michael Docteur (R)
- 02 - Robert J. Thomas (R)
- 03 - Philip N. Reed, Sr. (R)
- 04 - Allen Drake (D)
- 05 - Steven Harter (R)
- 06 - Gino Zando (R)
- 07 - Kent Burto (R)
- 08 - James Nabywaniec (R)
- 09 - Barry Ormsby (R)
- 10 - Michael Behling (R)
- 11 - Robert D. Ferris (R)
- 12 - Carolyn D. Fitzpatrick (R), Vice Chair
- 13 - Scott Gray (R)
- 14 - Jennie Adsit (R)
- 15 - James St. Croix (D)
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1810 | 15,140 |
|
|
| 1820 | 32,952 | 117.6% | |
| 1830 | 48,493 | 47.2% | |
| 1840 | 60,984 | 25.8% | |
| 1850 | 68,153 | 11.8% | |
| 1860 | 69,825 | 2.5% | |
| 1870 | 65,415 | −6.3% | |
| 1880 | 66,103 | 1.1% | |
| 1890 | 68,806 | 4.1% | |
| 1900 | 76,748 | 11.5% | |
| 1910 | 80,382 | 4.7% | |
| 1920 | 82,250 | 2.3% | |
| 1930 | 83,574 | 1.6% | |
| 1940 | 84,003 | 0.5% | |
| 1950 | 85,521 | 1.8% | |
| 1960 | 87,835 | 2.7% | |
| 1970 | 88,508 | 0.8% | |
| 1980 | 88,151 | −0.4% | |
| 1990 | 110,943 | 25.9% | |
| 2000 | 111,738 | 0.7% | |
| 2010 | 116,229 | 4.0% | |
| Source[1][2] | |||
As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 111,738 people, 40,068 households, and 28,127 families residing in the county. The population density was 88 people per square mile (34/km²). There were 54,070 housing units at an average density of 42 per square mile (16/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 88.71% White, 5.83% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.92% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 2.05% from other races, and 1.82% from two or more races. 4.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 14.1% were of Irish, 12.8% German, 11.3% English, 10.6% American, 8.5% French and 8.5% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 93.2% spoke English and 3.5% Spanish as their first language.
There were 40,068 households out of which 37.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.50% under the age of 18, 11.80% from 18 to 24, 31.30% from 25 to 44, 19.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 107.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $34,006, and the median income for a family was $39,296. Males had a median income of $28,727 versus $21,787 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,202. About 10.00% of families and 13.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.80% of those under age 18 and 9.20% of those age 65 or over.
Cities, towns, villages, and other communities[link]
- Adams (town) Adams history
- Adams (village)
- Adams Center
- Alexandria (town)
- Alexandria Bay (village)
- Antwerp (town)
- Antwerp (village)
- Black River (village)
- Brownville (town)
- Brownville (village)
- Calcium
- Cape Vincent (town)
- Cape Vincent (village)
- Carthage (village)
- Champion (town)
- Chaumont (village)
- Clayton (town)
- Clayton (village)
- Deferiet (village)
- Depauville
- Dexter (village)
- Ellisburg (town)
- Ellisburg (village)
- Evans Mills (village)
- Felts Mills (hamlet)
- Fishers Landing
- Fort Drum (federal military installation)
- Glen Park (village)
- Great Bend
- Henderson (town)
- Herrings (village)
- Hounsfield (town)
- La Fargeville
- Le Ray (town)
- Lorraine (town)
- Lyme (town)
- Mannsville (village)
- Natural Bridge
- Orleans (town)
- Pamelia (town)
- Philadelphia (town)
- Philadelphia (village)
- Redwood
- Rodman (town)
- Rutland (town)
- Sackets Harbor (village)
- Theresa (town)
- Theresa (village)
- Three Mile Bay
- Watertown (town)
- Watertown (city)
- West Carthage (village)
- Wilna (town)
- Worth (town)
- => Designations in parentheses relate to official political status.
Additional county information[link]
Jefferson County contains part of the Thousand Islands and borders the St. Lawrence River.
Jefferson Community College in Watertown provides higher education within the county.
The U.S. Tenth Mountain Division is based at Fort Drum.
See also[link]
- Dewolf Point State Park
- List of counties in New York
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, New York
References[link]
- ^ New York State Department of Economic Development
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
External links[link]
- Jefferson County webpage
- Jefferson County at the Open Directory Project
- Guide to historical information
- Summary history of Jefferson County, NY and its towns
- Jefferson County information
- Jefferson County history & genealogy
- Jefferson County History with pics and links
- Jefferson County history pages
- Alexandria Bay in Jefferson County - Local Resource & News Website
- Old Abandoned Buildings of Northern NY The urban decay of upstate NY, in pictures from the area.
- Early Jefferson County Biographies
- Jefferson County & Watertown wiki
- List of walking, hiking, biking trails and areas in Jefferson County
- Jefferson County Flickr Group
|
Frontenac County, Ontario, Canada | Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario, Canada | St. Lawrence County | |
| Lake Ontario | |
|||
| Jefferson County, New York East |
||||
|
||||
| Oswego County | Lewis County |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: 43°59′N 76°03′W / 43.99°N 76.05°W / 43.99; -76.05
http://wn.com/Jefferson_County,_New_York
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
