A primate city is the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.^[1] A 'primate city distribution' has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns, and no intermediate-sized urban centres, in contrast to the linear 'rank-size distribution'.^[2] The 'law of the primate city' was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939.^[3] He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant."^[4] A primate city is number one in its country in most aspects, like politics, economy, media, culture and universities.

Significance[link]

Not all countries have primate cities, but in those that do, the rest of the country depends on it for cultural, economic, political, and major transportation needs.^{[citation needed]} On the other hand the primate city depends on the rest of the country as paying consumers of the cultural, economic, political and other services produced in the city.

The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development – usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the city depends for labor and other resources.^[5] However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level of economic development.^[1]

Examples[link]

Among the best known examples of primate cities are alpha world cities are Paris, Dublin and by most measures London.^[6] Budapest^[7] and Vienna^[8] have also been described as primate cities. Bangkok has been called "the most primate city on earth", being forty times larger than Thailand's second city.^[9]

See also[link]

• Global city
• Megacity
• Rank-size distribution
• List of primate cities

Notes[link]

Harm J. de Blij (see IJ (digraph); closest pronunciation: "duh blee") is a geographer. He is a former geography editor on ABC's Good Morning America. He is a former editor of National Geographic magazine and the author of several books, including Why Geography Matters.

de Blij received his early schooling in Europe, his college education in Africa and his higher degrees in the United States (Ph.D. Northwestern, 1959). He has published more than 30 books and over 100 articles and has received five honorary degrees. Several of his books have been translated into foreign languages. He is the editor of Oxford's Atlas of North America. A native of Holland, he has been a professor of geography and viticulture at Michigan State University and the University of Miami and a visiting professor at the Colorado School of Mines.

Dr. de Blij is a Distinguished Professor of Geography at Michigan State University. He has held the George Landegger Chair in Georgetown University's school of Foreign Service and the John Deaver Drinko chair of geography at Marshall University and has also taught at the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Miami.^[1]

Bibliography[link]

• Mombasa: An African City, Northwestern University Press, 1968.
• Geography of Viticulture, Miami Geographical Society, 1981.
• Harm De Blij's Geography Book: A Leading Geographer's Fresh Look at Our Changing World, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
• Why Geography Matters: Three Challenges Facing America, Oxford Univ. Press, 2005.
• Wartime Encounter, Hudson River Enterprises, 2006.
• Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
• The Power of Place: Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape, Oxford Univ. Press, 2008.
• Realms, Regions and Concepts: With College Atlas of the World, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

References[link]

1. ^ "Resume". Official website. http://deblij.net/Resume.asp. Retrieved 3 January 2009. 

External links[link]

• Official website

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Shaenon K. Garrity at WonderCon 2005

Shaenon K. Garrity (born May 4, 1978) is a webcomics writer and artist, best known as the creator of Narbonic. She is one of the most prominent cartoonists in the Modern Tales network of commercial webcomic sites, and became the site's editor on August 1, 2006.^[1] In addition to writing and drawing Narbonic, she writes (and often draws) spinoff series Li'l Mell and Sergio for Girlamatic, wrote Smithson (drawn by Brian Moore, Robert T. Stevenson and Roger Langridge) for Webcomics Nation and is currently working on the comic Skin Horse which she illustrates and co-authors with Jeffrey Channing Wells. In October 2007, she began a column called "All the Comics in the World" for comiXology.com

Career[link]

She created the webcomic Smithson, with art by Robert Stevenson, Brian Moore, and Roger Langridge. The strip was first called More Fun and premiered in September 2003 as one of the original strips on the subscription-based site Graphic Smash. The strip, which makes some use of infinite canvas techniques, follows the exploits of the self-appointed campus superhero, Chamucka Man, and several students who attend Smithson College.

In 2005, More Fun moved to Webcomics Nation under the new name Smithson. It is currently suspended. She works for Viz Media as an editor and volunteers at the Cartoon Art Museum. She has also written for Marvel Comics, including their 2005-2007 Marvel Holiday Specials.^[2]

In 2005, Garrity won the Outstanding Writing award, and was also nominated for Outstanding Comedic Comic, from the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards,^[1] She was also named co-Lulu of the Year by the Friends of Lulu,^[2] sharing the award with the Flight anthology.

Personal life[link]

Garrity lives in Berkeley, California^{[citation needed]}, with her husband, artist and Cartoon Art Museum curator Andrew Farago.^[3] Garrity has contributed to the magazine Otaku USA and reviewed manga for Jason Thompson's Manga: The Complete Guide.

References[link]

Notes[link]

1. ^ Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards 2005
2. ^ Past Lulu Award Winners
3. ^ [3]

External links[link]

	United States portal
	Comics portal
	Internet portal

• All the Comics in the World, Shaenon's column at comiXology
• Shaenon K. Garrity official web site
• Shaenon K. Garrity's blog
• Interview with Futureal Studio
• Interview with Ed Chavez

Slug
Slug, August 2009
Background information
Birth name	Sean Michael Daley
Also known as	Slug, Seven, Sep Seven, Se7en
Born	(1972-09-07) September 7, 1972 (age 39)
Origin	Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper
Years active	1989–present
Labels	Rhymesayers Entertainment Warner Music Group (2007-present) Epitaph Fat Beats Women Records
Associated acts	Atmosphere, Felt, The Dynospectrum, Deep Puddle Dynamics
Website	Webpage Myspace page

Sean Michael Daley, (born September 7, 1972) better known by his stage name Slug or "'Sep Seven'", is an American rapper. He is from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Slug is best known as one half of the hip hop group Atmosphere, which he founded with Derek Turner (Spawn). Turner has since left and Anthony Davis (Ant) produces Atmosphere with Slug. He is also one of the founders of the Minnesota Hip Hop record label Rhymesayers Entertainment.

Biography[link]

The son of Valerie and Dylan Sorenson, Slug's nickname comes from his father's; his dad was known to his friends as "Sluggo" and thus they began to call Sean "little Sluggo," which he shortened to "Slug".^[1] Before fully establishing himself as an official artist, Daley spent much time making music with fellow Minnesota rapper Nic Lehnertz. The two worked on projects together, and Daley recognizes Lehnertz as a contributing factor to his success. Lehnertz quit rapping after high school, while Daley went on to pursue a professional career. In Atmosphere's early years, Slug DJ'd behind the scenes and let Spawn handle lyrics. The group eventually formed a strong relationship with Ant (Anthony Davis) and began collaborating on music. Along with solo MC Musab (then Beyond), and groups Black hole, Phull Surkle, and the Abstract Pack they formed the mid-Nineties crew Headshots, with Slug appearing on the underground tape series HeadShots (1-7) (see Discography below).

Another notable project of Slug's is Felt, a collaboration with his friend, another underground rapper, Murs. Other projects he has been a part of include The Dynospectrum, in which he was known as "Sep Se7en", and Deep Puddle Dynamics. He is a member of a loose collective known as The Orphanage, along with Aesop Rock, Sage Francis, Eyedea, Blueprint, and Illogic.

In 2005, Slug and Murs started up Women Records, a record label through which they would release the albums of rock bands that they were friends with. The label was set up as an imprint through Rhymesayers Entertainment.

Lyrical themes[link]

A prominent theme in Slug's lyrics is his allegorical usage of women, especially in his earlier work. A notable use of women by Slug is in the song "Woman with the Tattooed Hands", which Slug has said is "a metaphor for that same stuff that everybody has already made songs about".^[2] Further uses come in the form of the song "Abusing of the Rib" from Headshots: SE7EN: it has been said that the "lover" that Slug speaks of is actually an allegory for Hip-Hop.

A character Slug refers to as "Lucy", who has been purported to symbolize a range of different entities, is the most notable of these allegories. In earlier Atmosphere songs, it is believed that Slug used Lucy as a means of writing about ex-girlfriends. Lucy became so prominent that Atmosphere's 2001 album bore her name, Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs, with the record itself concentrating fairly heavily on women and relationships, in songs such as "Don't Ever Fucking Question That" and "Mama Had A Baby And His Head Popped Off". Slug himself has since said of Lucy that he originally believed "her" to be a representation of the dichotomy between himself and women. He acknowledges now that Lucy became a demonization ("Lucy Ford" being a play on words for Lucifer) of himself and his dependency on alcohol, drugs, sex and validation.^[3]

In Atmosphere's song "Yesterday," he narrates a story of seeing a person he once knew the previous day. Throughout the entire song, the listener would infer it to be about a woman, but in the last stanza he reveals that the person he thought he saw was his father, who died.

Slug raps in an introspective style, as seen on the song "Little Man", in which he confronts the complaints that people have about him by looking at his relationship with his father and son.^[4] This introspective style has become less prevalent as of Atmosphere's 2008 album When Life Gives You Lemons, You Paint That Shit Gold in which Slug navigates through other people's lives.^[4] When Life Gives You Lemons, You Paint That Shit Gold has been noted to be more of a dark album than previous efforts.

Slug also dislikes some of the songs that he wrote before and does not perform them live, such as "Vampires" from 2002 album God Loves Ugly.^[5] Daley has stated: "[...] when I did get my phase of trying to figure myself out, there was a lot of tug-of-war inside of me between wanting to hate a particular woman and then feeling guilty about that. And there’s certain songs that I won’t perform anymore, because the game of tug-of-war is over and I know where I’m at.^[6] Furthermore, Slug has criticised Atmosphere's debut album Overcast! saying: "It's obvious that I’m trying so fucking hard on Overcast and you can see through it and tell it's not a person it's more of an attempt at trying to fill the niche, it was like I was trying to prove to myself that I was a rapper." ^[4]

Discography[link]

Atmosphere[link]

• Overcast! EP (1997)
• Overcast! (1997)
• Sad Clown Bad Dub II (2000)
• Ford One (2000)
• Ford Two (2000)
• Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs (2001)
• God Loves Ugly (2002)
• Seven's Travels (2003)
• Headshots: SE7EN (2005)
• You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having (2005)
• Happy Clown Bad Dub 8/Fun EP (2006)
• Sad Clown Bad Summer 9 (2007)
• Sad Clown Bad Fall 10 (2007)
• Sad Clown Bad Winter 11 (2007)
• Strictly Leakage (2008)
• Sad Clown Bad Spring 12 (2008)
• When Life Gives You Lemons, You Paint That Shit Gold (2008)
• Leak at Will (2009)
• To All My Friends, Blood Makes the Blade Holy: The Atmosphere EPs (2010)
• The Family Sign (2011)

[edit] Felt

• Felt: A Tribute to Christina Ricci (2002)
• Felt, Vol. 2: A Tribute to Lisa Bonet (2005)
• Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez (2009)

[edit] Deep Puddle Dynamics

• The Taste of Rain... Why Kneel? (2000)

Dynospectrum[link]

• Dynospectrum (1998)

Musical collaborations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Atmosphere (band)

• Interview at britishhiphop.co.uk, June 2008

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Luke Kelly
A portrait of Luke Kelly
Background information
Born	(1940-11-17)17 November 1940
Origin	Sheriff Street, Dublin, Ireland
Died	30 January 1984( 1984-01-30) (aged 43)
Genres	Folk music of Ireland
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Vocals, banjo
Years active	1962–1984
Associated acts	The Dubliners

Luke Kelly (Irish: Lúc Ó Ceallaigh; 17 November 1940 - 30 January 1984) was an Irish singer and folk musician from Dublin, Ireland, notable as a founding member of the band The Dubliners.

Early life[link]

Luke Kelly was born into a working class family in Lattimore Cottages, 1 Sheriff Street, a quarter of a mile from Dublin's main thoroughfare, O'Connell Street. His grandmother, who was a McDonald from Scotland, lived with the family until her death in 1953. His father worked all his life in Jacob's biscuit factory and enjoyed playing football. Both Luke and his brother Paddy played club Gaelic football and soccer as children.^[1]

He attended the Laurence O'Toole School as a child, and achieved very good grades in most subjects. In 1953 the Dublin Corporation moved the family to Larkhill near Whitehall when their flat was destroyed in a fire, but he continued to attend O'Toole's by taking a bus there every day. Luke left school at thirteen and after four years of odd-jobbing, he went to England in 1958. Working at steel fixing with his brother Paddy on a building site in Wolverhampton, he was sacked after asking for more money. He worked odd jobs from oil barrel cleaning to vacuum salesman.

Musical beginnings[link]

The first folk club he came across was in The Bridge Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne in early 1960^[2]. Having already acquired the use of a banjo, he started memorising songs. In Leeds he brought his banjo to sessions in McReady's pub. The folk revival was under way in England: at the centre of it was Ewan MacColl who scripted a radio programme called Ballads and Blues. The skiffle craze had also injected a certain energy into folk singing.

Luke started busking. On a trip home he went to a fleadh cheoil in Miltown Malbay on the advice of Johnny Moynihan. He listened to recordings of Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger. As he sought out the musician in himself, he also developed his political convictions which, as Ronnie Drew pointed out after his death, he stuck to throughout his life. As Ronnie also pointed out, he learned to sing with perfect diction.

He befriended Sean Mulready in Birmingham, Luke lived in his home for a period, a teacher who was run out of his job in Dublin over his communist beliefs, he also had strong music links. A sister, Kathleen Moynihan was a founder member of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann. He was related by marriage to Festy Conlon, the Co. Galway whistle player. His wife's brother, Ned Stapleton, taught Luke "The Rocky Road to Dublin".

Luke bought his first banjo, which had five strings and long neck(like the one of Pete Seeger and Tommy Makem), started a lifelong habit of consummate reading and even took up golf - on one of Birmingham's municipal courses. He got involved in the Jug O'Punch folk club run by Ian Campbell. He befriended Dominic Behan and they performed in folk clubs and Irish pubs from London to Glasgow. In London pubs like The Favourite he would hear street singer Margaret Barry and musicians in exile like Roger Sherlock, Seamus Ennis, Bobby Casey and Mairtín Byrnes.

Luke Kelly was by now active in the Connolly Association, a left-wing grouping strongest among the exiles in England. His political development was significant. It gave edge and conviction to his performance and lent weight to The Dubliners' repertoire at a time when the youth in Ireland were breaking away from Civil War politics. He was also to start frequenting Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger's Singer Club in London.

The Dubliners[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

In 1961 there was a ballad boom in waiting in Ireland. The Abbey Tavern sessions in Howth were the forerunner to sessions in the Hollybrook, Clontarf, the International Bar and the Grafton Cinema. Luke Kelly returned to Dublin in 1962. O'Donoghue's Pub was already established as a session house and soon Luke was singing with, among others, Ronnie Drew and Barney McKenna. Other early people playing at O'Donoghues included The Fureys, father and sons; John Keenan and Sean Og McKenna; Johnny Moynihan and Mairtin Byrnes.

A concert John Molloy organized in the Hibernian Hotel led to his Ballad Tour of Ireland with the Ronnie Drew Ballad Group. (Billed in one town as the Ronnie Drew Ballet Group). The success trail led to the Abbey Tavern and the Royal Marine Hotel and then to jam-packed sessions in the Embankment, Tallaght. Ciaran Bourke joined the group, followed later by John Sheahan. They renamed themselves The Dubliners at Luke's suggestion, as he was reading James Joyce's book of short stories, entitled Dubliners, at the time.

In 1964 Luke Kelly left the group for nearly two years and was replaced by Bobby Lynch and John Sheahan. Luke went with Deirdre O'Connell, founder of the Focus Theatre, whom he was to marry the following year, he went back to London and became involved in Ewan MacColl's "gathering". The Critics, as it was called, was formed to explore folk traditions and help young singers. Luke Kelly greatly admired MacColl and saw his time with The Critics as an apprenticeship. "It functioned as a kind of self-help group to develop each other's potential," said Peggy Seeger. In 1965, he sung 'The Rocky Road to Dublin' with Liam Clancy in his first, self-titled solo album.

Bobby Lynch left The Dubliners, while John didn't. Luke rejoined, and he started singing with Ronnie, Barney, Ciaran and John. They recorded an album in the Gate Theatre, Dublin, played the Cambridge Folk Festival and recorded Irish Night Out, a live album with, among other, exiles Margaret Barry, Michael Gorman and Jimmy Powers. They also played a concert in the National Stadium in Dublin with, to Luke's delight, Pete Seeger as special guest. They were on the road to success: Top Twenty hits with "Seven Drunken Nights" and "The Black Velvet Band", the Ed Sullivan Show in 1968 and a tour of New Zealand and Australia. The ballad boom in Ireland was becoming increasingly commercialized with publicans building even larger venues for pay-in performances. Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger on a visit to Dublin expressed concern to Luke about his drinking.

Christy Moore became a friend after they met in 1967. During his Planxty days he got to know Luke particularly well. "Mind you at that time I think his best singing days were over. I think Luke ran out of steam in The Dubliners as a singer. I've heard tapes of him singing as a younger man and he was wonderful" Luke took to the stage, surprising many with his performance as King Herod in Jesus Christ Superstar. In 1972 The Dubliners themselves performed in Richard's Cork Leg, based on the "incomplete works" of Brendan Behan.

The arrival of a new manager for The Dubliners, Derry composer Phil Coulter, resulted in a collaboration that produced two of Luke's most notable performances: “The Town I Loved So Well”, "Hand me Down my Bible", and “Scorn Not His Simplicity”, a song about Phil's son who was diagnosed with Down's Syndrome. Luke had such respect for the song that he only performed it once for a television recording and rarely, if ever, sang it at the Dubliners' often boisterous concerts.

His interpretations of “On Raglan Road” and “Scorn Not His Simplicity” were significant musical achievements and became points of reference in Irish folk music. His version of “Raglan Road” came about when the poem's author, Patrick Kavanagh, heard him singing in a pub in Dublin city then called the Bailey, and approached him to say that he should sing the poem (which is set to the tune of “The Dawning of the Day”). Kelly remained a politically engaged musician, and many of the songs he recorded dealt with social issues, the arms race and war, workers' rights and Irish nationalism, ("The Springhill Disaster", "Joe Hill", "The Button Pusher", "Alabama 1958" and "God Save Ireland" all being examples of his concerns). In the socially and politically conservative atmosphere in Ireland at the time, this was notable.

Personal life[link]

Luke Kelly married Deirdre O'Connell in 1965, but they separated in the early 1970s. Luke spent the last eight years of his life living with his partner Madeleine Seiler, who was from Germany. An in-depth view of Kelly's life and work, written and directed by Michael Feeney Callan, called Luke Kelly: The Performer, was released on DVD in November 2005. In the film, which includes extensive archive footage, members of the Dubliners and contemporary artists like Donovan and Ralph McTell spoke to Callan about their experiences of Luke.

Final years[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

On 30 June 1980 during a concert in the Cork Opera House Luke Kelly collapsed on the stage. He had already suffered for some time from headaches and forgetfulness, which however had been ascribed to his alcohol consumption. A brain tumour was diagnosed. Although Kelly toured with the Dubliners after enduring an operation, his health deteriorated further. He forgot lyrics and had to take longer breaks in concerts as he felt weak. On his European tour in autumn 1983 he came off the stage in Traun, Austria and again in Mannheim, Germany. Shortly after he had to cancel the tour of southern Germany and after a short stay in hospital in Heidelberg he was flown back to Dublin. After another operation he spent Christmas with his family but was taken into hospital again in the New Year, where he died on 30 January 1984. His gravestone in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, bears the inscription: Luke Kelly - Dubliner . Sean Cannon took his place. He had been performing with the Dubliners since 1982, due to the collapse of Luke's health.

Legacy[link]

Luke Kelly remains an Irish icon and his music is widely regarded as one of Ireland's cultural treasures. Kelly's music was pan-celtic . The influence of his Scottish grandmother was paramount in Kelly's help in preserving important traditional Scottish songs such as 'Mormond Braes', 'Peggy Gordon', Robert Burns' 'Parcel of Rogues', 'Tibbie Dunbar', Hamish Henderson's 'Freedom Come All Ye', and Thurso Berwick's 'Scottish Breakaway'

The Ballybough Bridge in the north inner city of Dublin has been renamed the "Luke Kelly Bridge" and in November 2004, the Dublin city council voted unanimously to erect a bronze statue of Luke Kelly.^[3] However, the Dublin Docklands Authority has since stated that it can no longer afford to fund the statue. Councillor Christy Burke of Dublin City Council has appealed to members of the music community including Bono, Phil Coulter and Enya to help build it.^[4]

Paddy Reilly has recorded a tribute to Kelly^[5] entitled The Dublin Minstrel This features on his Gold And Silver Years, Celtic Collections and the Essential Paddy Reilly CD's. The Dubliners recorded it on their Live At Vicar Street DVD/CD. The song was composed by Declan O'Donoghue, the Racing Correspondent of The Irish Sun.^[6]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Luke Kelly: a Memoir, Des Geraghty, ISBN 1-85594-090-6
• Ar Bhruacha na Life, Des Geraghty, - 23-5-07 135585 www.tg4.ie - En sub.wmv (Déanann Des Geraghty, fear amhrán agus feadóige, ceiliúradh ar an lucht ceoil i mBaile Átha Cliath).

External links[link]

• Biography at "Ramblinghouse"
• 'Ahern lends support to Kelly memorial' 31 December 2004
• http://uk.youtube.com/kellyoneill
• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-501647685464276780
• Luke Kelly at Find a Grave