''Amoeba'' (sometimes ''amœba'' or ''ameba'', plural ''amoebae'') is a genus of Protozoa.

Terminology

There are many closely related terms that can be the source of confusion:

''Amoeba'' is a genus that includes species such as ''Amoeba proteus''

Amoebidae is a family that includes the ''Amoeba'' genus, among others.

Amoebozoa is a phylum that includes the Amoebidae family, among others.

Amoeboids are organisms that move by crawling. Many (but not all) amoeboids are Amoebozoa.

History

The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757. Early naturalists referred to ''Amoeba'' as the ''Proteus animalcule'' after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent, from the Greek ''amoibè'' (αμοιβή), meaning change. ''Dientamoeba fragili'' was first described in 1918, and was linked to harm in humans.

Anatomy

thumb|250px|left|Anatomy of an amoeba.The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane; it obtains its food through phagocytosis. This makes Amoebae heterotrophs. Amoebae have a single large tubular pseudopod at the anterior end, and several secondary ones branching to the sides. The most famous species, ''Amoeba proteus'', averages about 220-740 μm in length while moving, making it a giant among amoeboids. A few amoeboids belonging to different genera can grow larger, however, such as Gromia, Pelomyxa, and Chaos.

Amoebae's most recognizable features include one or more nuclei and a simple contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic equilibrium. Food enveloped by the amoeba is stored and digested in vacuoles. Amoebae, like other single-celled eukaryotic organisms, reproduce asexually via mitosis and cytokinesis, not to be confused with binary fission, which is how prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce. In cases where the amoeba are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies. Amoebae also have no definite shape.

Genome

The amoeba is remarkable for its very large genome. The species ''Amoeba proteus'' has 290 billion base pairs in its genome, while the related ''Polychaos dubium'' (formerly known as ''Amoeba dubia'') has 670 billion base pairs. The human genome is small by contrast, with its count of 2.9 billion bases.

Osmoregulation

Like most other protists, amoebas have a contractile vacuole complex. ''Amoeba proteus'', a free-living, freshwater species of amoeba, has one contractile vacuole (CV), which is a membrane-bound organelle. The CV slowly fills with water from the cytoplasm (diastole), and, while fusing with the cell membrane, it quickly contracts releasing water to the outside (systole) by exocytosis. This process regulates the amount of water present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba; it is, therefore, a means of osmoregulation.

Immediately after the CV expels water, its membrane crumples, and soon afterwards, many small vacuoles or vesicles appear surrounding the membrane of the CV. It is suggested that these vesicles split from the CV membrane itself. The small vesicles gradually increase in size as they take in water and then they fuse with the CV, which grows in size as it fills with water. Therefore, the function of these numerous small vesicles is to collect excess cytoplasmic water and channel it to the central CV. The CV swells for a number of minutes and then contracts to expel the water outside. The cycle is then repeated again.

The membranes of the small vesicles as well as the membrane of the CV have aquaporin proteins embedded in them.

Amoebic cysts

In environments that are potentially lethal to the cell, an amoeba may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions. While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.

References

External links

Wikibooks: Comparison of Cell Size

Category:Protista Category:Amoeboids Category:Amoebozoa

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Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Ximena Sariñana
alt	A Latin woman of twenty-something smiling.
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Ximena Sariñana Rivera
born	October 29, 1985Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
instrument	Vocals, piano, percussion, charango
genre	Jazz, pop, rock, alternative
occupation	Singer-songwriter, actress
years active	1994–present
label	Warner Music
associated acts	Omar Rodríguez-López
website	}}

Ximena Sariñana Rivera (born October 29, 1985) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and actress. Sariñana's musical career was launched in 2008 with the release of her first studio album ''Mediocre'', an adult contemporary pop-rock/vocal jazz album that has been critically acclaimed and nominated for various awards, including two nominations in the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008.

Childhood

Ximena Sariñana (hi-MEN-a sa-rin-YAH-na) Rivera was born in Guadalajara, Mexico to producer/director Fernando Sariñana and screenwriter Carolina Rivera. She is niece of Mexican actress Angélica Rivera and producer José Alberto Castro, brother of Verónica Castro. When she was 2 years old, Sariñana attended an Ella Fitzgerald concert, claiming to be the beginning of her interest in music and one of her biggest influences. She soon started listening to other artists such as Paul Simon and Tracy Chapman. She would often be seen singing and dancing, dressed up in costumes. When Sariñana was 7 years old, her neighbor, Cecilia Toussaint suggested she should take singing lessons with her teacher Ricardo Sánchez, known for instructing Mexico's biggest talents. She also took up piano lessons with Hanna Cot. In 1994, Sariñana acted in ''Hasta morir'' (), which was produced by her father, Fernando Sariñana. Sariñana would later attend the ''Academia de Musica Fermatta''.

Rise to stardom

She started acting in telenovelas at the age of 11 as the villain Mariela in ''Luz Clarita'', starring Daniela Luján as the main character, Luz Clarita. The following year, Sariñana acted in the telenovela ''María Isabel'' as Rosa Isela, with Adela Noriega as the main character, María Isabel. Her final appearance on a telenovela was in 1998 on a telenovela entitled ''Gotita de amor'' () as Enriqueta. At seventeen, after earning a scholarship for the Five Week Program of the Berklee College of Music, she composed three songs for the soundtrack of the Mexican movie ''Amar te duele'' where she also played the part of Mariana. Other important movies in which she acted were as Ximena in the 2001 film ''El Segundo Aire'' (), Valetina in Niñas Mal (), all of which were directed by her father and written by her mother. She also appeared in a short film called ''De paso'' in 2005. In 2007, Ximena Sariñana acted in the movie ''Dos abrazos'' () directed by Enrique Begne. ''Dos abrazos'' won Sariñana an award for Best Female Actress at the 38th Diosas de Plata of Pecime awards. The latest movie in which she has acted is called ''Enemigos íntimos'' () and will be released on DVD in late 2008.

She went on to be part of the band Feliz No Cumpleaños (), a Mexican funk-jazz, pop-rock band she formed alongside old friends from the ''Academia de Musica Fermatta''. She captivated the audience on television by performing "El Triste" (), originally performed by Mexican icon José José.

An article in Rolling Stone España in February 2009 featured Sariñana, and she expanded further into international stardom when she graced the cover of Venus Zine's Summer 2009 issue, transcending national boundaries to make her mark in American media.

''Mediocre''

Her first solo album ''Mediocre'' was released on February 12, 2008 by Warner Music Group. Ximena wrote most of the songs on the album and revealed in Venus Zine's Summer 2009 cover story that, “Learning the language of my nationality was something I really wanted to achieve... so I thought maybe if I did a Spanish album it would be a good challenge." On March 28, 2008, ''Mediocre'' was certified gold by AMPROFON for selling more than 50,000 copies. Sariñana would later receive further achievement when ''Mediocre'' reached platinum status for selling more than 80,000 copies.

The videos for ''Vidas paralelas'', ''Normal'', and ''No Vuelvo Mas'' were all shot in Iceland. ''Vidas paralelas'' was directed by Pablo Dávila.

In late June, Metronomy stated that they were fascinated with Ximena's debut album ''Mediocre'' and the group produced a remix of ''La tina''. Her music video for the second single, ''No Vuelvo Más'', was premiered as an exclusive video on July 14, 2008 in MTV Mexico. She was later nominated for two Latin Grammy awards for Best New Artist and Best Alternative Song but lost to Kany García and Volver a Comenzar by Café Tacuba respectively.

Other works

In 2007, she contributed vocals for the song "Valenciana" in the album Extempore by the Ensenada-based nujazz band Kobol. In March 2009, Sariñana was featured as a vocalist alongside her boyfriend Omar Rodríguez-López with his solo group on their tour of Europe, which resulted in the live record Los Sueños de un Higado. She also provided vocals on Omar's solo albums Xenophanes, Solar Gambling, Ciencia de los Inútiles, Cizaña de los Amores and Tychozorente.

Along with Jason Mraz, she has released a Spanish version of Mraz's song "Lucky". The video for the Spanish-version has both her and Mraz in it, it was released to MTV on 22 June 2009. As of November 2009, Ximena is currently in the studio working on her second album. Ximena's second self-titled album, will consist of English songs written or co-written by her. The album will contain one Spanish-language track called, "Tu y Yo". The album was recorded in Mexico City and Los Angeles during 2009 and was completed in early 2011. It was released in North America on August 2, 2011. The album's first single, "Different", was released in June 2011.

Discography

Albums

Album	Chart positions
	Mexico
align="left"	*1st studio album	*Released: February 12, 2008	*Label: Warner Music	*Mexican sales: +100,000
align="left"	*2nd studio album	*Released: August 2, 2011	*Label: Warner Music	*Mexican sales: TBA

Singles

Year	Song	Album
		align="left" valign="top"
		align="left" valign="top"
		align="left" valign="top"

Guest appearances

''Extempore'' by Kobol (2007)

''Los Sueños de un Higado'' by Omar Rodríguez-López Group (2009)

''Xenophanes'' by Omar Rodríguez-López (2009)

''Solar Gambling'' by Omar Rodríguez-López (2009)

''Ciencia de los Inútiles'' by El Trío de Omar Rodríguez-López (2010)

''Tychozorente'' by Omar Rodríguez-López (2010)

''Cizaña de los Amores'' by Omar Rodríguez-López (2010)

''どういたしまして'' by Omar Rodríguez-López Group (2010)

JLeno Show (2011)

Filmography

''Luz Clarita'' ''María Isabel (telenovela) ''Gotita de amor'' ''Todo el poder'' ''El Segundo Aire'' ''Amar te duele'' ''De Paso'' ''Amor Xtremo'' ''Niñas Mal'' ''Coraline (film) ''Enemigos Íntimos''

Year !! Title !! Role !! Type
1994	''Hasta Morir''	Melisa
1996	|	Mariela de la Fuente	Telenovela
1997	María Isabel'' ||	Rosa Isela	Telenovela
1998	|	Enriqueta	Telenovela
1999	|	Valentina	Movie
2001	|	Ximena	Movie
2002	|	Mariana	Movie
2005	|		Short documentary
2006	|	Mariané	Movie
rowspan="4"	2007	|	Valentina	Movie
''Año Uña''	Additional voices
''Dos Abrazos''	Laura
''El Brassier de Emma''
2008	Coraline'' ||	Coraline	Voice of Coraline in Spanish
2008	|	Mariana	Movie

References

External links

Official web site

Category:1985 births Category:Jazz-blues pianists Category:Living people Category:Mexican female singers Category:Mexican singer-songwriters Category:Rock en Español musicians Category:People from Guadalajara Category:Vocal jazz musicians Category:Women in jazz

ar:شيمينا سارينيانا es:Ximena Sariñana fr:Ximena Sariñana pt:Ximena Sariñana

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Steve Earle
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Stephen Fain Earle
born	January 17, 1955Hampton, VirginiaU.S.
origin	San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, guitar, mandolin, harmonica, banjo, bouzouki, bass
genre	Americana, alt.country, folk, country rock, roots rock, heartland rock
occupation	Musician, Singer-songwriter, Author, Playwright
label	MCA Nashville, New West, E² Records, Warner Bros.
associated acts	Allison Moorer, Justin Townes Earle, Guy Clark, Townes Van Zandt, Buddy Miller, Joan Baez, Del McCoury Band, Lucinda Williams, Stacey Earle
website	SteveEarle.com
notable instruments	}}

Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle (; born January 17, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter known for his rock and Texas Country as well as his political views. He is also a producer, author, a political activist, and an actor, and has written and directed a play.

Personal life

Earle was born on January 17, 1955, at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. He is the eldest son of Jack Earle, an air traffic controller, and Barbara Earle. Although he was born in Virginia where his father was stationed in the military, the family returned to Texas before Earle's second birthday. His ancestry is Irish Catholic on his mother's side and Scotch-Irish on his father's side. They moved often during his childhood, primarily within Texas, but spending several of his formative years in and around San Antonio, Texas including East Terrell Hills, Converse, and Schertz. He dropped out of school in the 9th grade to move to Houston and learn more about the music business. Earle released his first album, ''Guitar Town'', in 1986. His sister, Stacey Earle, is also a musician, having toured with Steve in the 1990s and sung on the song "When I Fall" on Steve's 2000 album ''Transcendental Blues''.

Earle has been married seven times, including twice to the same woman. His wives were Sandra "Sandy" Henderson, Cynthia Dunn, Carol-Ann Hunter (with whom he had his first child, Justin), Lou-Anne Gill (with whom he had a second son, Ian and a stepdaughter, Amy), Maria Teresa Ensenat, Lou-Anne Gill a second time, and finally, in 2005, singer-songwriter Allison Moorer. His first son, Justin Townes Earle, is also a musician, and is named for Townes Van Zandt. Earle and Moorer had their first child together, John Henry Earle, on April 5, 2010.

Career

Musical career

In 1975, Earle moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he met Guy Clark and his wife Susanna. He appears in the 1975 film ''Heartworn Highways'', which documents the songwriting scene in Nashville around Clark, including fellow Texas musicians Townes van Zandt and Rodney Crowell. Earle had already met Van Zandt in Texas, and refers to Clark and Van Zandt as his mentors and teachers. Clark was instrumental in Earle being hired as a songwriter by the Sunbury Dunbar publishing division of RCA. There he wrote songs for the likes of Carl Perkins, Johnny Lee, Vince Gill and Steve Wariner. His song "Mustang Wine" was due to be recorded by Elvis Presley in 1975, but Presley did not turn up for the recording session. The song was released as a single by Carl Perkins. He also wrote the Patty Loveless hit "A Little Bit in Love." Earle did backing vocals on "Desperados Waiting for a Train" (together with Emmylou Harris) on Clark's first album ''Old No. 1'' and toured in Clark's band. In 1981 Earle achieved a top-ten cut with "When You Fall in Love," which was recorded by Johnny Lee. In 1985 one of his compositions "A Far Cry from You" was recorded by Connie Smith, who made the song a minor hit that year.

Earle's early work as a recorded performer was in the rockabilly style, and can be heard on the ''Early Tracks'' album. ''Early Tracks'' was recorded for Epic Records, but the company dropped Earle, only releasing the album in 1987 after he found success with MCA Nashville. Earle had to wait until 1986 before his first album, ''Guitar Town'', was released by MCA. It was a critical success and was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The follow-up albums ''Exit 0'' in 1987 and the certified-gold ''Copperhead Road,'' 1988, built on this success. With ''Copperhead Road'', Earle moved to MCA Los Angeles and drew increasingly on rock influences.

Earle had been a substance abuser since an early age and was addicted to heroin for many years. By the time of his 1990 album ''The Hard Way'', it started to become clear that the drugs were seriously affecting him. By 1992, his drug problems resulted in his effectively stopping performing and recording for two years, a period he refers to as his "vacation in the ghetto." He eventually ended up in jail on drug and firearms charges. Kicking the drug habit while in jail, Earle came out a new man and released two albums within 18 months of his release in late 1994. His comeback album, ''Train A Comin' '', was nominated for the Best Contemporary Folk Album Grammy Award in 1996. ''Train A Comin''' was a return to the country blues-influenced folk of Earle's early career and drew on his older catalogue of unrecorded material.

Earle's post-jail musical career has been more diverse than his early work. He set up his own record label with producer and engineer Ray Kennedy, allowing him increasing artistic control. This has led to experimentation with a range of styles from country and bluegrass music to folk and hard rock music. He has maintained a strict work ethic. Several albums have been released since. Earle also tours often, playing over 200 shows per year. His concerts tend to be either solo acoustic shows or ensemble affairs with one of his two backing bands, the Dukes or the Bluegrass Dukes.

Earle is the subject of the documentary film ''Just an American Boy'', directed by Amos Poe, which explores his political views as well as his music. The film was shot while Earle was touring in support of his 2002 release ''Jerusalem''. In 2005, he caused consternation among his fans by allowing the song The Revolution Starts Now to be used by General Motors in a TV advertisement for pick-up trucks. In 2006, Earle contributed a cover of Randy Newman's song "Rednecks" to the tribute album ''Sail Away: The Songs of Randy Newman''. Earle is also the subject of two biographies, ''Steve Earle: Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet'', by the noted New York-based music writer David McGee and ''Hardcore Troubadour: The Life and Near Death of Steve Earle'' by Lauren St. John.

In September 2007, Earle released his twelfth studio album, ''Washington Square Serenade'', on New West Records. Earle recorded the album after relocating to New York City, and it was his first attempt at using digital audio workstation ProTools, as opposed to traditional analog recording techniques. The disc features wife Allison Moorer on "Days Aren't Long Enough" and "Down Here Below." The album includes Earle's version of Tom Waits' song "Way Down in the Hole" which is featured as the theme song for the fifth season of ''The Wire'' in which Earle himself appears as Walon. In 2008, Earle produced Joan Baez's album ''Day After Tomorrow''. (Prior to their collaboration on ''Day After Tomorrow'', Baez had covered two Earle songs, "Christmas in Washington" and "Jerusalem," on previous albums.) In the winter, he toured Europe and North America in support of ''Washington Square Serenade'', performing half the set solo and the other half with a DJ. On May 12, 2009, Earle released a tribute album, ''Townes'', on New West Records. The album contains 15 songs written by his late friend and musical mentor Townes Van Zandt. Guest artists appearing on the album include Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, Earle's wife Allison Moorer, and his son Justin Townes Earle. Both ''Washington Square Serenade'' and ''Townes'' also earned Grammy awards in the contemporary folk category.

Earle released his first novel and fourteenth studio album, both entitled ''I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive'' after a Hank Williams song, in the spring of 2011. The album was released on April 26, 2011 and was produced by T-Bone Burnett. Earle describes it as dealing with questions of mortality and having a "more country" sound than his recent work. He plans a full band tour in support of the album in the summer of 2011.

Since his emergence as a performer, his songs have been covered by various well-known artists, including Joan Baez, The Pretenders, The Proclaimers, Eddi Reader, The Highwaymen, Waylon Jennings, Levon Helm, Emmylou Harris, Percy Sledge and Johnny Cash. Travis Tritt had a #7 country hit in 1995 with Earle's "Sometimes She Forgets."

Writing career

In addition to music, Earle has written a collection of short stories called ''Doghouse Roses,'' several of which draw on his personal experiences as a musician and addict. The book was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in June 2001. Earle has also written poetry and wrote and produced a play about the death penalty entitled ''Karla''. The play was produced off-Broadway and focuses on the death of Karla Faye Tucker, who was the first woman excuted by the state of Texas since the death penalty was reinstated.

Earle's first novel, entitled ''I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive'' after a Hank Williams song, was published the spring of 2011. The novel is set in San Antonio in 1963, and tells the story of a defrocked doctor and morphine addict. The doctor makes a living by performing illegal abortions and is haunted by the ghost of Hank Williams, with whom he was traveling when Williams died of an overdose. The novel is published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt1.

Acting career

Earle portrayed a recovering drug addict named Walon in several episodes of the HBO television series ''The Wire'', created by David Simon. He appears first in season one where he addresses a 12-step-type meeting with an account of how he lost everything to addiction: "I pawned my bike, my pickup truck, a National steel guitar, a stamp collection that my grandpa left me; lost a good wife, a bad girlfriend, and the respect of anyone who ever lent me money." His story affects Bubbles and appears to spur him towards recovery. After season one, Walon does not return until Bubbles hits rock-bottom hard in the season four finale. Picking up the thread, he then appears throughout season five as sponsor, as Bubbles attempts to overcome his heroin addiction and its consequences. Earle's song "I Feel Alright" is used in a montage to close out season two. He also performs the opening theme of the fifth season, performing "Way Down in the Hole," a song written by Tom Waits.

Earle also played a supporting role as a drug dealer in Tim Blake Nelson's 2009 movie ''Leaves of Grass'', starring Edward Norton. His most recent role was that of a street musician in the HBO series ''Treme'', set in post-Katrina New Orleans. Earle's song "This City" can be heard over the closing credits of the first season finale. He was also one of several musicians who sang a mock charity appeal in the final episode of Season 3 of ''30 Rock''.

Radio shows

Earle's radio show on Air America began in August 2004 and last aired on June 10, 2007, and that was a rebroadcast of a past episode. Shortly thereafter, he started DJing on a show on Sirius Satellite Radio called Hardcore Troubadour on their Outlaw Country channel.

Political views

Since early in his career, Earle has been involved in a number of political causes. In his first public performances, Earle was unable to play in bars due to his age and took to playing in coffeehouses alongside anti-Vietnam War campaigners. These experiences had a strong effect on him, most recently evidenced by his opposition to the Iraq War. He is also a regular participant in the "Concerts for a Landmine Free World," benefiting the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation.

Earle's mother took part in anti-death penalty vigils, a cause that has been taken up by Earle. He has worked to abolish the death penalty and has recorded several songs about this cause, including "Billy Austin," "Over Yonder (Jonathan's Song)" and "Ellis Unit One" for the 1995 film ''Dead Man Walking''. Ellis Unit, located in Huntsville, Texas, previously housed the Texas male death row convicts, until it was moved to Polunsky Unit near Livingston, Texas. He exchanged letters with a prisoner on death row named Jonathan Wayne Nobles, the subject of "Over Yonder", and, at the request of Nobles, attended his execution in 1998. In 2010 Earle was awarded the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty's Shining Star of Abolition award.

In the early 2000s Earle's music was more explicitly political. His 2002 album, ''Jerusalem'', was largely inspired by the US-led War on Terrorism. This album featured "John Walker's Blues," which was about the captured American Taliban fighter John Walker Lindh. Many accused Earle of sympathizing with terrorists as the song was written from Lindh's perspective. Earle responded that he was simply empathizing with Lindh and attempting to understand his motivation through song rather than glorifying or forgiving terrorism. He said that, as a parent, he was moved by pictures of Lindh bound to a stretcher. "For some reason when I saw him on TV, I related it to my son. That skinny and that age, exactly. I thought, he's got parents somewhere, and they must be sick."

His 2004 album, ''The Revolution Starts Now'', which features several songs relating to the Iraq War, was deliberately released to coincide with the run-up to the 2004 US presidential election, with the aim of encouraging votes for John Kerry. The song "The Revolution Starts Now" was used in the promotion of Michael Moore's anti-war documentary film ''Fahrenheit 9/11'' and appears on the album ''Songs and Artists That Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11'', the songs for which were selected by Moore. The song also opened Earle's weekly Sunday-night show on Air America Radio. He appears in the 2008 political documentary ''Slacker Uprising''.

Discography

Use in media

Steve Earle's songs have appeared in many major motion pictures and television as writer and performer.

As performer and writer

''The Beverly Hillbillies'' (1993) ("Honey Don't")

''Dead Man Walking'' (1995) ("Ellis Unit One")

''The Horse Whisperer'' (1998) ("Me and the Eagle")

''Pay It Forward'' (2000) ("Open Your Window")

''You Can Count on Me'' (2000) ("I'm Still In Love With You", "Harlan Man", "Texas Eagle", "The Mountain", "Pilgrim")

''The Pledge'' (2001) ("The Other Side of Town")

''Last Party 2000'' (also known as ''The Party's Over'' (2001) ("Over Yonder (Jonathan's Song)")

''Big Bad Love'' (2001) ("Goodbye")

''The Rookie'' (2002) ("Some Dreams")

''Stevie'' (2002) ("I Ain't Ever Satisfied")

''The Wire'' (2004) ("I Feel Alright"), ("Down in the Hole" as performer only, written by Tom Waits)

''Silver City'' (2004) ("Amerika v. 6.0")

''Brokeback Mountain'' (2005) ("Devil's Right Hand")

''Talladega Nights'' (2006) ("Valentine's Day", "Hard-Core Troubadour", "I Feel Alright")

''The Guardian'' (2006) ("Home To Houston")

''Bridge to Terabithia'' (2007) ("Someday")

''Leaves of Grass'' (2009) ("Lonely Are the Free")

''Treme'' (2010) ("This City")

As writer

''Sgt. Bilko'' (1996) ("Sometimes She Forgets")

''G.I. Jane'' (1997) ("Goodbye")

''P.S. I Love You'' (2007) ("The Galway Girl")

Awards

Steve Earle has received a total of fourteen nominations for Grammy Awards.

He was named Country Artist of the Year for 1986 by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.

In 2004, he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award for songwriting by the UK's BBC Radio 2.

In February 2005, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album for ''The Revolution Starts Now''.

In February 2008, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album (Vocal or Instrumental) for ''Washington Square Serenade''.

In January 2010, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album for ''Townes''.

In July 2010, Earle was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Music and Lyrics category, for the song "This City," which was written for the television series ''Tremé.''

On May 13, 2011, Earle was granted an honorary degree from the City University of New York (CUNY) School of Law.

Collaborations

Recorded and performed "Johnny Come Lately" with The Pogues.

Performed a duet with Iris DeMent on "I'm Still In Love With You".

Co-wrote the Jason & the Scorchers song "A Bible & A Gun".

Sang on Jason Ringenberg's re-recording of "A Bible & A Gun" in 2002.

Worked with the Supersuckers, recording their song "Creepy Jackalope Eye" and his song "NYC" (1996)

With the Rolling Stones, "Before They Make Me Run"

Sang backup vocals and played the harmonica on the Indigo Girls song "Shame on You", on their 1997 album ''Shaming of the Sun''.

Recorded "The Galway Girl" and "Dominick Street" with Sharon Shannon and The Woodchoppers.

Recorded covers of Alejandro Escovedo's "Paradise" and Warren Zevon's "Reconsider Me" with Reckless Kelly, for Escovedo and Zevon tribute albums.

Collaborated with the Del McCoury Band on 1999's ''The Mountain''.

Performed a duet with Lucinda Williams on "You're Still Standin' There".

Performed a duet with Chris Hillman on "High Fashion Queen" for the Gram Parsons tribute album ''Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons''.

Performed a duet with Siobhan Maher Kennedy on "Poison Lovers".

Performed a duet with Emmylou Harris on "Comin' Around", "Goodbye", and "I Remember You".

Performed a duet with Stacey Earle on "When I Fall".

Played guitar and sang backup on Emmylou Harris's version of "Goodbye" (from her ''Wrecking Ball'' album.)

Co-wrote "Go Amanda" with Sheryl Crow (on ''Jerusalem'').

Sang with Sheryl Crow on his cover of "Time Has Come Today" on ''Sidetracks''.

Covers the Son Volt classic "Windfall"

Played banjo on Patti Smith's cover of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit".

Produces and collaborates on Joan Baez's album ''Day After Tomorrow''.

Performed a duet with Jill Sobule on her song "Love is Never Equal"

Covered NRBQs "A Girl Like That" on the NRBQ tribute album The Q People

Performed with Allison Moorer on the song "After The Fire Is Gone" from Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute To Loretta Lynn (2010).

Sources

McGee, David. ''Steve Earle: Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet,'' Backbeat, 2005.

Schone, Mark. (1998). "Steve Earle." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 160–1.

St John, Lauren. ''Hardcore Troubadour: The Life and Near Death of Steve Earle'', Fourth Estate, 2002 ISBN 1-84115-611-6

References

External links

Steve Earle Official website

"Death in Texas" Article By Earle On Witnessing The Execution Of A Friend

Just an American Boy

Interview with Steve Earle

Features, CD and concert reviews with Steve Earle at Country Standard Time

GM commercial featuring ''The Revolution Starts Now''

Steve Earle to Release Townes Van Zandt Tribute Album

Freeing a Mentor From His Mythology

Steve Earle Lays it Down

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hampton, Virginia Category:American country singers Category:American country guitarists Category:American folk guitarists Category:American rock guitarists Category:American male singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Kerrville New Folk Competition finalists Category:American mandolinists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:American anti-war activists Category:American anti–death penalty activists Category:Musicians from Virginia Category:New West Records artists

bg:Стив Ърли de:Steve Earle es:Steve Earle fr:Steve Earle it:Steve Earle no:Steve Earle pt:Steve Earle simple:Steve Earle sv:Steve Earle

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Ty Segall
background	solo_singer
resides	San Francisco, California
instrument	Vocals, guitar, drums
genre	Rock, alternative rock, garage rock revival, indie rock
occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
label	Goner, Wizard Mountain, CastleFace, Chocolate Covered, Goodbye Boozy
notable instruments	}}

Ty Segall is an American musician and songwriter. He sings and plays guitar and drums. He has released four solo albums and is a member of the bands The Traditional Fools, Epsilons, Party Fowl, Sic Alps, and The Perverts.

Recording career

Segall began his recording career as a part-time musician in various underground bands in Orange County and the San Francisco Bay Area, before beginning a solo career in 2008. Segall's first solo release was the cassette "Horn The Unicorn" released on the Wizard Mountain label (later re-released by HBSP-2X on vinyl record). Around the same time Wizard Mountain also released a split cassette featuring Segall and the band "Superstitions" entitled "Halfnonagon". Segall's next album entitled "Ty Segall" was released on Castle Face Records in 2008. The album was followed by a string of limited 7" singles and a split LP with the band "Black Time". Segall's next album "Lemons" was released by Goner Records in 2009 to positive reviews. This release was followed by another string of successful and limited 7" singles and the LP "Reverse Shark Attack" an album with longtime collaborator Mikal Cronin. Segall's fourth album "Melted" was also released by Goner Records in 2010 to more positive reviews and placed in some "Best of 2010 Lists" such as Pitchfork, Rolling Stone and Spin. Ty Segall's 2010 album, "Melted," was quoted from Pitchfork's Paul Thompson as a rock and roll artists who will give you a "kick in the pants." He is considered to be much evolved from his first album, and more in control of his music and voice, making it seem effortless. His 2011 album, ''Goodbye Bread'', has been called "unadulterated joy" and "the perfect summer companion to ''Arabia Mountain''." When questioned in regards to his forthcoming and sixth LP, Segall stated; "I want to do a total glam Stooges-meets-Hawkwind or Sabbath, something like that. I think that would be super fun. I want to throw people off. I want to make a really heavy record: evil, evil space rock. Put a little Satan in space and you got the sound."

Discography

With Epsilons

Albums

''Evil Robots'' - CD/EP (2005, Modern Sleeze)

''Epsilons'' - CD/LP (2006; Retard Disco issued CD only / Young Cubs issued LP only)

''Killed 'Em Deader 'N A Six Card Poker Hand'' - CD/LP (2007; Retard Disco issued CD only / HBSP-2X issued LP only)

Split 45s/EPs

''Epsilons / Hips'' (with Hips) - 7" (2006; olFactory Records)

With Party Fowl

45s/EPs

''Party Fowl'' - 7" (2008; Post Present Medium)

''STD's'' - 7" (2008; Goodbye Boozy Records)

Original Compilation Appearances

''Scum Fuck Revolt'' - A GG Allin Tribute (Contributes Track: Die When You Die) - CD (2006; Husk Records)

''Washed Shores'' (Contributes Track: Portage 53) - Cassette (200?; Seafoam Records)

With The Traditional Fools

Albums

''The Traditional Fools'' - LP (2008; Wizard Mountain/Make A Mess Records)

45s/EPs

''The - The Traditional Fools'' - 7" (2007; Chocolate Covered Records)

Split 45s/EPs

''The Primate Five vs The Traditional Fools'' (With The Primate Five) - 7" (2007; Goodbye Boozy Records)

As Ty Segall

Albums

''Horn the Unicorn'' (Original Release) - Cassette (2008; Wizard Mountain)

''Ty Segall'' - Cassette/LP (2008; Burger Records issued cassette only / Castle Face issued LP only)

''Lemons'' - CD/LP (2009; Goner Records)

''Melted'' - CD/LP (2010; Goner Records)

''San Francisco Rock Compilation or Food or Weird Beer From Microsoft'' - Cassette (2010; God? Records)

''Live In Aisle Five'' - LP (2011; Southpaw Records)

''Goodbye Bread'' - CD/LP (2011; Drag City)

Split Albums

''Halfnonagon'' (With Superstitions) - Cassette (2008; Wizard Mountain)

''Swag / Sitting In The Back Of A Morris Marina Parked At The Pier Eating Sandwiches Whilst The Rain Drums On The Roof'' (With Black Time) - LP (2009; Telephone Explosion Records)

45s/EPs

''Skin'' - 7" (2008; Goodbye Boozy Records)

''It'' - 7" (2008; Chocolate Covered Records)

''Cents'' - 7" (2009; Goner Records)

''Universal Momma'' - 7" (2009; True Panther)

''My Sunshine'' - 7" (2009; Trouble In Mind)

''Caesar'' - 7" (2010; Goner Records)

''Ty Rex EP'' - 12" (2011; Goner Records)

''I Can't feel It - 7" (2011; Drag City)

Split 45s/EPs

''The Drag / Maria Stacks'' (With Thee Oh Sees) - 7" (2009; Castle Face)

''4 Way Split'' (With CoCoComa, The White Wires, & Charlie and The Moonhearts) - 7" (2010; Trouble In Mind)

''GonerFest Seven Golden Ticket Record'' (With Armitage Shanks, UV Race, & Strapping Field Hands) - 7" (2010; Goner Records)

''Diamond Way / My Head Explodes'' (With JEFF the Brotherhood) - 7" (2010; Infinity Cat Recordings)

''Bruise Cruise Vol. 1'' (With Thee Oh Sees) - 7" (2010; Bruise Cruise Records)

Compilations

''Horn the Unicorn'' (Re-release with Addition Tracks) - LP (2009; HBSP-2X)

''Ty Segall & Lemons'' - Cassette (2010; Burger Records)

''$ingles'' - Cassette (2010; Psychic Snerts)

Original Compilation Appearances

''Yeti Eight'' (Contributes Track: I Think I've Had It) - CD (2009; Yeti Publishing LLC)

''Our Boy Roy'' (Contributes Track: Pretty Woman) - LP (2010; Telephone Explosion Records)

''In a Cloud: New Sounds of San Francisco'' (Contributes Track: Hey Big Mouth) - LP (2010; Secret Seven Records)

''Stuffs Vol. 1'' (Contributes Track: Flys Better) - LP (2010; Compost Modern Art Recordings)

With The Perverts

45s/EPs

''The Perverts'' - 7" (2009; HBSP-2X)

As Ty Segall and Mikal Cronin

Albums

''Reverse Shark Attack'' - Cassette/LP (2009; Burger Records issued cassette only / Kill Shaman Records issued LP only)

45s/EPs

''Pop Song'' - 7" (2009; Goodbye Boozy Records)

References

Ty Segall Interview http://reaxmusic.com/article75022&show;_comzone=y

Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Musicians from California Category:American indie rock musicians Category:American rock guitarists Category:American male singers Category:American rock singers Category:American rock singer-songwriters

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
Name	Quik
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	David Marvin Blake
Alias	Quik
Birth date	January 18, 1970
Origin	Compton, California, U.S.
Instrument	Vocals, synthesizer, keyboards, turntables, drum machine, sampler
Genre	Hip hop, G-Funk, rock
Occupation	Rapper, DJ, record producer, Actor
Years active	1987–present
Label	Profile (1990-1998)Arista (1999-2001)Ark 21 (2002)Warner Bros. (2003-2004)Mad Science (2005-Present)Fontana (2005-Present)Universal (2001-2003, 2010-Present)
Associated acts	AMG, The Fixxers, 2nd II None, Danny Boy (singer), Suga Free, 2Pac, Eazy-E, Kurupt, QDT, Snoop Dogg, Mausberg Teddy Riley, Nate Dogg, Hi-C, ElDebarge }}

David Marvin Blake (born January 18, 1970), better known by his stage name DJ Quik, is an MC and record producer. According to Quik himself, his stage name reflects his ability to produce records in short time.

Blake has written, produced, and remixed music for many artists. Often compared to Dr. Dre, he is one of the most skilled producers to come from Compton, California. He has conducted many songs for many mainstream artists. Although his credibility goes unrecognized by non-Hip Hop audiences, he is one of America's most complete artists.

Early life

David Marvin Blake was born on January 18, 1970 in Compton, California. He was chiefly inspired by funk and soul artists, such as Roger Troutman (who even taught him the use of the talkbox, which became a trademark for Quik's sound throughout his career) and George Clinton. Out of respect for his beloved friend, Roger Troutman, he retired the talkbox. David's love for music began at 2, as his mom had an extensive record collection. By age 12 he was already playing instruments, and by the age of 21, he was a platinum selling artist.

He began selling homemade mixtapes (notably ''The Red Tape'', 1987) after he received a turntable for his 9th grade graduation. He then began doing shows DJing around Southern California, many of which ended in rival gang related altercations. In the 11th grade, Quik dropped out of high school. For a period of about three years he was homeless after his mom lost her home, due to foreclosure. He would later go on to say that after his success in the rap world many of his family members "popped up".

Music career

Quik Is The Name

Creating a street buzz off his self-made mix tapes,he began to generate interest off many major labels, including Profile Records and Ruthless Records. Later he went on to regret his contract with Profile Records, as Eazy-E offered him a 1 million dollar advance. It left Profile Records with no other choice, they sent cease-and-desist letters to Ruthless Records. He signed to Profile Records in the summer of 1990, reportedly as the label's first six figure signee. Profile Records tactics including having David appear more mysterious,by exaggerating. He brought another act to the label 2nd II None.

His debut album, ''Quik Is the Name'', which was released in 1991, was led by the success of two top 20 R&B; singles, "Tonite" and "Born and Raised in Compton." The album ended up reaching 10th on the album charts, and being certified Platinum by the RIAA. None of his successive albums reached the success of his debut, though they have been well received. He went on to produce 2nd II None. He later released his second album entitled ''Way 2 Fonky'' in 1992. It was certified Gold by October 9. It included the successful singles "Way 2 Fonky" and "Jus Lyke Compton" . The year 1992 Would also see him produce on Paid the Cost the debut album by rap duo Penthouse Players Clique. The year 1993 saw him produce on movie of the same name, I Thought U Knew and Free Us Colored Kids.

The Safe and Sound Era

Before recording Safe + Sound, DJ Quik had previously scrapped a album. Which he had said was so horrible he had to smash the masters.

As DJ Quik began to work on his third album, he started working with Suge Knight again. Their relationship dates back to 1988, before he sought refuge with a major label he was signed to Suge's independent label Funky Enough Records in 1988. Which proved to be short lived. They linked up again in 1993,he was now under the management of Suge, which also proved to be short lived.

His third album ''Safe + Sound'', released in 1995, made number 14 on the Billboard 200. It featured friends 2nd II None, Kam, Playa Hamm and Hi-C. The album features the singles Dollaz & Sense and Safe + Sound. During the process of the album Quik was feuding with rapper MC Eiht from Compton's Most Wanted and long time friend AMG. Today, he is on good terms with MC Eiht and Cheddar from B-Town Blythe. Safe + Sound saw Suge being the executive producer. His relationship with Suge saw him produce many of the tracks on Above The Rim, Murder Was The Case, All Eyez On Me, Until the End of Time, Better Dayz and It's About Time for Death Row Records. He also produced a 2nd II None album for the Death Row Records, that never saw the light of day.

Quik played a big part on the 2Pac album All Eyez On Me, though he is only credited for producing "Heartz of Men" on 2Pac's acclaimed All Eyez on Me (in the credits he used his real name, David Blake, because he was under contract to Profile) he also did additional production and mixed half the album in over two days. He also made another uncredited appearance on a song with 2Pac named "Thug Passion". He also produced on Dogg Food and Tha Doggfather, although he received no credit. DJ Quik later went to say that he had some of the best times of his life when he worked with the label.

Rhythm-al-ism and beyond

The year 1997 saw Quik later went on to produce a track on House of Music, by Tony! Toni! Toné!.The success of the Quik produced single "Let's Get Down" prompted House of music to sell over 1 Million copies. He also worked with Shaquille O'Neal on his You Can't Stop the Reign album. DJ Quik later discovered Suga Free, a pimp turned rapper in 1997. Their relationship saw Quik serving as the producer on his debut album, ''Street Gospel''. It reached number 27 on the Billboard R&B; albums chart. The album fell short of commercial expectations, but was praised by many underground rap fans in California, and is seen as a “street classic” by many of them. The DJ Quik production on this album was considered to be refreshing compared to the stereotypical West Coast G-Funk sound that had dominated most of the early 90’s, as he incorporated elements of jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, and even rock and roll to create instrumentals that caught the ears of many listeners. It was recorded in a record of 28 days.

In 1998 Quik released ''Rhythm-al-ism'' his fourth studio album on Profile Records. This record was certified Gold in 1999, and contained the singles "Hand in Hand (featuring 2nd II None and El Debarge) and You'z A Ganxta. It featured guest appearances by Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, AMG and Suga Free. That year he went on to produce for The Luniz, Shaquille O'Neal, Deborah Cox and Jermaine Dupri. He also produced on The Kingdom Come by rapper King Tee which ultimately never came out due to label problems. He also faced personal and professional tragedy when his close friend and protégé Darryl Cortez Reed was murdered in 1998. 1999 saw the release of Classic 220 by 2nd II None, which Quik played a huge part in. Production on Gap Band's Y2K: Funkin' Till 2000 Comz album, Snoop Dogg's No Limit Top Dogg, Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000 and Deep Blue Sea (soundtrack). This was compounded by the death of his friend and rapper Mausberg, subsequently murdered in 2000. That year, saw the release of rapper Mausberg's album, and DJ Quik's ''Balance & Options''. Also production with Whitney Houston, Erick Sermon, 8Ball & MJG, Xzibit and AMG.

After the lackluster sales of only 400,000 units of his fifth album, he was dropped by Arista Records which had bought Profile Records. He produced for Kurupt, Big Syke, Janet Jackson, and Won G.. He produced on Made (soundtrack) in 2001. That year also saw Suge Knight try to get Quik as the in-house producer for Death Row Records. In 2002 he released Under tha Influence under Ark 21 Records which also sold only 200,000 units. He also produced Truth Hurts' Top 10 pop hit "Addictive" that year. He used an uncleared Hindi sample on the record, and the copyright holders eventually filed a $500 million dollar lawsuit against Truth Hurts' label, Aftermath Entertainment that was amicably resolved by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre. Quik also produced and appeared on another track on Truth Hurts' debut LP, ''Truthfully Speaking'', entitled ''I'm Not Really Lookin''. He worked with Talib Kweli, Will Smith, and Shade Sheist that year.

Record problems and a plethora of others almost prompted Quik to retire. The Best of DJ Quik: Da Finale was originally going to be his last release. He later stated that ''I just couldn't escape that contract. Basic contracts are supposed to be like 6 or 7 years, or 1 year with like maybe 6 options. The contract I was in was like a 10 or 11 year contract. I wasn't getting paid and I wasn't happy at all. And plus I was going through a bunch of shit."'. He later decided to come back. In 2003 Jay-Z commissioned Quik to produce on The Black Album. Rapper Chingy worked with Quik on his Jackpot which also proved to be a hit. He worked for Roscoe, Butch Cassidy, Nate Dogg, E-40, TQ and Hi-C. 2003 also saw 50 Cent become a bigger star,as the aforementioned Get Rich Or Die Tryin album featured In Da Club which Quik did the drums for.

Ludacris got DJ Quik to produce on The Red Light District in 2004. He was also commissioned for a remix on the 2Pac album Loyal to the Game. He also worked with Knoc-turn'al and Suga Free that year.

Mad Science Recordings: A New Beginning

In September 2005, DJ Quik released his first independent album on his own new label, ''Mad Science Recordings''. The album is titled ''Trauma'' and reflects the turmoil in the producer's 'musical' life over the past few years. It was considered a independent success it has sold 100,000 copies In recent years he has worked with a 74 piece orchestra during a collaboration with Marcus Miller while working on the score to the movie "Head of State".

On June 21, 2006, DJ Quik was convicted of assault of his sister and sentenced to five months in prison. The incident occurred in 2003 when he allegedly "pistol-whipped" her for extorting him, according to police reports. He was released early in October 2006.He went on to say that prison sentence gave him time to reflect on his life and he later began getting rid of extra baggage.

In late 2007, DJ Quik and AMG formed the group: The Fixxers. Along with the formation of the duo, he dropped the "DJ" from his name for the upcoming album and rapped as "Quik". In March 2007 they had signed a single deal with Interscope Records for the release of their album "Midnight Life" and promoted it with "Can You Werk Wit Dat?" However, the album was scrapped due to unauthorized actions by Hudson Melvin Baxter II also known as "Hud", who illegally put it up for sale on the internet in December 2007. The album was then spread across the internet as a bootleg. In February 2008, Quik finished up mixing and producing for Snoop Dogg's new record ''Ego Trippin''. In the process of working with Snoop Dogg, a production group called QDT was formed. It stands for Quik-Dogg-Teddy and consists of DJ Quik, Snoop Dogg and Teddy Riley. A collaboration album with Tha Dogg Pound member, Kurupt, entitled BlaQKout was released June 9, 2009.

Quik released his eighth studio album ''The Book of David'' in early 2011, which included appearances by multiple artists including Suga Free who once again worked with Quik.The album debuted at number fifty five on the US ''Billboard'' 200 chart, with first-week sales of 9,700 copies in the United States. It also entered at number 5 on ''Billboard'''s Top Rap Albums, number 12 on Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums and number 4 on Independent Albums. In its second week, it dropped to number ninety nine on the Billboard 200 with sales of 4,200.

Discography

;Studio albums

''Quik Is the Name'' (1991)

''Way 2 Fonky'' (1992)

''Safe + Sound'' (1995)

''Rhythm-al-ism'' (1998)

''Balance & Options'' (2000)

''Under tha Influence'' (2002)

''Trauma'' (2005)

''The Book of David'' (2011)

;Live albums

''Greatest Hits: Live at the House of Blues'' (2006)

;Collaboration albums

''BlaQKout'' (2009) – with Kurupt

''Midnight Life'' (Shelved) - with AMG as The Fixxers

;Singles

''Rise to Glory The NFL on CBS

Filmography

''DJ Quik: Visualism'' (2003), himself

''Entourage'' (2005), himself in the episode "The Bat Mitzvah"

''Keeping Up with the Steins'' (2006), himself

''Everybody Hates Chris'' (2007), Hilton "Hilly Hill" Reed in the episode "Everybody Hates DJ's''

''Malice n Wonderland'' (2010), Piano player

References

External links

DJ Quik & Kurupt Interview with soundhustle.com

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:African American rappers Category:African American record producers Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American people convicted of assault Category:Bloods Quik Category:People from Compton, California Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California

de:DJ Quik fr:DJ Quik it:DJ Quik pl:DJ Quik pt:DJ Quik fi:DJ Quik sv:DJ Quik tr:DJ Quik