- published: 27 Oct 2008
- views: 12854
- author: turath7
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Bao'an District
Bao'an District (Chinese: 宝安区; pinyin: Bǎo'ān Qū) is one of the seven districts comprising Shenzhen, a major economic city in Guangdong, People's Republic of China. It is one of three districts lying outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, alongside Longgang. With 5 million people, Bao'an is Shenzhen's largest district.
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport (深圳宝安国际机场) is situated in this district.
Bao'an is an industrial center with many electronics factories.
Bao'an has a notoriously bad security record. Since the turn of the millennium the district has seen a string of high-profile abductions, robberies, and other cases of violent crime.
Bao'an District contains ten subdistricts:
Shenzhen Airlines is headquartered on the grounds of Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District.Jade Cargo International is headquartered on the sixth floor of the Shenzhen Airlines Flight Operations Building on grounds of Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport.
Coordinates: 22°33′12″N 113°53′02″E / 22.5534°N 113.884°E / 22.5534; 113.884
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Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Boluo County
Boluo County (simplified Chinese: 博罗县; traditional Chinese: 博羅縣; Mandarin Pinyin: Bóluó Xiàn; Jyutping: bok3lo4 jyun6) is a county of eastern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Huizhou City.
In Lüshi Chunqiu, it was already one of the many Yue states without a king.
Boluo County is said to be the home to the country's largest farm for raising the rare "Golden coin turtle" Cuora trifasciata.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chao'an County
Chao'an County (Chinese: 潮安县; pinyin: Cháo'ān Xiàn) is a county in eastern Guangdong Province.
It has an area of 1238.77 square kilometers and a population of 1,076,500. It is under the jurisdiction of Chaozhou prefecture-level city.
Coordinates: 23°43′22″N 116°31′08″E / 23.7228°N 116.519°E / 23.7228; 116.519
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Chaonan District
Chaonan (Chinese: 潮南; pinyin: Cháonán) is a district of Shantou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Chaozhou
Chaozhou (Chinese: 潮州; pinyin: Cháozhōu; Wade–Giles: Ch'ao²-chou¹; literally "Tide Prefecture"; alternatively spelled Chiuchow, transliterated from its Cantonese pronunciation; also widely known by its Postal map spelling Teochew,) is a city in eastern Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It borders Shantou to the south, Jieyang to the southwest, Meizhou to the northwest, the province of Fujian to the east, and the South China Sea to the southeast. It is administered as a prefecture-level city with a jurisdiction area of 3,110 square kilometers and a total population of 2,669,844. Chaozhou is part of the Chaoshan region.
Chaozhou's municipal executive, legislature and judiciary are situated in Xiangqiao District (湘桥区), together with its CPC and Public Security bureau.
Chaozhou is located in the easternmost part of Guangdong Province, north of the coastal Shantou City. It is situated in the north of the delta of the Han River (韩江), which flows throughout the city.
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Chenghai
Chenghai or Tenghai (澄海, Hanyu Pinyin: Chénghǎi, Teochew: Thěng Hài) is a district of the city of Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
It is the birthplace of Qin Mu, and Zheng Yong, the father of Taksin who was a Thai king.
It is located in the southeast part of Guangdong Province. Chenghai was a town founded since 1563 AD, under Teochew jurisdiction, controlled by Shantou City from 1983 to 1994. From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administrated by the Provincial Government directly. When in 2005, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou City, it had established its reputation as a world-class toy manufacturing hub.[citation needed]
Major industries: toys, handicrafts, clothing.
As the writer Ba Jin dreamt of, this maybe the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the Cultural revolution.
Some of the funding came from the Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing, originally from Shantou, who also funded Shantou University.
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Chenghai District
Chenghai or Tenghai (澄海, Hanyu Pinyin: Chénghǎi, Teochew: Thěng Hài) is a district of the city of Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
It is the birthplace of Qin Mu, and Zheng Yong, the father of Taksin who was a Thai king.
It is located in the southeast part of Guangdong Province. Chenghai was a town founded since 1563 AD, under Teochew jurisdiction, controlled by Shantou City from 1983 to 1994. From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administrated by the Provincial Government directly. When in 2005, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou City, it had established its reputation as a world-class toy manufacturing hub.[citation needed]
Major industries: toys, handicrafts, clothing.
As the writer Ba Jin dreamt of, this maybe the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the Cultural revolution.
Some of the funding came from the Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing, originally from Shantou, who also funded Shantou University.
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Chikan District
Chikan District (Chinese: 赤坎; Mandarin Pinyin: Chìkǎn; Jyutping: cek3ham2) is a district of Zhanjiang, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Conghua
Conghua (simplified Chinese: 从化; traditional Chinese: 從化; Mandarin Pinyin: Cónghuà; Jyutping: Cung⁴faa³), historically known as Tsungfa, is a county-level city of central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Guangzhou City.
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Dabu County
Dabu County (Chinese: 大埔县; Pinyin: Dàbù Xiàn) is a district of Meizhou, Guangdong Province of China. It is a center of Hakka culture. In Survivor: Micronesia the merged tribe was named Dabu.
Dabu County (大埔县)control the following zhen(镇,township) - 湖寮镇(Huliao),高陂镇(Gaopi),茶阳镇(Chayang), 大麻镇(Dama), 三河镇(Sanhe), 银江镇(Yinjiang), 光德镇(Guangde), 桃源镇(Taoyuan), 枫朗镇(Fenglang),大东镇(Dadong), 西河镇(Xihe), 青溪镇(Qingxi), 洲瑞镇(Zhourui), 百侯镇(Baihou).
The administrative center is at Huiliaozhen(湖寮镇),formerly it was at Chayangzhen(茶阳镇), an ancient town. The people are mainly Hakka.
The famous personality of Dapu people are:
1. Lee Kuan Yew, the former Singapore Prime Minister
2. Yong Mun Sen, an artist,the father of water color of Malaysia
Coordinates: 24°20′24″N 116°38′35″E / 24.34°N 116.643°E / 24.34; 116.643
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Dianbai County
Dianbai County (simplified Chinese: 电白县; traditional Chinese: 電白縣; Mandarin Pinyin: Diànbái Xiàn; Jyutping: din6baak6 jyun6) is a county of southwestern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Maoming City, located about 6 hours by road from Shenzhen and 6.5 hours from Hong Kong.
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Dinghu District
Dinghu District (Chinese: 鼎湖; Mandarin Pinyin: Dǐnghú; Jyutping: ding2wu4) is a district of Zhaoqing, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Dinghu Mountain
Dinghu Mountain and Lake (Chinese: 鼎湖山) is located in Dinghu District, 18km to the east of Zhaoqing City, in the Dayunwu Mountain Range, in Guangdong Province of southern China. It is one of the four famous mountains - Danxia, Dinghu, Xiqiao and Luofu in Guangdong province.
Known as the "green gem on the Tropic of Cancer", the mountain's peaks rise above ancient towering trees, flying waterfalls, fresh air, various birds and colorful flowers. Since ancient times, it has been a tourist attraction and a Buddhist sacred place. Its shrines attract up to 1 million visitors per year (1997).
The Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve, established in 1956, was the first nature reserve in China. It is also among the first group of designated scientific research stations of the UNESCO "Man and Natural Biosphere" (since 1979).
Dinghu Mountain is known as a living nature museum and a green treasure house. With abundant plant species, it is home to over 500 species of plants, including 23 rare species in imminent danger under state protection. It is also home to various kinds of animals, including 178 species of birds and 38 species of animals, 15 species of which are under state protection.
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Dongguan
Dongguan (simplified Chinese: 东莞; traditional Chinese: 東莞; pinyin: Dōngguǎn, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʊ́ŋkwàn]; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; Postal Map Spelling: Tungkuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
An important industrial city located in the Pearl River Delta, Dongguan borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, Shenzhen to the south, and the Pearl River to the west.
It is also home to the world's largest, though mostly empty, shopping mall, New South China Mall. City administration is considered especially progressive in seeking foreign direct investment. The three neighboring municipalities of Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen are home to over 25 million residents, accounting for a large proportion of the Pearl River Delta Region's population.
Dongguan ranks behind only Shenzhen, Shanghai and Suzhou in exports among Chinese cities, with $65.54bn in shipment.
Dongguan has no intermediate county level; instead it is divided into:
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Dongguan Stadium
Dongguan Stadium (Simplified Chinese: 东莞体育场) is a multi-purpose stadium in Dongguan, Guangdong, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 22,000 people. The stadium was built in 1994.
Coordinates: 23°01′36″N 113°44′47″E / 23.02664°N 113.746503°E / 23.02664; 113.746503
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Dongyuan County
Dongyuan County (simplified Chinese: 东源县; traditional Chinese: 東源縣; pinyin: Dōngyuán Xiàn) is a county of northeastern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Heyuan City.
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Doumen District
Doumen District (simplified Chinese: 斗门区; traditional Chinese: 斗門區; Mandarin Pinyin: Dǒumén Qū; Jyutping: dau2mun4 keoi1) is a district of Zhuhai, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Duanzhou District
Duanzhou District (Chinese: 端州; Mandarin Pinyin: Duānzhōu; Jyutping: dyunzau1) is a district of Zhaoqing, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Enping
Enping (Chinese: 恩平; Mandarin Pinyin: ēnpíng; Jyutping: Jan1 Ping4), also spelled Yanping, is a county-level city in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China and is part of Jiangmen City.
Enping city is located in the south-west of Guangdong province, belonging to the Pearl River Delta region. It borders Kaiping to the northeast and Yangjing to the southwest and it is adjacent to the South China Sea; Hong Kong and Macau are located 180 nautical miles (330 km) and 110 nautical miles (200 km) away, respectively. It is one of Five Counties in Guangdong (was called Sze Yup with excluding Heshan).
The total area of Enping is 1,698 square kilometres (656 sq mi) and the population is over 480,000. There are over 42,000 overseas Chinese and Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan fellowmen from Enping inhabiting in over 50 countries and regions of the world, making Enping the famous hometown in China for the overseas Chinese. 10 towns, 3 sub-district offices, 4 farms and stations and 174 village neighborhood committees are established in the city.
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Fengkai County
Fengkai County (simplified Chinese: 封开县; traditional Chinese: 封開縣; Mandarin Pinyin: Fēngkāi Xiàn; Jyutping: fung1hoi1 jyun6) is a county of western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Zhaoqing City.
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Fengshun County
Fengshun (Chinese: 豐順) is a county in Meizhou Municipality (梅州市), Guangdong Province.
While Meizhou is famously Hakka, Fengshun is the southernmost of its counties : it borders Jieyang and Chaozhou municipalities and is comprised in their Teochew dialect area. (Teochew being a branch of the Min Nan language centred on the adjacent region of Fujian).
Fengshun County's executive, legislature and judiciary are in Tangkeng (汤坑), together with its CPC and PSB branches.
The town of Tangkeng (汤坑镇) is here, the site of the clash on September 30 and October 1, 1927, called the Battle of Shantou, when 5000 communist-led mutinous troops from the Nanchang Uprising were nearly routed by 15 000 well-positioned and better-supplied Right-Kuomintang forces.
Coordinates: 23°46′00″N 116°10′59″E / 23.7667°N 116.183°E / 23.7667; 116.183
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Fogang County
Fogang County (simplified Chinese: 佛冈县; traditional Chinese: 佛岡縣; pinyin: Fógāng Xiàn) is a county of north-central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Qingyuan City, and is connected to major cities in Guangdong by public highways and toll roads. The closest aviation hub is Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN).
Fogang comprises a central township and numerous satellite villages, and has a total population of around 300,000. Agriculture remains a significant contributor to the County's economy, with fruits, vegetables and grains being grown by local farmers and entrepreneurs.
In recent years, the county has experienced steady growth in size and population, accompanied by rapid economic development. Industrial zones have been established outside the township, with textiles among the main factory products.
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Foshan
Foshan (Chinese: 佛山; pinyin: Fóshān, pronounced [fwɔ̌ ʂán]), is a city in central Guangdong province in southern China. The prefectural area under the city's jurisdiction over an area of about 3,840 km² and a population of 5.4 million of which 1.1 million reside in the city proper (year 2000 figures).
It is shown on some older maps as 'Fatshan', which is a phonetic spelling of the city's Cantonese name. Today many areas of Foshan city are occupied mostly by Chinese migrants coming from different provinces of China and speak only Mandarin, while its native dialect is a Foshan variant of Cantonese.
The town of Foshan is many centuries old, and was famous for its porcelain industry. Now, the third largest city in Guangdong, it has become relatively affluent compared to other Chinese cities, and is home to many large private enterprises. Foshan has recently seen a transformation brought by China's booming economy. Foshan is also famous for its martial arts. It contains numerous Wing Chun schools where many come to train and spar.
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Futian
Futian District (simplified Chinese: 福田区; traditional Chinese: 福田區; Mandarin Pinyin: Fútián Qū; Jyutping: fuk1tin4 keoi1) is one of seven districts of the city of Shenzhen, People's Republic of China. It is home to many high-rises, with some of the most important buildings in Shenzhen, such as the SEG Tower, China Merchants Bank, Shenzhen Library and Concert Hall, Shenzhen Development Bank and the Shenzhen City Hall.
Futian has a population of about 885,000 as of 2002. It is mostly a residential district in Shenzhen; it is known as "The hub of living in Shenzhen".
Futian has 8 subdistrics:
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Futian District
Futian District (simplified Chinese: 福田区; traditional Chinese: 福田區; Mandarin Pinyin: Fútián Qū; Jyutping: fuk1tin4 keoi1) is one of seven districts of the city of Shenzhen, People's Republic of China. It is home to many high-rises, with some of the most important buildings in Shenzhen, such as the SEG Tower, China Merchants Bank, Shenzhen Library and Concert Hall, Shenzhen Development Bank and the Shenzhen City Hall.
Futian has a population of about 885,000 as of 2002. It is mostly a residential district in Shenzhen; it is known as "The hub of living in Shenzhen".
Futian has 8 subdistrics:
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Gaoyao
Gaoyao (Chinese: 高要; Mandarin Pinyin: Gāoyào; Jyutping: gou1jiu3) is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Zhaoqing prefecture-level city in western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. Population: 706,000.
Gaoyao is located on the southern bank of the Xi River, just opposite to Zhaoqing City. Both are about 100|km}} away from Guangzhou, the provincial capital.
Gaoyao was established as a county as early as in the Han Dynasty. It was named after Gaoyao Gorge (now renamed Lingyang Gorge) on the Xi River, and became a city at county level in 1993.
Places of interest include the Red Mansion and Gaoyao Xuegong Pavilion.
There are also 3 pagodas that can be seen in Gaoyao.
Gaoyao has juridiction over one subdistrict and several towns:
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Guangning County
Guangning County (simplified Chinese: 广宁县; traditional Chinese: 廣寧縣; Mandarin Pinyin: Guǎngníng Xiàn; Jyutping: gwong2ning4 jyun6) is a county of western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Zhaoqing City. It has an area of 2,380 square kilometres (920 sq mi), with a population of 540,000.
There are 17 towns in Guangning. They are:
The town of Nanjie is the centre of administration in this county.
The history of Guangning goes back to Ming Dynasty, Jiajing Emperor on October 30, 1559. The name of Guangning literally means widely peace. According to the book of “ Explanation of County Names”, there was a battle against a large mob of bandit in 1559. After the bandits were defeated, it followed by the birth of a new county in that area. So the area was name Guangning, hoped to have to peace on that land.
In the year of 1961, Guangning became a sub-territory of a nearby city Zhaoqing.
Lying in the valley of Sui River, Guangning has been developing along the riversides. Surrounded by green hills and mountains, Guangning is considered as a pearl in a greenery cradle. Average temperature in January is 12.5 °C (54.5 °F), in July is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), with an annual precipitation of 1,734 millimetres (68.3 in).
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Guangzhou
Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州; Mandarin pronunciation: [kwɑ̀ŋʈʂóʊ̯]), known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port. One of the five National Central Cities, it holds sub-provincial administrative status.
Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and southern China's largest city. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 12.78 million. Some estimates place the population of the entire Pearl River Delta Mega City built up area as high as 40 million including Shenzhen (10.36 million), Dongguan (8.22 million) and most parts of Foshan (7.19 million), Jiangmen (4.45 million), Zhongshan (3.12 million) and a small part of Huizhou adjoining Dongguan and Shenzhen, with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) (about the size of US state of New Jersey). In 2008 Guangzhou was identified as a Beta World City by the global city index produced by GaWC.
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Guangzhouwan
Guangzhouwan (also spelled Kwangchowan or Kwang-Chou-Wan EFEO: Kouang-Tchéou-Wan) was a small enclave on the south coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory, and ruled by France as an outlier of French Indochina. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in 1911 to just 209,000 in 1935. Industries included shipping and coal mining. The colony was invaded and taken over by Japan in February 1943, taken back by France in 1945, and finally returned to China in 1946, at which point its original name of Zhanjiang was restored.[citation needed] The people who live in this area speak Hokkien instead of Cantonese.
The leased territory was situated in Guangdong Province (Kwangtung Province) on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula, north of Hainan, around a bay then called Kwang-Chou-Wan (Kwangchow Bay), now called the Port of Zhanjiang. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (Maxie He). The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland even by large warships. The territory ceded to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres. The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense. The limits of the concession inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from Gaozhou prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 km by 10 km, and on the right bank a strip 24 km by 18 km from Leizhou prefecture (Lei Chow Fu). The total land area of the colony was 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi). The town of Zhanjiang was named Fort Bayard by the French and developed as a port.
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Gulf of Tonkin
The Gulf of Tonkin (Vietnamese: Vịnh Bắc Bộ, simplified Chinese: 北部湾; traditional Chinese: 北部灣; pinyin: Běibù Wān) is a body of water located off of northern Vietnam and southern China. It is a northern arm of the South China Sea. The Gulf is defined in the west by the northern coastline of Vietnam, in the north by China's Guangxi province, and to the east by China's Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island.
The bay's Vietnamese and Chinese names – Vịnh Bắc Bộ and Běibù Wān, respectively – both mean "Northern Bay". The name Tonkin, written "東京" in Hán tự characters and Đông Kinh in romanised Vietnamese, means "Eastern Capital", and is the former toponym for Hanoi, the present capital of Vietnam. Incidentally, the same Chinese characters – known as kanji when used in Japanese – are used to write "Tokyo"; "Gulf of Tonkin" is written identically to "Tokyo Bay" (東京灣/湾) in Japanese.
On 4 August 1964, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson erroneously claimed that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Known today as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, this event spawned the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 7 August 1964, ultimately leading to open war between North Vietnam and the United States. It furthermore foreshadowed the major escalation of the Vietnam War in South Vietnam, which began with the landing of US regular combat troops at Da Nang in 1965.
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Haifeng County
Haifeng County (simplified Chinese: 海丰县; traditional Chinese: 海豐縣; pinyin: Hǎifēng Xiàn) is a county of Shanwei prefecture, southeastern Guangdong province, Southern china.
The people there speak a Teochew dialect related to Hoklo and Hakka.
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Haizhu District
Haizhu District (simplified Chinese: 海珠区; traditional Chinese: 海珠區; pinyin: Hǎizhū Qū) is one of the ten districts in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
Haizhu District was the largest in area along with Liwan, Yuexiu and Dongshan Districts, and the least dense of the four old districts in Guangzhou before the city expanded its size to include districts such as Tianhe to the east and Baiyun to the north. Then, it was also the only island district south of the Zhujiang River, thus the natives of Guangzhou often referred to it (and still do) as "Henan" ("Honam" in Cantonese, meaning "south of the river"), despite Henan is also the name of a province in China where its name comes from the fact it is south of the Yellow River.
Today, it is no longer the largest district in area nor it is the southernmost district, however, it has some of the most pricey real estate in city. This is due to its proximity to the central city, and unlike the dense Liwan and Yuexiu Districts (Dongshan District has merged with Yuexiu in 2005 and it is now part of Yuexiu District) which have been relatively built-up, Haizhu has not. Its riverfront has some of the tallest (and pricey) residential buildings in the city which rival those in Tianhe District, another fast-growing district just east of Yuexiu, although Tianhe also has the tallest office buildings in the whole city.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Haojiang District
Haojiang District (simplified Chinese: 濠江区; traditional Chinese: 濠江區; pinyin: Háojiāng Qū) is a district of Shantou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It was established in March 2003, consisting the former Dahao (达濠) and Hepu (河浦) districts. It covers 134.88 square kilometres (52.08 sq mi). Dahao Island, which covers about 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi), is part of Shantou special economic zone, to the west of Chaoyang District. Overlooking across the Queshi sea (礐石海), there are Longhu District (龙湖) and Jinping District (金平). Located on the coast of the South CHina Sea, Haojiang District has about 20 harbours. It has a population of 270,000.
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Hebei
Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Hebei (help·info) (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Héběi; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the river", referring to its location completely above the Yellow River.
In 1928, Hebei was formed after the central government dissolved the province of Chih-li (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Hengqin New Area
Hengqin Dao is an island in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and Special Economic Zone in the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It has a population of about 3,000.
The whole island is designated a special economic district, as Hengqin New Area, similar to Binhai New Area in Tianjin and Pudong New Area in Shanghai.
Hengqin Island is adjacent to Ilha da Taipa and Ilha de Coloane of Macau, and is connected to Macau's Cotai via the Lotus Bridge. The island is the largest among the 146 islands of Zhuhai, being roughly three times the size of Macau. It has broad bays, sandy beaches, strangely shaped jagged rocks, beautiful scenery, fresh air, and natural vegetation cover.
Hengqin was formerly made up of two islands, Xiao Hengqin (Portuguese: D. João) and Da Hengqin (Portuguese: Montanha), which were recently connected as a result of land reclamation. The reclaimed island is 96 square km (37 square miles).
Both Xiao Hengqin and Da Hengqin were claimed by Portugal, along with the larger former island of Wanzai (Portuguese: Lapa) — now a peninsula — to their north, as part of the Província da Macau, because "Portuguese schools are established there." In 1896, Portuguese determined to occupy the two islands of Hengqin, but it was unsuccessful. They were briefly occupied by Portugal before World War II.
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Heping County
Heping (Chinese: 和平; pinyin: Hépíng; literally "peace") is a county of northeastern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the north. It is under the administration of Heyuan City.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Huadu District
Huadu District (simplified Chinese: 花都区; traditional Chinese: 花都區; Mandarin Pinyin: Huādu Qū; Jyutping: faa1dou1 keoi1; literally "flower capital") is a district of Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. It is located in the far northern suburbs of the city.
Xinhua Town is the seat of local government, and of the district CCP committee.
The district was established as a county in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). It was recognized as a city in 1993, and in 2000, it became an attached suburban district of Guangzhou.
Natives speak a dialect of Yue Chinese called Huaxian (花县话).
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Guangzhou's main airport, is located in the district, as is Guangzhou North Railway Station on the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway.
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Huaiji County
Huaiji County (simplified Chinese: 怀集县; traditional Chinese: 懷集縣; pinyin: Huáijí Xiàn) is a county of western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Zhaoqing City.
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Huazhou, Guangdong
Huazhou (Chinese: 化州; pinyin: Huàzhōu) is a county-level city in southwest Guangdong province, China, bordering Guangxi to the north. It is under the administration of Maoming City.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Huicheng District
Huicheng District (Chinese: 惠城; pinyin: Huìchéng) is a district of Huizhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Huiyang District
Huiyang District (simplified Chinese: 惠阳区; traditional Chinese: 惠陽區; Mandarin Pinyin: Huìyáng Qū; Jyutping: wai6joeng4 keoi1 is a district of Huizhou, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Huizhou
Huizhou (Chinese: 惠州; pinyin: Hùizhōu; Cantonese: Wai⁶zau¹), historically known as Waichow, is a city located in central Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. Part of the Pearl River Delta, Huizhou borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the west, Shaoguan to the north, Heyuan to the northeast, Shanwei to the east, Shenzhen and Dongguan to the southwest, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south. Administered as a prefecture-level city, it has 4,60 million residents in its area of jurisdiction. Its southern part made of Huiyang district is now part off guangzhou-Shenzhen built up area, the biggest built up area in the world with more than 40 million inhabitants encompassing the whole Shenzhen, Dongguan cities and main part of Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhongshan and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou cities. There are two main dialects spoken by local people in Huizhou: Hakka (客家话/客家話) and a Cantonese dialect which is Huizhouhua (惠州话/惠州話). The two dialects are somewhat interrelated and similar so people can easily understand each other. As more newcomers from the other provinces come to work in Huizhou, Mandarin has become the other popular language in Huizhou.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (
i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Jiangcheng District
Jiangcheng (Chinese: 江城; Mandarin Pinyin: Jiāngchéng; Jyutping: gong1sing4) is a district of Yangjiang, Guangdong province, China.
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Jianghai District
Jianghai (Chinese: 江海; Mandarin Pinyin: Jiānghǎi; Jyutping: gong1hoi2) is a district of Jiangmen, Guangdong province, China.
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Jiangmen
Jiangmen (simplified Chinese: 江门; traditional Chinese: 江門; Mandarin Pinyin: Jiāngmén; Jyutping: Gong1 Mun4), is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong province in southern China with a population of about 4.48 million in 2010. The 3 urban districts are now part of Guangzhou - Shenzhen conurbation.
Jiangmen has various historical romanisations including Kong-Moon, Kongmoon, Kongmun or Kiangmoon. The area is alternately referred to as Sze Yup or Ng Yup. The name Jiangmen is often the butt of jokes because its Cantonese pronunciation is identical to the scientific word for anus (肛門). One example which came to national attention in early 2012 was a colon cleansing service provider whose advertisement stated: "We wish the people of Jiangmen to have happy anuses"; Jiangmen residents complained that this slogan was uncivilised and insulting. As a result there have been some proposals to change the name of the city, for example a 2009 proposal to change it to "Qiaodu" ("City of Overseas Chinese").
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Jiaoling County
Jiaoling County (simplified Chinese: 蕉岭; traditional Chinese: 蕉嶺) is a northeastern county of Guangdong province.
Coordinates: 24°40′N 116°10′E / 24.667°N 116.167°E / 24.667; 116.167
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Jiedong County
Jiedong County (simplified Chinese: 揭东县; traditional Chinese: 揭東縣; pinyin: Jiēdōng Xiàn) is a county of eastern Guangdong province, China. It is under the administration of Jieyang City.
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Jiexi County
Jiexi County (Chinese: 揭西; pinyin: Jiēxī) is a county of eastern Guangdong province, China. It is under the administration of Jieyang City.
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Jinping District
Jinping District (金平区) is a district of Shantou, Guangdong province, China.
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Jinwan District
Jinwan District (simplified Chinese: 金湾区; traditional Chinese: 金灣區; Mandarin Pinyin: Jīnwān Qū; Jyutping: gam1waan1 keoi1; literally "gold bay" is a district of Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China.
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Lechang
Lechang is a city in the northern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hunan province to the north. It is administratively a county-level city of Shaoguan City.
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Leizhou
Leizhou (Chinese: 雷州; Mandarin Pinyin: Léizhōu; Jyutping: leoi4zau1, formerly Leichow, is a county-level city in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of Zhanjiang prefecture-level city.
Leizhou is located at the extreme southwestern end of Guangdong and lies on the Leizhou Peninsula.
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Leizhou Peninsula
The Leizhou Peninsula or Leizhou Bandao is a peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in southern China.
Leizhou Peninsula (simplified Chinese: 雷州半岛; traditional Chinese: 雷州半島) is the third largest peninsula in China with an area of circa 8,500 square kilometer located on the southwestern end of Guangdong, with the Gulf of Tonkin to the west and the 30 km wide Qiongzhou Strait to the south, separating the peninsula from Hainan Island. It is the most southerly point of China on the continent.
Geologically, basalt terraces account for 43% of the peninsula's area. The rest is divided up between marine terraces (27%) and alluvial plains (17%). Leizhou Peninsula is dotted with a few inactive volcanoes, beaches and low-lying diluvial plains.
The peninsula lies in tropical South China. The region is under the influence of continental northeastern monsoons and maritime southeastern and southwestern monsoons. Typhoons occasionally occur, both from the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Annual precipitation is 1400–1700mm.
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Lianping County
Lianping County (simplified Chinese: 连平县; traditional Chinese: 連平縣; pinyin: Liánpíng Xiàn) is a county of northeastern Guangdong province, China, bordering Jiangxi to the north. It is under the administration of Heyuan City.
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Lianzhou
Lianzhou (simplified Chinese: 连州; traditional Chinese: 連州; pinyin: Liánzhōu), or Linchow is a county-level city of northern Guangdong province, China, bordering Hunan to the north. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Qingyuan. Lianzhou, which sits on the Lian River, has become famous for an international photography festival celebrated yearly in the city.
The county-level city of Lianzhou has an area of 2,661 square kilometres (1,027 sq mi), and, according to the 2010 Census, a population of 367,859 inhabitants
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Liwan District
Liwan District (simplified Chinese: 荔湾区; traditional Chinese: 荔灣區; Mandarin Pinyin: Lìwān Qū; Jyutping: lai6waan1 keoi1) is one of the ten districts of Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
Formerly named Xiguan, Liwan District was named after "Lizhiwan", which is derived from poem of "a bay of green water and red litchis along both banks". It covers an area of 16.2 square kilometres (6.3 sq mi) and has a permanent population of about 540,000 and a permanent nonnative population of over 200,000. Liwan District is positioned in the flourishing west part of Guangzhou, on the northeast bank of the Pearl River.
Fangcun, in the western part of Liwan District, lied at the southwest of Guangzhou's downtown area and south of Pearl River. It was established as a "Fangcun District" in 1949 after the Chinese Communist Party took over Guangzhou from the Kuomintang. In 2005, it was withdrawn and merged with Liwan.
Liwan district has a well-developed transport network which enables it to reap benefits as an important place for business. There is a developed traffic network connecting with the railway station and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport in the north. Renmin Bridge and Zhujiang Tunnel link the banks of the Pearl River in the southern part of Liwan. Zhujiang Bridge, which connects Nanhai and Foshan, links the east and west together in Liwan's west. Guangzhou South Railway Cargo Station of Jing-Guang Railway and Xinfeng Terminal are in Liwan's southwest. No. 107 State Highway and Guang-Fo Highway connecting with Guang-Shen Highway are through to Hong Kong. Line 1 of Guangzhou Metro and Inner overhead road pass through the District.
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Longhu District
Longhu District (simplified Chinese: 龙湖区; traditional Chinese: 龍湖區; pinyin: Lónghú Qū; literally "dragon lake") is a district of Shantou, Guangdong province, China.
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Longmen County
Longmen County (simplified Chinese: 龙门县; traditional Chinese: 龍門縣; pinyin: lung4mun4 jyun6) is a county of east-central Guangdong province, China. It is under the administration of Huizhou City.
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Luhe County
Luhe County (simplified Chinese: 陆河县; traditional Chinese: 陸河縣; pinyin: Lùhé Xiàn) is a county of eastern Guangdong province, China. It is under the administration of Shanwei City.
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Luoding
Luoding (simplified Chinese: 罗定; traditional Chinese: 羅定; pinyin: Luódìng) is a county-level city of western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Guangxi to the northwest. It is under the administration of Yunfu City.
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Luogang District
Luogang District (simplified Chinese: 萝岗区; traditional Chinese: 蘿崗區; pinyin: Luógǎng Qū) is a district of Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Luohu District
Luohu District (Simplified: 罗湖; Traditional: 羅湖; Pinyin: Luóhú) is a district of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
The size of Luohu district is about 78.9 km2 (30 sq mi) and contains 10 subdistricts.
Luohu is located in the southern part of Shenzhen, with Futian district on its west, Yantian district on its east, and Longgang district on its north. The Shenzhen River forms the district's southern limits.
It is also one of the six administrative districts of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Shenzhen City of the People's Republic of China.
Luohu has an uneven geography and contains a number of natural fresh water sources, including Donghu (东湖), Honghu (洪湖), and Xianhu (仙湖), among others. Shuiku (水库), or "Water Reservoir", is also located in Luohu and is an important source of water for both Shenzhen and Hong Kong.
Shenzhen's highest peak, Wutong Mountain (944m) (梧桐山) is in Luohu District.
The district's west boundary with Futian is Hongling Road, and its east boundary with Yantian is Wutong Mountain. The northern boundary is the end of the Special Economic Zone.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Maogang District
Maogang (Chinese: 茂港; pinyin: Màogǎng) is a district of Maoming, Guangdong province, China.
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Maonan District
Maonan (Chinese: 茂南; pinyin: Màonán) is a district of Maoming, Guangdong province, China.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
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Mazhang District
Mazhang (Chinese: 麻章; pinyin: Mázhāng) is a district of Zhanjiang, Guangdong province, China.
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Meijiang District
Meijiang District (simplified Chinese: 梅江区; traditional Chinese: 梅江區; pinyin: Méijiāng Qū) is a district of Meizhou, Guangdong province, China.
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Nancheng District
Nancheng District is a district of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Dongguan city.
Nancheng is a town located in the new city central area of Dongguan, and also where the Municipal Committee of Communist Party of China and the Municipal Government of Dongguan situate at. The district occupies an area of 59 square meters with 17 Community Resident Committees under its jurisdiction. Total resident population of 62,000 and new Dongguanese of 153,000 reside in the district. It is the new political and cultural centre of Dongguan, after the government moved here from the old city centre at Guancheng District.
The prime location of Nancheng leads easy access to all parts of the city and economic zones in China, Hong Kong and Macau with all the highways, railway, canal and other connecting infrastructures. Many buildings and public facilities like International Conventional Centre, Congress building, Yulan Theatre, Heritage Museum, Science and Technology Museum, public library and Children & Youth Centre, all stood as symbols of Dongguan, are located in Nancheng.
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Nanhai District
Nanhai District (simplified Chinese: 南海区; traditional Chinese: 南海區; Mandarin Pinyin: Nánhǎi Qū; Jyutping: Naam⁴hoi² keoi1), historically known as Namhoi, is a district of Foshan, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China (PRC). Its government is the first to have developed e-government informatization at the county level in the PRC.
Nanhai was a county-level city until December 8, 2002, when it became a district of Foshan prefecture-level city.
Nanhai was designated by the central government as a pilot city for e-government and informatization in 2001.
The town was established in 1271 by two brothers carrying their fathers bones. They were fleeing south from the Mongols on a bamboo raft when a violent storm shipwrecked them. The brothers settled down there and the position of the wreck is commemorated by a shrine. This area was named Broken Raft Point.
In May 2010, 2,000 workers at a Honda transmission plant went on strike in the Nanhai district.The trigger was a rise of the legal local minimum wage from $123 to $147, announced by the city government May 1 in response to rapidly rising costs of living. The workers expected a raise in their monthly wages equal to this amount. Factory management added $24 to the transmission workers’ monthly base wage but reduced their monthly subsidies (for food, housing, and regular attendance) from $48 to $29. The net gain was only $5 per month.
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Nanling Mountains
The Nanling (Simplified: 南岭; Traditional: 南嶺; Pinyin: Nánlǐng) are a group of mountain ranges of southern China, running through Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong province, and Hunan province.
The Nanling mountains separate Central China from South China. Areas south of the ranges are tropical in climate, permitting two crops of white rice to be grown each year.
Ion adsorption clays are mined by open-pit methods in the Nanling region, and form a major source of rare earth elements in the world.
Coordinates: 25°10′N 112°20′E / 25.167°N 112.333°E / 25.167; 112.333
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Nansha District
Nansha District (simplified Chinese: 南沙区; traditional Chinese: 南沙區; Mandarin Pinyin: Nánshā Qū; Jyutping: naam4saa1 keoi1) is a district of Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Nanxiong
Nanxiong (Chinese: 南雄; pinyin: Nánxióng) is a county-level city of northern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the north, east and southeast. It is under the administration of Shaoguan City.
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Northern Guangdong
Northern Guangdong, commonly referred to as Yuebei (Chinese: 粤北; pinyin: Yuèběi), is a region of northern Guangdong province, in southern China. It is a region encompassing mountainous and hilly terrain, and includes the region of Guangdong north of the Tropic of Cancer.
Coordinates: 24°41′31″N 112°50′46″E / 24.691943°N 112.846069°E / 24.691943; 112.846069
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Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
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Panyu District
Panyu District or Pun Yue District (simplified Chinese: 番禺区; traditional Chinese: 番禺區; Mandarin Pinyin: Pānyú Qū;; Jyutping: Pun1jyu4 keoi1) is a district of Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. It used to be a county-level city before it was incorporated in the administration of Guangzhou. The name of Panyu dates back to the completion of the conquest of Guangdong by Qin Shi Huang. It was the old name of present-day Guangzhou. It covers an area of about 661.88 square kilometres (255.55 sq mi).
Panyu lies at the heart of the Pearl River Delta (珠江三角洲), its boundary straddles from latitudes 22.26' to 23.05', and sprawls from longitudes 113.14' to 113.42'. Facing the Lion Sea in the east and the estuary of the Pearl River in the south, its eastern border is separated from the Dongguan by a strip of water, and the western border of Panyu is adjacent to the cities of Nanhai, Shunde and Zhongshan, while it abuts the downtown of Guangzhou in the north. The site of the People's government of Panyu is Shiqiao which is 17 kilometres (11 mi) from downtown Guangzhou and 38 and 42 nautical miles (78 km) from the cities of Hong Kong and Macao respectively.
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Pearl River (China)
The Pearl River (Chinese: 珠江; pinyin: Zhū Jiāng, literally "Pearl River", pronounced [ʈʂú tɕjɑ́ŋ]) or less commonly, the "Guangdong River" or "Canton River" etc., (Chinese: 粤江), is an extensive river system in southern China. The name Pearl River is usually used as a catchment term to refer to the watersheds of the Xi Jiang ("West River"), the Bei Jiang ("North River"), and the Dong Jiang ("East River"). These rivers are all considered tributaries of the Pearl River because they share a common delta, the Pearl River Delta. Measured from the farthest reaches of the Xi Jiang, the Pearl River system is China's third longest river (2,400 km, after the Yangtze River and the Yellow River), and second largest by volume (after the Yangtze). The 409,480 km² Pearl River Basin (珠江流域) drains the majority of South Central (Guangdong and Guangxi provinces), as well as parts of Southwest (Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces) in China, and Northeast of Vietnam (Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn).
As well as referring to the system as a whole, the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) name is also applied to a specific branch within the system. This Pearl River is the widest distributary within the delta, although considerably short. The waters that converge east of the Bei Jiang are first referred to as the Pearl River just north of Guangzhou. The Pearl River is famed as the river that flows through Guangzhou. The Pearl River's estuary, Bocca Tigris, is regularly dredged so as to keep it open for ocean vessels. The mouth of the Pearl River forms a large bay in the southeast of the delta, the Zhujiang Kou. This bay separates Macau and Zhuhai from Hong Kong and Shenzhen.
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Pearl River Delta
The Pearl River Delta (PRD), Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of China's economic growth.
Since economic liberalisation was adopted by the Chinese government in the late 1970s, the delta has become one of the leading economic regions and a major manufacturing center of China and the world. The Chinese government hopes that the manufacturing in Guangdong, combined with the financial and service economy and traditional capitalistic influence in Hong Kong, will create an economic gateway attracting foreign capital throughout mainland China.
The river delta, also known as the Golden Delta of Guangdong, is formed by three major rivers, the Xi Jiang, Bei Jiang, and Dong Jiang. The flat lands of the delta are criss-crossed by a network of tributaries and distributaries of the Pearl River. The Pearl River Delta is actually two alluvial deltas, separated by the core branch of the Pearl River. The Bei Jiang and Xi Jiang converge to flow into the South China Sea and Pearl River in the west, while the Dong Jiang only flows into the Pearl River proper in the east.
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Pengjiang District
Pengjiang (Chinese: 蓬江; Mandarin Pinyin: Péngjiāng; Jyutping: fung4gong1) is a district of Jiangmen, Guangdong province, China.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Potou District
Potou District (simplified Chinese: 坡头区; traditional Chinese: 坡頭區; Mandarin Pinyin: Pōtóu qū; Jyutping: bo1tau4 keoi1) is a district of Zhanjiang, Guangdong province, China.
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Puning
Puning (simplified Chinese: 普宁; traditional Chinese: 普寧; pinyin: Pǔníng) is a county-level city in the municipal region of Jieyang, in the southeast of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
The city's family planning excesses attracted first national then international attention in 2010 April due to the Iron Fist Campaign.
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Qingcheng District
Qingcheng (Chinese: 清城; pinyin: Qīngchéng) is a district of Qingyuan, Guangdong province, China.
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Qingxin County
Qingxin (Chinese: 清新; pinyin: Qīngxīn) is a county of northwest-central Guangdong province, China. It is under the administration of Qingyuan City.
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Raoping County
Raoping County (Chinese: 饶平县; Pinyin: Ráopíng Xiàn) is a county in eastern Guangdong Province, to the west of Fujian Province, near the South China Sea. The city with the same name has 135,600 inhabitants (1990).
It is under the jurisdiction of Chaozhou.
Raoping is famous for its seafood and fruits.
Coordinates: 23°40′N 117°0′E / 23.667°N 117°E / 23.667; 117
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Renhua County
Renhua (Chinese: 仁化; pinyin: Rénhuà) is a county of northernmost Guangdong province, China, bordering Jiangxi to the northeast and Hunan to the northwest. It is under the administration of Shaoguan City.
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Republic of China
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Rongcheng District
Rongcheng District (simplified Chinese: 榕城区; traditional Chinese: 榕城區; pinyin: Róngchéng Qū) is a district under jurisdiction of Jieyang City, located in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong. Located at 116°17′E to 116°23′E longitude and 23°27′N to 23°33′N latitude. Rongcheng is 13.5 kilometers in length and 14 kilometers in height and has a total area of 91.26 square kilometers.
Coordinates: 23°32′14″N 116°21′32″E / 23.5372°N 116.359°E / 23.5372; 116.359
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Seven Star Crags
The Seven Star Crags (Chinese: 七星岩; pinyin: Qīxīng Yán) are located at the edge of Zhaoqing City, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. They adjoin the Star Lake and form one of the most scenic locations in the province.
The limestone crags are naturally arranged in the same formation as the seven stars of the Big Dipper constellation. Legend has it that the pillars of limestone grew from stars that fell from the skies. There are a number of caves in this 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) area and some contain underground rivers that are large enough to navigate by boat. The Star Lake has been designated a national park.
Numerous sculptures of Buddhism and Taoism idols are located around the Star Lake. There is also a reserve for migratory birds within reach by boat ride.
Coordinates: 23°04′21″N 112°28′05″E / 23.0725°N 112.46806°E / 23.0725; 112.46806
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shantou
Shantou (simplified Chinese: 汕头; traditional Chinese: 汕頭; pinyin: Shàntóu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sòaⁿ-thâu), also known as Swatow or Suátao, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, with a total population of 5,391,028 as of 2010 and an administrative area of 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). With it and the immediately surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the metropolitan region – known as Chaoshan – covers an area of 10,404 square kilometres (4,017 sq mi), and had a permanent population of 13,937,897 at the end of 2010.
It is the fourth-largest most populated area in China, after Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing.
Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China established in the 1980s, but failed to blossom like other cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai. However, it remains as Eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, a member of the “Project 211” group.
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Shanwei
Shanwei (Chinese: 汕尾; pinyin: Shànwěi) or Swabue is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Jieyang to the east, Meizhou and Heyuan to the north, Huizhou to the west, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south. It lies approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Shenzhen and the locals speak the Haifeng dialect.
Shanwei has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters and long, hot, humid summers. Because it looks out to the sea, summer temperatures tend to be moderated. Monthly mean temperatures range from 14.8 °C (58.6 °F) in January to 28.1 °C (82.6 °F), with an annual mean of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F). From May to August, humidity is very high and rainfall tends to be heavy, accounting for about two-thirds of the annual total.
The prefecture-level city of Shanwei administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 1 county-level city and 2 counties.
These are further divided into 53 township-level divisions, including 40 towns, 10 townships and 3 subdistricts.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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Shaoguan
Shaoguan (Chinese: 韶关, pinyin: Sháoguān), historically known as Shaozhou, Shíuchow, Shaokwan and Shao-chow (also known as Xaocheu in Willem Blaeu's maps and as Chau Chew in Johan Nieuhof's illustration), is a prefecture-level city in the north of Southern China's Guangdong province. It is home to the mummified remains of the sixth Zen Buddhist patriarch Huineng.
In 1589, Matteo Ricci relocated his mission house - the first ever Jesuit mission in mainland China - to Shaoguan after a fallout with the authorities in Zhaoqing. He remained in Shaoguan for a few years, eventually benefiting from Shaoguan's location on the important north-south travel route to establish connections with traveling dignitaries that allowed him to move north, to Nanchang, Nanjing, and Beijing.
During World War II the city, then called Kukong, was the capital of Guangdong Province.
In June 2009, Uyghurs and Han workers clashed at a toy factory in Shaoguan, which was followed by the Ürümqi riots in July.
Shaoguan has direct jurisdiction over 2 districts, 2 county-level cities and 5 counties:
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Shenzhen
Shenzhen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́ntʂə̂n]) is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones (SEZs). It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.
Shenzhen's modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the SEZ in the late 1979, before which it was only a small village. Both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous amount of money in the Shenzhen SEZ. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both foreign-owned and joint ventures, at first mainly in manufacturing but more recently in the service industries as well. Shenzhen is now reputedly considered as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third-busiest container port in China, after Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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Shenzhen Stadium
Coordinates: 22°33′43.83″N 114°5′13.16″E / 22.562175°N 114.0869889°E / 22.562175; 114.0869889
Shenzhen Stadium (Simplified Chinese: 深圳市体育场) is a multi-purpose stadium in Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 33,000 people, and is the home of Shenzhen Ruby F.C..
It was built in June 1993, at a cost of 141 million RMB. It has a total area of 24,892 square meters.
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Shenzhen University
Shenzhen University (SZU, Chinese: 深圳大学) is a public university established in 1983 located in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is accredited by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and is funded by the Shenzhen government. The university took its first enrollment the same year at what Deng Xiaoping called "Shenzhen Speed".
Shenzhen University is situated on the coastline of Shenzhen Bay in South China. The total area of the campus is 1.44 square kilometers. It has its own lake which is named Wenshan Lake (文山湖), spreads across rolling hills covered with trees, an abundance of green space and sculptures.
The establishment of Shenzhen University as a full time comprehensive university highlighted China's Ministry of Education (MOE) ambition to further develop the critical infrastructure in the Special Economic Zone. Therefore it appointed Professor Zhang Wei, the former vice-president of Tsinghua University, and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, as the first president of the university to spearhead its development.
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Shixing County
Shixing County (simplified Chinese: 始兴县; traditional Chinese: 始興縣; pinyin: Shǐxìng Xiàn) is a county-level city of Shaoguan Prefecture, Guangdong Province, China. The native variety of Chinese in the era is Hakka.
Coordinates: 24°50′33″N 114°08′37″E / 24.8425°N 114.14361°E / 24.8425; 114.14361
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Shunde
Shunde District (simplified Chinese: 顺德区; traditional Chinese: 順德區; pinyin: Shùndé Qū; Cantonese Yale: Seun6 dak1) is a district of Foshan in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong province, China.
Shunde was a county-level city until December 8, 2002, when it became a district of Foshan prefecture-level city. Shunde has direct juridiction over 4 subdistricts and six towns:
Since the economic reform, industrial manufacturing and development have been on the rise in Shunde, especially the manufacture of furniture and electric appliances. Some famous mainland Chinese product brands like Kelon (科龙) or Midea are made in Shunde, Shunde has also opened a new technology industrial park containing well known car manufacturers such as Toyota.
Also with its excellent geographical position for agriculture, Shunde is becoming one of the wealthiest counties in Guangdong, and even in mainland China, or global terms, according to official information from the Chinese Government and the United Nations.
The GDP reached 127.5 billion yuan in 2007, an annual increase of 18%, and GDP per capita reached 107,991 yuan (ca. US$14,200).
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Shunde District
Shunde District (simplified Chinese: 顺德区; traditional Chinese: 順德區; pinyin: Shùndé Qū; Cantonese Yale: Seun6 dak1) is a district of Foshan in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong province, China.
Shunde was a county-level city until December 8, 2002, when it became a district of Foshan prefecture-level city. Shunde has direct juridiction over 4 subdistricts and six towns:
Since the economic reform, industrial manufacturing and development have been on the rise in Shunde, especially the manufacture of furniture and electric appliances. Some famous mainland Chinese product brands like Kelon (科龙) or Midea are made in Shunde, Shunde has also opened a new technology industrial park containing well known car manufacturers such as Toyota.
Also with its excellent geographical position for agriculture, Shunde is becoming one of the wealthiest counties in Guangdong, and even in mainland China, or global terms, according to official information from the Chinese Government and the United Nations.
The GDP reached 127.5 billion yuan in 2007, an annual increase of 18%, and GDP per capita reached 107,991 yuan (ca. US$14,200).
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Sichuan
Coordinates: 30°N 103°E / 30°N 103°E / 30; 103
Sichuan (help·info) (Chinese: 四川, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, "四川", is an abbreviation of "四川路" (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from "川峡四路" (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
The province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated back to at least the fifteenth century BC (coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established.
Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui (三星堆) in Guanghan County. It is believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, where excavations have yielded invaluable archaeological information.
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Sihui, Guangdong
Sihui (simplified Chinese: 四会; traditional Chinese: 四會; pinyin: Sìhuì; Cantonese: Sei³wui⁶), historically known as Szewui, is a county-level city of west-central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Zhaoqing City. Population: 80,000.
Zhaoqing High Technology Industrial Development Zone (肇庆高新区,肇庆国家高新技术产业开发区) is geographically within Sihui District.
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South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".
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Straits of Malacca
Coordinates: 4°N 100°E / 4°N 100°E / 4; 100 (Strait of Malacca) The Strait of Malacca (Malay: Selat Melaka; Jawi: سلت ملاك) is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Malacca Strait" as follows:
On the West. A line joining Pedropunt, the Northernmost point of Sumatra (5°40′N 95°26′E / 5.667°N 95.433°E / 5.667; 95.433) and Lem Voalan the Southern extremity of Goh Puket [Phuket Island] in Siam [Thailand] (7°45′N 98°18′E / 7.75°N 98.3°E / 7.75; 98.3).
On the East. A line joining Tanjong Piai (Bulus), the Southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula (1°16′N 103°31′E / 1.267°N 103.517°E / 1.267; 103.517) and The Brothers (1°11.5′N 103°21′E / 1.1917°N 103.35°E / 1.1917; 103.35) and thence to Klein Karimoen (1°10′N 103°23.5′E / 1.167°N 103.3917°E / 1.167; 103.3917).
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Taishan
Taishan (Chinese: 台 山; pinyin: Táishān; Taishanese: Hoisan [hɔ̀isān]; Cantonese: Toi⁴saan¹ [tʰɔ̭ːisáːn]), also spelled Toishan, is a coastal county-level city in southern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. The city is part of the Greater Taishan Region.
The city is located in the Pearl River Delta, southwest of Jiangmen (to which it administratively belongs) and 140 kilometers west of Hong Kong. It contains 95 islands and islets, including the largest island in Guangdong, Shangchuan Island. It is one of Five Counties in Guangdong (was called Sze Yup with excluding Heshan).
Taishan is famous for being the birthplace of Chinese volleyball, that was brought to Taishan by overseas Chinese, and the city won many provincial and national championships. The city is also famous for being one of the birthplaces of Guangdong music[disambiguation needed
], the other being Guangzhou.
One quarter of the “Flying Tigers”, the legendary group of American volunteer airmen who fought the Japanese during the Second World War before the US entered it, came from Taishan.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tianhe District
Tianhe District (simplified Chinese: 天河区; traditional Chinese: 天河區; pinyin: Tīanhé Qū) is one of the ten districts in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. In Chinese, the name Tianhe means a river in the sky. It is bordered by Yuexiu District on the west, Baiyun District on the north and Huangpu District on the east. Haizhu District is on its south, though they are separated by the Zhujiang River.
Tianhe became a district in the 1980s as the city expanded its size. Back then, it was east of another district called Dongshan (which was merged into Yuexiu in 2005) and it was more suburban like if not rural like. Despite a majority of colleges and universities in the city are located in the district, the rest of the district were mostly composed of rice fields.
The first big project built in the district during the 1980s was the Tianhe Sports Center when the city was selected to host the Sixth National Games in 1986. The complex includes a stadium of 65,000 seats, a gymnasium and an indoor swimming pool. Its construction had a lasting impact on the development of the district. Soon other projects followed and rice fields gave away to residential complexes called "xiaoqu" (meaning "little districts"). The construction of xiaoqu began in the mid and late eighties and most of them had residential buildings of no more than 10 stories. Each floor was kept to no more than four units due to the lack of elevators since they would increase the construction cost. Also, due to the sheer number of residential buildings — some xiaoqu had more than 20 residential buildings — a lot of land was needed and thus converted.
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wang Yang (official)
Wang Yang (Chinese: 汪洋; pinyin: Wāng Yáng; born March 12, 1955 in Suzhou, Anhui) is the current Secretary of the Guangdong Committee of the Communist Party of China, the southern Chinese province's top office. He served as the party chief of Chongqing, an interior municipality, from 2005-2007. As the holder of one of the most important regional posts in China, Wang also holds a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the country's top ruling council. Wang is seen as one of the leading reformers in China's top leadership. He is one of the emerging leaders of China's next generation of leadership.
Between 1972 and 1976 he worked as a food processing factory hand before being promoted to supervisor. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1975. He subsequently joined the local Party School as an instructor, before going on to study political economics at the dawn of Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms at the Central Party School in 1979. He returned to his hometown as a party policy instructor before joining the local Communist Youth League organization - where he would ascend to the provincial organization by 1984. He then moved on to work as the Deputy Director and Director of the Anhui Provincial Sports Bureau until 1988.
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Wengyuan County
Wengyuan (Chinese: 翁源; pinyin: Wēngyuán) is a county of northern Guangdong province, China, bordering Jiangxi to the northeast. It is under the administration of Shaoguan City.
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Wuchuan City
Wuchuan (simplified Chinese: 吴川; traditional Chinese: 吳川; Mandarin Pinyin: Wúchuān; Jyutping: ng4cyun1) is a county-level city of southwestern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering the South China Sea to the southeast. It is under the administration of Zhanjiang City.
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Wujiang District
Wujiang (Chinese: 武江; pinyin: Wǔjiāng) is a district of Shaoguan, Guangdong province, China.
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Xiashan District
Xiashan District is a district of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Zhanjiang city.
Coordinates: 21°11′47″N 110°24′08″E / 21.19639°N 110.40222°E / 21.19639; 110.40222
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Xingning, Guangdong
Xingning (simplified Chinese: 兴宁; traditional Chinese: 興寧; pinyin: Xīngníng) is a county-level city, under the jurisdiction of Meizhou, in Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China.
Xingning used to be called Qichang (齐昌).
Xingning county was established in 331 CE.
Xingning was the capital of the 10th-century Southern Han Dynasty.
Long a county, Xingning was upgraded to County-level city within the municipal purview of Meizhou in 1991.
Xingning is located in eastern part of Guangdong province, to the north - ie inland and upland.
Xingning borders the counties of Pingyuan, Meixian, Fengshun and Wuhua, all in Meizhou; Longchuan in Heyuan Municipality; and Xunwu in Ganzhou Municipality, Jiangxi.
Xingning is the second largest city in east Guangdong, with an area of 2105 km2; and a population of 1.13 million. The city governs 29 towns/townships containing 475 villages.
Residents in Xingning are mostly Hakkas.
Coordinates: 24°10′05″N 115°40′01″E / 24.16806°N 115.66694°E / 24.16806; 115.66694
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Xinhui
Xinhui (traditional Chinese: 新會; simplified Chinese: 新会; pinyin: xīnhuì; Cantonese Yale: sàn wúi) also known as 'Kuixiang'(traditional Chinese: 葵鄉; simplified Chinese: 葵乡; pinyin: kuíxiāng is a City district in the City of Jiangmen in the province of Guangdong in southern China. Xinhui has a population of about 735,500, 98% of which are Han Chinese. It is located on the confluence of the Tan and Xi River. The local dialect is a variant of Yue Chinese. Xinhui's most famous produce is its Chenpi, made from the peel of citrus fruits. Xinhui is the ancestral home of Liang Qichao, and Andy Lau.
Xinhui is administered by Jiangmen. In turn, Xinhui has jurisdiction over 10 towns, 239 village commissions, 25 community residents' committees and 4 agencies. Xinhui administrated Jiangmen Town before being placed under Jiangmen rule.
During the Neolithic period the area where Xinhui is situated was a bay at the mouth of the Pearl River; silt deposited by the Xi and Tan rivers resulted in it gradually becoming land. This is when humans settled in the area. In the last ten years, evidence of neolithic settlement such as communal shell mounds, and ceramic and pottery fragments have been discovered.
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Xinhui District
Xinhui (traditional Chinese: 新會; simplified Chinese: 新会; pinyin: xīnhuì; Cantonese Yale: sàn wúi) also known as 'Kuixiang'(traditional Chinese: 葵鄉; simplified Chinese: 葵乡; pinyin: kuíxiāng is a City district in the City of Jiangmen in the province of Guangdong in southern China. Xinhui has a population of about 735,500, 98% of which are Han Chinese. It is located on the confluence of the Tan and Xi River. The local dialect is a variant of Yue Chinese. Xinhui's most famous produce is its Chenpi, made from the peel of citrus fruits. Xinhui is the ancestral home of Liang Qichao, and Andy Lau.
Xinhui is administered by Jiangmen. In turn, Xinhui has jurisdiction over 10 towns, 239 village commissions, 25 community residents' committees and 4 agencies. Xinhui administrated Jiangmen Town before being placed under Jiangmen rule.
During the Neolithic period the area where Xinhui is situated was a bay at the mouth of the Pearl River; silt deposited by the Xi and Tan rivers resulted in it gradually becoming land. This is when humans settled in the area. In the last ten years, evidence of neolithic settlement such as communal shell mounds, and ceramic and pottery fragments have been discovered.
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Xinluo District
Xinluo District (simplified Chinese: 新罗区; traditional Chinese: 新羅區; pinyin: Xīnluó Qū; Hakka: Sîn-lò-khî}}) is a district of Longyan, Fujian province, People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 50,000.
Longyan dialect is spoken widely, but Mandarin is the primary language for education and business.
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Xinxing County
Xinxing County is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yunfu city.
Coordinates: 22°37′58″N 112°11′51″E / 22.63278°N 112.1975°E / 22.63278; 112.1975
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Xinyi, Guangdong
Xinyi (Chinese: 信宜; pinyin: Xìnyí) is a county-level city in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It has a population of 170,368 people. Xinyi is located in the prefecture level city of Maoming.
Coordinates: 22°21′07″N 110°57′11″E / 22.351981°N 110.953074°E / 22.351981; 110.953074
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Xuwen County
Xuwen County is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Zhanjiang city. It is the southernmost county of Guangdong Province. Xuwen County is located in the southernmost part of mainland of China; bordering South China Sea in the east and Beibu Gulf in the west; being separated from Hainan by the 18-nautical-mile (33 km) wide Qiongzhou Straits. Coastline is 372 kilometers, covering an area of 1,954.37 square kilometers with a population of 690,000.
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Yangchun
Yangchun (simplified Chinese: 阳春; traditional Chinese: 陽春; Mandarin Pinyin: Yángchūn; Jyutping: joeng4ceon1; literally "sunny spring") is a city located in the southwest of Guangdong Province in southern China. It is a county-level city under the administration of Yangjiang.
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Yangdong County
Yangdong County is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yangjiang city.
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Yangjiang
Yangjiang (simplified Chinese: 阳江; traditional Chinese: 陽江; Mandarin Pinyin: Yángjiāng; Jyutping: Joeng⁴gong¹), historically known as Yeungkong, is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Maoming to the west, Yunfu to the north, Jiangmen to the east, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south. It is famous for being the base of Yangjiang Shibazi, a knife manufacturer. The local dialect is the Gaoyang dialect, a branch of Cantonese.
The prefecture-level city of Yangjiang administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 districts, 1 county-level city and 2 counties.
Yangjiang enjoys a convenient location, 2:30 hours from Guangzhou by bus. Notable areas include its famous Zhapo Beach and Hailing Island near Shapa Town.
Yangjiang has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with mild to warm winters and long, hot (but not especially) summers, and very humid conditions year-round. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) in January to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) in July. From May to August, rain is very heavy, accounting for more than 65% of the annual total, and falls on an average 18 to 20 days per month.
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Yangshan County
Yangshan County (阳山县) is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Qingyuan city.
In Arabic, Yangshan County is بذضدصه هضدضيج
Coordinates: 24°30′44″N 112°41′25″E / 24.51222°N 112.69028°E / 24.51222; 112.69028
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Yangxi County
Yangxi County is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yangjiang city.
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Yantian
Yantian District (Chinese: 盐田区; pinyin: Yántián Qū) is one of the seven districts of the Shenzhen City in Guangdong province of China. It is adjacent to Shenzhen River in the south, and is surrounded by Luohu and Longgang districts in Shenzhen. Until March 1998, Yantian was part of Luohu District.
The size of Yantian district is about 72.63 km². It contains 4 subdistricts:
Located on Mirs Bay, Yantian is the location of some of Shenzhen's best-known tourist beaches, Dameisha and Xiaomeisha. Also located here is Yantian Port.
Shenzhen Yantiangang Free Trade Zone is set up and approved by the State Council on September 27, 1996 with the total area of 0.85 square kilometers. On August 16, 2004, the project of"zone-port interaction" is approved by the State Council between Yantian Port and Shenzhen Yantiangang Free Trade Zone. Yantian Port Bonded Logistics Park is established with 0.96 square kilometers on December 30, 2005. The zone is situated near to Yantian Port. Industries encouraged include Printing/Publishing/Packaging, Raw Material Processing, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Trading and Distribution.
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Yantian District
Yantian District (Chinese: 盐田区; pinyin: Yántián Qū) is one of the seven districts of the Shenzhen City in Guangdong province of China. It is adjacent to Shenzhen River in the south, and is surrounded by Luohu and Longgang districts in Shenzhen. Until March 1998, Yantian was part of Luohu District.
The size of Yantian district is about 72.63 km². It contains 4 subdistricts:
Located on Mirs Bay, Yantian is the location of some of Shenzhen's best-known tourist beaches, Dameisha and Xiaomeisha. Also located here is Yantian Port.
Shenzhen Yantiangang Free Trade Zone is set up and approved by the State Council on September 27, 1996 with the total area of 0.85 square kilometers. On August 16, 2004, the project of"zone-port interaction" is approved by the State Council between Yantian Port and Shenzhen Yantiangang Free Trade Zone. Yantian Port Bonded Logistics Park is established with 0.96 square kilometers on December 30, 2005. The zone is situated near to Yantian Port. Industries encouraged include Printing/Publishing/Packaging, Raw Material Processing, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Trading and Distribution.
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Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Although the Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm – the Great Yuan Empire (t 大元帝國, s 大元帝国, p Dà Yuán Dìguó) – was by this point isolated from the other khanates and controlled only most of present-day China and its surrounding areas including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan.
The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.
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Yuancheng District
Yuancheng District is a district of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Heyuan city.
Coordinates: 23°44′00″N 114°40′59″E / 23.7333°N 114.683°E / 23.7333; 114.683
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Yuexiu District
Yuexiu District is a district in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It was located at the west of Tianhe District and the east of Liwan District. It was the commercial, political and cultural centre of Guangdong province. The area is famous for its high quality education. The Guangdong provincial government and the Guangzhou city government are both located in Yuexiu District. The district was established in 1960, and merged with Dongshan District in 2005.
Coordinates: 23°08′13″N 113°15′29″E / 23.137°N 113.258°E / 23.137; 113.258
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Yuexiushan Stadium
Yuexiushan Stadium (Chinese: 越秀山体育场) is a multi-purpose stadium in Guangzhou, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches.
The stadium was built in 1950 with a capacity of 35,000 people. It serves as the home stadium for Guangzhou R&F of the China League One and FA cup match as well as reserve team match of Guangzhou Evergrande.
The stadium is best reached by taking Guangzhou Metro Line 2 to Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall Station.
Coordinates: 23°08′21″N 113°15′39″E / 23.139216°N 113.260739°E / 23.139216; 113.260739
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Yun'an County
Yun'an County (Chinese: 云安县; pinyin: Yún'ān Xiàn) is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yunfu city.
Coordinates: 23°03′59″N 112°00′22″E / 23.0664°N 112.006°E / 23.0664; 112.006
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Yunan County
Yunan County (Chinese: 郁南县; pinyin: Yùnán Xiàn) is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yunfu city.
Towns:
Coordinates: 23°03′59″N 112°00′22″E / 23.0664°N 112.006°E / 23.0664; 112.006
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Yuncheng District
Yuncheng District (simplified Chinese: 云城区; traditional Chinese: 雲城區; pinyin: Yúnchéng Qū) is a district of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Yunfu city.
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Yunfu
Yunfu (simplified Chinese: 云浮; traditional Chinese: 雲浮; pinyin: Yúnfú; Cantonese: Wan⁴fau⁴), historically known as Wanfow, is a prefecture-level city in western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Zhaoqing to the north, Foshan to the east, Jiangmen to the southwest, Yangjiang to the south, Maoming to the southwest, and the autonomous region of Guangxi to the west.
Yunfu is considered sub-tropical and enjoys fine weather year round, characterized by mild air temperatures, plentiful rainfall and sunshine, with an annual average temperature of 22°C, annual average rainfall of 1,670.5mm and annual average sunshine hours of 1,418. The time-space distribution of rainfall is uneven in a year. It is overcast and dry in spring, hot and rainy in the summer, cool in autumn, and dry and sunny in winter.
The prefecture-level city of Yunfu administers 5 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 1 county-level city and 3 counties.
With 324 National Highway running through the whole prefecture, cement-paved roads are accessible to each single township and village. Guangzhou-Wuzhou Expressway linking Guangdong and Guangxi is also connected to Yunfu which will further be united with Yulin and Wuzhou in Guangxi as well as the expressway network in southwest China. Sanshui-Maoming Railway also passes the whole municipality, which will be eventually linked to Luoyang-Zhanjiang Railway in 2008. The Xijiang River has 100 kilometers of waterway, enabling direct cargo freight to Hong Kong.
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Zengcheng
Zengcheng (Chinese: 增城; pinyin: Zēngchéng; Cantonese: Zang¹sing⁴), historically known as Tsengshing , is a County-level city in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
It is known for the production of blue jeans. In June 2011 it was the scene of a riot of migrant workers.
Zengcheng's mild climate, fertile land, good weather, the annual average temperature of 22.2 degrees, with an average annual rainfall of1869MM, suitable for tropical, Subtropical Crop Growth, is the township of the famous litchi, land of plenty. In the green mountains and rivers, the beautiful scenery.
Coordinates: 23°17′17″N 113°49′41″E / 23.28806°N 113.82806°E / 23.28806; 113.82806
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Zhaoqing
Zhaoqing (simplified Chinese: 肇庆; traditional Chinese: 肇慶; pinyin: Zhàoqìng) is a prefecture-level city of Guangdong province in Southern China and is considered part of the Pearl River Delta region.
Zhaoqing is well known for being a regional tourist hub, a medium sized provincial "college town" as well as an up and coming manufacturing center. Residents from Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Macau and other nearby cities are known to visit the city on weekend getaways and excursions.
The main central city, excluding Seven Star Crags, is fairly flat, but thickly forested mountains lie just outside the city limits. Numerous rice paddies and aquaculture ponds are found on the outskirts of the city. The estimated population of the city proper as of 2008 was 400,000 people.
The date of Zhaoqing's founding is uncertain, but it existed as early as the Qin (221–206 BC) and Han (206 BC – 220 CE) Dynasties, when it was known as Gaoyao (高要). In the Sui Dynasty (581–618), Zhaoqing became known as Duanzhou (端州) and served as an important administrative region and military base.
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Zhejiang
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
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Zhenjiang District
Zhenjiang District is a district of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Shaoguan city.
Coordinates: 24°48′05″N 113°36′05″E / 24.80139°N 113.60139°E / 24.80139; 113.60139
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Zhongshan
Zhongshan (Chinese: 中山; pinyin: Zhōngshān; Cantonese: Zung¹saan¹), also spelled Chungshan and historically known as Xiangshan or Siangshan, is a prefecture-level city in the south of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province in southern China. Zhongshan, one of the few cities in China with an eponymous name, is named after Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925) who was also known as Sun Zhongshan. Sun, the founding father of the Republic of China, was born in Cuiheng village in Nanlang Township of what was then Xiangshan County. After his death in 1925, Xiangshan was renamed Zhongshan in his honor.
Prior to the 20th century, Zhongshan was generally known as Xiangshan or Heung-san (Chinese: 香山; literally "Fragrant Mountain"), in reference to the many flowers that grew in the mountains nearby. The city was renamed in honor of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who often went by the name Zhongshan/Zungsaan. Sun is considered by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China to be the "Father of Modern China", and was from Cuiheng village – now part of Nanlang Town – just outside of downtown Zhongshan.
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Zhuhai
Zhuhai (Chinese: 珠海) is a prefecture-level city on the southern coast of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in the Pearl River Delta, Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the northwest, Zhongshan to the north, and Macau to the south. Zhuhai was one of the original Special Economic Zones established in the 1980s. Zhuhai is also one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera.
The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers 3 county-level divisions and 3 special economic districts, all of which are districts.
Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west), and 140 km southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory counts 146 islands and a coastline of 690 km.
The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands further away in the Pearl River estuary (such as the Nei Lingding Island) or the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland.
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Zijin County
Zijin County (紫金縣; Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Tsṳ́-kîm-yen) is a county of Guangdong Province, China. It is under the administration of Heyuan city.
Coordinates: 23°30′29″N 115°02′04″E / 23.50806°N 115.03444°E / 23.50806; 115.03444
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An Lushan
An Lushan (simplified Chinese: 安禄山; traditional Chinese: 安祿山; pinyin: Ān Lùshān, a transcription of the common Sogdian name Rokhshan meaning "the Bright") (ca. 703?– 29 January 757) was a general who rebelled against the Tang Dynasty in China. His name was also transcribed into Chinese as Āluòshān (阿犖山) or Gáluòshān (軋犖山), and he was posthumously named Prince La of Yan (燕剌王) by his deputy Shi Siming.
An Lushan was of Sogdian and Tujue origin, at least by adoption. He rose to prominence defending the northeastern border from the Khitan and other northern threats. He was summoned to Chang'an, the Tang capital, several times and managed to get the favor of Chancellor Li Linfu and Emperor Xuanzong. This allowed An Lushan to amass significant military power in northeast China. After the death of Li Linfu, his opposition with rival generals (Geshu Han) and Yang Guozhong created military tension within the Empire. The promotion of Yang Guozhong to Chancellor precipitated the catastrophic An Lushan Rebellion, which lasted from 755 to 763. Viewed as paranoid and dangerous, he was assassinated in 757 by his own son, An Qingxu, plunging his Yan dynasty into a turmoil that eventually led to its final collapse in 763.
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Baiyue
The Baiyue (Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè), Hundred Yue or Yue (越) is a loose term denoting various partly Sinicized or un-Sinicized peoples who inhabited southern China and northern Vietnam between the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD. In the Warring States period, the word "Yue" referred to the State of Yue in Zhejiang. The later kingdoms of Minyue in Fujian and Nanyue in Guangdong are both considered Baiyue states. Chinese writers depicted the Yue as barbarians who had tattoos, lived in primitive conditions, and lacked such technology as bows, arrows, horses and chariots. The Baiyue have been compared to the lost tribes of Israel, with a great deal of speculation among Chinese historians concerning who they were and what happened to them. Connecting them to existing peoples in South China led to questions concerning the Chinese character of the South, while connecting them to the Vietnamese might validate nationalistic Vietnamese views. Many of the ethnic groups now inhabiting southern China and northern Vietnam are thought to be descendants of the Baiyue or have some connection to the ancient Baiyue. Variations of the name are still used in both the name of Vietnam (Chinese: 越; Vietnamese: Việt) and the abbreviation for Guangdong (Chinese: 粤; Cantonese Yale: Yuht).
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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British people
British people (also referred to as the British, Britons, or informally as Brits or Britishers) are citizens or natives of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, of any of the Channel Islands, or of any of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by birth in the UK or by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, the term British people refers to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain south of the Forth.
Although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era. The complex history of the formation of the United Kingdom created a "particular sense of nationhood and belonging" in Great Britain; Britishness became "superimposed on much older identities", of English, Scots and Welsh cultures, whose distinctiveness still resist notions of a homogenised British identity. Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists.
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Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (IPA: [tə̂ŋ ɕjɑ̀ʊpʰǐŋ] (
listen); 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with the two most powerful men after him: Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
Born into a peasant background in Guang'an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in rural regions and was considered a "revolutionary veteran" of the Long March. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Deng worked in Tibet and other southwestern regions to consolidate Communist control. He was also instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong. As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution but regained prominence in 1978 by outmaneuvering Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng.
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Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han (simplified Chinese: 汉武帝; traditional Chinese: 漢武帝; pinyin: Hàn Wǔdì; Wade–Giles: Han Wu-ti; 156–87 BC), personal name Liu Che (劉徹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. He is cited in Chinese history as the greatest emperor of the Han dynasty and one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history. Emperor Wu's effective governance made the Han Dynasty one of the most powerful nations in the world.
As a military campaigner, Emperor Wu led Han China through its greatest expansion—at its height, the Empire's borders spanned from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south. Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic Xiongnu from systematically raiding northern China and dispatched his envoy Zhang Qian in 139 BC to seek an alliance with the Yuezhi of modern Uzbekistan. This resulted in further missions to Central Asia. Although historical records do not describe him as a follower of Buddhism, exchanges probably occurred as a consequence of these embassies, and there are suggestions that he received Buddhist statues from central Asia, as depicted in Mogao Caves murals.
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French people
The French (French: Français) are a nation that share a common French culture and speak the French language as a mother tongue. Historically, the French population are descended from peoples of Celtic, Latin and Germanic origin, and are today a mixture of several ethnic groups. Within France, the French are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence.
However, the word can also refer to people of French descent who are found in other countries, with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as Argentina (French Argentines), Brazil (French Brazilians), French West Indies (the French Caribbean people), Canada (French Canadians) and the United States (French Americans), and some of them have a French cultural identity. The United Kingdom also has a large French population, mainly in England, and due to historic relations and immigration.
To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). According to its principles, France has devoted herself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ("daily referendum" on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Guangzhou
Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州; Mandarin pronunciation: [kwɑ̀ŋʈʂóʊ̯]), known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port. One of the five National Central Cities, it holds sub-provincial administrative status.
Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and southern China's largest city. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 12.78 million. Some estimates place the population of the entire Pearl River Delta Mega City built up area as high as 40 million including Shenzhen (10.36 million), Dongguan (8.22 million) and most parts of Foshan (7.19 million), Jiangmen (4.45 million), Zhongshan (3.12 million) and a small part of Huizhou adjoining Dongguan and Shenzhen, with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) (about the size of US state of New Jersey). In 2008 Guangzhou was identified as a Beta World City by the global city index produced by GaWC.
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Hakka people
The Hakka (Hakka: Hak-kâ; Chinese: 客家; pinyin: Kèjiā), sometimes Hakka Han, are Han Chinese who speak the Hakka language and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan and Fujian in China.
The Chinese characters for Hakka (客家) literally means "guest families". The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka-language speakers is fewer. Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history: in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government, and military leaders.
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Hebei
Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Hebei (help·info) (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Héběi; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the river", referring to its location completely above the Yellow River.
In 1928, Hebei was formed after the central government dissolved the province of Chih-li (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Hmong people
The Hmong (RPA: Hmoob/Moob, IPA: [m̥ɔ̃ŋ]), are an Asian ethnic group from the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Hmong are also one of the sub-groups of the Miao ethnicity (苗族) in southern China. Hmong groups began a gradual southward migration in the 18th century due to political unrest and to find more arable land.
A number of Hmong people fought against the communist Pathet Lao during the Laotian Civil War. Hmong people were singled out for retribution when the Pathet Lao took over the Laotian government in 1975, and tens of thousands fled to Thailand seeking political asylum. Thousands of these refugees have resettled in Western countries since the late 1970s, mostly the United States but also in Australia, France, French Guiana, Canada, and South America. Others have been returned to Laos under United Nations-sponsored repatriation programs. Around 8,000 Hmong refugees remain in Thailand.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan (1 January 1814 – 1 June 1864), born Hong Renkun, style name Huoxiu (火秀), was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.
Hong Xiuquan's name at birth was "Hong Huoxiu", the third son of a poor Hakka family. He was born in Fuyuanshui Village, Hua County now part of Huadu District Guangzhou), Guangdong to Hong Jingyang and Madam Wang. His grandfather was Hong Guoyou, who was, like his ancestors, a farmer. He later moved to Guanlubu Village. His wife was Lai Xiying.
Hong showed an interest in scholarship at an early age, so his family made financial sacrifices to provide a formal education to him, in the hope that he could one day complete the civil service examinations. Hong started studying at a school called Book Chamber House at the age of seven. He was able to recite the Four Books after five or six years. At around the age of 15 his parents were no longer able to afford his education, so he became a tutor to children in his village and continued to study privately. He took the local preliminary civil service examinations and came first; so, at the age of 22, in 1836, he took the provincial examinations in Guangzhou. Unsurprisingly, he failed the imperial examinations, which had a pass rate of less than 1%. He retook the test four times, but never succeeded. This was partly due to being unable to secure a bribe to the examination officials.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
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Mongol
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed ]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands, also called Xisha Islands (Chinese: 西沙群岛) in Chinese and Hoàng Sa Islands (Quần đảo Hoàng Sa, 群島黃沙) in Vietnamese, is a group of islands under the administration of Hainan Province, the People's Republic of China. Vietnam and the Republic of China (Taiwan) also claim sovereignty of these islands. China and South Vietnam each occupied part of the Paracel Islands before 1974 when a brief conflict occurred. China took over and has controlled all of the Paracel Islands since then.
The Paracel Islands consist of over 30 islets, sandbanks or reefs, occupy about 15,000 km² of the ocean surface, and are located in the South China Sea. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except for a small number of troops. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China, 180 nautical miles SE of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines.
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Portuguese people
The Portuguese (Portuguese: os Portugueses) are a nation and ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
Due to the large historical extent of the Portuguese Empire and the colonization of territories in Africa, Asia and the Americas, as well as historical and recent emigration, Portuguese communities can be found in many diverse regions around the globe, and a large Portuguese diaspora exists.
The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe, Western Europe and the Western Mediterranean.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.
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Pratas Islands
The Pratas Islands, also called Dongsha Islands (simplified Chinese: 东沙群岛; traditional Chinese: 東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo), consist of three islands forming from an atoll located in northeastern South China Sea, 340 km (211 mi) southeast of Hong Kong. The islands are governed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). The People's Republic of China claims sovereignty over these islands along with all other territories currently controlled by the Republic of China. It is the seventh national park of the Republic of China. The main island of the group, Dongsha Island, is the largest of the South China Sea Islands.
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Province (China)
In the context of Chinese government, a province (sheng), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level administrative division. The People's Republic of China (PRC) currently administers 33 such divisions, classified as 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions.
Additionally, the PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan Province, but since the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 this area has been administered by the Republic of China (ROC) under a province of the same name. The ROC also administers some offshore islands including Quemoy/Kinmen (Jinmen) and Matsu (Mazu), which form Fujian Province, ROC. These were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC.
In the People's Republic of China, every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, headed by a secretary beside the two special administrative regions. The committee secretary is in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.
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Province of China
In the context of Chinese government, a province (sheng), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level administrative division. The People's Republic of China (PRC) currently administers 33 such divisions, classified as 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions.
Additionally, the PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan Province, but since the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 this area has been administered by the Republic of China (ROC) under a province of the same name. The ROC also administers some offshore islands including Quemoy/Kinmen (Jinmen) and Matsu (Mazu), which form Fujian Province, ROC. These were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC.
In the People's Republic of China, every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, headed by a secretary beside the two special administrative regions. The committee secretary is in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.
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Senkaku Islands
The Senkaku Islands (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?, variants: Senkaku-guntō and Senkaku-rettō), also known as the Diaoyu Islands or Diaoyutai Islands (simplified Chinese: 钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿; traditional Chinese: 釣魚台群島; pinyin: Diàoyútái Qúndǎo) or the Pinnacle Islands, are a group of uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in the East China Sea. They are located roughly due east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa Island, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands.
Since the transfer of administration from United States to Japan in 1971, ownership of the islands by Japan has been disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The Chinese claim the discovery and control of the islands from the 14th century. Japan controlled the islands from 1895 until her surrender at the end of World War II. The United States administered them as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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Sichuan
Coordinates: 30°N 103°E / 30°N 103°E / 30; 103
Sichuan (help·info) (Chinese: 四川, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, "四川", is an abbreviation of "四川路" (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from "川峡四路" (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
The province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated back to at least the fifteenth century BC (coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established.
Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui (三星堆) in Guanghan County. It is believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, where excavations have yielded invaluable archaeological information.
wn.com/Sichuan -
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".
wn.com/South_China_Sea -
Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs,islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia (Sabah), about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They contain less than four square kilometers of land area spread over more than 425,000 square kilometers of sea. The Spratlys are one of three archipelagos of the South China Sea which comprise more than 30,000 islands and reefs and which complicate governance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Such small and remote islands have little economic value in themselves, but are important in establishing international boundaries. There are no native islanders but there are, at least for now, rich fishing grounds; and initial surveys indicate the islands may contain significant reserves of oil and natural gas.
About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from Vietnam, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Malaysia and the Philippines. Brunei has also claimed an EEZ in the southeastern part of the Spratlys encompassing just one area of small islands above mean high water (on Louisa Reef.)
wn.com/Spratly_Islands -
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
wn.com/Sun_Yat-sen -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tax system in China
Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. As the most important source of fiscal revenue, tax is a key economic player of macro-economic regulation, and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform, China has preliminarily set up a streamlined tax system geared to the socialist market economy.
China's tax revenue came to 6.31 trillion yuan (924 billion U.S. dollars) in 2009, up 9.1 percent on 2008.
The government agency in charge of tax policy is the Ministry of Finance. For tax collection, State Administration of Taxation.
As part of US$586 billion economic stimulus package of November 2008, the government plans to reform the VAT which could cut corporation taxes by 120 billion yuan. [1]
Under the current tax system in China, there are 26 types of taxes, which, according to their nature and function, can be divided into the following 8 categories:
State organs that have the authority to formulate tax laws or tax policy include the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, the State Council, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council, and the General Administration of Customs.
wn.com/Tax_system_in_China -
Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
wn.com/Tianjin -
Wang Yang (official)
Wang Yang (Chinese: 汪洋; pinyin: Wāng Yáng; born March 12, 1955 in Suzhou, Anhui) is the current Secretary of the Guangdong Committee of the Communist Party of China, the southern Chinese province's top office. He served as the party chief of Chongqing, an interior municipality, from 2005-2007. As the holder of one of the most important regional posts in China, Wang also holds a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the country's top ruling council. Wang is seen as one of the leading reformers in China's top leadership. He is one of the emerging leaders of China's next generation of leadership.
Between 1972 and 1976 he worked as a food processing factory hand before being promoted to supervisor. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1975. He subsequently joined the local Party School as an instructor, before going on to study political economics at the dawn of Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms at the Central Party School in 1979. He returned to his hometown as a party policy instructor before joining the local Communist Youth League organization - where he would ascend to the provincial organization by 1984. He then moved on to work as the Deputy Director and Director of the Anhui Provincial Sports Bureau until 1988.
wn.com/Wang_Yang_(official) -
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
wn.com/Xinjiang -
Zhejiang
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
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Zhuang people
The Zhuang people (Chinese: 壮族; pinyin: Zhuàngzú; Zhuang: Bouxcuengh) are an ethnic group who mostly live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. Some also live in the Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan provinces. They form one of the 55 minority ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. With the Buyi, Tay–Nùng, and other northern Tai speakers, they are sometimes known as the Rau or Rao. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, puts them second only to the Han Chinese and makes the Zhuang the largest minority in China.
The Zhuang also have their own oral epic, the Baeu Rodo.
The Chinese character used for the Zhuang people has changed several times. Their autonym, "Cuengh" in Standard Zhuang, was originally written with the rare character Zhuàng 獞 (or tóng, meaning "a variety of wild dog").). Chinese characters typically combine a semantic element or radical and a phonetic element. John DeFrancis calls Zhuàng 獞, with the "dog radical" 犭 and a tóng 童 phonetic, an ethnic slur and describes how the People's Republic of China removed it. In 1949, after the Chinese civil war, the logograph 獞 was officially replaced with Zhuàng 僮 (or tóng "child; boy servant"), with the "human radical" 亻and the same phonetic. Later, during the standardization of simplified Chinese characters, Zhuàng 僮 was changed to a completely different character Zhuàng 壮 (meaning "strong; robust").
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China Guangdong Province
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
China Guangdong Province tour , tourism , trip Guangzhou canton Shenzhen culture village Qingyuan السياحة في الصين Turath Mazloum
http://wn.com/China_Guangdong_Province
China Guangdong Province tour , tourism , trip Guangzhou canton Shenzhen culture village Qingyuan السياحة في الصين Turath Mazloum
Crazy Guangdong driver destroys everything to escape police
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
In Meizhou, Guangdong, a police officer tries to stop a car with an obscured license plate on a busy road during rush hour. The driver, however, attempts to escape with little regard for others' lives or property - wreaking havoc on the surroundings before eventually being forcibly detained by a crowd of police and astonished passersby. Another year, another crazy driver.
http://wn.com/Crazy_Guangdong_driver_destroys_everything_to_escape_police
In Meizhou, Guangdong, a police officer tries to stop a car with an obscured license plate on a busy road during rush hour. The driver, however, attempts to escape with little regard for others' lives or property - wreaking havoc on the surroundings before eventually being forcibly detained by a crowd of police and astonished passersby. Another year, another crazy driver.
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 71849
- author: jim00zz
Quest for Harmony - Guangdong Province
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Situated in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province is not only a thriving international business hub, but also an undiscovered pearl of China. Comparatively few Americans have ventured as yet to this fascinating land of natural wonders.
http://wn.com/Quest_for_Harmony_Guangdong_Province
Situated in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province is not only a thriving international business hub, but also an undiscovered pearl of China. Comparatively few Americans have ventured as yet to this fascinating land of natural wonders.
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 979
- author: hongkong
Guang Dong - Pas de deux - LE PLUS GRAND CABARET DU MONDE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Retrouvez Patrick Sébastien sur www.patricksebastien.fr LE PLUS GRAND CABARET DU MONDE - Guang Dong - Pas de deux
http://wn.com/Guang_Dong_Pas_de_deux_LE_PLUS_GRAND_CABARET_DU_MONDE
Retrouvez Patrick Sébastien sur www.patricksebastien.fr LE PLUS GRAND CABARET DU MONDE - Guang Dong - Pas de deux
- published: 19 Dec 2008
- views: 4364975
- author: patricksebastien
Guangdong's Danxia Mountains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
A cruise up the Jinjiang River presents a stunning view of the fascinating stone formations unique to the Danxia Mountains. Chosen by UNESCO as a world heritage site, China's world famous geopark offers a scenic wonderland. Explore a 105-acre Buddhist monastery including magnificent buildings...
http://wn.com/Guangdong's_Danxia_Mountains
A cruise up the Jinjiang River presents a stunning view of the fascinating stone formations unique to the Danxia Mountains. Chosen by UNESCO as a world heritage site, China's world famous geopark offers a scenic wonderland. Explore a 105-acre Buddhist monastery including magnificent buildings...
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 11573
- author: HongKongTravelVideos
Guang Dong - Pas de deux - LE PLUS GRAND CABARET DU MONDE_1인코딩.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
한쌍의 춤 너무 멋지다
http://wn.com/Guang_Dong_Pas_de_deux_LE_PLUS_GRAND_CABARET_DU_MONDE_1인코딩avi
Genius dog in Guangdong does math
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Genius_dog_in_Guangdong_does_math
Guangdong Foshan Gaoming District trap site Guangdong Foshan Gaoming District trap site
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:32
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Guangdong_Foshan_Gaoming_District_trap_site_Guangdong_Foshan_Gaoming_District_trap_site
Maple Road, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, the red light intersection cylinder wagon explosion Maple Road, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, the red light intersection cylinder wagon explosion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Maple_Road,_Chaozhou,_Guangdong_Province,_the_red_light_intersection_cylinder_wagon_explosion_Maple_Road,_Chaozhou,_Guangdong_Province,_the_red_light_intersection_cylinder_wagon_explosion
Guangdong Overview & Guangzhou: Most Prosperous & Dynamic Face of China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Situated in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province is not only a thriving international business hub, but also an undiscovered pearl of China. Comparatively few Americans have ventured as yet to this fascinating land of natural wonders. Watch this amazing video on Guangdong & plan your...
http://wn.com/Guangdong_Overview_Guangzhou_Most_Prosperous_Dynamic_Face_of_China
Situated in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province is not only a thriving international business hub, but also an undiscovered pearl of China. Comparatively few Americans have ventured as yet to this fascinating land of natural wonders. Watch this amazing video on Guangdong & plan your...
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 9883
- author: HongKongTravelVideos
Ancient Wisdom, Modern Medicine: The Guangdong Hospital Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is collection of medical practices handed down over 5000 years. While it plays a major part in alternative medicine around the world, it actually accounts significantly for health care in China. Integrating this tradition with modern Western medicine presents both a huge opportunity and a huge challenge to hospitals. Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, one of the largest in all of China, collaborated with IBM to deploy an intelligent medical records system that consolidates medical data from multiple systems into a single record that can be easily shared. The new, first-of-its-kind Clinical and Health Records Analytics and Sharing (CHAS) system incorporates advanced semantics technology that enables it to understand and analyze the scientific meaning of specific terms used in individual patient records. The system can process those terms regardless of format, terminology or language into one standardized document, simplifying data tracking and encouraging rapid data access. With data from both TCM and Western medicine in a single location, hospital personnel can analyze the effects of both disciplines. This allows them to determine the best treatment for each illness or condition, opening up new doors to solving chronic diseases and offering preventive care. Guangdong Hospital can now offer the most holistic medicine in the world, with help from IBM. Let's build a smarter planet - www.ibm.com
http://wn.com/Ancient_Wisdom,_Modern_Medicine_The_Guangdong_Hospital_Story
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is collection of medical practices handed down over 5000 years. While it plays a major part in alternative medicine around the world, it actually accounts significantly for health care in China. Integrating this tradition with modern Western medicine presents both a huge opportunity and a huge challenge to hospitals. Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, one of the largest in all of China, collaborated with IBM to deploy an intelligent medical records system that consolidates medical data from multiple systems into a single record that can be easily shared. The new, first-of-its-kind Clinical and Health Records Analytics and Sharing (CHAS) system incorporates advanced semantics technology that enables it to understand and analyze the scientific meaning of specific terms used in individual patient records. The system can process those terms regardless of format, terminology or language into one standardized document, simplifying data tracking and encouraging rapid data access. With data from both TCM and Western medicine in a single location, hospital personnel can analyze the effects of both disciplines. This allows them to determine the best treatment for each illness or condition, opening up new doors to solving chronic diseases and offering preventive care. Guangdong Hospital can now offer the most holistic medicine in the world, with help from IBM. Let's build a smarter planet - www.ibm.com
- published: 25 May 2012
- views: 2412
- author: IBM
China - Foshan, Guangdong - 2012 World Lion Dance Championships
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:20
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/China_Foshan,_Guangdong_2012_World_Lion_Dance_Championships
Taishan, Guangdong, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Grandma Chan's Village
http://wn.com/Taishan,_Guangdong,_China
Adventures - Guangdong, China - Daoist Mountains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:31
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Take a ride with us as we ride up to Luofu mountain, one of the holy mountains of Daoism. Music is mine. I made everything in the song, so f off youtube, and don't say I can't monetize the video, it's my damn music! Music: Yan Wang + Lil B: "Girls" Today's ride: Honda CG125
http://wn.com/Adventures_Guangdong,_China_Daoist_Mountains
Take a ride with us as we ride up to Luofu mountain, one of the holy mountains of Daoism. Music is mine. I made everything in the song, so f off youtube, and don't say I can't monetize the video, it's my damn music! Music: Yan Wang + Lil B: "Girls" Today's ride: Honda CG125
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 138
- author: laowhy86
Dongguan - Top living standard ( Guangdong China )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Dongguan is a garden city, internationally renowned for its manufacturing industry. From its role and contribution that sparked the First Opium Wars to its current industrialization phenomenon, Dongguan has demonstrated centuries of achievements and quest for excellence. Its people, with their diligence, pragmatism and boldness to innovate, created revolutionary miracles after miracles for their city. The young, tolerant, and ambitious city culture serves as a port for beautiful dreams to set sail, becoming a city with blossoming vibrancy!
http://wn.com/Dongguan_Top_living_standard_Guangdong_China_
Dongguan is a garden city, internationally renowned for its manufacturing industry. From its role and contribution that sparked the First Opium Wars to its current industrialization phenomenon, Dongguan has demonstrated centuries of achievements and quest for excellence. Its people, with their diligence, pragmatism and boldness to innovate, created revolutionary miracles after miracles for their city. The young, tolerant, and ambitious city culture serves as a port for beautiful dreams to set sail, becoming a city with blossoming vibrancy!
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 829
- author: otbyuueful
Beijing Ducks edge Guangdong to win the CBA Final series 124:121
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Date: 3/30/2012 Location: Beijing, China. Stephon Marbury leads Beijing Ducks to the Champion, i love you Marbury! you are the best player in my heart, in every people live in Beijing! you are not trouble maker anymore! 0:45am upload from a Beijing boy.
http://wn.com/Beijing_Ducks_edge_Guangdong_to_win_the_CBA_Final_series_124121
Date: 3/30/2012 Location: Beijing, China. Stephon Marbury leads Beijing Ducks to the Champion, i love you Marbury! you are the best player in my heart, in every people live in Beijing! you are not trouble maker anymore! 0:45am upload from a Beijing boy.
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 457615
- author: Joey Zhou
6000+ Chinese Shoe Factory Workers Strike in Guangdong Province
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
For more news visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Follow us on Facebook ☛ me.lt Thousands of shoe factory workers went on strike in China's Guangdong Province last Thursday. They're frustrated with new regulations that include drastic bonus cuts and layoffs. Sharp decrease in exports and a gloomy world economy are drastically affecting the shoe factory business. More than 6000 shoe factory workers in China's Guangdong Province took to the streets last Thursday. The workers from Yucheng Shoe Factory in Dongguan City were protesting against new management policies. These include huge bonus cuts, restrictions placed on the number of toilet visits, and the dismissal of 18 middle management staff due to a drastic decrease in orders. The strike continued for two hours. Dozens of protesters sustained head injuries after being beaten by riot police. Workers resumed their work after negotiating with the company. A gloomy world economy coupled with higher wages and a progressively competitive business environment has caused the company to incur heavy losses—and to impose the new regulations. But workers are feeling the pinch in their wallets. Their basic monthly pay is about 170 dollars. With extra work, they can earn up to 300 dollars a month. Without the extra work and bonuses, they could barely make ends meet. Yucheng Shoe Factory makes shoes for New Balance. It's a subsidiary of Pou Chen Group, which produces some of the world's famous sports brands, such ...
http://wn.com/6000+_Chinese_Shoe_Factory_Workers_Strike_in_Guangdong_Province
For more news visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Follow us on Facebook ☛ me.lt Thousands of shoe factory workers went on strike in China's Guangdong Province last Thursday. They're frustrated with new regulations that include drastic bonus cuts and layoffs. Sharp decrease in exports and a gloomy world economy are drastically affecting the shoe factory business. More than 6000 shoe factory workers in China's Guangdong Province took to the streets last Thursday. The workers from Yucheng Shoe Factory in Dongguan City were protesting against new management policies. These include huge bonus cuts, restrictions placed on the number of toilet visits, and the dismissal of 18 middle management staff due to a drastic decrease in orders. The strike continued for two hours. Dozens of protesters sustained head injuries after being beaten by riot police. Workers resumed their work after negotiating with the company. A gloomy world economy coupled with higher wages and a progressively competitive business environment has caused the company to incur heavy losses—and to impose the new regulations. But workers are feeling the pinch in their wallets. Their basic monthly pay is about 170 dollars. With extra work, they can earn up to 300 dollars a month. Without the extra work and bonuses, they could barely make ends meet. Yucheng Shoe Factory makes shoes for New Balance. It's a subsidiary of Pou Chen Group, which produces some of the world's famous sports brands, such ...
- published: 22 Nov 2011
- views: 3666
- author: NTDTV
Tragic Accident at Foshan (Guangdong)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Disgraceful Chinese people ...... October 13, 2011, the Guangzhou-Foshan, Foshan Huangqi Hardware City in a car accident, a girl was hit by a truck, the passers-by no one bit of help, then another body from a car run over, around 18 people passing no one come to the rescue, until the 19th that is found after it propped scavengers. Disregard for the lives of people who chilling, a scene that makes the hairs standing, have cold blood! At 17:30 on October 13 Xu, a tragedy occurred in Foshan City Nanhai Huangqi Guangfo hardware: only two years old female Tongxiao Yue Yue walking in the alley, was a van rolled twice, a few minutes later run over by a small truck. And makes it difficult to understand is that girls within seven minutes around a dozen passers-through, even on their hands. Finally, a small picking up litter Yue Yue aunt to hold to the curb and find her mother. Yue Yue is now a small army in the Guangzhou Military Region General Hospital intensive care unit, the brain stem reflexes, close to brain death. 15 evening, the reporter saw the incident of the surveillance video. 17:26 the same day, a small city in the hardware Yue Yue playing an alley, a man walking on the road. At this time, in front of a white van drove slowly, did not see girls like the same, began to accelerate, and the small volume to the right side of the wheel Yue Yue, the young hip Yue Yue run over. Van paused, then stepped on the gas, the rear wheels run over the small Yue Yue's body again. Ten ...
http://wn.com/Tragic_Accident_at_Foshan_Guangdong
Disgraceful Chinese people ...... October 13, 2011, the Guangzhou-Foshan, Foshan Huangqi Hardware City in a car accident, a girl was hit by a truck, the passers-by no one bit of help, then another body from a car run over, around 18 people passing no one come to the rescue, until the 19th that is found after it propped scavengers. Disregard for the lives of people who chilling, a scene that makes the hairs standing, have cold blood! At 17:30 on October 13 Xu, a tragedy occurred in Foshan City Nanhai Huangqi Guangfo hardware: only two years old female Tongxiao Yue Yue walking in the alley, was a van rolled twice, a few minutes later run over by a small truck. And makes it difficult to understand is that girls within seven minutes around a dozen passers-through, even on their hands. Finally, a small picking up litter Yue Yue aunt to hold to the curb and find her mother. Yue Yue is now a small army in the Guangzhou Military Region General Hospital intensive care unit, the brain stem reflexes, close to brain death. 15 evening, the reporter saw the incident of the surveillance video. 17:26 the same day, a small city in the hardware Yue Yue playing an alley, a man walking on the road. At this time, in front of a white van drove slowly, did not see girls like the same, began to accelerate, and the small volume to the right side of the wheel Yue Yue, the young hip Yue Yue run over. Van paused, then stepped on the gas, the rear wheels run over the small Yue Yue's body again. Ten ...
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 318448
- author: kitimaza
Richard Bangs Presents Hong Kong, Macau & Guangdong Travel Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Join Richard Bangs, world-renowned adventure travel host, as he journeys to a trilogy of destinations - Hong Kong, Macau and China's Guangdong Province - to discover the ancient and contemporary expressions of harmony, a principle fundamental to Asian cultures worldwide. Check your local...
http://wn.com/Richard_Bangs_Presents_Hong_Kong,_Macau_Guangdong_Travel_Videos
Join Richard Bangs, world-renowned adventure travel host, as he journeys to a trilogy of destinations - Hong Kong, Macau and China's Guangdong Province - to discover the ancient and contemporary expressions of harmony, a principle fundamental to Asian cultures worldwide. Check your local...
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 6271
- author: HongKongTravelVideos
Land Grab Protests Continue in Guangdong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ me.lt Protests over an illegal land grab continued for the second day in Guangdong Province. Residents in Shanwei are angry that local media under-reported the number of people who took to the streets. They have vowed to keep putting pressure on authorities. Content: On Monday, November 21st, around 5000 people marched from Wukang Village in Shanwei, Guangdong Province. Arriving at government offices in Lufeng City, they demanded the return of farmland seized by local authorities for development. But Chinese media reports on Monday played down the number of protestors. On Tuesday, locals angry at the reports marched again. [Xue Xiansheng, Wukang Resident]: "I saw a report by a local TV station in Lufeng. It said we had 400 people protesting, but we had at least no less than 4000. Some people estimated 6000, figures of 4000 to 6000. They reported that we only had 400 people. Everyone in the village was angry." The conflict first heated up in September when hundreds of residents ransacked local government offices in Lufeng and bulldozed a wall around the disputed land. Residents are now angry that local authorities still haven't listened to their grievances. Land grabs are often linked to collusion between businesses and local officials. Professor Hu Xingdou from the Beijing Institute of Technology says the problem is particularly serious in southern China. [Hu Xingdou ...
http://wn.com/Land_Grab_Protests_Continue_in_Guangdong
For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ me.lt Protests over an illegal land grab continued for the second day in Guangdong Province. Residents in Shanwei are angry that local media under-reported the number of people who took to the streets. They have vowed to keep putting pressure on authorities. Content: On Monday, November 21st, around 5000 people marched from Wukang Village in Shanwei, Guangdong Province. Arriving at government offices in Lufeng City, they demanded the return of farmland seized by local authorities for development. But Chinese media reports on Monday played down the number of protestors. On Tuesday, locals angry at the reports marched again. [Xue Xiansheng, Wukang Resident]: "I saw a report by a local TV station in Lufeng. It said we had 400 people protesting, but we had at least no less than 4000. Some people estimated 6000, figures of 4000 to 6000. They reported that we only had 400 people. Everyone in the village was angry." The conflict first heated up in September when hundreds of residents ransacked local government offices in Lufeng and bulldozed a wall around the disputed land. Residents are now angry that local authorities still haven't listened to their grievances. Land grabs are often linked to collusion between businesses and local officials. Professor Hu Xingdou from the Beijing Institute of Technology says the problem is particularly serious in southern China. [Hu Xingdou ...
- published: 24 Nov 2011
- views: 432
- author: NTDTV
Table Tennis - China Guangdong Training Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Table Tennis - China Guangdong Training Center
http://wn.com/Table_Tennis_China_Guangdong_Training_Center
Table Tennis - China Guangdong Training Center
- published: 29 Feb 2012
- views: 5342
- author: LPTM Liga Paulista de Tênis de Mesa
Trailer: Swan Lake - Guangdong Acrobatic Troupe of China (2008)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Discover more: www.roh.org.uk The internationally acclaimed Guangdong Acrobatic Troupe of China makes its sensational debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Founded in 1951, the Company is China's foremost acrobatic company. Renowned throughout the world, the Company astounds audiences with its astonishing productions which push imagination, physicality and technology to their limits in its electrifying presentations of traditional Chinese folk acrobatics within a dynamic modern perspective. Drawing inspiration from classical dance, traditional Chinese acrobatics and elements of Peking Opera, the Guangdong Acrobatic Company's extraordinary version of Swan Lake has taken the world by storm since its premier in 2006. A co-production with the Shanghai City Dance Company, this spectacular ballet, a seamless fusion of breathtaking acrobatic feats and magnificent classical dance, has transformed its principal dancers into international stars and thrilled audiences worldwide.
http://wn.com/Trailer_Swan_Lake_Guangdong_Acrobatic_Troupe_of_China_2008
Discover more: www.roh.org.uk The internationally acclaimed Guangdong Acrobatic Troupe of China makes its sensational debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Founded in 1951, the Company is China's foremost acrobatic company. Renowned throughout the world, the Company astounds audiences with its astonishing productions which push imagination, physicality and technology to their limits in its electrifying presentations of traditional Chinese folk acrobatics within a dynamic modern perspective. Drawing inspiration from classical dance, traditional Chinese acrobatics and elements of Peking Opera, the Guangdong Acrobatic Company's extraordinary version of Swan Lake has taken the world by storm since its premier in 2006. A co-production with the Shanghai City Dance Company, this spectacular ballet, a seamless fusion of breathtaking acrobatic feats and magnificent classical dance, has transformed its principal dancers into international stars and thrilled audiences worldwide.
- published: 17 Jun 2008
- views: 221288
- author: RoyalOperaHouse
Teen Fight Triggers Large-scale Conflict in Guangdong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
Follow us on TWITTER: twitter.com Like us on FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Two teens' fighting trigged a fierce conflict in Shaxi Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong province. Although the Guangdong government claims the incident has subsided and there are no casualties or serious injuries, many Hong Kong and oversea Chinese media quoted local sources as saying hundreds are injured, between ten and thirty dead, and more than 300 detained. Locals cited low wages, discrimination, and unfair social welfare as the main reasons for this incident. The large-scale conflict in Shaxi Town is ongoing. Many witnesses pointed out that officials didn't go to the site but had sent armed police. This is the reason why the situation deteriorated. This video, taken by BBC, shows the situation. In the footage, we can see migrant workers clashing with locals, as hundreds of armed police arrive. Guangdong resident: "The main reason is the relationship deteriorated. The government hasn't give us migrant workers a proper arrangement, which led to such social contradiction. Now the (government) website is shielding this news." Xing Tianxing, a current affairs commentator, thinks the surface reason is that a 13-year-old pupil was beat by a 15-year-old local. In fact, the real reason is the long-term high pressure placed on society by the Political and Judiciary Committee, who uses violence to maintain social stability. Xing Tianxing: "In fact, the government didn't take responsibility, violated the law ...
http://wn.com/Teen_Fight_Triggers_Large-scale_Conflict_in_Guangdong
Follow us on TWITTER: twitter.com Like us on FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Two teens' fighting trigged a fierce conflict in Shaxi Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong province. Although the Guangdong government claims the incident has subsided and there are no casualties or serious injuries, many Hong Kong and oversea Chinese media quoted local sources as saying hundreds are injured, between ten and thirty dead, and more than 300 detained. Locals cited low wages, discrimination, and unfair social welfare as the main reasons for this incident. The large-scale conflict in Shaxi Town is ongoing. Many witnesses pointed out that officials didn't go to the site but had sent armed police. This is the reason why the situation deteriorated. This video, taken by BBC, shows the situation. In the footage, we can see migrant workers clashing with locals, as hundreds of armed police arrive. Guangdong resident: "The main reason is the relationship deteriorated. The government hasn't give us migrant workers a proper arrangement, which led to such social contradiction. Now the (government) website is shielding this news." Xing Tianxing, a current affairs commentator, thinks the surface reason is that a 13-year-old pupil was beat by a 15-year-old local. In fact, the real reason is the long-term high pressure placed on society by the Political and Judiciary Committee, who uses violence to maintain social stability. Xing Tianxing: "In fact, the government didn't take responsibility, violated the law ...
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 268
- author: ChinaForbiddenNews
photo: AP / Nick Ut
14 Dec 2012
Former President Bill Clinton, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, meet 55-year-old Martha Sellers. For the past nine years, Sellers has worked as a Walmart cashier in Paramount, California ... More than 10,000 community members joined more than 30 striking employees who walked off the job to demand better working conditions. . "It was wonderful ... That's not too much to ask for." ... 1698 ... ....(size: 23.6Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
Newtown, Conn. Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital ... Reuters ....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
14 Dec 2012
More than two dozen people, mostly elementary school children, were shot and killed at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school this morning, federal and state sources tell ABC News. The massacre involved two gunmen at a Connecticut school this morning, prompting the town of Newtown to lock down all of its schools and draw SWAT teams to the school, authorities said today. State Police confirm that one shooter is dead ... at ABCNews.com ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
15 Dec 2012
December 15, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT). Newtown, Connecticut (CNN) -- The bodies of children and educators lay where they fell in a Newtown, Connecticut, elementary school -- in classrooms and hallways -- as investigators worked to identity the dead early Saturday while piecing together the path of the gunman ... J. Paul Vance, a spokesman for the Connecticut State Police. Timeline. School violence in U.S ... J ... HIDE CAPTION. << ... 1....(size: 24.9Kb)
The Examiner
15 Dec 2012
APThis image taken on April 28, 2010 shows parents gathered outside a primary school in the city of Leizhou, in southern China's Guangdong province where a man burst into the school and began stabbing ... in the city of Leizhou, in southern China's Guangdong province where a man burst into the school and began stabbing students....(size: 5.1Kb)
The Star
15 Dec 2012
Since the new lineup of the CPC Central Politburo Standing Committee led by Xi Jinping was named, more than 15 officials from Chongqing municipal and Guangdong, Sichuan, Shanxi and Shandong provinces as well as Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region have been suspended for graft allegations and misconduct, and Xi himself has asked not to be showered with lavish reception by officials during his work visits around China....(size: 5.6Kb)
Zeenews
15 Dec 2012
Beijing ... They signed an open letter calling for newly chosen 360 members of the Communist Party's Central Committee to publicly disclose their family assets to rein in corruption ... Guangdong party secretary Wang Yang, who is seen as a leading party voice for reform, also said at the 18th National Party Congress last month that leaders should look for ways to mandate disclosure at provincial level. PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Times of India
15 Dec 2012
BEIJING ... China's major economic plans for 2013 will be mapped out during the Central Economic Work Conference held here today, official media reported ... Xi would formally take over as the President in March ... Xi said at a meeting with government officials and entrepreneurs in Guangdong Province that "we should recognise that adverse domestic and overseas effects will be long-term, complicated and winding ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
15 Dec 2012
Ankaka.com is an online wholesale electronics retailer that has partnered with more than 400 firms in China to ship consumer electronics at discounted prices throughout the globe, ensuring the best deals on the Internet. Shenzhen, GuangDong (PRWEB) December 14, 2012 ... Ankaka.com is a very useful drop-shipping website for one and all and they function to accommodate varied needs of all the customers ... About Ankaka.com....(size: 3.7Kb)
The Star
15 Dec 2012
Traditionally, Chinese tourists have fought shy of visiting the poles, but the countrys rising economic might and higher incomes mean that the numbers are increasing rapidly. BEIJING ... Does it meet environmental protection standards? ... There was just calm water and it was as if nothing had happened, recalled the 31-year-old executive at an investment company in Shenzhen, Guangdong province ... It just sounded too far removed from my life ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
noodls
15 Dec 2012
(Source. Freedom House). CHINA MEDIA BULLETIN. Freedom House's weekly update of press freedom and censorship news related to the People's Republic of China. Issue No. 77 ... *. *. * ... On December 10, newly appointed Communist Party chief Xi Jinping visited the city of Shenzhen in southern Guangdong Province ... The report specifically explores keyword blocking and unblocking surrounding two incidents of unrest in Guangdong Province in December 2011....(size: 23.7Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source ... 2012-12-14. 35th Guangdong-HK Cup - Hong Kong Team Squad List. The Hong Kong Representative Team has selected 29 players as the training squad for preparing the 35th Guangdong-HK Cup. The 1st leg will be held in Huizhou, Guangdong at Guangdong Huizhou Olympic Stadium on 29th December, 2012. The 2nd leg match which will be held on 1st January 2013 at Mongkok Stadium in Hong Kong ... Goalkeepers....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
However, there is still a noticeable gap in minimum wage levels between many inland provinces and Guangdong, the province with the highest number of migrant workers. As such Guangdong could just about afford to abandon its promised increase in the minimum wage this year from the current level of 1,300 yuan per month to around 1,470 yuan, after receiving vociferous objections from the business sector. ....(size: 4.6Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, chats with people in Lianhuashan Park in Shenzhen during his inspection tour of Guangdong province from Dec 7 to 11 ... Since then, Guangdong, which borders Hong Kong and Macao, has evolved into a thriving industrial center ... At the Guangdong Industrial Design City, an industrial park in Shunde, he inspected exhibits featuring the latest designs....(size: 9.8Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Shanghai Municipal Government) ... The Shanghai Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau had no comment. The move comes after a consumer in the southern Guangdong Province filed a lawsuit against Hsu Fu Chi International Ltd, based in Dongguan, Guangdong, in August, accusing the company of producing tainted food products ... He therefore demanded a refund and a compensation of 35.6 yuan ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16956005) ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Sowetan Live
14 Dec 2012
Authorities are calculating how high a fine to impose on the family, described as “rich merchants” in the southern province of Guangdong, state media said on Friday, estimating that it could reach 10 times their annual income ... “The investigation into the case is basically complete.” ... Even so the Guangdong couple’s violation appeared exceptional, not only in the number of children involved but also the various gaps they sought to use ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Not to be confused with Guandong.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) |
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
| Guangdong Province | |||||||||
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| Abbreviations: simplified Chinese: 粤; traditional Chinese: 粵 (pinyin: Yuè, Jyutping: Jyut6, Yale: Yuht) | |||||||||
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| Origin of name | 广 guǎng - "Wide" 东 dōng- "East" Lit. "The Eastern Expanse" |
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| Administration type | Province | ||||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Guangzhou | ||||||||
| CPC Ctte Secretary | Wang Yang | ||||||||
| Governor | Zhu Xiaodan | ||||||||
| Area | 177,900 km2 (68,700 sq mi) (15th) | ||||||||
| - Latitude | 20° 13' to 25° 31' N | ||||||||
| - Longitude | 109° 40' to 117° 20' E | ||||||||
| Population (2010) - Density |
104,303,132 (1st) 536 /km2 (1,390 /sq mi) (7th) |
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| GDP (2011) - per capita |
CNY 5.30 trillion US$ 838.60 billion[1] (1st) CNY 50,295 US$ 7,787 (8th) |
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| HDI (2008) | 0.844 (high) (4th) | ||||||||
| Ethnic composition | Han - 99% Zhuang - 0.7% Yao - 0.2% |
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| Languages and dialects | Cantonese Hakka Teochew Leizhou Putonghua |
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| Prefectural level | 21 divisions | ||||||||
| County level | 121 divisions | ||||||||
| Township level* | 1642 divisions | ||||||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-44 | ||||||||
| Official website http://www.gd.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese characters) |
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| Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
Source for nationalities data:
ISBN 7503747382 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
*As at December 31, 2004ISBN 7105054255 |
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| Simplified Chinese | 广东 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 廣東 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Jyutping | Gwong2 Dung1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Yale | Gwóngdūng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Guǎngdōng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year.[2][3] The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics,[4] Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia.[5] Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
Contents |
Name[link]
"Guang" itself means "expanse" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. "Guangdong" and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean "expanse east" and "expanse west". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Dual-Guangs" (兩廣 liăng guăng). During the Song dynasty, the two Guangs were formally separated as Guangnan Dong lu (廣南東路) and Guangnan Xi lu (廣南西路), which became abbreviated as Guangdong lu (廣東路) and Guangxi lu (廣西路). The modern abbreviation 粤/粵 (Yue) is a shortened form of Baiyue (百越), a collective name for various peoples that lived in southern China in ancient times.
Prior to the introduction of Hanyu Pinyin, the province was known as Kwangtung Province. One should note that Canton, though etymologically derived from a Portuguese transliteration of "Guangdong", refers only to the provincial capital instead of the whole province, as documented by authoritative English dictionaries. The local people of the city of Guangzhou (Canton) and their language are still commonly referred to as Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents and Chinese dialects outside the provincial capital.
History[link]
Guangdong was far away from the centre of ancient Chinese civilization in the north China plain. It was populated by peoples collectively known as the Baiyue, who may have spoken Tai–Kadai languages and been related to the Zhuang people in modern Guangxi.
Chinese administration in the region began with the Qin Dynasty. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, near what is now part of Guangzhou. It used to be independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. The Han Dynasty administered Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam as Jiaozhi Province. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226.
As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong slowly shifted to (Han) Chinese-dominance, especially during several periods of massive migration from the north during periods of political turmoil and/or nomadic incursions from the fall of the Han Dynasty onwards. For example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between 740s-750s and 800s-810s.[6] As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture,[7] or displaced. From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou (Canton), some of them in the tenth century like Mei Zhu in the harem of the Emperor Liu Chang, and in the twelfth century large numbers of Persian women lived there, noted for wearing mulitiple earrings and "quarrelsome dispositions".[8][9] Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhou's foreign quarter, they were all called "Persian women" (波斯婦 Po-ssu-fu or Bosifu).[10]
Together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang Dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit guǎng nán dōng lù in 971 during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). "Guangnan East" is the source of "Guangdong".
As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song Dynasty retreated southwards, eventually ending up in today's Guangdong. The Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (960-1279).
During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, large part of current Guangdong belongs to Jiangxi Province.[11] Its present name, "Guangdong Province" was given in early Ming Dynasty.
Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou. Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557.
In the 19th century, the opium traded through Guangzhou triggered the First Opium War, opening an era of foreign incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then a Portuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kwang-Chou-Wan to the French.
Guangdong was also the major port of exit for labourers to Southeast Asia and the West in the 19th century, i.e. United States and Canada. As a result, many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong. The Cantonese language therefore has proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than mainland Chinese. In the US, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese (or Toishanese).
During the 1850s, the Taiping Rebellion, whose leader Hong Xiuquan was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, became a widespread civil war in southern China. Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the center of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-sen, was also from Guangdong.
During the early 1920s of the Republic of China, Guangdong was the staging area for Kuomintang (KMT) to prepare for the Northern Expedition, an effort to bring the various warlords of China back under the central government. Whampoa Military Academy was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders.
In recent years, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong, which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.
In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. Hainan Island was originally part of Guangdong but it was separated as its own province in 1988.
Geography[link]
Guangdong faces the South China Sea to the south and has a total of 4,300 km of coastline. Leizhou Peninsula is on the southwestern end of the province. There are a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula. The Pearl River Delta is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the East River, North River, and West River. The river delta is filled with hundreds of small islands. The province is geographically separated from the north by a few mountain ranges collectively called the Southern Mountain Range (南岭). The highest peak in the province is Shikengkong 1,902 meters above sea level.
Guangdong borders Fujian province to the northeast, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces to the north, Guangxi autonomous region to the west, and Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions to the south. Hainan province is offshore across from the Leizhou Peninsula. Certain of the Pratas Islands which have traditionally been regarded as part of Guangdong Province are administered by the Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan.[12]
Cities around the Pearl River Delta include Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Shunde, Taishan, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Other cities in the province include Chaozhou, Chenghai, Kaiping, Nanhai, Shantou, Shaoguan, Xinhui, Zhanjiang, Zhaoqing, Yangjiang and Yunfu.
Guangdong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa inland, Cwa along the coast), though nearing a tropical climate in the far south. Winters are short, mild, and relatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and very wet. Average daily highs in Guangzhou in January and July are 18 °C (64 °F) and 33 °C (91 °F) respectively, although the humidity makes it feel much hotter in summer. Frost is rare on the coast but may happen a few days each winter well inland.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Guangdong
This is a trend of official estimates of the gross domestic product of the Province of Guangdong with figures in millions of Chinese Yuan:
| Year | Gross domestic product |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 24,521 |
| 1985 | 55,305 |
| 1990 | 140,184 |
| 1995 | 538,132 |
| 2000 | 966,223 |
| 2008 | 3,570,000 |
| 2009 | 3,908,159 |
| 2010 | 4,596,300 |
After the communist revolution and until the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms in 1978, Guangdong was an economic backwater, although a large underground, service-based economy has always existed. Economic development policies encouraged industrial development in the interior provinces which were weakly joined to Guangdong via transportation links. The government policy of economic autarchy made Guangdong's access to the ocean irrelevant.[citation needed]
Deng Xiaoping's open door policy radically changed the economy of the province as it was able to take advantage of its access to the ocean, proximity to Hong Kong, and historical links to overseas Chinese. In addition, until the 1990s when the Chinese taxation system was reformed, the province benefited from the relatively low rate of taxation placed on it by the central government due to its post-Liberation status of being economically backward.[citation needed]
Guangdong's economic boom began with the early 1990s and has since spread to neighboring provinces, and also pulled their populations inward. The economic growth of Guangdong province owes much to the low-value added manufacturing which characterized (and in many ways still defines) the province's economy following Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Guangdong is not only China's largest exporter of goods, it is the country's largest importer as well.[13]
The province is now one of the richest in the nation, with the most billionaires in mainland China, [14], the highest GDP among all the provinces, although wage growth has only recently begun to rise due to a large influx of migrant workers from neighboring provinces. In 2011, Guangdong's aggregate nominal GDP reached 5.30 trillion RMB (US$838.60 billion) with a per capita GDP of 47,689 RMB.[15] By 2015, the local government of Guangdong hopes that the service industry will account for more than 50% of the provinces GDP and high-tech manufacturing another 20%.[13]
In 2009, Guangdong's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 201 billion yuan, 1.93 trillion yuan, and 1.78 trillion yuan respectively.[5] Its per capita GDP reached 40,748 yuan (about US$5,965).[16] Guangdong contributes approximately 12% of the total national economic output.[17] Now, it has three of the six Special Economic Zones: Shenzhen, Shantou and Zhuhai. The affluence of Guangdong, however, remains very much concentrated near the Pearl River Delta.
In 2008 its foreign trade also grew 7.8% from the previous year and is also by far the largest of all of China. By numbers, Guangdong's foreign trade accounts for more than a quarter of China's US$2.56 trillion foreign trade or roughly US$683 billion.[18]
Economic and technological development zones[link]
- Foshan National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone[19]
- Guangzhou Development District
- Guangzhou Export Processing Zone
- Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
- Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technical Development Zone
- Guangzhou Nanhu Lake Tourist Holiday Resort (Chinese Version)
- Guangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Huizhou Dayawan Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Huizhou Export Processing Zone
- Huizhou Zhongkai Hi-Tech Development Zone
- Shantou Free Trade Zone
- Shatoujiao Free Trade Zone
- Shenzhen Export Processing Zone
- Shenzhen Futian Free Trade Zone[20]
- Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park
- Yantian Port Free Trade Zone
- Zhanjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese Version)
- Zhuhai National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
- Zhongshan Torch High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Demographics[link]
Guangdong officially became the most populous province in January 2005.[2][3] Official statistics had traditionally placed Guangdong as the 4th most populous province of China with about 80 million people (also, Sichuan, traditionally the most populous province, was divided into Sichuan and Chongqing in 1997) but recently released information suggests that there are an additional 30 million migrants who reside in Guangdong for at least six months every year, making it the most populous province with a population of more than 110 million.[21] The massive influx of migrants from other provinces, dubbed the "floating population", is due to Guangdong's booming economy and high demand for labor.
Guangdong is also the ancestral home of large numbers of overseas Chinese. Most of the railroad laborers in Canada, Western United States and Panama in the 19th century came from Guangdong. Many people from the region also travelled to the US / California during the gold rush of 1849, and also to Australia during its gold rush a decade or so later. Emigration in recent years has slowed with economic prosperity, but this province is still a major source of immigrants to North America and elsewhere in the world.
The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese. Within the Han Chinese, the largest subgroup in Guangdong are the Cantonese people. Two other major groups are the Teochew people in Chaoshan and the Hakka people in Huizhou, Meizhou, Heyuan, Shaoguan and Zhanjiang. There is a small Yao population in the north. Other smaller minority groups include She, Miao, Li, and Zhuang.
Guangdong has a highly unbalanced gender ratio that is among the highest of all provinces in China. According to a 2009 study published in the British Medical Journal, in the 1-4 age group, there are over 130 boys for every 100 girls.[22]
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Guangdong and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Guangdong is governed by a dual-party system like the rest of China. The premier is in charge of provincial affairs; however, the Party Secretary keeps things in check.
Relations with Hong Kong and Macau[link]
Hong Kong and Macau, while historically parts of Guangdong before becoming colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, are special administrative regions (SARs). Furthermore, the Basic Laws of both SARs explicitly forbid provincial governments from intervening in local politics. As a result, many issues with Hong Kong and Macau, such as border policy and water rights, have been settled by negotiations between the SARs' governments and the Guangdong provincial government.
Media[link]
Guangdong and the greater Guangzhou area is served by several Radio Guangdong stations and Guangdong TV. There is an English programme produced by Radio Guangdong which broadcasts information about this region to the entire world through the WRN Broadcast.
Culture[link]
See also: Music of Guangdong
The central region, which is also the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by Cantonese speakers, though the influx in the last three decades of millions of Mandarin-speaking immigrants has diminished Cantonese linguistic dominance somewhat. This region is associated with Cantonese cuisine (simplified Chinese: 粤菜; traditional Chinese: 粵菜). Cantonese opera (simplified Chinese: 粤剧; traditional Chinese: 粵劇) is a form of Chinese opera popular in Cantonese speaking areas. Related Yue dialects are spoken in most of the western half of the province.
The area comprising the cities of Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang in coastal east Guangdong, known as Chaoshan, forms its own cultural sphere. The Teochew people here, alongside with Hailufeng people in Shanwei, speak Teochew (simplified Chinese: 潮语, traditional Chinese: 潮語), which is a Min dialect closely related to Min-nan and their cuisine is Teochew cuisine (simplified Chinese: 潮州菜; traditional Chinese: 潮州菜). Teochew opera (simplified Chinese: 潮剧, traditional Chinese: 潮劇) is also very famous with a unique form.
The Hakka people live in large areas of Guangdong, including Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Shaoguan and other areas. Much of the Eastern part of Guangdong is populated by the Hakka people except for the Chaozhou and Hailufeng area. Hakka culture include Hakka cuisine (客家菜), Han opera (simplified Chinese: 汉剧; traditional Chinese: 漢劇), Hakka Hanyue and sixian (traditional instrumental music) and Hakka folk songs (客家山歌).
Zhanjiang area in southern Guangdong is populated by Hai'nan dialect (or Leizhou dialect as referred locally) speakers, Cantonese and Hakka are also spoken there.
Mandarin is the language used in education and government and in areas where there are migrants from other provinces, above all in Shenzhen. Cantonese maintains a strong position in common usage and media, even in eastern areas of the province where the local dialects are non-Yue ones.
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
National[link]
- Jinan University (Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, Zhuhai)
- Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (廣東外語外貿大學)（since 1965）(Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- South China Agricultural University (華南農業大學) (founded 1909) (Guangzhou)
- South China University of Technology (Guangzhou)
Provincial[link]
- Dongguan Institute of Technology
- Dongguan University of Technology (Dongguan)
- Foshan University (Guangzhou, Foshan)
- Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts (廣州美術學院)
- Guangdong Ocean University (廣東海洋大學)
- Guangdong University of Business Studies (廣東商學院)
- Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology (廣東省科技干部學院)
- Guangzhou Medical College (廣州醫學院)
- Guangzhou Normal University
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (廣東藥學院)
- Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University (廣東技術師范學院)
- Guangzhou Sports University (廣州體育學院)
- Guangdong University of Technology (廣東工業大學)
- Guangzhou University (廣州大學)
- Hanshan Teachers College
- Huizhou University
- Guangdong Education and Research Network
- Guangzhou Education College
- Guangdong Institute of Education
- Guangdong Medical College
- Guangdong General Hospital
- Guangdong Petrochemical Academy
- Guangdong Radio & TV. University
- Panyu Polytechnic
- Shaoguan University
- Shenzhen Party School
- Shantou University (Shantou)
- Shenzhen University (Shenzhen)
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shunde University (Shunde)
- South China Normal University (華南師范大學)
- Southern Medical University
- Xijiang University
- Xinghai Conservatory of Music (星海音樂學院)
- Zhanjiang Normal University
- Zhaoqing University (肇慶大學)
- Zhongkai Agrotechnical College (仲愷農業技術學院) (founded 1927)
- Wuyi University (五邑大學)
Sports[link]
List of current professional sports clubs based in Guangdong:
Tourism[link]
Notable attractions include Danxia Mountain, Yuexiu Hill in Guangzhou, Star Lake and the Seven Star Crags, Dinghu Mountain, and the Zhongshan Sun Wen Memorial Park for Sun Yat-sen in Zhongshan.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Guangdong and List of township-level divisions of Guangdong
| Map | # | Name | Administrative Seat | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Population (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||
| — Sub-provincial city — | |||||
| 9 | Guangzhou | Yuexiu District | 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì |
12,700,800 | |
| 21 | Shenzhen | Futian District | 深圳市 Shēnzhèn Shì |
10,357,938 | |
| — Prefecture-level city — | |||||
| 1 | Qingyuan | Qingcheng District | 清远市 Qīngyuǎn Shì |
3,698,394 | |
| 2 | Shaoguan | Zhenjiang District | 韶关市 Sháoguān Shì |
2,826,612 | |
| 3 | Heyuan | Yuancheng District | 河源市 Héyuán Shì |
2,953,019 | |
| 4 | Meizhou | Meijiang District | 梅州市 Méizhōu Shì |
4,240,139 | |
| 5 | Chaozhou | Fengxi District | 潮州市 Cháozhōu Shì |
2,669,844 | |
| 6 | Zhaoqing | Duanzhou District | 肇庆市 Zhàoqìng Shì |
3,918,085 | |
| 7 | Yunfu | Yuncheng District | 云浮市 Yúnfú Shì |
2,360,128 | |
| 8 | Foshan | Chancheng District | 佛山市 Fóshān Shì |
7,194,311 | |
| 10 | Dongguan | Dongguan (Nancheng District) |
东莞市 Dōngguǎn Shì |
8,220,237 | |
| 11 | Huizhou | Huicheng District | 惠州市 Hùizhōu Shì |
4,597,002 | |
| 12 | Shanwei | Chengqu District | 汕尾市 Shànwěi Shì |
2,935,717 | |
| 13 | Jieyang | Rongcheng District | 揭阳市 Jiēyáng Shì |
5,877,025 | |
| 14 | Shantou | Jinping District | 汕头市 Shàntóu Shì |
5,391,028 | |
| 15 | Zhanjiang | Chikan District | 湛江市 Zhànjiāng Shì |
6,993,304 | |
| 16 | Maoming | Maonan District | 茂名市 Màomíng Shì |
5,817,753 | |
| 17 | Yangjiang | Jiangcheng District | 阳江市 Yángjiāng Shì |
2,421,812 | |
| 18 | Jiangmen | Pengjiang District | 江门市 Jiāngmén Shì |
4,448,871 | |
| 19 | Zhongshan | Zhongshan (Dongqu District) |
中山市 Zhōngshān Shì |
3,120,884 | |
| 20 | Zhuhai | Xiangzhou District | 珠海市 Zhūhǎi Shì |
1,560,229 | |
The above division govern, in total, 49 districts, 30 county-level cities, 42 counties, and three autonomous counties. For county-level divisions, see the list of administrative divisions of Guangdong.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "China’s Provincial GDP Figures in 2011 | China Briefing News". China-briefing.com. 27 January 2012. http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2012/01/27/chinas-provincial-gdp-figures-in-2011.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b English people.com.cn
- ^ a b "Chinadaily.com". Chinadaily.com. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/29/content_413299.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "preliminary statistics of Guangdong'GDP in 2009". 210.76.64.38. http://210.76.64.38/tjsj/gmjjhs/jdgnsczz/t20100125_72869.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b "GDP of 31 provinces in China released". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 26 February 2010. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/98505/6903538.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "nhyz.org". nhyz.org. http://www.nhyz.org/yxx/jxzy/zy/zy48.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ USA. "pubmedcentral.nih.gov". pubmedcentral.nih.gov. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11836649. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ Walter Joseph Fischel (1951). Semitic and Oriental studies: a volume presented to William Popper, professor of Semitic languages, emeritus, on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, October 29, 1949. University of California Press. p. 407. http://books.google.com/books?id=v68NAAAAIAAJ&q=persian+harem+southern+han&dq=persian+harem+southern+han&hl=en&ei=CesrTJzhD8OclgfClKXHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ University of California (1868-1952), University of California (System), University of California, Berkeley (1951). University of California publications in Semitic philology, Volumes 11-12. University of California Press. p. 407. http://books.google.com/books?ei=CesrTJzhD8OclgfClKXHCQ&ct=result&id=zucsAQAAIAAJ&dq=persian+harem+southern+han&q=persian+harem+liu+ch%27ang+southern+han. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1928). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 34. http://books.google.com/books?ei=TUtTTZvCLcL6lwfv-rmNCg&ct=result&id=rBIUAQAAMAAJ&dq=a+young+Persian+woman%2C+whom+he+doted+upon+so+much&q=persian+woman. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
- ^ Zhang Tingyu, et al. (1739). "History of Ming". Vol. 45, Records XXI, Geography VI: 廣東《禹貢》揚州之域及揚州徼外。元置廣東道宣慰使司，治廣州路。屬江西行中書省。
- ^ "Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands - The China Post 22 June 2009". Chinapost.com.tw. 22 June 2009. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/22/213223/Sovereignty-over.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Guangdong Province: Economic News and Statistics for Guangdong's Economy". Thechinaperspective.com. http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangdong-province/. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ 19:46 (GMT+8) (10 November 2010). "Guangdong Has Most Billionaires in China｜Economy｜Topics｜WantChinaTimes.com". Wantchinatimes.com. http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1302&MainCatID=13&id=20101110000174. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Three provinces lower GDP targets". Chinadaily.com.cn. 14 February 2011. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-02/14/content_12004550.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "经统计局核定2009年广东省人均GDP接近6000美元". Gov.cn. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/24/content_1518268.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "02-04-2006". News.xinhuanet.com. 4 February 2006. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/04/content_4133837.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Guangdong reports 20% foreign trade growth". Chinadaily.com.cn. 13 January 2008. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-01/13/content_6389962.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone". RightSite.asia. http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/foshan-hi-tech-development-zone/. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Shenzhen Futian Free Trade Zone". RightSite.asia. http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/shenzhen-futian-free-trade-zone/. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "media163". media163. http://media.163.com/05/0201/11/1BGKCSFN0014183O.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "China’s excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey - Zhu et al. 338". bmj.com. http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b1211.full. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- Economic data
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Guangdong |
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Look up guangdong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Guangdong provincial government official website
- Guangdong Statistical Yearbook
- Guangdong travel guide from Wikitravel
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong
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"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China[note 1]
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
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| Anthem: March of the Volunteers 《義勇軍進行曲》 |
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 View at night from Victoria Peak
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| Official language(s) | Chinese, English[note 2] | |||||
| Spoken languages | Cantonese, English | |||||
| Writing systems | Traditional Chinese, English alphabet | |||||
| Demonym | Hong Konger | |||||
| Government | Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | |||||
| - | Chief Executive | Donald Tsang | ||||
| - | Chief Executive-elect | CY Leung | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Geoffrey Ma | ||||
| - | President of the Legislative Council |
Jasper Tsang | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Council | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Treaty of Nanking | 29 August 1842 | ||||
| - | Japanese occupation | 25 December 1941 – 15 August 1945 |
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| - | Conveyance from British sovereignty to Chinese sovereignty | 1 July 1997 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,104 km2 (179th) 426 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 4.58 (50 km²; 19 mi²)[3] | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 census | 7,061,200[4] | ||||
| - | Density | 6,480[5]/km2 (4th) 16,576/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $351.119 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $49,137[6] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $243.302 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $34,049[6] | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 43.4[7] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.898[8] (very high) (13th) |
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| Currency | Hong Kong dollar (HKD) |
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| Time zone | HKT (UTC+8) | |||||
| Date formats | yyyy年m月d日 (Chinese) dd-mm-yyyy (English) |
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| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hk and .香港 | |||||
| Calling code | +852 | |||||
| Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 香港 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Jyutping | Hoeng1gong2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Yale | Hēunggóng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Xiānggǎng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Fragrant harbour | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 香港特別行政區 (or 香港特區) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 香港特别行政区 (or 香港特区) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Hong Kong[note 3] (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state[9] situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea,[10] it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.[11] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups.[12] Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.[13]
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty.[14][15] The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era.[16] The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West",[17] and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England[18] until reforms implemented in 2009.[19]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems", Hong Kong has a different political system from mainland China.[20] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions under the common law framework.[21][22] Hong Kong Basic Law, its constitutional document, stipulates that Hong Kong shall have a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign relations and military defence, governs its political system.[23][24] Although it has a burgeoning multi-party system, a small-circle electorate[clarification needed] controls half of its legislature. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the head of government, is selected by a Selection Committee / Election Committee with 400 to 1200 members, during the first 20 years.[25] [26][27] [28]
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and the currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.[29] The lack of space caused demand for denser constructions, which developed the city to a centre for modern architecture and the world's most vertical city.[30][31] Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita income in the world.[6] The dense space also led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport travelling rate exceeding 90 percent,[32] the highest in the world.[33] Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom, financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life, corruption perception, Human Development Index, etc., are all ranked highly.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] According to both UN and WHO estimates, Hong Kong has the second longest life expectancy of any country in the world. [41][42]
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Etymology[link]
The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name "香港", meaning "fragrant harbour".[43] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet – now Aberdeen Harbour or 香港仔 hoeng1 gong2 zai2 "Little Hong Kong" – between the Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[44]
The reference to fragrance may refer to the harbour waters sweetened by the fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored around Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of Victoria Harbour.[43] In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed, and the name Hong Kong was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.[45]
History[link]
Main article: History of Hong Kong
Pre-colonial[link]
Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Paleolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China.[51]
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue.[52][53][54] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed.[55] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty.[56]
During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center. In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region.[57] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty.[58] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Bing of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen. Hau Wong, an official of the emperor is still worshipped in Hong Kong today.[59]
The earliest recorded European visitor was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513.[60][61] After establishing settlements in the region, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. At the same time, they invaded and built up military fortifications in Tuen Mun. Military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of the Portuguese. In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order banned maritime activities and prevented contact with foreigners; it also restricted local sea activity.[59] In 1661–69, the territory was affected by the Great Clearance ordered by Kangxi Emperor, which required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong. It is recorded that about 16,000 persons from Xin'an County were driven inland, and 1,648 of those who left are said to have returned when the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.[62] What is now the territory of Hong Kong became largely wasteland during the ban.[63] In 1685, Kangxi became the first emperor to open limited trading with foreigners, which started with the Canton territory. He also imposed strict terms for trades such as requiring foreign traders to live in restricted areas, staying only for the trading seasons, banning firearms, and trading with silver only.[64] The East India Company made the first sea venture to China in 1699, and the region's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after. In 1711, the company established its first trading post in Canton. By 1773, the British reached a landmark 1,000 chests of opium in Canton with China consuming 2,000 chests annually by 1799.[64]
British colonial era[link]
Main articles: British Hong Kong, History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1870-1876)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1876-1910)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1910-1959)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong (Unofficial Red ensign for Hong Kong used in between 1959 to prior the Handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997)
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In 1839, the refusal by Qing Dynasty authorities to import opium resulted in the First Opium War between China and Britain. Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces on 20 January 1841 and was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan, but the agreement was never ratified due to a dispute between high ranking officials in both governments.[65] It was not until 29 August 1842 that the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Nanking. The British established a crown colony with the founding of Victoria City the following year.[66]
Under British rule, the population of Hong Kong island had increased from 7,450 Chinese residents, mostly fishermen, in 1841 to over 115,000 Chinese and 8,754 Europeans in Hong Kong (including Kowloon) in 1870.[67]
In 1860, after China's defeat in the Second Opium War, the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter's Island were ceded in perpetuity to Britain under the Convention of Peking.
In 1894, the deadly Third Pandemic of bubonic plague spread from China to Hong Kong, causing 50,000–100,000 deaths.[68]
In 1898, under the terms of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the New Territories.[69] Hong Kong's territory has remained unchanged to the present.[70][71]
During the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong was a free port, serving as an entrepôt of the British Empire. The British introduced an education system based on their own model, while the local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy tai-pans settled near Victoria Peak.[69]
Japanese invasion[link]
In conjunction with its military campaign, the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong on 8 December 1941.[72] The Battle of Hong Kong ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on 25 December.[73] During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, civilians suffered widespread food shortages, rationing, and hyper-inflation due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Through a policy of enforced repatriation of the unemployed to the mainland throughout the period, because of the scarcity of food, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony.[74]
Cold war era[link]
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Granted by the College of Arms on 21 January 1959, the Blue Ensign colonial flag and coat of arms of Hong Kong were used by British Hong Kong during 1959–1997.
File:Flag of Immigration Department, 1988-1997.gif
Flag of British Hong Kong Immigration Department,1988-1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of migrants from China arrived for refuge from the ongoing Chinese Civil War. When the PRC was proclaimed in 1949, more migrants fled to Hong Kong for fear of persecution by the Communist Party.[69] Many corporations in Shanghai and Guangzhou shifted their operations to Hong Kong.[69]
In the 1950s, Hong Kong's rapid industrialization was driven by textile exports and other expanded manufacturing industries. As the population grew and labour costs remained low, living standards rose steadily. [75] The construction of Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 followed a massive slum fire, and marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme designed to cope with the huge influx of immigrants. Trade in Hong Kong accelerated even further when Shenzhen, immediately north of Hong Kong, became a special economic zone of the PRC, and Hong Kong was established as the main source of foreign investment in China.[76] The manufacturing competitiveness gradually declined in Hong Kong due to the development of the manufacturing industry in southern China beginning in the early 1980s. By contrast, the service industry in Hong Kong experienced high rates of growth in the 1980s and 1990s after absorbing workers released from the manufacturing industry.[77]
Throughout the British colonial era, Hong Kong was industrialized and improved in all aspects from its economy to its health care system. Many health facilities were built for its citizens, for example the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Hospital. Many changes happened during this era shaped the future of Hong Kong. In the year 1983, when the United Kingdom reclassified Hong Kong from a British crown colony to a dependent territory, the governments of the United Kingdom and China were already discussing the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty due to the impending expiry (within two decades) of the lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration – an agreement to transfer sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997 – was signed.[69] It stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a special administrative region, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, which is based on the English law would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990.[69]
Since 1997[link]
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Left:Old British passports issued to Hong Kong citizens. Right:The British National (Overseas) passport issued to residents of Hong Kong prior 1997, holders are British nationals and Commonwealth citizens, but not British Citizens.
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty from United Kingdom to the PRC occurred, officially ending 156 years of British colonial rule. Hong Kong became China's first special administrative region, and Tung Chee Hwa took office as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. That same year, Hong Kong suffered an economic double blow from the Asian financial crisis and the H5N1 avian influenza.[69] In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[78][79] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.[80] An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.[81]
On 10 March 2005, Tung Chee Hwa announced his resignation as Chief Executive due to "health problems".[82] Donald Tsang, the Chief Secretary for Administration at the time, entered the 2005 election unopposed and became the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005.[83] In 2007, Tsang won the Chief Executive election and continued his second term in office.[84]
In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the fifth East Asian Games, in which nine national teams competed. It was the first and largest international multi-sport event ever held in the territory.[85] Today, Hong Kong continues to serve as an important global financial centre, but faces uncertainty over its future due to the growing mainland China economy, and its relationship with the PRC government in areas such as democratic reform and universal suffrage.[86]
Governance[link]
In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and the underlying principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong has a "high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region in all areas except defence and foreign affairs."[note 4] The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the 1997 handover.[note 5] The guarantees over the territory's autonomy and the individual rights and freedoms are enshrined in a constitution, the Hong Kong Basic Law(formed based on the Common law of England), which outlines the system of governance of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, but which is subject to the interpretation of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[87][88]
The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, the civil service, the Legislative Council, and the Judiciary. The Executive Council is headed by the Chief Executive who is elected by the Election Committee and then appointed by the Central People's Government.[89][90] The civil service is a politically neutral body that implements policies and provides government services, where public servants are appointed based on meritocracy.[26][91] The Legislative Council has 60 members, half of whom are directly elected by universal suffrage by permanent residents of Hong Kong according to five geographical constituencies. The other half, known as functional constituencies, are directly elected by a smaller electorate, which consists of corporate bodies and persons from various stipulated functional sectors. The entire council is headed by the President of the Legislative Council who serves as the speaker.[92][93] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.[21][94]
The implementation of the Basic Law, including how and when the universal suffrage promised therein is to be achieved, has been a major issue of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law, which required the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government, was met with fierce opposition, and eventually shelved.[23][95][96] Debate between pro-Beijing groups, which tend to support the Executive branch, and the Pan-democracy camp characterises Hong Kong's political scene, with the latter supporting a faster pace of democratisation, and the principle of one man, one vote.[97]
In 2004, the government failed to gain pan-democrat support to pass its so-called "district council model" for political reform.[98] In 2009, the government reissued the proposals as the "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012". The document proposed the enlargement of the Election Committee, Hong Kong's electoral college, from 800 members to 1,200 in 2012 and expansion of the legislature from 60 to 70 seats. The 10 new legislative seats would consist of five geographical constituency seats and five functional constituency seats, to be voted in by elected district council members from among themselves.[99] The proposals were destined for rejection by pan-democrats once again, but a significant breakthrough occurred after the Central People's Government accepted a counter-proposal by the Democratic Party. In particular, the Pan-democracy camp was split when the proposal to directly elect five newly created functional seats was not acceptable to two constituent parties. The Democratic Party sided with the government for the first time since the handover and passed the proposals with a vote of 46–12.[100]
Legal system and judiciary[link]
Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
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Statue of Themis on the Legislative Council Building.
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The Court of Final Appeal in Central is the supreme court of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of Mainland China. In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.[101] Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents,[21][102] and judges from other common law jurisdictions are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.[21][102]
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.[103] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.[103] Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.[21][102]
The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.[101] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.[101] As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.[104] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.[105][106]
Human rights[link]
Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's Basic law is based on the English law and so in general, Hong Kong is perceived to enjoy a high level of civil liberties.[107] The Hong Kong government generally respect the human rights of the citizens, although core issues remain.[108] There are concerns over the freedom of assembly which is restricted by the Public Order Ordinance. The police has been occasionally accused of using heavy-handed tactics towards protestors[109] and questions are asked towards the extensive powers of the police.[110] As to the right of privacy, covert surveillance remains the major concern.[111] There is a lack of protection for gay men and lesbians due to the absence of a sexual orientation discrimination law, though there are currently no laws that criminalize homosexuality per se.[112] There are also comments regarding a lack of protection for labour rights.[108]
Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations than under the rest of China.[113]
Administrative districts[link]
Statistics
| New Territories | |||
| No. | District | Population[114] | Area[115] |
| 1. | Islands | 138,900 | 175.03 km2 (67.58 sq mi) |
| 2. | Kwai Tsing | 510,300 | 21.82 km2 (8.42 sq mi) |
| 3. | North | 287,700 | 137.31 km2 (53.02 sq mi) |
| 4. | Sai Kung | 407,300 | 136.39 km2 (52.66 sq mi) |
| 5. | Sha Tin | 606,700 | 69.46 km2 (26.82 sq mi) |
| 6. | Tai Po | 292,700 | 147.42 km2 (56.92 sq mi) |
| 7. | Tsuen Wan | 292,300 | 60.7 km2 (23.44 sq mi) |
| 8. | Tuen Mun | 493,800 | 84.45 km2 (32.61 sq mi) |
| 9. | Yuen Long | 533,300 | 138.43 km2 (53.45 sq mi) |
| Kowloon | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 10. | Kowloon City | 359,400 | 9.97 km2 (3.85 sq mi) |
| 11. | Kwun Tong | 579,400 | 11.05 km2 (4.27 sq mi) |
| 12. | Sham Shui Po | 365,600 | 9.48 km2 (3.66 sq mi) |
| 13. | Wong Tai Sin | 421,900 | 9.36 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
| 14. | Yau Tsim Mong | 285,300 | 6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi) |
| Hong Kong Island | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 15. | Central and Western | 253,100 | 12.52 km2 (4.83 sq mi) |
| 16. | Eastern | 588,700 | 18.81 km2 (7.26 sq mi) |
| 17. | Southern | 275,700 | 38.95 km2 (15.04 sq mi) |
| 18. | Wan Chai | 155,700 | 10.02 km2 (3.87 sq mi) |
Main article: Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong has a unitary system of government; no local government has existed since the two municipal councils were abolished in 2000. As such there is no formal definition for its cities and towns. Administratively, Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts, each represented by a district council which advises the government on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities, and environmental improvements.[116]
There are a total of 534 district council seats, 405 of which are elected; the rest are appointed by the Chief Executive and 27 ex officio chairmen of rural committees.[116] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.[117]
Military[link]
Main articles: Royal Hong Kong Regiment, Hong Kong Military Service Corps, and British Forces Overseas Hong Kong
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Coat of Arms of the Royal Hong Kong Regiment(UK)
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Badge of the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force.gif
Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force(UK)
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HKMSC.jpg
Hong Kong Military Service Corps(UK)
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The Cenotaph of Hong Kong.Constructed in 1923 and located between Statue Square and the City Hall in Central, Hong Kong,[1] commemorates the dead in the First and Second World War[2] that served in Hong Kong in the Royal Navy, British Army and Royal Air Force.
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When Hong Kong was a British colony and later, a dependent territory, defence was provided by the British military under the command of the Governor of Hong Kong who was ex officio Commander-in-chief.[118] Most of the members of the British Forces in Hong Kong were from Britain but there were locally enlisted personnel (LEP) who served as regular British Forces members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy as well as the Hong Kong Military Service Corps. The Royal Hong Kong Regiment a military unit part of the Hong Kong Government, trained and organised along timelines of British Territorial Army and supported by British Army personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, are seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members have been local citizens of Chinese descent. The Hong Kong Military Service Corps maintained its reputation for loyalty and military skill at the highest level, often outshining British and Gurkha troops based in Hong Kong. The HKMSC Shooting Team won the Team and Individual champion pistol shot a number of times at RASAAM (the Regular Army Skill at Arms Meeting) at Bisley, in the UK, and in 1992 a Training Company team representing the HQ and Depot HKMSC won the Dragon Cup for military skills (outperforming the Queen's Gurkha Signals in signalling and the British Military Hospital team in first aid); the competition was not held again.
The HKMSC reached a peak strength of 1,200 men, providing the British garrison in Hong Kong with supporting personnel. All HKMSC soldiers were basically trained in Hong Kong and from time to time attended upgrading and trade courses in the United Kingdom. HKMSC soldiers who were posted to and served with other non-HKMSC units, wore the other units' cap badge. Unit personnel were enlisted as officers and drivers in 29 Squadron, Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) based in Gun Club Hill Barracks. It provided crews for 415 Maritime Troop based on Stonecutters' Island, dog handlers in the Defence Animal Support Unit (DASU) of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC) based in Sek Kong, officer instructors in the Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC), officers and clerks in the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC), technicians in the Royal Signals (R Sigs) of the Queen's Gurkha Signals (QGS) and engineers and armourers in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). The HKMC trained physical training instructors (PTI) in the Army Physical Training Corps (APTC), medics in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) based in the British Military Hospital (BMH), military police in the Royal Military Police (RMP), helicopter support crews in 660 Squadron Army Air Corps (AAC) based at Sek Kong Airfield, cooks in the Army Catering Corps (ACC), Weapons and Supplies Storekeepers in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and intelligence staff in the Intelligence Corps. They also provided interpreters, clerks, Regimental Police and light-infantry personnel in Dragon Company of the General Service Corps (GSC) headquartered in Osborn Baracks, Kowloon Tong. The HKMSC offered Hong Kong Chinese soldiers the opportunity to pursue a full career in the British Regular Army up to and including a Queen's Commissioned officer rank of the General List (HKMSC). As all members of the HKMSC were British Regular Army soldiers, they received a Regular Army Service Record Book when they left the army. Many of them had also been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (LS&GC) after 15 years of good and loyal service. British gallantry awards, Orders, Decorations and Medal Ribbons had also been presented to some HKMSC soldiers; such as the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM), the British Empire Medal (BEM), Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) and the Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
When the PRC assumed sovereignty in 1997, the British barracks were replaced by a garrison of the People's Liberation Army, comprising ground, naval, and air forces, and under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission.
The Hong Kong Basic Law is formed based on the Common law of England and it protects local civil affairs against interference by the garrison, and members of the garrison are subject to Hong Kong laws. The Hong Kong Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order; however, it may ask the PRC government for help from the garrison in maintaining public order and in disaster relief. The PRC government is responsible for the costs of maintaining the garrison.[23][119]
Geography and climate[link]
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory's 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km2 (407 sq mi) is land and 50 km2 (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 179th largest inhabited territory in the world.[3][10]
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.[120] Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.[121] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[122] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.[123] On September 18, 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.[124]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,[125] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.[126] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.[127]
Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Summer is when typhoons are most likely, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[128] Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[129] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), respectively.[130]
| Climate data for Hong Kong (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.24 (73.84) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 24.7 (0.972) |
54.4 (2.142) |
82.2 (3.236) |
174.7 (6.878) |
304.7 (11.996) |
456.1 (17.957) |
376.5 (14.823) |
432.2 (17.016) |
327.6 (12.898) |
100.9 (3.972) |
37.6 (1.48) |
26.8 (1.055) |
2,398.4 (94.425) |
| % humidity | 74 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 78.0 |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.37 | 9.07 | 10.90 | 12.00 | 14.67 | 19.07 | 17.60 | 16.93 | 14.67 | 7.43 | 5.47 | 4.47 | 137.65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.0 | 94.2 | 90.8 | 101.7 | 140.4 | 146.1 | 212.0 | 188.9 | 172.3 | 193.9 | 180.1 | 172.2 | 1,835.6 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory [131] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010.[29] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world’s greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism.[132] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.[133][134][135] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region,[136] and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.[137][138][139]
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009.[140] In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world [141] and the easiest place to raise capital.[142] Hong Kong's currency is the Hong Kong dollar, which has been pegged to the U.S. dollar since 1983.[143]
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.[144] Since then, it has grown to become a leading center for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.[142]
Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.[145][146] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[132]
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong’s economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.[142] Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,[147] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.[148] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,[149] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world’s second busiest container port and the world’s busiest airport for international cargo.[142] Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.[150] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.[151] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.[3]
As of 2010, Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.[152] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.[153] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.[154] General principle No. 5 of the Basic Law of the SAR suggests that the CPC expects that it shall have brought the economic system of the Mainland and Hong Kong into harmony by 2047, by which time the Chinese economy is predicted by Businessweek to have been the largest by any measure of GDP for decades.[155]
Demographics[link]
The territory's population is 7.03 million. In 2009, Hong Kong had a birth rate of 11.7 per 1,000 population and a fertility rate of 1,032 children per 1,000 women.[156] Residents from mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory freely.[95] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".[157] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 79.16 years for males and 84.79 years for females as of 2009, making it one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[3]
About 95% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,[12] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.[13] The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.[12] There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Europeans (mostly British), Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.[note 6] In 2008, there were an estimate of 252,500 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and the Philippines working in Hong Kong.[159]
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.[160] English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language.[161] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater integration with the mainland economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.[162]
A majority of residents of Hong Kong would claim no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.[163] According to the U.S Department of State only 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion.[164] Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion,[165][166] and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion.[167] In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum[168] [169]
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.[164] A Christian community of around 600,000 forms about 8% of the total population;[170][171] it is nearly equally divided between Catholics and Protestants, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-Day Saints[172] and Jehovah's Witnesses.[173] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.[170] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.[174]
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".[175][176] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.[177][178][179]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,[18] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (Chinese: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,[180] with written Chinese and English. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.[181] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.[182] Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.[183] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.[19][184] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.[185]
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.[184]
There are nine public universities in Hong Kong, and a number of private higher institutions, offering various bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, other higher diplomas, and associate degree courses.The University of Hong Kong, the oldest institution of tertiary education in the territory, was described by Quacquarelli Symonds as a "world-class comprehensive research university"[186] and was ranked 24th on the 2009 THES - QS World University Rankings,[187] making it first in Asia.[188] The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology was ranked 35th in the world in 2009 and ranked second in Asia for 2010. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was ranked 46th in the world in 2009 and ranked fourth in Asia for 2010.[188] Based on the 2011 rankings published by career and education network QS, three of the top five Asian universities are in Hong Kong. They are the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong kong as first, second and fifth rank, respectively.[189]
Healthcare[link]
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There are 13 private hospitals and more than 50 public hospitals in Hong Kong. Among the widest range of healthcare services throughout the globe are on offer, and some of the SAR's private hospitals are rightly considered to be among the very best of their type in the world.
There are two medical schools in the SAR, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at Hong Kong University. Both have strong links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the SAR.
There are also strong public health systems in Hong Kong, and the Centre for Health Protection, founded after the SARS outbreak of 2003, is particularly worthy of mention.
By 2011, however, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from Mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals, both public and private sectors, which has led to outcries and protests from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty securing a bed space for giving birth and arrange routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001-2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony.[17] Hong Kong balances a modernised way of life with traditional Chinese practices. Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.[190] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[191] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,[192] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[193] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.[194]
Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, and calls itself an "entertainment hub".[195] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.[195] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.[196]
The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.[197][198]
Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.[199] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.[200] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review points to signs of self-censorship by journals whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.[201]
Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.[202] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.[203]
Cityscape[link]
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Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
According to Emporis, there are 7,650 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.[204] It has more buildings higher than 500ft (or 150m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi),[205] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.[206] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.[30][31]
As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.[207] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high.[208] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.[209] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,[210] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.[211][212] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[213][214][215]
There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,[216] waterfront redevelopment in Central,[217] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.[218] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.[219]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,[32] the highest such percentage in the world.[33] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.[220][221]
The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with the urban mass transit operator (MTR) in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).[222] This MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations, which serve 3.4 million people a day.[223] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.[224]
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Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes. The two largest, Kowloon Motor Bus provides 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories; Citybus operates 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.[225]
The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates four lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.[226] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central crossing one of the most picturesque in the world.[227] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.[228][229] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.[230]
Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.[231] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[232] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.[233]
Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.[234] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.[235] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.[234][236]
See also[link]
- Outline of Hong Kong
- Index of Hong Kong-related articles
- List of cities with most skyscrapers
- Public holidays in Hong Kong
Footnotes[link]
- ^ This is the official convention employed on the Chinese text of the Hong Kong regional emblem, the text of the Hong Kong Basic Law, and the Hong Kong Government website,[1] although "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are also accepted.
- ^ The Hong Kong Basic Law states that the official languages are "Chinese and English".[2] It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Mandarin written in Simplified Chinese characters are the standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the de facto standards in Hong Kong. See also: Bilingualism in Hong Kong.
- ^ The name was often written as Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). Nevertheless, some century-old organisations still use the name, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. While the names of most Chinese place names are romanised into English using Pinyin, the official English name is Hong Kong rather than the pinyin Xianggang.
- ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
- ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."
- ^ The results of the 2006 census showed that the "white" population had declined from 46,584 in 2001 to 36,384, a decline of 22 percent.[158]
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- ^ a b c d "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
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- ^ "Decision of the National People's Congress on the Method for the Formation of the First Government and the First Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/attached_4.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
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- ^ "Amendment to Annex I to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/Amendment_to_AnnexI.pdf.
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Further reading[link]
- Endacott, G. B (1964). An Eastern Entrepot;: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6.
- Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
- Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
- Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
- Ngo, Tak-Wing (1 August 1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
- Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.
- Tsang, Steve (4 September 2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
- Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
External links[link]
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