Apertural view of an adult shell of the queen conch Lobatus gigas, from Trinidad & Tobago

A shell of the Florida crown conch Melongena corona inhabited by a hermit crab

conch ( /ˈkɒŋk/ or /ˈkɒntʃ/)^[1] is a common name that is applied to a number of different medium to large-sized sea snails or their shells. The term generally applies to large sea snails that have a high spire and a siphonal canal (comes to a point at both ends of the shell).

True conches are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, specifically in the genus Strombus and other closely related genera such as Eustrombus.

There are also many species often called "conch" that are not in the family Strombidae, and these include Melongena species (family Melongenidae), and the horse conch Pleuroploca gigantea (family Fasciolariidae). They also include the sacred chank or more correctly Shankha shell (Turbinella pyrum) and other Turbinella species in the family Turbinellidae.

Food[link]

A group of large eastern conchs or whelks of the species Busycotypus canaliculatus for sale at a California seafood market

Second in popularity only to the escargot for edible snails, the meat of conches is used as food, either eaten raw, as in salads, or cooked, as in fritters, chowders, gumbos, and burgers. All parts of the conch meat are edible.^[2] However, some people find only the white meat appetizing.

In East Asian cuisines, this seafood is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir-fried.

In the West Indies (and Turks and Caicos Islands in particular), local people eat conch in soups (commonly Callaloo) and salads. Restaurants all over the islands serve this particular meat.

In the The Bahamas there is the Annual Conch Festival in October/November each year. Local restaurateurs compete for the best and original conch dishes, and are judged by international chefs. Free sampling of the dishes follows, and there are other competitions, events and music well into the evening, making this a very popular event for Islanders and tourists.^[3]

In the island of Grenada, conch is commonly eaten in curries or in a spicy soup. It is locally referred to as lambi.

In Puerto Rico, conch is served as a ceviche: raw conch marinated in orange juice. [2]

Musical instruments[link]

Conch shells can be used as wind instruments. They are prepared by cutting a hole in the spire of the shell near the apex, and then blowing into the shell as if it were a trumpet, as in blowing horn. Sometimes a mouthpiece is used, but some shell trumpets are blown without one.

Various species of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into "blowing shells", but some of the best-known species used are the sacred chank or shankha Turbinella pyrum, the "Triton's trumpet" Charonia tritonis, and the Queen Conch Strombus gigas.

Pearls[link]

Many different kinds of mollusks can produce pearls. Pearls from the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas, are rare and have been collectors' items since Victorian times.^[4] Conch pearls come in a range of hues, including white, brown and orange and many intermediate shades, but pink is the colour most associated with the conch pearl, such that these pearls are sometimes referred to simply as 'pink pearls'.^[4] In some gemmological texts, non-nacreous gastropod pearls used to be referred to as 'calcareous concretions' because they were 'porcellaneous' (i.e. shiny and ceramic-like) in appearance rather than 'nacreous' (i.e. with a pearly luster sometimes known as 'orient'). The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items^[5][6] and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusc pearls may be referred to as 'pearls' without qualification.^[7]

Although non-nacreous, the surface of fine conch pearls has a unique and attractive appearance of its own. The microstructure of conch pearls comprises partly aligned bundles of microcrystalline fibres that create a shimmering, slightly iridescent effect known as 'flame structure'. The effect is a form of chatoyancy, caused by the interaction of light rays with the microcrystals in the pearl's surface, and it somewhat resembles Moiré silk.

Other uses[link]

A drawing of the shell of Strombus alatus, the Florida fighting conch

• Conch shells are sometimes used as decoration, as decorative planters, and in cameo making.
• In classic Mayan art, conches are shown being utilized in many ways including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes, as bugles or trumpets, and as hand weapons (held by combatants by inserting their hands in the aperture).
• Some American Aboriginals used cylindrical conch columella beads as part of breastplates and other personal adornment.^[8]
• In some Caribbean and African American cemeteries, conch shells are placed on graves.^[9]
• In some Caribbean countries, cleaned Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) shells, or polished fragments, are sold, mainly to tourists, as souvenirs or in jewelry. Responding to a 2003 recommendation from CITES, some countries in the Caribbean have banned the export of Queen Conch shells. CITES has also asked all countries to ban import of Queen Conch shells from countries that are not complying with CITES recommendations for managing the fishery. Queen Conch fisheries have also been closed in several countries.^[10] Conch shells or fragments taken home by tourists from non-complying countries may be confiscated on return to the tourist's home country while clearing customs. In the UK, conch shells are the ninth most seized import.^[11]
• Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material, either in place of bricks, or as bulk for landfill.
• In Grenada, fishermen use the conch shell as a trumpet to announce to the community that fish is available for sale. It is also used at Carnival times in the popular Jouvert Jump where Diab Diab (Jab Jab) mas blow conch shells as part of the festivities. Especially in Guadeloupe, it is not uncommon to hear Conch shells being blown near ports at dawn and during Carnival times too. Many bands are making of the Conch shell a main instrument.
• In the Bahamas, broken or up-turned conch shells are imbedded into the tops of outdoor walls in an effort to maintain home security; the broken or up-turned shells are sharp enough to cut any intruder who attempts to jump or crawl over the wall.

Religion[link]

Hinduism[link]

A Hindu priest blowing a Shankha (a shell of Turbinella pyrum) during a puja.

A Shankha shell (the shell of a Turbinella pyrum, a species in the gastropod family Turbinellidae) is often referred to in the West as a conch shell, or a chank shell. This shell is used as an important ritual object in Hinduism. The shell is used as a ceremonial trumpet, as part of religious practices, for example puja. The chank trumpet is sounded during worship at specific points, accompanied by ceremonial bells and singing. As it is an auspicious instrument, it is often played in a Lakshmi puja in temple or at home.

In the story of Dhruva the divine conch plays a special part. The warriors of ancient India blew conch shells to announce battle, as is described in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra, in the Mahabharata, the famous Hindu epic.

The god of Preservation, Vishnu, is said to hold a special conch, Panchajanya, that represents life, as it has come out of life-giving waters.

Also, the sound of the conch is believed to drive away the evil spirits. The blowing of the conch or "the Shankha" needs a tremendous power and respiratory capacity.Hence, blowing it daily helps keep the lungs healthy.^{[citation needed]}

Buddhism[link]

Buddhism has also incorporated the conch shell, Turbinella pyrum, as one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols.

Ancient Peru[link]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the sea and often depicted conch shells in their art.^[12]

Literature and the oral tradition[link]

William Golding's Lord of the Flies features frequent references to "the conch". In the book the conch is used as a trumpet to call everyone together and held by whoever is speaking at meetings, symbolically representing democracy and order. The conch is seen as a delicate and beautiful object to represent this concept although its fragility is shown when it "exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist."

The famous Old English riddle Ic wæs be Sonde describes a conch: "I was by sound, near seawall, at ocean-stream; I dwelt alone in my first resting place. ... Little did I know that I, ere or since, ever should speak mouthless over mead-benches." Another meaning given to this riddle ‘Ic wæs be Sonde’ is that the sound of the conch corresponds to spiritualised sound as heard in higher realms. In the Hindu tradition, the conch shell is used in ceremony as the sound it makes is said to correspond with higher frequency universal sounds associated with music of the spheres.

In popular folklore, it is believed that if one holds an open conch shell (or any other large marine snail shell) to the ear, the ocean can be heard. This phenomenon is caused by the resonant cavity of the shell producing a form of pink noise from the surrounding background ambiance.^{[citation needed]}

In Prakrit poetry the conch (शंख; shankha) has an erotic connotation:

Look,

a still, quiet crane

shines on a lotus leaf

like a conch shell lying

on a flawless emerald plate.

(Hāla's gāhā sattasaī 1.4; tr. M. Selby)

Ostional, a pueblo in the municipality of San Juan del Sur in the Rivas Department of the Southwest region of Nicaragua, was, by accounts of multiple testimonials in the local region founded by their ancestors because of an abundant conch population at the sea shore. Subsequently, the tribe used conch shells in many rituals and customs. In 2008, witnesses at local archaeological digs reported that conch shells were found in the graves of some indigenous people in their recently rediscovered cemetery grounds. Some still maintained jade stones, implying the significance of conch shells within their tribal society.^{[citation needed]}

See also [link]

• Seashell
• Seashell resonance

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Strombus

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Conch". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Abstract Rude (reborn Aaron Pointer) is an American rapper from Los Angeles, California. He is the MC of Abstract Tribe Unique, alongside dancers Zulu Butterfly and Irie Lion King, turntablist DJ Drez and producer Fat Jack. He is also a member of Haiku D'Etat (with Myka 9 and Aceyalone) and The A-Team (with Aceyalone).^[1][2]

History[link]

Abstract Rude's talent was first recognized by Fat Jack. He was soon a regular of hip hop workshop at The Good Life Cafe. However, it wasn't until he handed a tape to Mike D at Grand Royal that Abstract Rude started turning heads worldwide. This got him on the 1994 Grand Royal mixtape Mixed Drink with "Torn" and "Strength of A.T.U." In 1995, he was on Mixed Drink 2 with "Ab Dawlin" and again with "Torn" and "Strength of A.T.U."

Abstract Rude is a co-founder of the hip hop collective Project Blowed. He is prominently featured on many of its artists' releases, as well as Project Blowed and Project Blowed 10th Anniversary compilations, The Good Brothers compilation, and Fat Jack's Cater To The DJ series.

Abstract Rude is a member of Abstract Tribe Unique along with Tribe Unique, which is an interpretive dance duo consisting of Zulu Butterfly and Irie Lion King. They have released several albums such as Underground Fossils, Mood Pieces and P.A.I.N.T.

In 2009, Abstract Rude released the album Rejuvenation, which is produced by Rhymesayers Entertainment labelmate Vitamin D.^[3] The first two singles were "Nuff Fire" and "Thynk Eye Can (Haiku D'Etat Mix)."

Film[link]

Abstract Rude is featured prominently in the award-winning documentary This Is the Life, chronicling the music movement that was birthed at The Good Life Cafe in South Central Los Angeles. The Good Life Cafe is the open-mic workshop where he first performed in the early 1990s. It was also home to Freestyle Fellowship and Jurassic 5.

Discography[link]

Solo[link]

• Making Tracks (2002)
• Making More Tracks (2004)
• Still Making Tracks (2004)
• Rejuvenation (2009)
• Steel Making Trax (2010)

Abstract Tribe Unique[link]

• Underground Fossils (1996)
• Mood Pieces (1997)
• South Central Thynk Taynk (1998)
• P.A.I.N.T. (2001)
• Showtyme (2003)

Haiku D'Etat[link]

• Haiku D'Etat (1999)
• Coup de Theatre (2004)

The A-Team[link]

• Who Framed The A-Team? (2000)
• Lab Down Under (2003)
• Who Reframed The A-Team? (2006)

Collaborations[link]

• Code Name: Scorpion (2001) with Prevail and Moka Only
• These Walls EP (2005) with Taktloss

Guest appearances[link]

• "Torn" "Strength of A.T.U." on Mixed Drink (1994)
• "Deep And Wide" "Knownots" "B-Boy Kingdom" "Keep It True" by Aceyalone on All Balls Don't Bounce (1995)
• "Torn" "Strength Of A.T.U." "Ab Dawlin" on Mixed Drink 2 (1995)
• "Strength Of A.T.U." "I Don't Know" "Yeh Man" "Maskaraid" "Treble And Bass" on Project Blowed (1995)
• "Get On The Bus" by Busdriver on Memoirs of the Elephant Man (1999)
• "Inner Eye" by Nobody on Soulmates (2000)
• "Cater To The DJ" "Rudeboy Represents" by Fat Jack on Cater To The DJ (2000)
• "Fragrance" by Freestyle Fellowship on Temptations (2001)
• "B-Boy Real McCoy" by Aceyalone on Accepted Eclectic (2001)
• "Girls" by Daedelus on The Quiet Party (2003)
• "Life Goes On" by Pigeon John on Is Dating Your Sister (2003)
• "The Sage Continues" by Aceyalone on Love & Hate (2003)
• "Myth Behind The Man" by Omid on Monolith (2003)
• "This Is Yo Life" by The Grouch & Eligh on No More Greener Grasses (2003)
• "GB In Your Life" "Superstars" on The Good Brothers (2003)
• "Unnecessary Thinking" by Busdriver on Cosmic Cleavage (2004)
• "Connected Functions" by P.E.A.C.E. on Megabite (2004)
• "I'm Just Livin'" "So Many Ways" by Fat Jack on Cater To The DJ 2 (2004)
• "Can't Be Touched" by Sleep on Christopher (2005)
• "Constant Evolution" by Mums The Word on Constant Evolution (2005)
• "Map Your Psyche" by Busdriver on Fear of a Black Tangent (2005)
• "Who The F*ck Is You?" "Sound Boy Murderers" "13th Month" on Project Blowed 10th Anniversary (2005)
• "The Turning Point" by Ellay Khule on Califormula (2005)
• "Night Shift" by Edit on Certified Air Raid Material (2007)
• "To The East" by X-Clan on Return from Mecca (2007)
• "God Bless The Elephant" by The Grouch on Show You The World (2008)
• "Fish Ain't Biting" by Thirsty Fish on Testing the Waters (2008)
• "One Live Tape" by Awol One & Factor on The Landmark (2011)
• "Drink Have Take" by Awol One and Nathaniel Motte on The Child Star (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Abstract Rude on Rhymesayers Entertainment
• May 2009 Interview with L.A. Record